Appeal of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The Great October Socialist Revolution or the October Revolution Appeal to the working soldiers and peasants legal content

The first legal acts of the Soviet state.

Plan:

I. Introduction. - one

II. The most important legal acts of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies:

1) The appeal "To the workers, soldiers and peasants!", - 2.

4) "Decree on the formation of a provisional workers' and peasants' government", - 7.

III. Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia. - eight.

IV. Decree on workers' control. - 9.

V. Conclusion. - eleven.

VI. Bibliography. - eleven.

I. Introduction.

Political opponents of the Bolsheviks called their seizure of power in October a political adventure. But Lenin and his associates believed that the political situation in Russia was the best suited for the implementation of the ideas of communism.

The revolution in Russia was conceived as part of a world revolution that would take place simultaneously in many developed countries, and the working class of more advanced states would provide assistance to their Russian brethren.

The policy of the Bolsheviks was determined by two factors: external and internal.

The external factor was the expectation and pushing of the world revolution. Although the revolution will be global, initially it will take place in a single country, in that country where interclass contradictions are stronger and have more explosive potential. Lenin called such a country “a weak link in the chain of imperialism,” and the Russian Empire, in his opinion, was just that. Having begun in Russia, the revolution must necessarily continue in other countries. The task of the Russian proletariat, which has taken power into its own hands, is to push the world social revolution, to pass on the experience of the struggle to the proletarians of other countries.

The internal factor was dictated by a comprehensive crisis, when all the threads of government in the state were cut off. The Bolshevik Party was created as a party of struggle, as a fighting fist capable of destroying the autocracy. The Bolsheviks, even at the beginning of 1917, did not suspect that events in Russia would develop so rapidly. After the October Revolution, they managed to turn from a party of struggle and destruction into a party of state administration, which was supposed to solve previously unknown tasks for building a new society.

These two principles were reflected in the first legal acts of the Soviet state.

II. The most important legal actsIIAll-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies

The II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies was held on November 7-8 (October 25-26) in the building of the Smolny Institute. As a result of the victory of the armed uprising of the St. Petersburg proletariat and the garrison, by the time the Congress opened, power in Petrograd had passed to the Military Revolutionary Committee.

1) Appeal "Workers, peasants, soldiers!"

The first adopted document, which in a concise form explained the meaning and purpose of what was happening, was the appeal written by Lenin "To the workers, peasants, soldiers!"

Here is an excerpt from the document.

“Relying on the will of the vast majority of the workers, soldiers and peasants, relying on the victorious uprising of the workers and garrison that took place in Petrograd, the Congress takes power into its own hands. Provisional government overthrown...

The Soviet government will offer immediate democratic peace to all peoples and an immediate truce on all fronts. It will ensure the free transfer of landlords, appanages and monasteries to the disposal of the peasant committees, defend the rights of the soldier by carrying out the complete democratization of the army, establish workers' control over production, and ensure the timely convocation of the Constituent Assembly. It will take care of the delivery of bread to the cities and essential items to the countryside, and will ensure to all the nations inhabiting Russia the true right to self-determination. – Decrees of the Soviet power. T.1.– M., 1957.

In the “appeal”, Lenin confirmed his readiness to solve a number of urgent problems: ending the war, the land issue, and the ruined economy. The promise to solve these problems attracted many supporters to the side of the Bolsheviks in the period between the February Revolution and the October Revolution. In addition, the document marked the beginning of the construction of a new system of power. The decrees adopted by the Congress were a further study of these issues.

2) Peace Decree. International politics.

By the time of the October Revolution, the war had already lasted for the fourth year. Many segments of the country's population were tired of the hardships of the war, did not understand its goals and stood up for its end. By that time, the soldiers were making mass escapes from their positions and fraternizing with the Germans. The slogan of the Bolsheviks "Down with the war!" liked them. The Soviet government sacrificed four years of the war and gave the Allies the opportunity to use "abundant German fruits" alone.

In addition, the Bolsheviks expected a worldwide victory for the proletariat and were confident that the imperialist war would soon turn into a series of civil wars for the power of the proletariat in the major Western countries, in particular Germany. Lenin was sure that after Russia in one of the major countries, an explosion was about to happen, which would cause a chain reaction. The traditions of proletarian solidarity had existed since the time of Marx's First International, and the conscious proletarians of other countries had to have their say, to support the Russian comrades.

So, the aims of the foreign policy of the Bolsheviks were the following: ending the imperialist war and approaching the world social revolution. They found their reflection in the policy document of the foreign policy of the Bolsheviks - the Decree on Peace.

