Tactical and technical characteristics of the parachute d 1 5u. Parachuting in Kazakhstan

The training controlled parachute D-1-5u is designed for initial training in jumping, as well as for restoring lost skills in parachute jumping. This is facilitated by a low rate of descent and horizontal movement of the parachute, high reliability of its operation, controllability, smooth opening and stability during descent.

The parachute can be used in three deployment options:

* forced opening of the parachute bag and pulling the cover from the canopy with a pull rope;

* forced opening of the knapsack with pulling the cover from the canopy with a pilot chute;

* disclosure of a knapsack with an exhaust ring.

The easiest and most reliable way to open a parachute is the first of those named, it is used for initial training in parachuting. AT study guide we will consider the configuration and packing of the parachute in relation to this method disclosure.

Parachute D-1-5u provides:

1. Normal operation under the following conditions:

* with the weight of a skydiver with parachutes not more than 120 kg;

* when performing educational and training jumps at speeds up to 250 km / h on the instrument at altitudes up to 1000 m.

2. The minimum safe jump height from a horizontally flying aircraft at a speed of 180 km / h according to the instrument with the immediate introduction of a parachute into action is 150 m.

3. Vertical descent speed is 5m/s.

4. Stability during descent.

5. Horizontal speed - up to 2.47m/s.

6. Time of a turn on 360 ° - no more than 18 sec.

7. Use of the Z-5 reserve parachute.

8. The weight of the parachute is not more than 17.5 kg.

The maximum overload at the time of filling the dome is not more than 10.

Description of the parachute.

(To perform jumps with forced opening of the parachute pack and pulling the cover from the canopy with a pull rope).

The parachute kit includes the following parts:

1. Dome with slings 82.5 sq. m.

2. Suspension system.

4. Dome cover.

5. Pull cable.

6. Pull rope.

7. Carrying bag.

8. Form (passport).

PURPOSE AND DEVICE OF PARACHUTE PARTS.

parachute dome(Fig. 8) is designed for safe descent and landing of a parachutist. Dome area - 82.5 sq. m. The shape of the dome is the correct 28-angle. The dome is made of cotton fabric with anti-rotting impregnation. A reinforcing frame made of nylon tape is sewn on top of the dome. It is designed to evenly distribute the load on the fabric of the dome and localize gusts, if they occur. There is a pole hole in the center of the dome designed to provide a stable, wobble-free descent. By crossing the tapes of the reinforcing frame on the pole hole, a pole frenulum is formed. At the lower edge of the dome, the tapes of the reinforcing frame form 28 loops for attaching slings. 25 pockets are sewn between the straps on the outer side of the dome at the bottom edge to speed up the process of filling the dome. On the dome, to create a horizontal speed, there are three slots, they are located between the lines NN 27-28; 28-1; 1-2.

Rice. eight

Control lines are used to control the parachute (its horizontal speed). They are attached to the main lines NN 26,27, 28 and 1, 2, 3 in their lower third and end with plastic toggles at the free ends of the parachute harness.

The main lines of the dome (28 pcs.) 8 m.87 cm long are made of cotton cord with a strength of 125 kg. to break. At the lower edge of the dome, they are attached to the loops formed by the tapes of the reinforcing frame, and the other end - to the half-rings at the free ends of the suspension system.

suspension system(Fig. 9) - is a connecting link between the parachute canopy with lines and a parachutist and serves to evenly distribute the load at the time of opening the parachute canopy. A satchel is mounted to the suspension system, and dome lines are attached to the free ends.

The suspension system is made of 1600 kg nylon tape. Consists of a main circular strap (1) beginning and ending with free ends (2) and passing under the parachutist's body; two dorsal-shoulder girths (3) (left and right), forming a chest jumper (4), turning into a waist girth (5); two leg loops (6).

Rice. 9

On the suspension system are located:

* semi-rings for fastening slings (7);

* metal buckles to adjust the system for height and size (8);

* D-shaped buckles with carabiners, for fastening the system (9);

* brackets for fastening the intermediate suspension system of the reserve parachute.

knapsack(Fig. 10) - designed for laying in it the dome in the case, part of the lines and the free ends of the suspension system. Made of Avisent, has an envelope shape (double bottom with a stiffening frame and four valves). Quick opening of the knapsack valves is provided by knapsack rubbers.

Rice. ten

To hold the valves of the knapsack in the closed position, a locking device is located on them, consisting of:

* cord ring;

* two cones;

* four eyelets with a sewing washer;

* one eyelet buckle.

To streamline the process of laying and opening, a pocket made of cotton fabric is sewn to the bottom of the satchel from the inside. FROM outside Ribbons for attaching the suspension system are sewn to the bottom.

Two kerchiefs with buckles are sewn on the side flaps from the outside, designed to fasten the reserve parachute pack.

Dome cover(Fig. 11) - designed for laying a parachute canopy in it, which streamlines the opening process and helps to reduce cases of canopy overlapping with lines.

The cover is made of fabric (percale or nylon) of orange color, has the shape of a sleeve 5.28 m long and is put on the entire length of the laid dome. Reinforcing tapes (1) are sewn along the entire length of the cover, which form a bridle (2) in its upper part for attaching a pull rope. In the lower part, the cover has one pair of double removable combs (3) and eleven pairs of fixed combs (4) for laying lines and ends with an apron (5) with two windows. Above each window there is a pocket for laying a bundle of slings into it. Bundles of slings, nested in double removable honeycombs, secure the lower part of the cover and prevent premature exit of the canopy from the cover. Bundles of slings laid in the honeycombs are closed with a sling fuse (6), which protects them from snagging and premature blowing out of the honeycombs by the air flow.

Rice. eleven

Pull rope designed to hold the valves of the backpack in the closed position. It has three studs at one end and a loop at the other, with which it connects to the loop of the pull rope. The lanyard is pulled through a safety cover that protects the aircraft skin from possible damage by its pins after the parachute bag is opened.

Pull rope serves for the forced opening of the parachute pack, pulling the canopy in the case out of the pack, slings from the honeycomb of the case and pulling the cover off the canopy.

