Theoretical aspects of socio-cultural activities. Public organizations and movements as subjects of socio-cultural activities Socio-economic and socio-cultural organizations

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State budgetary educational institution of higher education

"South Ural state institute Arts named after I.P. Tchaikovsky"

Faculty of Sociocultural Activities

courseworkWork

" Public organizations and movements as subjects withsocial and cultural activities"

Completed by: Zalevskaya Polina Yurievna

Chelyabinsk 2016

Introduction

The relevance of the topic is due to the socio-cultural specifics of the activities of public organizations. In the course of social, economic, cultural transformations in our city, a unique experience of socio-cultural development has been accumulated, and public associations have become a model for effective regulation of socio-cultural interactions, which is being implemented in practice.

Scientific relevance of the study public associations in the perspective of socio-cultural activities is determined by the need for a deep understanding of the means, meeting the socio-cultural needs of the population in a multicultural context.

Public organizations are public associations based on membership, created to protect common interests and achieve the statutory goals of united citizens.

Public movements are non-membership mass public associations pursuing social, political and other socially useful goals supported by members of the public movement.

The area of ​​culture, leisure and creativity is a permanent area of ​​social participation and social leadership of citizens in the form of formal, semi-formal and informal communities.

That is why it is extremely necessary for the development of a personality, the formation of its subjective position, to create conditions under which a person or a community of people can fully express and satisfy their needs and interests in the field of culture, education, arts, sports, tourism and recreation. One of the forms of realization of these needs and interests are socio-cultural communities and formations. social cultural public

Public organizations and movements act as spokesmen for the interests of individual social strata and groups, as well as as the subject of the reform process. They are able to represent the interests of the population, interact with the government, and in certain cases put pressure on it. Social movements, acting as one of the most dynamic organizational forms, adapt to new social conditions faster than others, accumulate new ideas, and adapt to changed rules. A feature of modern society is the emergence of flexible social structures, which are public organizations and movements that allow combining the freedom and interests of individuals with the general principles governing their joint activities.

The social significance of the problem posed in the work is due to the following factors: a large number public associations, long silence and unwillingness of the state to pay attention to existing problems in socially significant relations, ignoring the often arising contradictions in matters of socio-cultural ties.

Against this background, the role of voluntary public associations in the life of the country is growing noticeably, but at the same time, the negative consequences of the loss of experience of independent social activities. Therefore, the study of the history of the emergence and activities of public associations, acting as an agent of socialization for various categories of the population, will not only fill the gaps in knowledge of the history of the development of public associations, but also identify effective technologies for providing conditions for meeting emerging needs for self-identification of an individual in the process of growing civic consciousness. .

Target : study and make an analysis of the socio-cultural activities of public organizations and movements.

Tasks :

1. Explore the historical origins of the socio-cultural activities of public organizations and movements.

2. To study the technologies of social and cultural activities of public organizations.

3. Make an analysis of the work of public organizations and movements of the Chelyabinsk region.

4. Make a conclusion on the course work.

Subject : research, study of history, theoretical foundations and modern technologies socio-cultural activities of public organizations and movements.

An object research : the process of activity of public associations in the Chelyabinsk region.

The problems of studying the technologies of social and cultural activities of public associations have long attracted the attention of scientists, but there are some difficulties associated with the fact that public associations stepped up their activities in the field of culture only in the 20th century. Nevertheless, the literature on the problem under study can be divided into the following groups: historical literature (the first mention of social movements and associations); fundamental research of the theory and methodology of social and cultural activities; periodicals, which directly covered the problems of social and cultural activities of public associations.

Historical literature: Isaev I.A. History of State and Law in Russia, Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian State, Klyuchevsky V.O. Brief guide to Russian history.

Theory and methodology: Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. "Socio-cultural activity", Sokolov A.V. "The phenomenon of socio-cultural activity", Zharkov A.D. "Theory and technology of cultural and leisure activities", Zharkov A.D. "Organization of cultural and educational work", Zharkova L.S., Zharkov A.D., Chizhikov V.M. "Cultural and leisure activities: theory, practice and methods of scientific research", Yaroshenko N.N. "Pedagogical paradigms of social and cultural activities", Strelnikova Yu.A. "Development of the theoretical foundations of the educational activities of Soviet clubs", Sorokin P.A. "Socio-cultural dynamics".

Historical origins of social and cultural activities of public organizations in Russia.

Various associations of people with common views on nature, art, common type behaviors have been known since antiquity. It suffices to recall the numerous philosophical schools of antiquity, orders of chivalry, literary and artistic schools of the Middle Ages, clubs of modern times, and so on. People have always had a desire to unite. "Only in a collective," wrote K. Marx and F. Engels, "an individual receives the means that enable him to develop his riddles in all directions, and, consequently, only in a collective is personal freedom possible."

The transformations in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century acquire a comprehensive character. They made a lot of changes in the content of life and leisure of various classes. The necessary prerequisites for out-of-school education and organized leisure for the masses are emerging. The first Slavic alphabet is being reformed. A new civil alphabet is being created, secular entertaining, educational and scientific literature is being published.

In the 18th century, there were attempts to create a system of public education; plans for the renewal of Russia are born, projects for the education of youth, the creation of a "new breed of people." The ideas of the humanist philosophers of the Renaissance, the European Enlightenment find their development and application.

Russian schools of that period were under the auspices of the state and the church, which acted as a customer interested in educating not "harmonious" people, but literate and God-fearing parishioners.

XIX century. The cultural and educational thought of the 18th century in many respects enriched the educational ideas of the first half of XIX century. The beginning of the new century in historical science is associated with the intense overcoming of class narrowness and limitations in upbringing and education: women's education was given an honor. A new wave of cultural and educational activities of the Russian intelligentsia is associated with the noble period of the liberation movement, which was greatly influenced by the sociocultural, educational ideas and activities of the Decembrists.

In the first half of the 19th century, the ideological and socio-political struggle intensified throughout the world. Russia was no exception. However, if in a number of countries this struggle ended in the victory of bourgeois revolutions and national liberation movements, then in Russia the ruling elite managed to preserve the existing economic and socio-political system. The main reason for the rise of the social movement was the growing awareness of the entire society of Russia's lagging behind the more advanced Western European countries. Not only the progressively thinking representatives of the nobility and the intelligentsia formed from raznochintsy, but also the feudal landowners felt the need for fundamental changes.

However, the social movement in Russia had its own specifics. It was expressed in the fact that in Russia there was actually no bourgeoisie capable of fighting for its own interests and for democratic reforms. The broad masses of the people were ignorant, uneducated and downtrodden. For a long time they retained monarchical illusions and political inertia. Therefore, the revolutionary ideology, the understanding of the need to modernize the country took shape at the beginning of the 19th century, exclusively among the advanced part of the nobility, who opposed the interests of their class. The circle of revolutionaries was extremely limited - mainly representatives of the noble nobility and privileged officer corps.

club establishments. The history of the origin and development of public (non-elite type of the English Club) club institutions indicates that they arose in the second half of the 19th century as public educational institutions. A number of forms of such institutions are known, which by their nature performed the functions of a public club or a club-type association. These are the commitents of literacy, the society for the promotion of public education, the society for the promotion of education, the society for the dissemination of technical knowledge, the society for reasonable entertainment, the guardianship of people's sobriety, the society for doctors, local historians, theatrical and literary figures.

The rapid expansion of the network of various associations in the first post-revolutionary years made it possible to hope for their further rapid development. However, the path that amateur public formations have traveled turned out to be by no means cloudless.

In the 50s, the period of the so-called "Khrushchev thaw" began. So in 1956, such public organizations as the United Nations Association in the USSR, the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR, the Committee of Secular Women, etc. were created. The years of stagnation were also stagnant for public associations. Then only three public organizations appeared: the Soviet Committee for European security and cooperation. (1971), the All-Union Copyright Agency (1973) and the All-Union Voluntary Society of Book Lovers (1974).

Soviet society in the second half of the 20th century was a complex system with many currents and structures, many of which were not controlled by the communist regime. The most notable movement was dissidence. But dissidence was only part of a wider discussion and social initiatives. Despite the apolitical nature of the majority of the population, there was a significant layer of people in the country who defended various ideological positions. Formation civil society in the Soviet Union continued in the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1980s. A relatively wide layer of the intelligentsia continued to discuss the most acute problems of history and modernity. In many ways, the disputes of the 1970s and early 1980s anticipated the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s.

In the Soviet Union, there were also mass informal organizations independent of totalitarian institutions. They interacted with the government and its "drive belts", but in their actions they were guided by their own logic. This phenomenon can be characterized as informal movements - subcultures, united by a common cause - social creativity, the creation of new "informal", unusual forms of life.

The collapse of the USSR and the "shock therapy" of the early 90s led to significant changes in the structure of civil society. It professionalized, noticeably lost in numbers, and at the beginning of the 21st century - in influence. Under the pressure of social hardships, the old field of informal movements has effectively disintegrated.

As a result, it should be noted that the rapid development of various associations will coincide with periods of expansion of democracy. From this follows the fundamental conclusion that the level of democratization of society is to a small extent determined by the number of voluntary formations, the degree of activity of their members. In turn, another conclusion follows from this: the emergence of modern public figures is not the result of someone's evil will, it is quite natural. Moreover, we can safely assume that with the further expansion of democracy, the number of informal public formations and their participants will increase..

Technologies of social and cultural activitiessocial organizations and movements.

This paragraph discusses various types of socio-cultural technologies, their main patterns, and the existing practice of using these technologies by public organizations in our city.