Here is an excerpt from the document:

“The workers' and peasants' government ... invites all the belligerent peoples and their governments to begin immediately negotiations for a just democratic peace.

A just and democratic peace, which the vast majority of the exhausted, exhausted and war-torn workers and working people yearn for... - the peace that the Russian workers and peasants demanded in the most definite and persistent way after the overthrow of the tsarist monarchy - such a world the government considers an immediate peace without annexations... and contributions.

Such a peace is proposed by the Government of Russia to be concluded immediately by all warring peoples, expressing its readiness to do so without the slightest delay...

Under the annexation or seizure of foreign lands, the Government understands, in accordance with the legal consciousness of democracy in general, and of the working classes in particular, any accession to a large or strong state by a small or weak nationality without the precisely, clearly and voluntarily expressed consent and desire of this nationality ...

To continue this war over how to divide the weak nationalities captured by them between strong and rich nations, the Government considers it the greatest crime against humanity and solemnly declares its determination to immediately sign the terms of peace ending this war ...

The government is abolishing secret diplomacy, expressing its firm intention to conduct all negotiations completely openly before the whole people, proceeding immediately to the full publication of the secret agreements confirmed or concluded by the government of the landowners and capitalists from February to October 25, 1917.

The entire content of these secret treaties, insofar as it is directed, as in most cases, to delivering benefits and privileges to the Russian landlords and capitalists, to retaining or increasing the annexations of the Great Russians, the Government declares unconditionally and immediately cancelled.

…For its part, the government expresses its readiness to conduct these negotiations both through written communications, by telegraph, and through negotiations between representatives of different countries or at a conference of such representatives ...

The government proposes to all the governments and peoples of all the belligerent countries to immediately conclude an armistice, and for its part considers it desirable that this armistice be concluded for no less than three months, that is, for such a period during which it is quite possible, as the completion of peace negotiations with the participation of representatives of all, without exception, peoples or nations drawn into the war or forced to participate in it, as well as the convocation of plenipotentiary assemblies of people's representatives of all countries for the final approval of peace conditions.

Addressing this proposal of peace to the governments and peoples of all the belligerent countries, the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Russia also addresses in particular the class-conscious workers of the three most advanced nations of mankind and the largest states participating in the present war, England, France and Germany. – right there.

The Decree on Peace, designed to stimulate revolutionary processes in Europe, made a strong impression on the ruling circles and the working masses of the warring countries. The proposal to make peace without territorial claims did not win the support of the ruling circles of the Entente, since this would mean abandoning the goals that were the cause of the war. However, Germany, exhausted by the war on two fronts, entered into peace negotiations. The peace treaty was concluded on March 3, 1918. Lenin called this world "obscene". In addition to significant territorial concessions, the Bolshevik government had to demobilize the army and was obliged to pay Germany an indemnity of 6 billion marks. This is all the more insulting, because just a year later, Russia's allies celebrated the victory over Germany and shared its generous "pie" among themselves, which they then "choked on."

An important role in stimulating the revolution was to be played by the publication of the secret treaties concluded by the imperialist powers. In such agreements, it was, as a rule, about the division of spheres of influence. The publication of these documents exposed the true aims of the war and caused an explosion of discontent among the workers.

In conclusion, it must be said that in a few years the Soviet government returned to its arsenal all the traditional methods of diplomacy and mastered them to perfection.

3) Decree on the Earth. Domestic policy.

The Soviets in the first years of power were supported by the most massive stratum of Russian society - the peasants. The land question, as it seemed to them, was decided in their favor. The Decree on Land proclaimed the abolition of all private property, and the transfer of land to the peasants without any preconditions.

Developing the decree, the Bolsheviks took as a basis the agrarian program of the Socialist-Revolutionaries. The Leninists were brought closer to the Socialist-Revolutionaries by the denial of landownership, however, they represented socialism in the countryside in different ways. The Social Revolutionaries believed that the land could not be anyone's property, it should be in the use of those who cultivate it. The Bolsheviks believed that the land should be nationalized, that is, transferred to the hands of the state, and then large collective peasant farms should be created on it. Nevertheless, the Bolsheviks proposed a program of the Socialist-Revolutionaries at the Congress and received - the sympathy of the peasantry and a split among the Socialist-Revolutionaries. The decree was considered by them as the first step towards the implementation of their own program. Unfortunately, they later succeeded.