It is made of nylon tape with a tear strength of 1200 kg and a length of 3 m. At one end there is a carabiner with a latch designed to hook it to the cable inside the aircraft, and at the other end there is a loop for attaching it to the bridle of the dome cover. At a distance of 1.4 m from this loop, a second loop is attached, which serves to fasten the loop of the exhaust cable.

break sling is designed to connect the bridle of the dome with the loop of the pull rope, to hold the dome in the case in a taut state when pulling the lines from the honeycombs, which prevents the top of the dome from falling down the cover with its subsequent eversion and reduces the likelihood of it being overwhelmed by the lines. It is made of cotton cord ШХБ-40, 0.9 m long.

Carrying bag designed to accommodate a parachute during storage and transportation. It has a rectangular shape and has two carrying handles. The upper base of the bag is pulled together with a cord.

The passport designed to record information about the reception, transfer, operation and repair of the parachute. The passport is an integral part of the parachute. The rules for maintaining a passport are set out in the passport itself.

INTERACTION OF PARACHUTE PARTS DURING OPENING

Let us consider the operation of a parachute when performing a jump with a forced release of the knapsack and pulling the cover from the canopy with a pull rope.

When the parachutist is separated from the aircraft, the pull rope, attached with a carabiner to the cable in the cockpit, pulls the cable pins from the locking device, releases the backpack valves, which, under the action of the backpack rubber, recline to the sides. The pull rope is pulled out to its full length and, holding the cover attached to its loop with the dome laid in it, pulls it out from under the pocket at the bottom of the satchel. Next, the pocket is unchecked, the free ends are pulled and the slings come out of the honeycombs of the cover. The breaking line is stretched, breaks and the dome comes out of the cover. After that, the parachute canopy is filled. The pull rope with the cable and the canopy cover remain in the aircraft (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12

When descending on a filled canopy, the holes located in the rear half of the canopy in relation to the parachutist ensure the horizontal movement of the parachute forward.

SPECIAL CASES AND ACTIONS OF THE PARACHUTIST IN SPECIAL CASES DURING PARACHUTE JUMPS D-1-5U. (reserve parachute Z-5)

SPECIAL CASES

Special cases in parachuting are called emergency situations when performing a jump, life threatening and the health of the skydiver.

When jumping on a “round” parachute technique, the main ones, i.e. The most likely special cases are:

1 .Parachutist hooking on an aircraft(airplane, helicopter) elements parachute system.

2 . Dome failure– i.e. parachute failure when opening. Dome failures are divided into complete and partial.
Complete failure implies the complete absence of the canopy when trying to put it into operation as a result of its absence from the knapsack or case (and when jumping with parachutes of the D-5 .. D-6., D-10 type from the knapsack or camera). Also, a complete failure is equally considered a situation in which the parachutist himself cut off the main canopy from the harness in case of engagement with the aircraft (in rarer cases, for jumps on round equipment, it is also possible to detach or cut the main canopy when descending with other paratroopers) .
Partial failure implies a situation when the canopy enters the flow from the pack but does not provide the necessary speed of descent of the parachutist safely for his landing, due to damage. Most often this occurs in cases of overlapping of the canopy, breakage of lines or a gust of canopy fabric in more than one square meter.

3 . Convergence in the air- i.e. a collision in the air of several paratroopers with the subsequent failure of the operation (extinguishing) of one or all the canopies of the participants in this situation.

4 . Updraft or downdraft- i.e. a situation in which a parachutist, being under a normally working canopy, cannot descend (in case of falling into an updraft) and is carried away from the prepared landing site. Or vice versa (in case of falling into a downdraft) it decreases at a greater speed than is necessary for a safe landing.

5 . Landing on obstacles— i.e. landing of a skydiver on an unprepared site with various natural (forest, stones, reservoirs) or other obstacles (buildings, poles, equipment, power lines, railways and roads, GDP, etc.), landing on which may result in injury or death of a paratrooper.

ACTIONS OF THE PARACHUTIST IN SPECIAL CASES (parachute d-1-5U opening method - full forced)

Airplane engagement.

If the parachutist after separation, feeling a jerk, raised his head to inspect the canopy and realized that there was a hook on the aircraft, he must establish visual contact with the releasing instructor, that is, find the aircraft door with his eyes and see the releasing one there. After the issuing instructor makes sure that the paratrooper sees him and is able to act adequately, the paratrooper is lowered from the plane on a special halyard with a carbine (or “cat”). jumper. It is forbidden to hook a carabiner (cat) to any metal parts of the suspension system: other carabiners, half rings, etc. Having hooked the carbine to the soft elements of the suspension system, the paratrooper, having previously made sure that the engagement is reliable (i.e., pulling the carbine several times), gives a hand sign to the releaser, after which other paratroopers on board pull the hooked into the plane.
In the event that attempts to retract a skydiver into the aircraft fail, due to insufficient number of people on board or for other reasons, the releaser gives a go-ahead to the hooked paratrooper, indicating that the retraction has failed. After that, a sling cutter descends from the plane on another halyard to the paratrooper. Having taken the sling cutter knife, the paratrooper first of all cuts it off from the halyard on which it was lowered, in order to avoid a possible cut to the hand in the future. After cutting off the sling cutter from the halyard, the parachutist cuts off (or unfastens) the carabiner (cat) received earlier. Then he begins to cut off the free ends of the suspension system. Trimming the risers begins with the least tight (most loose, sagging) riser. All actions with a sling cutter are performed by chopping movements away from you. After the skydiver cuts off the extreme (fourth) free end, he finds himself in free fall. Once in free fall, the parachutist throws out the knife, finds the reserve parachute ring with his eyes, takes it with his hand, twists it out of the pocket of the satchel, and putting the opposite hand to the side, pulls the ring forward from himself for the entire length of the arm. When deploying the reserve parachute, it is advisable to tilt the head and legs slightly back.
When descending with a reserve parachute, the skydiver must take into account that the rate of descent on the reserve parachute exceeds the rate of descent when descending on the main one, and therefore it is necessary to be prepared for a harder landing.

Dome failure.

Dome failures are divided into complete and partial.
A complete failure implies the complete absence of a canopy over a parachutist after he has used an exhaust ring as a result of a parachute failure. As a complete failure, it can also be considered
a situation in which the parachutist himself cut off the main parachute due to entanglement with the aircraft.
Partial failure means a situation in which the canopy of the main parachute, having left the pack, is damaged and is not able to perform its functions in full volume necessary for a safe landing.
The division of canopy failures into complete and partial is necessary due to the fact that with a complete and partial failure of the main parachute, the actions of the parachutist differ significantly, and the reserve parachute is activated differently.