As all over the world and in Russia, and in the city of Chelyabinsk non-profit organizations there are more than 700. Some of them are more developed, some are less. Organizations are like people: they are born and die, become active and fall asleep.

Many ideas, projects and proposals put forward by public organizations have been implemented in the city. The formation of structures and the increase in the potential of non-profit organizations will make it possible to move to a new qualitative level - a comprehensive policy of social partnership.

This is not only mutually beneficial for the residents of the city, the creation of a normal stable environment for life in the city, but also another step towards the formation of a democratic society in which there is a relationship of mutual responsibility and mutual dependence on the results of joint actions of the public, government and business.

There are more than 700 public organizations in our city, which can be divided into the following types: veteran, military-patriotic, children's, women's, in the field of housing relations, in the field of healthcare, associations of people with disabilities, in the field of culture, youth, scientific and educational, in the field of education, ethno-cultural, in the field of international cooperation, associations of interest, bodies of territorial public self-government, in the field of support for non-governmental associations, human rights, professional associations, in the field of family support, in the field of social protection, sports and protection, tourism, environmental, etc.

1. Cultural-creative and cultural-protective technologies.

Culture-creating, developing technologies are widespread at all stages of the socialization of the individual. The practical development of these technologies begins in the period of early socialization, when the child is faced with the need to acquire socially mandatory general cultural knowledge, skills and abilities, when through the family, the network of preschool, school and additional education and other social institutions, he consciously joins a whole constellation of subcultures, in including youth.

Different types of creative formative, developing technologies in the field of professional and amateur socio-political, artistic, scientific and technical, applied art and amateur movement become the property of each person both due to subcultural mechanisms, when a person is, as it were, inside one or another subculture, and at the expense of general social, state programs.

Serious changes are taking place in the methodology of cultural and creative activity. In the new socio-cultural situation, the range of creative activity of the masses is significantly expanding. Along with the further development of amateur art, new impulses are received by scientific, technical and applied art and, above all, various types of socio-political activities.

2. Technologies of artistic and creative activity.

Collection-gathering, analytical and research work in the field of culture and art is being developed. There is a growing interest in creativity, especially in the author's. The prestige of theatrical studios, journalistic, variety, miniature theaters, working on local material, is rising. In the field of amateur music, there is an interest in the author's song, rock art, collecting, processing and recreating musical folklore.

Work on the revival of lost artistic and household traditions is being activated. One of the areas of such activity is the development of applied culture of creative handicraft technologies, thanks to which the traditions of household and artistic crafts are preserved, and the status of the craft as a historical and cultural value is maintained.

In our city, the fair of folk crafts in the exhibition center has become a tradition, where products from various materials, made according to ancient technologies, are presented.

The importance of amateur art in the development of various subcultures is increasing. As part of this process, a stable local culture is actively formed, differentiated in accordance with the presence of certain groups of the population of the region.

The forms of leadership in amateur creativity are changing significantly. The natural mechanisms of its development are put into action. The factors of its self-regulation are activated. Simplifies the nature of planning, accounting and reporting. The cruel control over the repertoire, exhibition and concert activities is cancelled. The system of registration of amateur associations and interest clubs is being simplified. Cultural and leisure centers are beginning to pay great attention to non-institutional forms of amateur performances at the place of residence. The scale of amateur performances, developing outside the framework of cultural institutions, is expanding.

3. Cultural protection technologies.

The main goal of cultural protection technologies is the preservation of the cultural and historical environment with the help of modern conservation and restoration measures. The essence of this attitude is to preserve, if possible, the visible signs and symbolic values ​​of each individual - age, social, professional, ethnic cultural - communities, to turn them into actively functioning elements of modern educational, artistic, creative, entertainment processes.

For these purposes, technologies are involved in the creation of territorial local history encyclopedias and reference books; technologies for organizing local history work; technologies for the development of tourist and excursion routes based on historical, cultural and historical and industrial sites; technologies for the revival of traditional forms of sociocultural activity; folk crafts, crafts, rituals.

4. Recreational technologies.

Recreational (restorative) and sports and health technologies are designed to ensure and maintain human viability. They are versatile in their use. In the process of socio-cultural activities.

Modern recreational methods are based on the psychological and pedagogical patterns of entertainment and gaming, sports and recreation, artistic and entertainment activities. In the process of developing most recreational projects, focused on improving the quality of life and improving life, the attention of specialists is focused on introducing the latest achievements in biology, physiology, psychology, medicine into the practice of mass and specialized leisure.

The main and historically established type of recreation has always been sports. Currently, there are more than 70 sports organizations in Chelyabinsk, mainly federations of various sports, health clubs and sections.

5. Animation socio-cultural technologies.

The purpose of animation technologies has a pronounced humanitarian orientation - to prevent the alienation of the individual in the culture of society, in the structure of social relations.

Among professional animators, there are two types: coordinating leaders and specialists, teachers who lead circles and studios, teach courses, engage in social and cultural activities at the place of residence, and provide psychological support in the structure of everyday social relations. The content of animation technologies includes a comprehensive assessment of a crisis situation, assistance in determining and awareness of which of the methods of action in a given situation is suitable for effectively achieving the goal, awareness of real opportunities and their choice, awareness of the likely consequences of a particular decision.

The organization of recreation and entertainment carries a significant social, educational, psychological, rehabilitation burden. The content side of recreational technologies is constantly expanding and enriching by attracting the traditions of folk leisure culture, the revival of the old and the cultivation of new ones. folk holidays, rituals and rituals - Christmas events and humor, days of laughter and carnivals, literary, artistic, sports, tourist and family holidays, the flower festival and the Russian tea festival, city days and other events.

A distinctive feature of the organization of leisure in the sports-charming and tourist-excursion centers is the integration of recreation, health promotion, spiritual enrichment and versatile development of the individual.

In this difficult period in which our country is now, many psychological and crisis centers appear, whose activities are aimed at providing psychological assistance to the population.

6. Pedagogical game technologies.

In a number of recreational and health-improving technologies, a significant place is occupied by an extensive gaming activity.

Of all the known types of socio-cultural activities, the game appears to be the most free activity. Gaming technologies demonstrate the productive social and cultural activity of independent subjects, which is carried out within the framework of voluntarily assumed conditional rules and has many attractive qualities - socio-psychological, aesthetic, hedonistic, moral and ethical.

As a recreational technology, the game has well-known pedagogical and organizational and methodological advantages. It allows you to significantly reduce the time for the accumulation of the necessary information, the acquisition of certain skills and abilities; contributes to the imitation of various types of social activities, expands the scope of contact of the individual with various social groups, organizations and movements, familiarization with many genres of art and literature. By intensifying the self-reflection of the individual, the game is an effective tool for deepening the democratic character of communication, cooperation, and social dialogue.

S.A. Shmakov identifies the following main methods of organizing children's leisure:

Method of game and game training. The game is an independent and very important type of activity for children, equal in rights with all others. A game can be a form of non-game activity, an element of a non-game business.

Theatrical method. Children's leisure has an infinite number of subjects and social roles.

According to A.V. Sokolov, depending on the intended purpose and psychological context, gaming technologies can be divided into several behavioral types.

The most common in gaming technologies is the adversarial method. Its essence lies in the struggle for excellence in sports competitions, gambling, lotteries, competitions that provide opportunities for one's chance. The main game gain here is the feeling of victory and self-affirmation. The competition extends to all spheres of creative activity, except for moral.

A fairy tale game represents a technology that is peculiar in content. In this technology, the main emphasis is shifted to psychological unloading, going into illusion, hedonistic sensations, which to a certain extent borders on self-manipulation. Both primitive and modern folklore is built on "fabulous-game" technologies.

Quite remarkable are entertainment and gaming technologies such as a masquerade game.

These technologies are used in almost all organizations working with children and adolescents: the children's public association "Rainbow", the children's and youth center "Rifey", the public organization "Uralskoye Compound". Also, theatrical methods are used by many organizations that are engaged in entertainment and theatrical activities: municipal institution Culture "Youth Theatre".

7. Social protection and rehabilitation technologies.

The sphere of culture, art, education, sports is characterized by the presence of socially protective, rehabilitation technologies that are different in content and orientation.

These are, firstly, the main, basic technologies such as specialized gaming, cultural therapy, art therapy and others. These technologies are not accidentally designated as basic. They are primary in their essence, do not depend on the influence of external socio-economic, political, cultural and other factors, they are distinguished by a certain stability, the constancy of their constituent elements.

As a permanent resource holder of basic social protection and rehabilitation technologies, as a rule, state and non-state structures appear, including municipal governments, state institutions socio-cultural sphere, the public sector and commercial organizations. In the daily practice of socio-cultural activities, the traditions of enlightenment, patronage, patronage, charity, social mediation still remain a priority, and thus, public organizations and movements act as spokesmen for the interests of individual social strata and groups, as well as subjects of the reform process. They are able to represent the interests of the population, interact with the government, and in certain cases put pressure on it. Social movements, acting as one of the most dynamic organizational forms, adapt to other social conditions faster than others, accumulate new ideas, and adapt to changed rules. A feature of modern society is the emergence of flexible social structures, which are public organizations and movements that allow combining the freedom and interests of individuals with the general principles governing their joint activities.

Public associations have a lot of work ahead of them. It is necessary to develop a natural balance of all possible forms of interaction between the state, public and commercial sectors, to look for new forms of social partnerships.

We can confidently say that the activities of public associations accelerate the development of democratic processes in the region. Reality confirms that the experience of social communications, accumulated by the civil sector, is successfully transformed into new effective forms of public life management.

conclusions

Analyzing the state and trends in the development of the socio-cultural and political life of Russia over the course of several centuries, we can conclude that it is with the advent of social movements that deep-seated transformations of society and its socio-cultural structures often begin.