DECREE ON LAND OF THE CONGRESS OF SOVIETS OF WORKERS' AND SOLDIERS' DEPUTIES (Adopted at a meeting on October 26 at 2 a.m.1) 1) Landlord ownership of land is abolished immediately without any redemption. 1 That is already actually the 27th. 2) Landlord estates, as well as all appanage, monastic, church lands, with all their living and dead inventory, estate buildings and all accessories, are transferred to the disposal of volost land committees and district Soviets of peasant deputies, until the Constituent Assembly . 3) Any damage to the confiscated property, which now belongs to the entire people, is declared a grave crime punishable by a revolutionary court. The uyezd Soviets of Peasant Deputies take all necessary measures to observe the strictest order in the confiscation of landowners' estates, to determine to what size plots and which ones are subject to confiscation, to draw up an accurate inventory of all property confiscated and for the strictest revolutionary protection of everything passing to the people of the economy on earth with all the buildings, tools, livestock, food supplies, etc. 4) To guide the implementation of the great land reforms, until their final decision by the Constituent Assembly, the following peasant order, compiled on the basis of 242 local peasant orders, by the editors of the Izvestia of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies and published in issue 88 of this Izvestia (Petrograd, bl 88, August 19, 1917). About land The question of land, in all its scope, can be resolved only by the all-people's Constituent Assembly. The most just solution to the land question should be as follows: 1) The right of private ownership of land is abolished forever; land may not be sold, bought, leased or pledged, or alienated in any other way. All land: state, appanage, cabinet, monastic, church, sessional, majorate, privately owned, public and peasant, etc., is alienated free of charge, turned into the property of the whole people and transferred to the use of all those who work on it. Only the right to public support for the time necessary to adapt to the new conditions of existence is recognized for victims of a property coup. 2) All bowels of the earth: ore, oil, coal, salt, etc., as well as forests and waters of national importance, pass into the exclusive use of the state. All small rivers, lakes, forests, etc. pass into the use of communities, provided that they are managed by local self-government bodies. 3) Land plots with highly cultivated farms: gardens, plantations, nurseries, nurseries, greenhouses, etc., are not subject to division, but are turned into demonstration and transferred to the exclusive use of the state or communities, depending on their size and significance. . Manor, urban and rural land, with home gardens and orchards, remains in the use of the present owners, and the size of the plots themselves and the tax rate for their use are determined by law. 4) Horse factories, state-owned and private breeding cattle breeding and poultry farming, etc. are confiscated, turned into public property and transferred either to the exclusive use of the state or the community, depending on their size and significance. The issue of redemption is subject to consideration by the Constituent Assembly. 5) The entire economic inventory of confiscated lands, living and dead, passes into the exclusive use of the state or community, depending on their size and significance, without redemption. The confiscation of inventory does not apply to small-land peasants. 6) The right to use land is received by all citizens (without distinction of sex) of the Russian state who wish to cultivate it by their own labor, with the help of their family, or in partnership, and only as long as they are able to cultivate it. Hired labor is not allowed. In case of accidental impotence of any member of the rural society for a period of 2 years, the rural society undertakes, until the restoration of his ability to work, for this period to come to his aid by public cultivation of the land. Farmers who, due to old age or disability, have lost forever the opportunity to personally cultivate the land, lose the right to use it, but instead receive pensions from the state. 7) Land use must be egalitarian, i.e., land is distributed among workers, taking into account local conditions according to labor or consumption norms. Forms of land use should be completely free (household, farm, communal, artel), as will be decided in individual villages and towns. 8) All land after its alienation goes to the national land fund. The distribution of it among the working people is in charge of local and central self-governments, ranging from democratically organized non-estate rural and urban communities to the central regional institutions. The land fund is subject to periodic redistribution depending on population growth and raising the productivity and culture of agriculture. When changing the boundaries of allotments, the original core of the allotment must remain inviolable. The land of the retiring members goes back to the land fund, and the priority right to receive the plots of the retiring members is received by their immediate relatives and persons at the direction of the retiring members. The cost of fertilizer and melioration invested in the land (fundamental improvements), since they were not used when handing over the allotment back to the land fund, must be paid. If in some localities the available land fund turns out to be insufficient to satisfy the entire local population, then the excess population is subject to resettlement. The organization of resettlement, as well as the costs of resettlement and supply of inventory, etc., must be undertaken by the state. The resettlement is carried out in the following order: willing landless peasants, then vicious members of the community, deserters, and so on. and, finally, by lot or by agreement. Everything contained in this order, as an expression of the unconditional will of the vast majority of class-conscious peasants of all Russia, is declared a provisional law, which, until the Constituent Assembly, is put into effect as soon as possible, and in certain parts with the necessary gradualness, which should be determined by the district Soviets. peasant deputies. The lands of ordinary peasants and ordinary Cossacks are not confiscated. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ulyanov / Lenin / SU RSFSR, 1917. 1, art. 3.