Complete failure . (Parachute D-1-5U forced opening method, reserve parachute Z-5 manual opening)

After separation from the aircraft, the parachutist, without fail, starts the countdown: 501, 502, 503. meaning that immediately after pronouncing 503 there will be a dynamic jerk indicating the opening of the main parachute. If after counting to 503 a dynamic jerk does not occur, this indicates the fact that the parachute dome did not come out of the satchel, i.e. there was a complete failure.
In this situation, the skydiver, without hesitation, finds the ring of the reserve parachute with his eyes, takes it, turns it out of the pocket of the satchel, and putting the opposite hand to the side, sharply pulls the ring forward from himself for the entire length of his arm. At the same time, it is advisable to take the legs back slightly bending at the knees, it is also advisable to throw the head back to avoid a possible cut to the face by the lines of the reserve parachute when it leaves the satchel.
ATTENTION! Exposing the arm to the side is mandatory, as this eliminates the possibility of a parachutist falling in a strictly horizontal position, which can lead to the canopy of the reserve parachute falling into a "shadow" that prevents it from opening.

Partial failure canopy and activation of the reserve parachute (parachute D-1-5U forced opening method, reserve parachute Z-5 manual opening)

Partial failure of the canopy during parachute jumps D-1-5U to full forced opening implies three possible options: Overlapping (overlapping of the dome with one or more slings leading to its deformation). Line breakage (breakage of one or more lines). Dome rupture (a rupture of the fabric of the main dome with a size of one square meter or more)

Overlap.

After counting: 501, 502, 503 and feeling a dynamic jerk, the skydiver raises his head up and inspects the canopy, the canopy must be correct round shape without gusts, overlaps and breaks in the lines. If, when examining the canopy, a parachutist, instead of the correct, well-filled hemisphere of the main canopy, finds that it is deformed - that is, instead of the correct round one, the canopy has a crumpled hemisphere divided into two or more parts by lines that have crossed over it, this indicates an overlap of the canopy of the main parachute.
Dome overlaps are divided into light and deep.
A light overlap is considered to be a shallow overlap with one or more lines near the edge of the canopy. Such an overlap can be eliminated by a skydiver by pulling it off, for which it is necessary to find the necessary line (or lines) at the place of its attachment to the free end and, holding it with both hands, pull it down with force if it will take a few times. If this does not lead to the elimination of the overlap, it is necessary to activate the reserve parachute.
Deep overlap means overlapping the canopy with one or more lines closer to the center of the canopy with a deep (sometimes more than a meter) division of the canopy into several parts. A deep overlap cannot be eliminated by the skydiver, so if a deep overlap is detected, the paratrooper immediately activates the reserve parachute.

video example of the overlap of the main parachute D-1-5U

Line break.

If, when inspecting the canopy, the skydiver discovers a break in one or more lines, he must act in accordance with the situations described below.

If one to three lines break, no action is taken, the descent is carried out in the normal mode.

If three or more adjacent lines break, the reserve parachute is activated. (adjacent slings are slings attached to one free end)

If one to five lines break at different free ends, no action is taken, the descent is carried out in the normal mode. (For example, one line breaks at one free end, two lines at the second, and one line at the third or fourth)

If five or more lines break, the reserve parachute is deployed in total.

Dome break.

Canopy rupture, i.e. rupture of the fabric of the canopy to the extent that the parachute is unable to carry out a safe landing of the parachutist. The D-1-5U parachute does not lose its stability and controllability with a burst of up to one square meter. If a canopy rupture is detected, the parachutist visually determines its size. If the canopy gust does not exceed one square meter, then the landing is carried out in the normal mode according to the instructions.
When a canopy gust exceeds one square meter (or several gusts close to a square meter), the parachutist activates the reserve parachute according to the scheme provided for the introduction of a reserve parachute in case of partial failure.
Determining the size of the gust of the main canopy is carried out in the following way - the entire canopy of the D-1-5U parachute is stitched with clearly visible reinforcing tapes 2 cm wide, which divide the area of ​​the dome into many sectors (squares) in case the gust is in one sector (square), and does not affect reinforcing tapes with a transition to the next sector, the size of the gust is considered to be less than one square meter and the landing is carried out in the normal mode. If the gust, having damaged the fabric of one of the sectors, crosses the reinforcing tape and passes to the next sector, then the size of this gust is considered to be more than one square meter and the parachutist must activate the reserve parachute according to the reserve parachute input scheme in case of partial failure.

RESERVE PARACHUTE COMMISSIONING IN PARTIAL FAILURE(main parachute D-1-5U, reserve Z-5)