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was preceded by a whole wave of socialist movements. But from these small circles in subsequent years a broad and completely mass movement of Narodnik socialists was born. Then it split and gave rise to new waves of social movements, which, having again passed the stage of circles, already Marxist, led to the creation of the Bolshevik Party, and then to the revolution and the creation of one of the two superpowers of the 20th century - the USSR, already a full-fledged world project. The party was well aware of the beginning of this new era, where the initial genesis of the socialist project actually took place.

Even looking back several decades ago, we see a colorful picture of social movements, whose representatives are not difficult to meet in life and learn the details of the origin and development of the movement first hand. Particularly interesting are those of the social movements that appeared from below, and often developed not only without state support, but sometimes even overcoming state pressure.

At present, there is a wide range of public interests of people: from political and economic to leisure, from national and nationalist to cosmopolitan, from problematic (for example, environmental) to amateur associations of interest.

What is characteristic of these movements and organizations?

Firstly, they revealed the diversity of people's attitudes towards solving certain problems. public problems. They were no longer oppressed for givenness, various restrictions and official regulations. A real opportunity has been created to realize their goals, unite their own kind and fight for survival in this changing world.

Secondly, the new social movements entered into a fairly tough confrontation with the old established structures, and they largely showed their fighting qualities, loyalty to the idea and, most importantly, the effectiveness of their work, the ability to captivate people.

Thirdly, organizations, risk groups, which are characterized not only by positive goals, but also by asocial, criminogenic aspirations, have appeared among a part of social formations. This includes organizations of a pro-fascist, nationalist nature, which, of course, does not contribute to the establishment of a favorable social atmosphere.

And finally, there is a deep transformation of the existing social structures. The time of renewal made it possible to quite clearly test the vitality of many of them, their ability to develop in new conditions.

In other words, the emergence and functioning of new associations, the transformation of old public organizations symbolize an approach that has justified itself in history: the more opinions, the more correct the decision. However, the creative potential of the people to improve political system The new society is far from being realized. So far, the possibilities of people are mainly manifested spontaneously and not always in the optimal variant, because there is no mechanism for supporting social initiatives.

The most common activities of public organizations and movements are:

Provision of social services (40%)

Education (26%)

healthcare (6%)

The work of professional associations and unions, real estate management (HOA).

According to a survey of heads of organizations, 33% of registered organizations do not have paid employees, another 35% have no more than 5 employees, 23% have from 6 to 10 employees. The share of relatively large organizations is thus small. Volunteers are absent in 28% of non-profit organizations, and another 25% of organizations have at least 10 volunteers. At the same time, 10% of organizations, according to their leaders, have more than 100 regularly working volunteers. One of the reasons for the relatively low involvement of citizens in the "third sector" is their rather poor awareness of the activities of non-profit and public organizations, gradually becoming business and the state, which began to offer the "third sector" significant resources. There are also truly independent, large and civilized charitable organizations of Russian business.

Thus, public organizations and movements carry out socio-cultural activities with the aim of a general cultural upsurge of the population of Russia. In particular, in the Chelyabinsk region, sufficient innovation of volunteers from public organizations and movements is actively showing social and cultural activities.

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(unrecognized area)

The recreational function maximally contributes to the full rest of people, the restoration of their physical and spiritual strength, the organization of active leisure activities and entertainment, providing a variety of activities, a change of impressions, a positive emotional mood, relieving stress and fatigue.

In leisure programs for vacationers, all these functions are closely interconnected and complement each other. There are a number of features in their implementation. Cultural and leisure activities in health resorts and tourist institutions are built in accordance with their main purpose - the restoration of strength and health of people. That is why the recreational therapeutic function of leisure and leisure activities is of paramount importance here.

Due to the continuity and duration of the entire period of vacation or treatment of people, the leisure program in health resorts and tourist institutions is diverse, provides for the unity of information-developing, communicative and recreational elements, is carried out at different times of the day, for example, not only in the evening, but also in the morning. and daytime hours. The logic of leisure here implies a transition from the simplest leisure activities, when a person only needs to relieve tension and psychologically relax, to more saturated, active, intense forms.

In terms of its orientation, the content of leisure in health resorts and tourist institutions includes: concert, entertainment and film services; library work; theatrical and sports festivals; organization of evenings of questions and answers, oral magazines, theme evenings, mass celebrations taking into account significant dates of the calendar and in accordance with the profile of a health resort or tourist institution, literary, musical and local history, dance evenings, discos, game competitions, etc.

Among leisure forms, excursions have the greatest information and developmental content. According to survey data, the majority of vacationers in health resorts and tourists consider excursions to be the most favorite events. The popularity of the tour is due to a number of reasons.

This is, firstly, a wide variety of topics and content: excursions on historical topics, natural history (landscape, botanical, geological, hydrogeological, etc.), literary and art history, on architectural and urban planning topics, overview (multifaceted) business, commercial, which introduce representatives of the business community to the activities of industrial agricultural trade enterprises. For vacationers, usually as tourists, young people, among whom many will have to choose their own path in life, such excursions are also career guidance.

Excursions attract with a variety of elements of recreation and recreation in nature (swimming, picking berries and mushrooms, etc.) and modes of transportation, since walking tours and excursions-walks are supplemented by transport (bus, motor ships, aircraft).

Balashikha, Moscow region, leisure part of the voluntary association of the microdistrict of Makeevka);

interdepartmental club centers and studios for early aesthetic education of children, functioning in the system of aesthetic education;

interdepartmental centers and clubs of technical creativity of children and adolescents in the city or microdistrict, including workshops for the creation, maintenance and repair of amateur equipment, test benches, rooms and platforms for checking and demonstrating completed structures (the leisure part of the educational and educational production association "Children's Republic "Dukhovshchina, Smolensk region, club" Kinap "Odessa, etc.).

A separate group is made up of micro-district preschool centers and complexes of a developing type. With the participation of teachers, parents, schools, clubs, enterprises, public organizations, they carry out developmental programs in areas that contribute to the spiritual and physical formation of the child.

Thus, each complex or center is a kind of arena of social and cultural (educational, developing, creative, entertaining, health-improving) activities of individuals and groups. In principle, the possibilities for such activities exist in any variant of a socio-cultural leisure center: a discotheque, a video salon, a folklore theater or a fashion theater, a family club, a game library, etc.

The variety of social and cultural centers and complexes that actually exist in practice and in projects is due to many reasons. Their variability, in essence, is a natural reaction of society to emerging gaps and unexplored "blank spots" in the socio-cultural sphere.

At the same time, most state-public, departmental and interdepartmental, commercial and non-commercial leisure centers are characterized by a number of common initial functional features. They are taken as a basis even in the process of designing centers and leisure zones. Knowledge of them is necessary for every social worker, social educator, sociologist, culturologist, economist of the socio-cultural sphere, who are equally responsible for both the development of projects and their implementation.

The basis for the creation of regional complexes and leisure-type centers is the intersection of three main parameters - the cultural one itself, reflecting the cultural situation in the region; social, characterizing the state and trends in the development of the social sphere; purely territorial (settlement), representing the economic-geographical, ethnic and other features of the region. Almost each of the parameters in itself serves as a basis for searching for the most preferable structure of the socio-cultural complex and center, the priority areas of its activity.

The pronounced social openness of leisure centers is reflected in the creation of zones and sectors of free communication, love

tstelstviya, skill. Favorable conditions in them not only contribute to the self-development and self-education of the individual, but also ensure the freedom of self-promotion of children, adolescents, adults to truly creative leisure activities. The search for non-standard approaches and solutions is due to the fact that leisure activities of modern society, due to the differentiation of interests and demands of the population, no longer fit into the rigid framework of traditional forms.

Zones of amateurism and mastery, where every inhabitant of the society is guaranteed a choice of leisure activities, can also claim the status of an author's school: adults fascinate children and adolescents with their favorite work, and the leisure community that has arisen on this basis gets an opportunity for creative self-organization, self-expression and self-affirmation. It is logical to conclude that author's schools, which were previously associated mainly with the school educational process, are now becoming a natural and necessary attribute of the socio-cultural sphere.

Despite the differences in content and approaches, diverse socio-cultural centers are distinguished by a common feature for all - their integrative function in the public education of children and adolescents. Based on the study of the environment, they contribute to the socialization of their leisure time through the strengthening and enrichment of the ties and relationships of the child, adolescent with family and society. This is precisely the important role of leisure centers as intermediaries between the social environment and the microcosm of the individual. The centers introduce into the practice of working in society a variety of alternative, traditional and non-traditional, mass and group forms with a pronounced leisure orientation and communication mechanisms: "family - children", "family - family", "children - children" and "children - adolescents - adults." Here you can select various options for children's and family holidays and festivals: Mother's Days, Father's Days, Grandparents' Days, game family competitions "Sports Family", " musical family", "Family Scholar", etc., competitions of family, parental newspapers, fairs and sales of family crafts, reader conferences such as "Family Reading Circle", etc. On the basis of the centers, invariant models of children's, teenage and mixed family clubs and amateur associations, folklore groups, amateur ensembles, ethnographic expeditions, family workshops of applied art.

Many forms of social, psychological rehabilitation of children, adolescents, adults are being tested, primarily from incomplete, difficult, poor, young, large families: helplines, open telephones, consultations of psychologists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, social living rooms, communication groups and family education clubs, etc. In these and other forms, children, adolescents, adults comprehend the complex, multifaceted experience of socio-cultural activities, overcome internal conflicts, lack of mutual trust in families and in society, gain opportunities for the implementation of creative ideas.