Appeal of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets to the workers, soldiers and peasants about the victory of the revolution and its immediate tasks, October 25 (November 7), 1917

Acceptance date:
Number:
Host body:

Information updated:01.01.2008

Note: Reconciled according to the edition: Decrees of the Soviet Power. T. I. M., State. Publishing House Polit. Literature, 1957. Full text of the document:
TO WORKERS, SOLDIERS AND PEASANTS!
Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers'
deputies opened. It represents the vast majority
Soviets. The congress is also attended by a number of delegates from the peasant
Soviets. The powers of the conciliatory Central Executive
The committees are over. Relying on the will of the vast majority
workers, soldiers and peasants, relying on what happened in
Petrograd victorious uprising of workers and garrison, congress
takes power into his own hands.
The provisional government is overthrown. Majority members
The provisional government has already been arrested.
Soviet power will offer an immediate democratic peace
to all peoples and an immediate truce on all fronts. She is
will ensure the gratuitous transfer of landowners', appanage and
monastery lands at the disposal of the peasant committees,
will defend the rights of the soldier by carrying out a complete democratization of the army,
establish workers' control over production, ensure
timely convening of the Constituent Assembly, will attend to the delivery
bread to the cities and basic necessities to the countryside,
will ensure to all the nations inhabiting Russia the true right to
self-determination.
Congress decides; all local power passes to the Soviets
workers', soldiers' and peasants' deputies, who must
ensure a genuine revolutionary order.
The congress calls on the soldiers in the trenches to be vigilant and steadfast.
The Congress of Soviets is confident that the revolutionary army will be able to defend
revolution from all encroachments of imperialism, until the new
The government will not achieve the conclusion of a democratic peace,
which it will directly offer to all peoples. New
The Government will take all measures to ensure
revolutionary army with everything necessary, through a resolute policy
requisitions and taxation of the propertied classes, as well as improve the situation
soldier families.
Kornilovites - Kerensky, Kaledin and others - are making attempts
lead troops to Petrograd. Several squads, fraudulently
moved by Kerensky, went over to the side of the insurgent people.
Soldiers, actively resist Kornilov
Kerensky! Be on the lookout!
Railway workers, stop all trains sent
Kerensky to Petrograd!
Soldiers, workers, employees - the fate of the revolution is in your hands
and the fate of the democratic world!
Long live the revolution!

All-Russian Congress of Soviets
workers' and soldiers' deputies.
Delegates from peasant councils.

History of Russia Munchaev Shamil Magomedovich

No. 19 Appeal of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets To the workers, soldiers and peasants! Petrograd, October 25 (November 7), 1917

Appeal of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets to the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants!

The provisional government is overthrown. Most of the members of the Provisional Government have already been arrested.

The Soviet government will offer immediate democratic peace to all peoples and an immediate truce on all fronts. It will ensure the gratuitous transfer of landlord, appanage and monastic lands in the order of the peasant committees, uphold the rights of the soldier, having carried out the complete democratization of the army, establish workers' control over production, ensure the timely convocation of the Constituent Assembly, take care of the delivery of grain to the cities and necessities to the countryside, ensure to all the nations inhabiting Russia the true right to self-determination.

The congress decides: all power in the localities passes to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, which must ensure genuine revolutionary order.

The congress calls on the soldiers in the trenches to be vigilant and steadfast. The Congress of Soviets is confident that the revolutionary army will be able to defend the revolution against all encroachments of imperialism until the new government achieves the conclusion of a democratic peace, which it will directly offer to all peoples. The new government will take all measures to provide the revolutionary army with everything necessary, through a resolute policy of requisitions and taxation of the propertied classes, and will also improve the condition of the soldiers' families.

The Kornilovites - Kerensky, Kaledin and others - are making attempts to lead troops to Petrograd. Several detachments, deceived by Kerensky, went over to the side of the insurgent people.

Soldiers, actively resist Kerensky, the Kornilovites! Be on the lookout!

Railway workers, stop all trains sent by Kerensky to Petrograd!

Soldiers, workers, employees - in your hands is the fate of the revolution and the fate of the democratic world!

Long live the revolution!

All-Russian Congress of Workers' Soviets

and soldiers' deputies

Delegates from Peasants' Soviets

Cit.: Lenin V.I. Poln. coll. op. T. 35. S. 11–12.