The commissioning of the reserve parachute in case of partial failure is carried out as follows: The parachutist finds the ring with his eyes and takes it with the hand on which side it is located, at the same time, with the palm of the other hand, the paratrooper presses the reserve parachute satchel to himself, after which the paratrooper turns the ring out of the pocket of the satchel sharply pulls it forward from itself for the entire length of the arm, followed by the removal of the arm down to the leg. After that, the ring is thrown away. As a result of the release of the reserve parachute pack, the pack valves, under the influence of the knapsack elastic bands, jump out from under the paratrooper’s palm and the reserve parachute canopy itself is at hand. in the manner of a reserve parachute with both hands, throws it forward and upward at an angle of forty-five degrees.
ATTENTION! Before dropping the reserve parachute, the parachutist must determine the presence or absence of rotation. As a rule, in the event of a partial failure of the main canopy, the paratrooper constantly rotates along its axis, and therefore the reserve parachute must be thrown by the parachutist exclusively in the direction of rotation in order to eliminate the possibility of twisting of the main parachute lines with lines of a reserve. Throwing a reserve parachute in the direction opposite to the rotation is strictly prohibited.
When throwing a reserve parachute, the parachutist's legs must be bent at the knees and tightly compressed to exclude the possibility of catching the lines on the legs, because the canopy of the reserve parachute, when used in the event of a partial failure, usually fills up relatively slowly and part of the lines coming out of the backpack rubber bands first sags down and can entangle the parachutist's legs.
To speed up the filling of the canopy of the reserve parachute, the parachutist can help it fill up by independently releasing the lines from the backpack elastic bands and, as it were, shaking them. As a result of the resulting tension of the lines, the canopy of the reserve parachute fills faster.
When using a reserve parachute in the event of a partial failure, a situation is possible in which the reserve parachute, after being thrown out by a parachutist, does not fill up, but simply lies in the air, while no twitching and shaking of the lines change anything. In such a situation, the parachutist needs to bend his knees, squeezing his legs, bring his feet under him as much as possible, and raising his knees to the level of the belt, pull the reserve parachute towards him by the lines. Then, on your knees, roll it up and throw it forward and up again at an angle of 45 degrees, in the direction of rotation. If after that the parachute also does not fill up, the action should be repeated.
If, after two or three throw-ins, or upon reaching a height of 150 meters, the reserve parachute has not filled up, the paratrooper pulls it towards him, turns it up, and, holding it between his legs, lands on the main parachute.
Non-inflating of the reserve parachute after several throw-ins indicates a low rate of descent of the parachutist, which means that the canopy of the main parachute, even in a damaged state, performs its functions in full, providing a safe rate of descent for landing.
In this case, the parachutist, holding the reserve parachute between his legs, performs a landing under the main parachute canopy according to the instructions for landing in a normal situation. At the same time, the reserve parachute must be controlled and firmly held by the parachutist until it touches the ground, in order to exclude possible slipping and opening of the reserve parachute at an unexpected moment, or slipping back between the legs with subsequent opening behind the back, which can lead to a change in the position of the parachutist’s body almost to horizontal which in turn will inevitably lead to injury. However, if a situation nevertheless happened in which the reserve parachute slipped free between the legs of the paratrooper and opened behind him, and the paratrooper was in a horizontal position, then the paratrooper needs to put his palms between his stomach and the lines of the reserve parachute and squeeze the lines as far away from him as possible, carefully, trying not to catch on, throw one leg over them, as a result of which the reserve parachute will be in front and the parachutist will take a vertical position. After that, the descent is carried out under two domes. At the height of the canopy of the reserve and main parachutes, they tend to diverge from each other, which introduces the body of the parachutist into an inclined position close to horizontal, to correct this situation, it is necessary to pull them towards you by holding the free ends of the reserve parachute. An opposite situation is created near the ground, in which the main and reserve parachutes converge, clinging to each other, this is corrected by pushing the free ends of the reserve parachute away from themselves.
ATTENTION! It is forbidden to use control lines and try to deploy the main parachute canopy in case of a descent under two canopies, as this can lead to twisting of the lines of the main and reserve parachutes with their subsequent extinction or reduction in area, which will lead to a critical increase in landing speed.

Convergence in the air.(parachute D-1-5U)

A mid-air convergence is a situation in which two or more skydivers collide with each other after the parachutes open.
Being in dangerous proximity to each other that could lead to such a collision is called a prerequisite for this special case and must be eliminated by the skydiver without delay.

Prerequisites for convergence in the air and ways to eliminate them.

If a parachutist, during an inspection to the sides, finds another paratrooper dangerously close to him, he is obliged to immediately take measures to move away from the course of a probable collision.
Leaving aside in this situation is carried out by the sliding method.

sliding method.(leaving to the side by pulling on the risers)

To go to the side by sliding, the parachutist takes both hands on those free ends in which direction he wants to go, and pulls them down with force as far as possible, holding in this position until he leaves a safe distance from the course of a probable collision. Simultaneously with the tension of the free ends, the parachutist must voice the attention of the paratrooper with whom there was a threat of a collision and give him the command to leave in the opposite direction. down, and gives the command to the second paratrooper to go to the left (pull the left risers). If the second paratrooper approaches the first with his back to him, then the first paratrooper, pulling the right risers of his harness, gives the second paratrooper the command to also pull the right risers (go to the right) since in this case there is no mirror effect.
As a result of a long tension of the free ends chosen by paratroopers, the edge of the parachute dome breaks down in the direction of tension, and the parachute slides down in this direction. back rear. It is also possible to go to the side diagonally (obliquely), for this, one free end located on the side you need to go is pulled with both hands.

Convergence in the air and the actions of the parachutist in this situation.

If, in the event of a threat of a collision in the air, attempts to go to the side by sliding did not lead to the desired result and the distance between approaching paratroopers was reduced to several meters, making a collision inevitable, the paratrooper must:

1.Collision on the same level(along the horizon).

If the second skydiver is advancing straight along the course at approximately the same level, that is, a blow to each other is inevitable, the skydiver needs to compress his knees and cover his face, holding his hands crosswise at the front free ends, while the backs of the hands should be turned to the face ( veins inward), this will reduce the likelihood of injury from equipment or parts of the harness of another skydiver. After a collision, paratroopers are forbidden to sharply push off each other trying to go to the side, since there is a high probability of the paratroopers starting to swing under their canopies for a long time with the heavier one gradually going down and the lighter paratrooper who is above falling into the lines of the first one. Therefore, paratroopers should take up the suspension systems each other (preferably the shoulder girths are closer to the chest bridge) and continue the descent together, constantly controlling the canopies and the approach of the ground. They should also land together without trying to move away from each other directly at the ground, since swinging at this moment is likely to lead to injury. The task of both paratroopers, when touching the ground, will land on each of their feet, eliminating the option of hanging one person on the other, as a result of which the impact force of the paratrooper falling on the feet on which his comrade will hang will increase significantly. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary, even when descending, to try to take a position in which the feet of both paratroopers will be at the same level.

2.Collision at different levels.(the threat of another skydiver falling into the parachute lines, followed by the extinguishing of one or both main parachutes)

If there is a threat of convergence in the air, in a position where one of the paratroopers approaches the other at the level of his parachute lines, and convergence cannot be avoided, the paratrooper flying into the parachute lines of his comrade should spread his arms and legs as wide as possible (asterisk position ) as if increasing the area of ​​\u200b\u200bhis body and thereby reducing the likelihood of slipping between the lines of the approaching parachutist and at the moment of contact with the lines, gently push off from them and immediately after repulsion, start moving to the side by sliding, by pulling the rear free ends. Going to the side does not stop until until the distance between the paratroopers becomes completely safe, excluding the possibility of a repetition of the situation.
If it was not possible to push off and go to the side and the skydiver got tangled in the parachute lines of another skydiver below and the canopy of the lower skydiver begins to go out (lose its shape and fullness), the top skydiver (who got into the lines of a friend) is obliged to take several lines of the lower skydiver and hold him before landing, carrying out a descent together on their own parachute. At the same time, for reliability, it is best to wrap the parachute lines of the lower paratrooper several times around the pack of your reserve parachute. When landing, the lower paratrooper must take into account the likelihood that the upper paratrooper can land directly on him, therefore, immediately upon touching the ground, it is desirable to run away or roll away from the landing point.
If the upper paratrooper, having fixed the lines of the lower paratrooper's parachute on himself, finds that his (upper paratrooper's) canopy begins to go out, then the upper paratrooper gives the command to the lower paratrooper to activate the reserve parachute. Further, the descent of both paratroopers occurs on the reserve parachute of the lower one. In this situation, both paratroopers must be ready for a hard landing, immediately after touching the ground, it is desirable to use a roll to reduce the force of impact.