Leisure centers in work with the population open type follow the principles of competition, mutual respect, trust and attention of participants to each other, individual approach and unity of interests of the individual and the collective.

The structure of a socio-cultural complex or center is based on the interaction of professional or semi-professional work of organizers in the person of full-time social workers, teachers, directors on the one hand, and on the other hand, developing, creative, playful, entertaining, recreational activities of all participants: children, adolescents, youth , adults.

Separately taken social institutions (club, library, park, museum, school, cinema, etc.) cease to be autonomous sources of culture for the inhabitants of the region, but become, within the framework of the complex, a structure that provides full-fledged cultural services to the population.

Socio-cultural complexes and leisure centers are one- or multi-profile organizations of a free, entrepreneurial, initiative nature. They are created on the basis of a voluntary association of state, public, private, cooperative, departmental institutions of culture, sports, public education, information, advertising, services, etc. and have the status of a legal entity. Their opening is carried out according to the territorial production principle by combining on a contractual basis certain socio-cultural, leisure and related formations that retain the status of an independent legal entity. The purpose of their creation is the integration of socio-cultural objects related in their tasks, the use of favorable conditions for the realization of the creative leisure potential of its structural units and formations, the organization of joint large-scale regional events, the development and implementation of socio-cultural programs.

economic basis The activities of the centers constitute an economic mechanism, including the use of budgetary and extrabudgetary appropriations, subsidies and proceeds from the equity participation of various departments, enterprises, institutions, public organizations, income from the provision of paid services, self-sustaining teams, rent, etc.

On the basis of the centers, even today there are ample opportunities for practicing the practical skills and abilities of various types of modern social worker - the organizer of children's, teenage, family and other leisure communities.

Characteristics of institutions of the socio-cultural sphere

Late 80s - early 90s XX centuries in Russia, a new socio-cultural direction called socio-cultural activity has been functionally and legally formed. In accordance with the structure of this direction, the activities of cultural and leisure institutions (former cultural and educational institutions) and institutions of additional education are being reorganized, new institutions for our country are being established and developed: social services for the population (mainly adults) and social education of children and adolescents. During this period, new types of professions appear: social work ( Social worker), social pedagogy (social pedagogue) and instead of cultural and educational work “socio-cultural activities” and “folk art” with an appropriate set of qualifications of an organizational, managerial and artistic and creative nature. In the same period, the regulatory and legal framework for the activities of institutions of a sociocultural profile was also created.

Because at the end XX - early XXI centuries issues of social development have occupied and continue to occupy a leading place in Russian reality, it seems logical to begin consideration of the stated topic with a description of social service institutions for the least protected categories of the population. Moreover, the social orientation is quite acutely felt in the activities of cultural and leisure institutions traditional for our country.

Institutions of the social service system for various categories of the population

The foundations of the system of social services for various categories of the population in our country are laid down in a number of laws, federal and regional programs. First of all, in the law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation” (1995) and the law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and the Disabled” (1995), in the federal programs “Children of Russia”, “Children with Disabilities”, “Development of Social services for families and children” and others.

Now it can already be stated that new professions have established themselves in our country - social work and social pedagogy, and a new system of institutions for social services to the population. The main place among social service institutions is occupied by institutions of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation:

Family social service institutions;

Institutions of social service for the elderly and disabled;

Branches social assistance at home;

Services of urgent social assistance;

Territorial social centers.

Among these institutions, in terms of their significance (not in quantity), territorial social centers come first as comprehensive institutions for providing assistance to those in need (primarily pensioners, the disabled, and low-income families). Moreover, there is a trend that is expressed in the desire of each primary territorial-administrative unit (district, small town) to have its own center of social services.

The real number of such centers depends, first of all, on the material and financial capabilities of local authorities. A feature of the territorial centers of social services is that, by the nature of their activities, they are institutions of a complex type, they can organize various kinds of services and departments that perform specific functions. So, according to the Model Regulations on the center of social services, approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia (1993), the following departments and services can be opened in the center of social services:

branch day stay(created to serve at least 30 people);

Department of social assistance at home (created to serve at least 60 pensioners and disabled people living in countryside, and at least 120 pensioners and disabled people - in urban areas);

Emergency social assistance service (designed to provide emergency assistance of a one-time nature).

The day care department provides for the following positions: head of the department, nurse, cultural organizer (with the duties of a librarian), occupational therapy instructor (if there are workshops or ancillary facilities), a housewife, a barmaid and others.

In the department of social assistance at home - the head of the department, a social worker (specialist in social work) - 1.0 rate for 8 people served in urban areas and 1.0 for 4 people. - in rural areas, the driver of the car (if there is a vehicle).

In the emergency social assistance service - the head of the service, a psychologist, a lawyer, a social work specialist (2 units), a social worker (1 unit), a car driver (if there is a vehicle).

Of course, specialized departments or services can also be created, in addition to social service centers, directly by social protection authorities. Many of these services or departments were opened even before the territorial centers of social services began to function in a particular locality.

Along with social service institutions of the system of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, there are institutions of other departments (sectoral, trade union, youth, etc.). For example, in every region of Russia there are social youth services.

Various kinds of specialized (non-commercial) social service centers are organized on the territory of local authorities. These can be centers for the provision of social and legal services for employment (founders: a municipal (territorial) body and several commercial organizations), and centers for the rehabilitation of the disabled and orphans (founders: a territorial body, a committee on family and youth affairs, public and commercial organizations ) and etc.

It should be emphasized that the permission to conduct social protection activities on their territory by various departments and commercial structures is given by the relevant bodies of social protection and local self-government. At the same time, the municipality entity, which gives permission for social protection activities on its territory, can act in several persons: both as one of the co-founders of a social institution organized at the initiative of various departments and public associations, and as the initiator and coordinator of most socio-cultural actions in the territory under its jurisdiction.

Cultural and leisure institutions

Cultural and leisure institutions are traditional for Russian reality. By 1985, a fairly developed network of cultural and educational institutions had been created in the country. During the years of perestroika and transition to market relations, this network has undergone major changes. The number of main types of institutions (clubs, libraries, parks of culture and recreation) has decreased. The departmental affiliation of a significant number of institutions has changed. So, for example, the former trade union clubs and libraries almost completely changed their owners. Some of these institutions either ceased to exist or were taken over by the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. During this period, the network of film installations and cinemas was almost completely destroyed. There is a slow and difficult process of building a new system of film services for the population.

But there are also positive trends. Over the years, the number of museums and theaters in our country has increased. Cultural and leisure institutions have become more sensitive to the needs of the population and to the best of their ability to satisfy them. New types of institutions appeared (information centers, media libraries, etc.).

Single-profile institutions have taken a course towards multi-profile and multi-functionality (along with educational tasks, more attention has been paid to solving recreational problems). It should be noted that multifunctionality as a trend originated in the West and its introduction into Russian reality should only be welcomed.

The process of reorganization of the network of cultural and leisure institutions has not yet ended. They continue to search for their specificity and their place in the new conditions of Russian reality.

Club establishments

Club-type institutions (clubs, houses and palaces of culture) remain one of the most massive cultural institutions at present. By their nature, club institutions are multifunctional complex cultural institutions. Their purpose is to provide maximum services for various categories of the population in the field of leisure and recreation, education and creativity.

The main directions in the activities of club institutions are: information and educational; artistic and journalistic; promoting the development of social initiatives, the preservation and development of traditional folk culture, holding holidays and rituals; development of artistic and technical creativity; cultural and entertainment; physical culture and health-improving work, tourism activities; excursion service, etc.

At present there are 55,000 clubs in Russia, under which 357,328 amateur associations function. The number of people involved in club associations is 6.074.821 people.

Since 1980, the number of club institutions has decreased by 22.5 thousand. The reduction has been especially strong since 1991 - by 15.6 thousand. the reduction is insignificant. For three years the number of clubs has decreased by 1.1 thousand. It can be assumed that in the coming years the number of club institutions will stabilize.

Another trend is also observed. Club institutions of a new type are emerging in the country: leisure and creativity centers, craft houses, national cultural centers, etc.

In large cities there are leisure centers organized on commercial basis. First of all, we are talking about elite nightclubs. By the nature of their activities (a bias towards entertainment and inaccessibility to the general population due to the high cost of the services provided), leisure establishments of this type still do not fit well into the traditional network of cultural and leisure institutions.

Park institutions

Parks of culture and recreation are among the most popular leisure-type institutions. Like clubs, parks are complex multifunctional cultural institutions. But, unlike clubs, parks organize their activities in open-air wildlife. The specifics of the parks allow them to carry out a wide variety of forms of work, meet the needs of a wide variety of audiences: from playgrounds for children and quiet corners for older people, to dance halls and a wide variety of attractions for young people, etc.

Unfortunately, the number of cultural parks in Russia is decreasing every year. If in 1990 there were 730 of them, then by the end of 1999 - 554. The reduction in the number of parks is mainly due to logistical and financial difficulties. Maintenance of the park economy, incl. expensive attractions, it is very, very laborious. It turned out to be beyond the power of regional and local authorities. The Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography today does not have a department in charge of parks. They have been handed over to the local authorities.

It remains to be hoped that as the economic situation in our country improves, the number of parks will increase. New types of park institutions will also appear: recreational, amusement parks, etc.

At present, the Association of Parks of Culture of the Russian Federation has been established. Through her efforts, competitions are held for the best park in Russia.

Museums

The main purpose of museums is to collect, study and exhibit material and spiritual values. A large place in the activities of museums is occupied by cultural, educational and research work.

Museums in the Russian Federation

The table shows that over the past 20 years the number of museums in our country has increased by more than 2.5 times. This increase is mainly due to the lifting of various kinds of prohibitions on initiative activity that existed before 1985.

From total number Museums of the system of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation 100 are museums of federal jurisdiction, including museums and branches. The rest of the museums of this system - regional and municipal management.

All museums can be divided into 10 main profiles: complex (mainly local history), historical, art, literary, memorial, art history, natural science, sectoral, technical and architectural.

It can be assumed that the number of museums will increase in the near future. This is evidenced by the following data. Private museums began to appear in Russia (a museum dedicated to the work of Yuri Nikulin in the city of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region, the Museum of the Diplomatic Corps in Vologda). There are archeological and historical museums-parks, eco-museums. So, among the plans of museum workers in the Kemerovo region is the organization of museums: "Russian volost village" (tavern, forge, village church), pagan temple "Slavic mythological forest", etc.

There are also original museums (the Museum of the Rooster in the town of Petushki, Vladimir Region, the Museum of the Mouse in the town of Myshkin, Yaroslavl Region). Museums of this kind play an important role in preserving local cultural traditions, and in particular, local toponymy.

Libraries and Information Centers

The main purpose of libraries is to collect, store and distribute books. AT last years One of the first places in the activities of libraries is the information direction.

Libraries of the Russian Federation (thousands)

* - no information available

The table shows that the number of libraries of all types has decreased since 1980 by 36.5 thousand, the number of public libraries has decreased by almost 13 thousand during this time. At the same time, it should be noted that, in general, the library network in our country has been preserved. And libraries play an important role in the cultural life of the main categories of the population. Thus, the library network of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation is a multi-level system consisting of federal, regional and municipal links.

The upper link includes 9 largest libraries of federal subordination (Russian State Library - Moscow; Russian National Library - St. Petersburg; Russian State Youth Library; Russian State Children's Library - Moscow, etc.)

The middle regional link is made up of the universal libraries of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the so-called regional and regional universal scientific libraries (UNL).

In addition to the UNL, the regional link also includes regional universal children's libraries (UDB), youth libraries (UB) and libraries for the blind. Since the early 1990s, universal libraries for children and youth have merged in a number of regions.

The lower level of libraries in the system of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation are municipal libraries - city, district, rural, etc.

In recent years, there has been a tendency to form information institutions of a new type on the basis of libraries. Thus, media libraries appeared, uniting various, and, above all, electronic media of information about works of art. The emergence of Internet Centers, Internet salons and Internet cafes has become a reality of our days. So, for example, on the basis of the Central City Public Library. Nekrasov (Moscow), a new library and information complex of the capital was created. Public libraries pay great attention to cultural and leisure activities for various categories of the population, increasingly using various forms of club work.

Institutions of social and pedagogical orientation

To date, Russia has created a system of institutions that carry out social education of the younger generation in the new conditions. In turn, this system branches into a number of areas with specific tasks inherent in them.

The traditional place in this system is occupied by institutions of additional education for children and adolescents, which carry out their work mainly at their place of residence and study. In the past 10-15 years, on the whole, this system has been preserved, adapting it as much as possible to the new conditions of Russian reality. Institutions of this type play an important role both in social education and in the organization of leisure activities for children and adolescents in their place of residence. The main curator of this system is the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, which is assisted by the Ministry of Culture, the State Committee of Youth and the State Committee for Sports of the Russian Federation.

The second direction that has emerged over the years is a network of territorial institutions dealing with low-income families with children. This is a relatively new direction for Russia, which aims to provide low-income families, primarily social assistance. The Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation is responsible for this area.

The third direction includes a network of specialized institutions involved, on the one hand, in organizing the educational process in closed institutions, primarily boarding schools, and, on the other hand, in targeted preventive and rehabilitation work among children and adolescents. When carrying out preventive work, special attention is paid to the prevention of offenses among children and adolescents, as well as child neglect and homelessness. Rehabilitation work involves an educational impact on children with deviant behavior and children who find themselves in a difficult life situation. It is difficult to single out one of the supervising ministries here. Responsibility is distributed depending on the specifics of the problem being solved between such ministries as the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health and Social Development, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the State Committee for Youth Affairs.

Institutions of additional education for children and adolescents

These institutions provide additional opportunities for the comprehensive development of children, incl. to develop their individual interests and abilities.

In 1999, there were 16,000 additional education institutions of various departmental affiliations. At the same time, the number of institutions of this kind is increasing every year. So, for example, for 1997-1999. The number of additional education institutions increased by 2.9 thousand.

In the system of the Ministry of Education in 1999. there were 3579 centers, palaces, houses of children's creativity and other institutions implementing various programs of additional education. 4.3 million children attended these institutions. More than 54% of students are covered by art and aesthetic education.

In the system of the Ministry of Education, there are 397 institutions of an artistic profile, 443 ecological and biological centers, and stations for young naturalists.

A large place in the system of additional education is occupied by youth sports schools and physical training clubs. In 1999, there were about 3,000 such schools in the system of the Ministry of Education. 1.9 million children attended them. In 1632 youth sports schools of the State Committee for Sports of Russia, trade unions and other organizations, 790.2 thousand children and adolescents were engaged.

The system of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation includes 5.8 thousand children's art schools of various profiles and 4,499 specialized children's libraries. To support especially gifted children, the President's program "Gifted Children" operates.

The system of social service institutions for families and children at the place of residence

As already noted, over the six years (until 2000) the number of territorial institutions of social services for families and children increased 21 times and amounted to 2240 institutions at the beginning of 2000, functioning in the system of social protection of the population (Ministry of Health and Social Development). Three groups of institutions can be distinguished among them:

Centers for social services for families and children, providing a range of social services (territorial centers for social assistance to families and children, centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population, centers for emergency psychological help telephone, crisis centers for women, etc.);

Specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation, including social shelters for children and adolescents;

Rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities.

Most of these institutions operate, as a rule, at the place of residence of the family and children. On average, each subject of the Russian Federation has 25.8 institutions of this kind.

Among the territorial institutions of social services for families and children, centers for social assistance to families and children (of various types) rank first - 656. Further: social shelters for children and adolescents - 412, social rehabilitation centers for minors - 276, rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities - 182, etc.

Specialized institutions for working with difficult children and adolescents

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency” (1999), two types of specialized educational institutions operate in the country: open and closed.

The special educational and educational institutions of the open type of educational authorities include:

Specialized general education schools;

Special vocational schools;

Other types of educational institutions of an open type for minors in need of special conditions for education,

Special educational institutions of a closed type include, first of all, boarding schools for orphans, disabled children and children left without parental care (orphanages, orphanages, boarding schools for orphans, boarding schools for children with disabilities, etc.) - the system of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

special group form specialized institutions for the prevention of neglect and the social rehabilitation of children and adolescents. These are the so-called institutions for temporary detention of minors (centers for the temporary isolation of juvenile delinquents) - the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation - the system of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health.

As of 01.01.2000, the total number of specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation, of social protection agencies, amounted to 701, incl. 276 social rehabilitation centers, 412 social shelters, 13 centers for helping children left without parental care. There are 61 such institutions in the education system.

In November 2000, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation approved approximate regulations on specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation (on a social rehabilitation center, on a social shelter for children, on a center for helping children left without parental care). The regulations state that rehabilitation centers carry out their activities in cooperation with the bodies and institutions of education, healthcare, internal affairs, public and other organizations.

Complex of socio-cultural branches. Social consumer complex

1. Complex of socio-cultural industries

The complex of socio-cultural industries (socio-cultural complex) is a set of activities whose purpose is to provide the population with socially significant services: education, culture, health care, physical culture and sports, social services, etc. (in the economic literature, close, but not identical, concepts - social sphere, socio-cultural sphere, social infrastructure, etc.).

The role and importance of the complex in the national economy of Belarus is growing. So, for 1991-2009. its share in the structure of the gross domestic product increased from 4.9% to 11.0%, and the share of those employed in the socio-cultural sectors relative to the total number of people employed in the country's economy increased from 15% to 21.9%.

The development of the complex is determined, first of all, by the social policy pursued by the state, aimed at ensuring the well-being of citizens.

The complex includes state institutions and enterprises, a departmental network of social and cultural institutions, private sector organizations (culture and entertainment).

At present, the management of the socio-cultural complex is carried out by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Sports and Tourism, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Ministry of Information, and other ministries and departments of the republic.

Until the end of the 80s. 20th century practically the only source of funding for socio-cultural institutions was the state budget. Organizations and institutions that, as a rule, do not have their own income and are financed from the budget, are called budgetary. All their expenses are determined on the basis of a special planning document - an estimate, and the planning procedure is called an estimate.

In order to counteract the decline in the volume of social services, it is necessary to continue to provide budgetary support to social facilities, both in cases of their preservation in the structure of enterprises, and after they are transferred to the jurisdiction of local authorities.

1 Education

Education - the largest branch of the socio-cultural complex - is a system of organizations and institutions that carry out educational activities.

The state policy of the Republic of Belarus in the field of education is based on the following principles: priority of education, compulsory general basic education; implementation of the transition to compulsory general secondary education; availability of pre-school, vocational and on a competitive basis - secondary special and higher education; continuity and continuity of levels and stages of education; national and cultural basis of education.

The share of education in the structure of GDP increased from 2.5% in 1990 to 4.1% in 2009. According to this indicator, education ranks first among the sectors of the socio-cultural complex.

Education is divided into basic and additional.

Basic education includes: pre-school, general basic, general secondary, vocational, secondary special, higher and postgraduate.