3.Hit on the dome of another parachutist.

If, when looking around, a paratrooper, examining the space below him, discovers that he is descending onto the canopy of another paratrooper descending under him, he must start leaving by sliding towards the nearest edge of the canopy of the lower paratrooper until he completely leaves to a safe distance, while simultaneously giving the command to the lower parachutist to leave in the opposite direction.
If the speed of gliding is insufficient and the upper parachutist touches the lower canopy closer to the center with his feet, then he, without stopping pulling the free ends in the direction chosen for the escape, immediately from the moment the canopy touches, runs away from it to the nearest edge, that is, in the same direction in which was carried out by sliding care.
If the touch with the feet occurs at the edge of the dome, then the parachutist puts his feet forward and slides off it, after which he leaves by sliding to a safe distance.
If this fails and the upper skydiver falls into the canopy and gets tangled in the lines of the lower skydiver, then further actions are taken, as well as when descending at different levels with entanglement in the lines, based on the scenario.

video examples of another skydiver getting into the dome (contains profanity)

Upstream/downstream hit.

Hitting the updraft is characterized by stopping the descent and hovering at the same altitude, and often additional climb. In this case, the parachutist gradually moves away from the prepared site. The hovering time in the updraft can be up to several tens of minutes, and the drift from the airfield (landing area) up to several tens of kilometers in the most unexpected direction, followed by landing on various obstacles at the landing point, which creates a direct threat to the life and health of the paratrooper. Therefore if a parachutist suddenly feels a stop of descent during a descent under the canopy, he must visually make sure whether he got into the updraft or not.
Most in a simple way is to assess the situation by observing other skydivers, especially those who left the aircraft a little later, as well as the horizon level. If, when observing skydivers who have left the plane and opened after it, the skydiver finds that they are much lower or have already landed, and the horizon level remains stationary or drops, then this clearly indicates that the skydiver is in an updraft. In this situation, the parachutist must exit the updraft by sliding in any direction, choosing the safest landing point.
Leaving in line by the sliding method is carried out until the moment when the skydiver feels the beginning of the descent or reaches a height of 100-150 meters. After that, the landing is carried out in the normal mode according to the instructions.

Downstream entry is characterized unexpectedly high speed reduction with a normally filled working dome. It is also determined by other paratroopers descending nearby.
If the paratroopers who left the aircraft and opened much earlier are higher and the horizon level rises too quickly, then this indicates a downdraft, in which the paratrooper descends at a speed unsafe for a normal landing. In such a situation, the skydiver activates the reserve parachute in the manner used in case of partial failure.

LANDING ON OBSTACLES.(parachute D-1-5U)

The most likely obstacles for a skydiver landing are:

Forest areas, separately standing trees, poles, power lines, complex terrain (mountains, ravines, etc.), reservoirs, various buildings and structures, vehicles, railways. and highways, runways as well as groups of people (parachute launch).

If there is a threat of landing on obstacles at a height that does not allow the use of control lines, the parachutist shall go to a safe side by sliding.
If attempts to move to the side do not lead to the desired result, the skydiver prepares for landing in the following way:

Landing on trees.

When there is a threat of landing on trees, the skydiver covers his face with his hands, holding a cross on the cross by the front free ends, so that the back sides of the hands are turned to the face (with veins inward). The legs should be tightly compressed, half-bent and set slightly forward in order to meet them possible obstacle: large branches, branches, etc. This position is maintained until a complete stop or landing.
When hovering on a tree, the parachutist needs to make sure that he is firmly fixed on the tree before changing his position. To do this, remaining in the same grouping position, the parachutist pulls the front free ends several times, while continuing to hold his hands in a crosswise position, with veins inward, covering his face, chest and neck with them, in case of an unexpected fall down through the branches and branches of a tree. The legs also continue to remain brought together and half-bent at the knees, and the feet are parallel to the ground.
After making sure that it is securely fixed on the tree, the skydiver assesses the situation and decides to descend.

Descent to the ground while hovering in the trees.

If the hovering height is small (up to two meters), the parachutist sits as deep as possible in the harness, unfastens the chest jumper and leg loops in sequence, releases
one hand from the shoulder girths and holding both hands on the straps of the suspension system,
descends gently to the ground.
ATTENTION! Preliminary seating in the harness and the sequence of unfastening the leg loops and the chest strap are performed strictly, regardless of the height of the skydiver!
Failure to comply with these requirements can lead to accidental slipping of the parachutist from the harness and his death, if the unfastened chest jumper gets under the chin of the parachutist, with the leg loops unfastened earlier.
Also, in the case of a shallow landing in the suspension system, there is a possibility of accidental loss
from it a parachutist head down, after unfastening the chest jumper with the leg loops fastened at the same time.
When hovering on a tree at a high altitude, the parachutist, having previously sat as deep as possible in the harness, unfastens one of the sides of the reserve parachute pack from it and pulls out the ring of its manual opening, after the reserve parachute canopy falls down, the paratrooper releases his straps from the backpack rubber bands to the entire available length (for Z-5 6.5 meters). After making sure that the lines are completely released, the paratrooper, by twitching, checks the reliability of the remaining fastening of the reserve parachute pack to the harness and, having unfastened the chest jumper and leg loops in succession, descends to the ground along the lines of the reserve parachute, holding on to them so as to exclude the possibility of cutting or burning the palms during a quick descent, i.e. to break.
ATTENTION! Full release of the reserve parachute lines from the backpack elastic bands before descending them is mandatory, since leaving even a small length of them in the backpack elastic bands during the descent will lead to their sudden abrupt release under the weight of the parachutist, and the inevitable, uncontrolled fall of a person to the ground.