Additional education can be carried out at all levels of basic education, as well as in institutions of out-of-school education and training, advanced training and retraining of personnel.

Education is managed by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus, other ministries and departments having educational institutions, departments and departments of education of local executive and administrative bodies. The main source of funding for educational institutions is the state budget. The dynamics of the share of spending on education in GDP is characterized by the following figures: 1990 - 4.3%; 1995 - 5.5; 2000 - 6.2; 2009 - 10%.

Pre-school education is the first stage of an integral system of education.

There is a development of new forms of preschool education, a strengthening of the material base of preschool institutions, a transition to the full coverage of children with preschool education and upbringing, starting from the age of five.

Institutions providing general secondary education include: elementary school, basic school, secondary school, an evening (shift) school, a gymnasium, a lyceum, a boarding school, a sanatorium boarding school, as well as an educational and pedagogical complex. Obtaining general secondary education is also carried out in institutions of vocational and secondary specialized education.

The primary tasks of the secondary general education school are: further improvement of the material and technical base; transition to a one-shift mode of operation; reduction of class size in order to improve the quality of education.

The main goal of vocational education is to prepare young people for professional activities, as well as to acquire the professional knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for the qualification of workers and employees.

Secondary specialized education is aimed at obtaining special theoretical and practical training, solves the problem of providing sectors of the national economy of the country with qualified mid-level specialists.

Secondary specialized education is carried out in two directions: the first one provides for the receipt of special theoretical and practical training; the second is integrated with higher education and provides in-depth special training.

In the Republic of Belarus, the following system of secondary special educational institutions:

technical schools (schools) provide secondary specialized education;

colleges - obtaining secondary specialized education integrated with higher education;

higher colleges - obtaining secondary specialized education integrated with higher education, and in certain specialties - higher education of the first stage;

higher vocational schools and vocational colleges - obtaining secondary specialized education in specialties integrated with specialties (professions) of vocational education.

Secondary specialized educational institutions are subordinate to 14 republican government bodies, as well as local government bodies. The largest number is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education - 31%, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food - 14, the Ministry of Culture - 10, the Ministry of Health - 8, the Ministry of Sports and Tourism - 5% of the total.

The structure of higher education includes two levels, including a master's degree.

The institutions providing higher education include a classical university, a specialized university (academy), an institute, a higher college.

Admission to state universities in 2004 amounted to 97.8 thousand. people, which is 2.2 times more than in 1990. In terms of the number of university students per 10 thousand of the population, which was equal to 445 people, Belarus surpassed many economically the developed countries peace.

State programs provide for a qualitative renewal, development of information educational technologies and teaching methods, attracting additional sources of funding and strengthening the material and technical base of the industry, expanding the market educational services population.

2 Health care

Health care is a system of state, public and medical measures aimed at maintaining and strengthening people's health, preventing and treating diseases.

In the structure of GDP, the share of healthcare (including physical culture and social security) is 3.2%; 7.2% of the total employed population is concentrated here; 4.5% investment in fixed assets.

The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus manages all medical, sanitary-epidemiological, pharmaceutical and other institutions subordinate to it, as well as provides methodological guidance to medical institutions of other departments and public organizations, issues licenses and controls the activities of private medical institutions and doctors.

According to WHO, at the beginning of the XXI century. Belarus was in 51st place in terms of overall achievements of the healthcare system among 191 states.

Healthcare as an industry is developing in the following areas:

• medical and preventive care;
• maternal and child health care;
• Spa treatment;
• sanitary and epidemiological service;
• drug provision of the population;
• medical expertise;
• medical science and education.
• The new medical-economic model should provide an optimal combination of free medical care and paid medical services. The development of the industry in the prospective period is aimed at providing every citizen with affordable and high-quality health care. It is planned to increase the share of industry financing by 2020 to 10% of GDP. At the same time, state minimum standards should be brought into line with the norms of budgetary provision of health care costs per capita.
• 1.3 Physical culture and sports
• Physical culture and sports is an independent branch of the national economy, uniting a network of specialized sports, health and sports institutions, organizations and educational institutions. Physical culture and sports are integrated into other branches of the socio-cultural complex, they have their own facilities, institutions, and personnel.
• The sector "Physical culture and sport" provides for budget allocations in the amount of 0.5% of budget expenditures. Along with this, the role of extrabudgetary financing is growing. Physical culture and sports work in the country is developing on the basis of the Law "On Physical Culture and Sports" (1993). This activity is managed by the Ministry of Sports and Tourism. In 1991, the National Olympic Committee of Belarus was formed.
• Physical culture as a social institution includes the following forms: basic, sports, professional and applied, health-improving and rehabilitation, recreational.
• Sports are seen as component physical culture, a means and method of physical education and has three main interrelated organizational forms: mass amateur, reserve and elite sports.
• On the present stage in close relationship with physical culture Tourism and sports are developing - a large inter-sectoral system that provides recreation and health improvement for people, and is also a potential source of state budget revenues (the industry operates at a profit).
• 1.4 Culture and art
• It is customary to refer to the sphere of culture and art as a set of organizations, institutions and enterprises, as well as state and public bodies, creative unions directly related to the production, preservation, distribution and organization of consumption of goods and services of cultural, social information and decorative purposes. The contribution of culture and art to the national economy of the country is determined by the following parameters: 0.5% in the structure of GDP, 1.8% in the total number of employed people.
• The impact of culture and art on the country's economy is that this industry creates specific jobs, has its own autonomous markets with significant investment potential, and makes a direct contribution to the development of the economy of a particular region.
• The variety of types of cultural activities (some of them are considered as sub-sectors) can be divided into groups:
• artistic creativity (literary, visual and applied art, art, performing arts);
• cultural heritage (restoration and protection of historical and cultural monuments, museum, archival, library science, folk culture);
• club and entertainment activities (club activities, attractions, show business, casinos);
• mass creation and dissemination of cultural goods - the cultural industry (the press; book publishing; the production of audiovisual products, including cinematography, radio, television; the Internet).
• The leading link in the culture management system is the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus, which conducts public policy in the field of culture, art, historical and cultural heritage.
• Currently, the basis of state guarantees for the preservation, development and dissemination of culture in the Republic of Belarus remains budget funding.
• Organizations (institutions, enterprises) of culture are divided: according to the content of their activities - into cultural and educational and theatrical and entertainment; according to the main purpose of the activity - for commercial and non-commercial; according to the form of ownership - public and private. The traditions of dividing cultural organizations into state and departmental ones are preserved.
• The Art sub-sector includes theaters, circuses, philharmonic societies and other concert organizations; cinematography organizations; creative workshops; organizations of folk crafts (crafts); scientific design and production restoration organizations; entertainment businesses and institutions.
• Librarianship is a branch of information, cultural, educational and educational activities, the task of which is the creation and development of a network of libraries, the formation and processing of library funds, the organization of library, information and reference and bibliographic services for users, the training of library personnel, scientific and methodological services to libraries.
• The main sources of funding for libraries are the funds of the republican and local budgets, which ensure the development and implementation of library development programs, the construction and reconstruction of library buildings, premises, as well as the acquisition of library funds.
• According to the significance, features of functioning and territorial organization, national, republican, regional, city, district and rural libraries are distinguished.
• Museums collect, store, study and popularize monuments natural history, material and spiritual culture - the primary sources of knowledge about the development of nature and human society.
• Club institutions are mass cultural and educational institutions that organize the leisure of the population and contribute to the upbringing, self-education, and development of the creative abilities of the individual.
• More than 90% of club institutions are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and are fully funded by the budget.
• Theatrical and entertainment institutions in the Republic of Belarus are represented by 28 professional theatres, including 2 opera and ballet theatres, 18 drama theatres, 8 children's and young spectators, 13 state concert organizations and 2 state circuses.
• Cinematography. The film industry as a whole is a complex economic complex, characterized by a combination of special film production with a developed sphere of circulation, promotion and demonstration of films.
• A technical base for film production has been created in the republic, the national film studio "Belarusfilm" is functioning, and budget funding has been preserved.
• Measures are planned to preserve and qualitatively increase the network of cultural institutions, strengthen and update its material and technical base, ensure the availability and diversity of industry services for the entire population. The legally established volume of budgetary financing of the "Culture and Art" industry is set at up to 1% of GDP.
• 1.5 Social services
• Social services - the activities of the state, legal entities and individuals to provide social support, the provision of medical, psychological, pedagogical, legal services, material assistance, the creation of conditions for social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens and families in difficult life situations.
• This category of the population includes: children, the elderly, the disabled, the seriously ill, the homeless, people who are in a state of severe depression.
• Different kinds social services can be divided into three groups: social care, social rehabilitation and social shelter.
• The leading position in the management of social services is occupied by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, which actively cooperates with the ministries of education and health, and other republican government bodies.
• Priority direction further development the system of social services is to meet the specific needs of the most vulnerable segments of the population: the disabled, the elderly, children, low-income families, etc.
• 1.6 Social consumer complex
• The social and consumer complex combines the production of material goods and services for the population and includes trade and public catering, consumer services for the population, and housing and communal services.
• The branches of the social-consumer complex are closely interconnected with each other and with the population, which determines their territorial organization.
• Domestic trade and public catering, consumer services for the population and housing and communal services produce 14.2% of the gross domestic product; their share in the total number of people employed in the economy of Belarus is almost 18.7%. The experience of foreign countries shows that without the successful development of these industries it is impossible to create a highly efficient market economy.
• Trade is one of the major sectors of the economy of the Republic of Belarus. In 2009, the total volume of retail trade turnover amounted to 54.7 trillion. R. in current prices, or approximately 5.5 million rubles. per capita. The number of people employed in retail and public catering reached 655.1 thousand people, which is 2 times more than in 1990.
• Trade as an independent branch of the national economy makes it possible to free commodity-producing sectors from the need to independently sell what they have produced, which would lead to dispersion and uneconomical use of material, labor and financial resources.
• State trade is managed by the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Belarus, in consumer cooperation - by the Belarusian Republican Union of Consumer Societies.
• Trade is divided into internal and external. Domestic trade covers wholesale and retail trade.
• Public catering is a branch of the economy for the production and sale of prepared food to the population through a network of special enterprises (canteens, cafes, restaurants, buffets, etc.).
• Public catering is an important reserve for saving social labor. The current level of labor productivity in the industry makes it possible to reduce the time spent on preparing culinary products by about 2-3 times compared to the costs at home.
• 1.7 Public services
• Household services to the population unite enterprises and organizations that fulfill individual orders of the population for the manufacture of personal consumption items, repair of cultural, household and household items, and provide other household services.
• The industry management system is formed by the consumer services departments of the regional executive committees and the Minsk City Executive Committee.
• In the national classifier of the Republic of Belarus 015-97 "Services to the population" more than 600 types of activities are classified as domestic. They are carried out by over 8 thousand enterprises.
• The program for the further development of consumer services for the population of the Republic of Belarus provides as the main tasks: stabilizing the industry, saturating the market with various types of consumer services, primarily socially significant, improving their quality based on the creation of legal, organizational and economic conditions.
• 1.8 Housing and communal services
• Housing and communal services (HCS) creates the necessary conditions for human life. The industry ensures the reproduction and maintenance of the housing stock, as well as bringing housing and communal services to direct consumers.
• The structure of housing and communal services includes the following sub-sectors: housing (housing sector); hotel industry; public utilities that provide resource support for housing stock and other buildings and premises (water supply, heat supply, gas supply, electricity supply), cleaning and landscaping of the territories of settlements (maintenance of road and bridge facilities, landscaping, removal and disposal of garbage, sewerage), more than 30 types activities. The housing sector is a part of the national economy, including the construction and reconstruction of housing, structures and elements of engineering infrastructure, the management of the housing stock, its maintenance, and repair.
• Unlike other sectors of the social sphere, the volume and quality of housing and communal services are not subject to reduction below a certain minimum. The level of development of housing and communal services determines the functioning of both the production sector and the entire economic complex. In the structure of paid services provided to the population of Belarus in 2009, housing and communal services ranked first (26.3%), which significantly exceeded the level of 1990 (13.3%).
• The main directions of the housing and communal services reform are:
• development of the payment system for housing and communal services; increase in the level of payment by the population; differentiation of payment rates for housing depending on its quality and location;
• improving the system of social protection in paying for housing and communal services by streamlining the existing system of benefits, strengthening the targeted focus of funds allocated for social protection of the population;
• improvement of the system of management, maintenance and control through the formation of specialized organizations for the management of the housing stock, the transition to contractual relations, the de-monopolization of housing and communal services, the development of a competitive environment;
• transfer of the housing stock to the management of the direct owners of housing.

cultural economics social education

Bibliography

1. Vladimirova L.P. Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprises of the industry. - M.: Dashkov i K, 2009. - 348 p.

Genkin B.M. Economics and sociology of labor. - M.: Norma, 2009. - 416 p.

Pashuto V.P. Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise. - M.: Knorus, 2009. - 320 p.

Labor Economics / Ed. M.A. Vinokurova, N.A. Gorelov. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 656 p.

Labor Economics: Social and Labor Relations / Ed. ON THE. Volgina, Yu.G. Odegov. - M.: Exam, 2010. - 736 p.

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Characteristics of institutions of the socio-cultural sphere

In the late 80s - early 90s of the 20th century, a new socio-cultural direction called socio-cultural activity took shape in Russia functionally and legally. In accordance with the structure of this direction, the activities of cultural and leisure institutions (former cultural and educational institutions) and institutions of additional education are being reorganized, new institutions for our country are being established and developed: social services for the population (mainly adults) and social education of children and adolescents. During this period, new types of professions appear: social work (social worker), social pedagogy (social pedagogue) and instead of cultural and educational work - "socio-cultural activities" and "folk art" with an appropriate set of organizational, managerial and artistic qualifications. creative nature. In the same period, the regulatory and legal framework for the activities of institutions of a sociocultural profile was also created.

Because at the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries. issues of social development have occupied and continue to occupy a leading place in Russian reality, it seems logical to begin consideration of the stated topic with a description of social service institutions for the least protected categories of the population. Moreover, the social orientation is quite acutely felt in the activities of cultural and leisure institutions traditional for our country.

Institutions of the social service system of various categoriesriy population

The foundations of the system of social services for various categories of the population in our country are laid down in a number of laws, federal and regional programs. First of all, in the law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation” (1995) and the law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and the Disabled” (1995), in the federal programs “Children of Russia”, “Children with Disabilities”, “Development of Social services for families and children” and others.

Now it can already be stated that new professions have established themselves in our country - social work and social pedagogy, and a new system of institutions for social services to the population. The main place among social service institutions is occupied by institutions of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation:

Family social service institutions;

Institutions of social service for the elderly and disabled;

Departments of social assistance at home;

Services of urgent social assistance;

Territorial social centers.

Among these institutions, in terms of their significance (not in quantity), territorial social centers come first as comprehensive institutions for providing assistance to those in need (primarily pensioners, the disabled, and low-income families). Moreover, there is a trend that is expressed in the desire of each primary territorial-administrative unit (district, small town) to have its own center of social services.

The real number of such centers depends, first of all, on the material and financial capabilities of local authorities. A feature of the territorial centers of social services is that, by the nature of their activities, they are institutions of a complex type, they can organize various kinds of services and departments that perform specific functions. So, according to the Model Regulations on the center of social services, approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia (1993), the following departments and services can be opened in the center of social services:

Day care department (created to serve at least 30 people);

Department of social assistance at home (created to serve at least 60 pensioners and disabled people living in rural areas, and at least 120 pensioners and disabled people - in urban areas);

Emergency social assistance service (designed to provide emergency assistance of a one-time nature).

The day care department provides for the following positions: head of the department, nurse, cultural organizer (with the duties of a librarian), occupational therapy instructor (if there are workshops or ancillary facilities), a housewife, a barmaid and others.

In the department of social assistance at home - the head of the department, a social worker (specialist in social work) - 1.0 rate for 8 people served in urban areas and 1.0 for 4 people. - in rural areas, the driver of the car (if there is a vehicle).

In the emergency social assistance service - the head of the service, a psychologist, a lawyer, a social work specialist (2 units), a social worker (1 unit), a car driver (if there is a vehicle).

Of course, specialized departments or services can also be created, in addition to social service centers, directly by social protection authorities. Many of these services or departments were opened even before the territorial centers of social services began to function in a particular locality.

Along with social service institutions of the system of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, there are institutions of other departments (sectoral, trade union, youth, etc.). For example, in every region of Russia there are social youth services.

Various kinds of specialized (non-commercial) social service centers are organized on the territory of local authorities. These can be centers for the provision of social and legal services for employment (founders: a municipal (territorial) body and several commercial organizations), and centers for the rehabilitation of the disabled and orphans (founders: a territorial body, a committee on family and youth affairs, public and commercial organizations ) and etc.

It should be emphasized that the permission to conduct social protection activities on their territory by various departments and commercial structures is given by the relevant bodies of social protection and local self-government. At the same time, the municipal body, as a legal entity that gives permission for social protection activities on its territory, can act in several persons: both as one of the co-founders of a social institution organized on the initiative of various departments and public associations, and as the initiator and coordinator of the majority sociocultural actions in the jurisdictional territory.

Cultural and leisure institutions

Cultural and leisure institutions are traditional for Russian reality. By 1985, a fairly developed network of cultural and educational institutions had been created in the country. During the years of perestroika and transition to market relations, this network has undergone major changes. The number of main types of institutions (clubs, libraries, parks of culture and recreation) has decreased. The departmental affiliation of a significant number of institutions has changed. So, for example, the former trade union clubs and libraries almost completely changed their owners. Some of these institutions either ceased to exist or were taken over by the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. During this period, the network of film installations and cinemas was almost completely destroyed. There is a slow and difficult process of building a new system of film services for the population.

But there are also positive trends. Over the years, the number of museums and theaters in our country has increased. Cultural and leisure institutions have become more sensitive to the needs of the population and to the best of their ability to satisfy them. New types of institutions appeared (information centers, media libraries, etc.).

Single-profile institutions have taken a course towards multi-profile and multi-functionality (along with educational tasks, more attention has been paid to solving recreational problems). It should be noted that multifunctionality as a trend originated in the West and its introduction into Russian reality should only be welcomed.

The process of reorganization of the network of cultural and leisure institutions has not yet ended. They continue to search for their specificity and their place in the new conditions of Russian reality.

Club establishments

Club-type institutions (clubs, houses and palaces of culture) remain one of the most massive cultural institutions at present. By their nature, club institutions are multifunctional complex cultural institutions. Their purpose is to provide maximum services for various categories of the population in the field of leisure and recreation, education and creativity.

The main directions in the activities of club institutions are: information and educational; artistic and journalistic; promoting the development of social initiatives, the preservation and development of traditional folk culture, holding holidays and rituals; development of artistic and technical creativity; cultural and entertainment; physical culture and health-improving work, tourism activities; excursion service, etc.

At present there are 55,000 clubs in Russia, under which 357,328 amateur associations function. The number of people involved in club associations is 6.074.821 people.