Landing on poles

If there are any pillars or supports on the landing path of the parachutist and it is not possible to get away from them by sliding, then the parachutist needs to meet the pillar with his feet, for this the legs must be firmly pressed together and slightly bent at the knees and the feet slightly turned along the axis to the side to avoid the possibility of their divergence at the moment of hitting the pole and hitting it between the legs. If the height of the pillar or support is small, then after meeting the obstacle in this way, the parachutist lands in the normal mode. With a significant height of the pillar or support and a collision with their upper part, the parachutist immediately after meeting the obstacle with his feet leaves by sliding to the side or back.

Landing on power lines (power lines)

If a skydiver descends onto a power line, you should try with all your might to go to the side by sliding, at the same time preparing to meet the wire with your feet, your legs must be tightly squeezed together and your feet should be turned perpendicular to the direction of the wires to exclude the possibility of the wire slipping between the parachutist's legs. With this position of the legs, at the moment of contact with the wire, the parachutist either slides down from it or the wire breaks under the weight of the parachutist and a landing occurs. At the same time, the skydiver holds hands on the free ends of the harness and is in a grouped position until the moment of landing; it is forbidden to try to grab onto any wires or support elements that are nearby, as this can lead to electric shock.
If, after the landing of the paratrooper, his parachute is hanging on the wires, the parachutist removes the suspension system from himself as soon as possible and runs off to the side. It is strictly forbidden to try to remove the parachute from the power line on your own.
ATTENTION! The paratrooper's task in no case includes the mandatory hitting the wire with his feet! On the contrary, he is obliged to try in every possible way to slip past or between the wires, and the described position of the legs is adopted in order to reduce the likelihood of injury if the contact of the legs with the wire does occur.)

Landing on buildings

When landing on buildings or structures, a parachutist, if it is impossible to get away from an obstacle by sliding, prepares for landing as follows:

1. Landing on the task wall

When approaching the wall of the building, the parachutist, holding his hands on the rear free ends, puts his tightly compressed legs in front of him, slightly bending them at the knees, while the feet of the legs should be directed directly at the wall so that they meet it with the entire area of ​​​​two feet compressed together and not any separate part: fingertips, toe or heels. At the moment of contact with the wall, the skydiver pulls the rear free ends of the suspension system and leaves the building by sliding, if the collision with the wall occurs close to the edge of the building, then it is possible to escape by sliding in that direction, with the appropriate wind direction. At the moment of contact with the wall, too vigorous repulsion from it is not recommended, as this will lead to amplitude swinging of the parachutist, in which a repeated collision with the wall of the building is possible.

2.Landing at the window of the building

If, when approaching the wall of the building, the skydiver discovers that at the point of his contact with the wall he is in the window and it is not possible to go to the side by sliding, then he needs to cover his face and neck with his hands, holding the front free ends criss-cross with the veins inward and put forward the compressed legs bent at the knees.
If the window has a central frame, it is necessary to aim with the feet at it, slightly turning the feet to the side, as when landing on a pole. If the frame is strong enough, the parachutist pushes off from it and goes back (or to the side) by sliding.
If the skydiver does not hit the central frame with his feet or the frame breaks or is missing altogether and the skydiver flies into the room by breaking the glass with his feet, then he must immediately fix his suspension system for any stationary object with one or more lines, for example, wind the lines around the battery in several turns, for so that the dome of the parachute, which has not yet gone out, does not have time to pull it back out of the building while the parachutist is released from the suspension system.
Fixation with slings for a stationary object before removing the suspension system is mandatory! The height of the building and the floor on which the window is located do not matter, since dragging a paratrooper through a broken window, even on the first floor, will most likely lead to injuries from glass fragments remaining in the frame, and when the room is on the upper floors, the parachute dome will pull the paratrooper out of the window already will not be able to provide him with a safe landing, as it will be partially or completely extinguished.

3.Landing on the roof of the building

If a skydiver lands on a roof in the center or far from its edge, then immediately after landing, he needs to fix himself with parachute lines for any stationary object, antenna, pipe, etc., and only after that remove the suspension system from himself. Locations of such stationary objects it is desirable to install visually in advance even at the landing stage, which will significantly reduce the time for fixing parachute lines for them and reduce the likelihood of a paratrooper being pulled off the roof by an unextinguished canopy.
In the event that a skydiver lands close to the edge of the roof, and there is a real threat of being pulled off the roof of the building, then even in the process of landing, the paratrooper, barely touching the roof with his feet, immediately runs away from it and jumps down without allowing the dome to go out, with a further escape from the building by slip.

CLARIFICATION

Taking into account the fact that the general instruction on the landing rules for parachuting D-1-5U requires a novice skydiver at a height of 50 meters to take a position on a small drift (against the wind), then if the parachutist detects an obstacle after turning to a small drift, and the wind speed exceeds the horizontal speed of the canopy, as a result of which the skydiver approaches the obstacle with his back, then he must perform a turn in the harness using the method used when viewing from the sides, and land while holding in this position, trying to meet the obstacle with the feet brought together.

Landing on a body of water

The D-1-5U parachute, thanks to its design and control lines, provides for the choice of the direction of flight in the right direction, if this is not interfered with by the direction and strength of the wind. Therefore, if a parachutist, after opening, finds a body of water near a possible landing site, he must use these possibilities of the canopy to move away from the body of water to a safe distance. However, if for some reason this could not be done either with the help of control lines at a height, or by sliding directly near the ground and falling into a reservoir is inevitable, then the skydiver prepares for it as follows:
1.Sits as deep as possible in the harness.
2. Unfastens the reserve parachute bag from one side of the harness.
3. Unfastens the chest strap and leg loops in sequence, being careful not to accidentally slip off the circular strap and fall out of the harness.
4. Firmly grasps the back risers with his hands and waits for contact with water.
ATTENTION! It is forbidden to jump out of the suspension system before it comes into contact with water, so when visually assessing the height above the water surface, an error of tens of meters is possible.
5. As soon as the skydiver's legs touch the water, he makes a deflection (throws his head, arms and legs back) and slipping out of the harness, under water, sails as far as possible away from the splashdown course (to the right or left) so that he does not emerge under the dome or in the lines of your parachute.
6. Having surfaced, assesses the situation and swims to the nearest shore.
7. If a skydiver has problems swimming or the coast is far away, then he can stay on the surface of the water before the help arrives using a reserve parachute - a reserve parachute
Z-5 in the laid state contains between the folds of the dome the amount of air sufficient to use it as an auxiliary watercraft up to half an hour inclusive. When deciding to use a reserve parachute, the skydiver must be careful not to get tangled in the lines and canopy of the main parachute located nearby both on the surface of the water and under water.