Since 1980, the number of club institutions has decreased by 22.5 thousand. The reduction has been especially strong since 1991 - by 15.6 thousand. the reduction is insignificant. For three years the number of clubs has decreased by 1.1 thousand. It can be assumed that in the coming years the number of club institutions will stabilize.

Another trend is also observed. Club institutions of a new type are emerging in the country: leisure and creativity centers, craft houses, national cultural centers, etc.

Leisure centers organized on a commercial basis are emerging in large cities. First of all, we are talking about elite nightclubs. By the nature of their activities (a bias towards entertainment and inaccessibility to the general population due to the high cost of the services provided), leisure establishments of this type still do not fit well into the traditional network of cultural and leisure institutions.

Park institutions

Parks of culture and recreation are among the most popular leisure-type institutions. Like clubs, parks are complex multifunctional cultural institutions. But, unlike clubs, parks organize their activities in open-air wildlife. The specifics of the parks allow them to carry out a wide variety of forms of work, meet the needs of a wide variety of audiences: from playgrounds for children and quiet corners for older people, to dance halls and a wide variety of attractions for young people, etc.

Unfortunately, the number of cultural parks in Russia is decreasing every year. If in 1990 there were 730 of them, then by the end of 1999 - 554. The reduction in the number of parks is mainly due to logistical and financial difficulties. Maintenance of the park economy, incl. expensive attractions, it is very, very laborious. It turned out to be beyond the power of regional and local authorities. The Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography today does not have a department in charge of parks. They have been handed over to the local authorities.

It remains to be hoped that as the economic situation in our country improves, the number of parks will increase. New types of park institutions will also appear: recreational, amusement parks, etc.

At present, the Association of Parks of Culture of the Russian Federation has been established. Through her efforts, competitions are held for the best park in Russia.

Museums

The main purpose of museums is to collect, study and exhibit material and spiritual values. A large place in the activities of museums is occupied by cultural, educational and research work.

Museums in the Russian Federation

The table shows that over the past 20 years the number of museums in our country has increased by more than 2.5 times. This increase is mainly due to the lifting of various kinds of prohibitions on initiative activity that existed before 1985.

Of the total number of museums in the system of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, 100 are museums of federal jurisdiction, including museums and branches. The rest of the museums of this system - regional and municipal management.

All museums can be divided into 10 main profiles: complex (mainly local history), historical, art, literary, memorial, art history, natural science, sectoral, technical and architectural.

It can be assumed that the number of museums will increase in the near future. This is evidenced by the following data. Private museums began to appear in Russia (a museum dedicated to the work of Yuri Nikulin in the city of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region, the Museum of the Diplomatic Corps in Vologda). There are archeological and historical museums-parks, eco-museums. So, among the plans of museum workers in the Kemerovo region is the organization of museums: "Russian volost village" (tavern, forge, village church), pagan temple "Slavic mythological forest", etc.

There are also original museums (the Museum of the Rooster in the town of Petushki, Vladimir Region, the Museum of the Mouse in the town of Myshkin, Yaroslavl Region). Museums of this kind play an important role in preserving local cultural traditions, and in particular, local toponymy.

Libraries and Information Centers

The main purpose of libraries is to collect, store and distribute books. In recent years, one of the first places in the activities of libraries is the information direction.

Libraries of the Russian Federation (thousands)

* - no information available

The table shows that the number of libraries of all types has decreased since 1980 by 36.5 thousand, the number of public libraries has decreased by almost 13 thousand during this time. At the same time, it should be noted that, in general, the library network in our country has been preserved. And libraries play an important role in the cultural life of the main categories of the population. Thus, the library network of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation is a multi-level system consisting of federal, regional and municipal links.

The upper link includes 9 largest libraries of federal subordination (Russian State Library - Moscow; Russian National Library - St. Petersburg; Russian State Youth Library; Russian State Children's Library - Moscow, etc.)

The middle regional link is made up of the universal libraries of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the so-called regional and regional universal scientific libraries (UNL).

In addition to the UNL, the regional link also includes regional universal children's libraries (UDB), youth libraries (UB) and libraries for the blind. Since the early 1990s, universal libraries for children and youth have merged in a number of regions.

The lower level of libraries in the system of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation are municipal libraries - city, district, rural, etc.

In recent years, there has been a tendency to form information institutions of a new type on the basis of libraries. Thus, media libraries appeared, uniting various, and, above all, electronic media of information about works of art. The emergence of Internet Centers, Internet salons and Internet cafes has become a reality of our days. So, for example, on the basis of the Central City Public Library. Nekrasov (Moscow), a new library and information complex of the capital was created. Public libraries pay great attention to cultural and leisure activities for various categories of the population, increasingly using various forms of club work.

Institutions of social and pedagogical orientation

To date, Russia has created a system of institutions that carry out social education of the younger generation in the new conditions. In turn, this system branches into a number of areas with specific tasks inherent in them.

The traditional place in this system is occupied by institutions of additional education for children and adolescents, which carry out their work mainly at their place of residence and study. In the past 10-15 years, on the whole, this system has been preserved, adapting it as much as possible to the new conditions of Russian reality. Institutions of this type play an important role both in social education and in the organization of leisure activities for children and adolescents in their place of residence. The main curator of this system is the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, which is assisted by the Ministry of Culture, the State Committee of Youth and the State Committee for Sports of the Russian Federation.

The second direction that has emerged over the years is a network of territorial institutions dealing with low-income families with children. This is a relatively new direction for Russia, which aims to provide low-income families, primarily social assistance. The Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation is responsible for this area.

The third direction includes a network of specialized institutions involved, on the one hand, in organizing the educational process in closed institutions, primarily boarding schools, and, on the other hand, in targeted preventive and rehabilitation work among children and adolescents. When carrying out preventive work, special attention is paid to the prevention of offenses among children and adolescents, as well as child neglect and homelessness. Rehabilitation work involves an educational impact on children with deviant behavior and children who find themselves in a difficult life situation. It is difficult to single out one of the supervising ministries here. Responsibility is distributed depending on the specifics of the problem being solved between such ministries as the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health and Social Development, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the State Committee for Youth Affairs.

Institutions of additional education for children and adolescents

These institutions provide additional opportunities for the comprehensive development of children, incl. to develop their individual interests and abilities.

In 1999, there were 16,000 additional education institutions of various departmental affiliations. At the same time, the number of institutions of this kind is increasing every year. So, for example, for 1997-1999. The number of additional education institutions increased by 2.9 thousand.

In the system of the Ministry of Education in 1999. there were 3579 centers, palaces, houses of children's creativity and other institutions implementing various programs of additional education. 4.3 million children attended these institutions. More than 54% of students are covered by art and aesthetic education.

In the system of the Ministry of Education, there are 397 institutions of an artistic profile, 443 ecological and biological centers, and stations for young naturalists.

A large place in the system of additional education is occupied by youth sports schools and physical training clubs. In 1999, there were about 3,000 such schools in the system of the Ministry of Education. 1.9 million children attended them. In 1632 youth sports schools of the State Committee for Sports of Russia, trade unions and other organizations, 790.2 thousand children and adolescents were engaged.

The system of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation includes 5.8 thousand children's art schools of various profiles and 4,499 specialized children's libraries. To support especially gifted children, the President's program "Gifted Children" operates.

The system of social service institutions for families and children at the place of residence

As already noted, over the six years (until 2000) the number of territorial institutions of social services for families and children increased 21 times and amounted to 2240 institutions at the beginning of 2000, functioning in the system of social protection of the population (Ministry of Health and Social Development). Three groups of institutions can be distinguished among them:

Centers for social services for families and children, providing a range of social services (territorial centers for social assistance to families and children, centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population, centers for emergency psychological assistance by telephone, crisis centers for women, etc.);

Specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation, including social shelters for children and adolescents;

Rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities.

Most of these institutions operate, as a rule, at the place of residence of the family and children. On average, each subject of the Russian Federation has 25.8 institutions of this kind.

Among the territorial institutions of social services for families and children, centers for social assistance to families and children (of various types) rank first - 656. Further: social shelters for children and adolescents - 412, social rehabilitation centers for minors - 276, rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities - 182, etc.

Specialized institutions for working with difficult children and adolescents

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency” (1999), two types of specialized educational institutions operate in the country: open and closed.

The special educational and educational institutions of the open type of educational authorities include:

Specialized general education schools;

Special vocational schools;

Other types of educational institutions of an open type for minors in need of special conditions for education,

Special educational institutions of a closed type include, first of all, boarding schools for orphans, disabled children and children left without parental care (orphanages, orphanages, boarding schools for orphans, boarding schools for children with disabilities, etc.) - the system of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

A special group is formed by specialized institutions for the prevention of neglect and the social rehabilitation of children and adolescents. These are the so-called institutions for temporary detention of minors (centers for the temporary isolation of juvenile delinquents) - the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation - the system of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health.

As of 01.01.2000, the total number of specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation, of social protection agencies, amounted to 701, incl. 276 social rehabilitation centers, 412 social shelters, 13 centers for helping children left without parental care. There are 61 such institutions in the education system.

In November 2000, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation approved approximate regulations on specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation (on a social rehabilitation center, on a social shelter for children, on a center for helping children left without parental care). The regulations state that rehabilitation centers carry out their activities in cooperation with the bodies and institutions of education, healthcare, internal affairs, public and other organizations.

Socially - cultural spheresThesis >> Psychology

AT socially-cultural sphere, identification of factors and contradictions that affect its effectiveness in institutions culture,... socially- cultural spheres. Creativity as socially significant quality of a person is one of the most important characteristics ...