Landing on the runway

When landing on the runway of the airfield, the parachutist immediately after extinguishing the canopy, without wasting time, takes the canopy of the parachute and lines in an armful and quickly (running) leaves the GDP. Leaving is carried out towards the nearest edge. Removing the suspension system from oneself and putting the parachute into a portable bag is carried out only after the parachutist moves away from the edge of the runway to a safe distance (at least 15-20 m).
ATTENTION! Operational exit from the runway is carried out by a parachutist in any case! Regardless of whether he sees planes landing / taking off or not.
If it is necessary to cross the runway, the runway is crossed directly perpendicular (at right angles). Crossing the runway "obliquely", "zigzag", etc., is prohibited.

Landing on a parachute start

When landing on a parachute launch where other paratroopers are located, as well as if there are people at any other point of his landing, the parachutist loudly gives the command “Air!” several times. until those at the landing point leave it.

Happy and safe jumping!

The article was prepared by Oleg Russkikh. Karaganda. This article is the property of the site When copying and reprinting, please indicate the working link.

Designed for training jumps.

Tactical and technical data

With a weight of a parachutist with equipment of 120 kg, the parachute has the following characteristics:

ensures reliable operation both with immediate deployment at aircraft speeds up to 250 km/h and with any delay in deployment;

overloads when opening a parachute do not exceed 10 g;

the minimum height of the jump with the immediate introduction of the parachute into action at an aircraft speed of 180 km / h - 150 meters;

V vert - 5.11 m / s;

V mountains - from 0 to 2.47 m / s;

dome turn time by 360 degrees - no more than 18 seconds;

effort for pulling out the ring - no more than 16 kg;

resource - 200 jumps.

The weight of the parachute with the device is 17.5 kg.

Description

The parachute kit includes the following parts.

Pull rope.

Exhaust ball slingless parachute.

Dome cover.

Dome with straps.

Suspension system.

1. Flexible hose.

   Pull ring.

   Exhaust ring with cable loop (emergency ring).

   Pull rope.

   Protective cover.

   Safety device.

   Break strap.

   A halyard of a flexible hairpin.

   Connecting link.

   Portable bag.

Pull rope

To protect the pull rope from burns, a cover is put on it. 2 from cotton tape (LHBMkr-350-230) in the form of a hollow hose. Such covers are put on the loops of the rope and at the trailed carabiner. To control the pull rope on both sides, the carabiner has a red tape.

Exhaust ball slingless parachute

The pilot chute is designed to pull the canopy off the main canopy.

It consists of two main parts: the base of the parachute 1 and spring mechanism 2 .

The conical spring has 5.8 working turns, while 2.9 turns are inside the spherical spring mechanism.

The spokes of the spherical spring mechanism wrap around the upper and middle coils of the conical spring, which are connected by a nylon cord limiter with a strength of 120 kg, which helps to maintain the spherical shape of the parachute during its operation.

On the lower base of the conical spring, a plate is fixed, on which the cone (or cable loop) is located. 6 designed to lock the spring mechanism in a compressed state. When checking, the cone (or cable loop) is passed through the holes of the upper and middle washer, brought out through the grommet and secured with a check pin, reinforced on the basis of the parachute. When folded, the pilot chute stows in a satchel. The pin-check of the pilot chute is refueled into the gazyr.

Dome cover

Non-removable rubber honeycombs are designed for inserting dome lines into them, double honeycombs - for closing the apron of the cover with bundles of lines.

The cover apron has two eyelets 12 with sew-on washers for skipping double removable combs. Above the eyelets are sewn pockets for filling bundles of slings into them.

Bundles of slings nested in double removable honeycombs close the apron and prevent the canopy from prematurely exiting the case. When the lines are wedged in the double removable combs, the combs are torn.

The sling protector is designed to protect the slings laid in the honeycombs from being blown out by the air stream during the opening process.

two tapes 9 , located on both sides of the honeycomb, form pockets into which the stacking frame is inserted.

The cover has two pockets at the top. 8 , contributing to the exit of the lines from the honeycomb and pulling the cover off the dome. The top of the cover is pulled together with a cord 6 from ShKP-60.

The entire length of the cover is reinforced with four nylon ribbons. 5 (LTKOUP-25-150), which form a bridle in the upper part of the cover 7 for attaching a pilot chute or a pilot rope (depending on how the parachute is deployed).

Dome with slings

The dome has 28 lines made of cotton cord with a strength of 125 kg (SHHBP-125). To facilitate the laying of the dome, the fourteenth line is painted red. On the lower edge of the dome, to the left of the lines, their serial numbers are indicated. All lines are the same length. In the free state, the length of the lines from the lower edge of the dome to the detachable buckle or half-ring buckle of the suspension system is 8.87 m.

To ensure the correct laying of the dome on the lines, at a distance of 0.45 m from the lower edge of the dome, there are marks on which the laying of the lines into the first double removable rubber honeycombs of the cover begins.

At a distance of 1.8 m from the detachable buckles or half-ring buckles of the free ends of the suspension system, marks are applied to the slings, along which the (removable) honeycombs of pockets at the bottom of the satchel are checked with slings.

There are vertical holes on the panels of the dome between lines 27-28, 28-1 and 1-2 4 . The edges of each hole are reinforced with nylon tape with a strength of 150 kg.

To control the canopy, control lines are mounted to lines 26, 27, 28 and 3, 2, 1, the second ends of which are brought to the toggles and fixed to the rear free ends of the suspension system.

suspension system

The lower ends of the back-shoulder girths, passed between the main strap and enveloping it in several places, form leg girths on which buckles are mounted 14 to adjust their height.

Three carbines 13 and three buckles 2 , located on the leg loops and the chest bridge, serve to fasten the suspension system.

A knapsack is attached to the suspension system, and dome slings are attached to the half-ring buckles of the suspension system.

knapsack

to the main parachute and to regulate the tightness of the parachute to the body of the parachutist. The reserve parachute mount consists of a ribbon and a carabiner.

On the right side flap 16 instrument pocket located 14 for placing a semi-automatic device, carabiner pocket 15 , which serves as a pocket for a passport replacement card and for laying a carabiner of a pull rope, a ribbon-tie for attaching the device, a ring 20 for locking the pull rope, hose fastening tape 21 for laying a flexible hose when jumping with a manual opening of the knapsack.

Safety valve 19 , which is a continuation of the right side flap, is fastened with four turnstile buttons 17 after tightening the bag.

Safety and bottom valves have metal plates 27 to give rigidity.

In order to prevent the slingless exhaust ball parachute from catching on the tail nut of the semi-automatic device and to protect the parachutist from being hit by the tail nut of the semi-automatic device, two metal loops are sewn on the tape along the perimeter of the knapsack for attaching the double knapsack rubber of the upper valve.

The bottom of the satchel 23 on the outside has four pairs of loops 22 for attaching the suspension system to the backpack and belt loops 11 for guiding knapsack rubber.

Pockets are sewn on the bottom of the satchel from the inside along the side and bottom sides of the perimeter of the stiffening frame 24 , left and right, and valve 31 , which prevent the canopy placed in the case from blowing off from the bottom of the satchel at the moment of opening the parachute and ensuring the sequential pulling of the case with the canopy placed in it. On the inner sides of the pockets, a knapsack cord is skipped.

At the top flap of the satchel, the pockets have holes 25 , under the facing of which metal rings are inserted for rigidity. Rubber honeycombs are passed through the holes 26 , which are closed with bundles of slings.

flexible hose

A flexible hose for forced opening of the exhaust cable is sewn at one end to the upper valve of the satchel, the other end is not sewn.

The length of the flexible hoses is 0.515 m.

Pull ring

The ring has two guide holes through which the cable passes, ending with three pins. The cable is fixed in the ring with a limiter 4 .

The pull ring cable pins are designed to close the eyelets on the knapsack cones. The cable pins are located one from the other at a distance of 0.15 m. The first pin, counting from the ring, has a length of 0.038 m, and the rest - 0.032 m.

The length of the cable from the end of the last pin to the limiter is 1.07 m.

Pull ring with cable loop

suspension system. For the convenience of gripping by hand, the handle of the ring in relation to the base is bent by 60° and thickened.

There are two guide holes in the ring, through which the cable passes, ending with a loop, into which, when laying, the first pin of the exhaust cable is threaded, closing the grommet on the cone of the knapsack. The cable is fixed in the ring with a limiter.

The length of the cable from the loop to the limiter is 0.785 m.

Pull rope

The cable pins for closing the knapsack valves are located one from the other at a distance of 0.15 m. The first pin, counting from the cable loop, has a length of 0.038 m, and the rest - 0.032 m.

The length of the pull rope from the loop to the last pin is 1.015 m.

Safety cover

break sling

One end of the cord is stitched with a zigzag stitch, forming a loop 1 0.02 m long. 2 for tying to the loop of the pull rope.

Secondary use of a broken sling is prohibited.

Hairpin halyard

The flexible hairpin halyard is the connecting link between the flexible hairpin of the semi-automatic device and the pull rope.

The halyard is made of a nylon cord with a strength of 200 kg (ShKP-200) in two additions and ends with loops, one of which is mounted with a loop-noose to the flexible pin of the device, the other to the end loop of the exhaust rope.

The length of the halyard of the flexible hairpin is 0.13 m.

connecting link

0.11 m and 0.4 m long, respectively. The connecting link is threaded into a rubber loop 2 , into which, in the process of laying the parachute, its slack is removed.

Carrying bag

The portable bag is made of avisent.

The passport

The passport is designed to record information about the acceptance, transfer, operation and repair of a parachute.

The passport is an integral part of the parachute. The rules for maintaining a passport are set out in the passport itself.

Parachute D-1

Designed for training jumps from transport aircraft. It is a combined action parachute with forced and manual deployment mechanisms operating independently of each other.

The parachute consists of the following main parts:

Domes with slings;

Canopy covers with pilot chute;

Suspension system;

Parachute opening devices;

Portable bags.

The round canopy of the parachute is made of grade II percale. The area of ​​the dome is 82.5 m2. The dome is formed from four equal sectors; each sector consists of five or six panels, depending on the width of the material. In the center of the dome there is a pole hole with a diameter of 430 mm. To reinforce the upper part of the dome, the panels at the pole hole are made of two layers of fabric. To increase the strength of the entire surface of the canopy, a reinforcing frame of 25 mm cotton braid is sewn on the outside of it, superimposed on the parachute canopy mutually perpendicular. The ends of the ribbons end with loops for attaching slings.

Canopy lines (28 pcs.) Cotton 9 m long. 28 pockets are sewn on the outer side of the canopy at the lower edge, which contribute to the quick and reliable opening of the parachute.

The cover of the dome has the shape of a sleeve 5 m long, made of percale grade B, orange. Its design is similar to that of a rescue parachute cover, except that the non-removable honeycombs are made of a rubber cord.

The pilot chute consists of a canopy with lines and a spring mechanism. Dome square shape made of G-grade silk cloth. It has 8 lines formed from four non-split cords, the middle of which are connected into a thimble, and the ends are stitched on the dome at the bottom edge with a zigzag stitch.

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rashyuta, the other end - to the upper valve of the knapsack.

The second flexible hose for the exhaust cable of the forced opening of the parachute is sewn at one end to the upper valve of the knapsack, the other end is free.

The traction cable is designed to force the opening of the parachute bag with the help of a traction rope. One end of the traction cable ends with three pins, and at the other end a loop is formed to which the traction rope is attached.

The pull rope is made of a linen cord with a diameter of 12-14 mm and a length of 3 m. At one end of the pull rope there is a PKM-1 carabiner for attaching it to a cable on an airplane, at the other end there is a loop for connecting to a pull rope.

At a distance of 1.3 m from the loop, a second loop of linen cord is woven into the rope, designed to attach an exhaust cable when jumping from a balloon. The pull rope has a safety cover that protects the aircraft skin from possible damage by the cable pins after being forced

The pull ring is used to manually open the parachute. A cable with three pins is attached to the pull ring, designed to close the cones of the parachute pack.

The emergency pull ring is used for forced opening of the satchel and is intended for emergency manual opening of the parachute in the event of a break in the pull rope. The exhaust ring has a cable ending in a loop, into which, when tightening the knapsack, a pin of the exhaust cable is passed.