B.28. Helsinki Final Act

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, which began in Helsinki on July 3, 1973 and continued in Geneva from September 18, 1973 to July 21, 1975, was completed in Helsinki on August 1, 1975 by the High Representatives of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Germany Democratic Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Holy See, United Kingdom, United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Turkey, Finland, France, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Sweden and Yugoslavia.

During the opening and closing stages of the Meeting, the Secretary-General of the United Nations addressed the participants as a guest of honor. During the second phase of the Meeting, contributions were made by the Director-General of UNESCO and the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.

During the meetings of the second phase of the Meeting, the

contributions under various agenda items by representatives of the following non-participating Mediterranean States: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, Arab Republic of Egypt, Israel, Kingdom of Morocco, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisian Republic.

Inspired by the political will, in the interests of the peoples, to improve and intensify their relations, promote peace, security, justice and cooperation in Europe, rapprochement between them, as well as with other states of the world.

Determined, in this regard, to give full effect to the results of the Conference and to ensure the use of the fruits arising from these results among their States and throughout Europe, and thereby to expand, deepen and make progressive and lasting the process of détente.

The High Representatives of the participating States have solemnly adopted the following:

Member States of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe,

Reaffirming their purpose of contributing to the improvement of relations between them and of providing conditions in which their peoples can live in true and lasting peace, protected from any threat or encroachment on their security;

Convinced of the need to make efforts to make détente both continuous and increasingly viable and comprehensive, universal in scope, and that the implementation of the results of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe will be one of the largest contributions to this process;

Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the common aspiration of the participating States to achieve the goals set by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer relations between them in all fields and, thus, to overcome confrontation arising from the nature of their relationship in the past, and to a better mutual understanding;

Remembering your common history and recognizing that the existence of common elements in their traditions and values ​​can assist them in the development of their relationship, and willing to seek, taking fully into account the uniqueness and diversity of their positions and views, opportunities to combine their efforts in order to overcome mistrust and build trust to resolve the issues that divide them and to cooperate in the interests of humanity;

Recognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe, as well as their common interest in developing cooperation throughout Europe and among themselves, and expressing their intention to make corresponding efforts;

Recognizing the close link between peace and security in Europe and the world at large, and recognizing the need for each of them to contribute to strengthening international peace and security and in the promotion of fundamental rights, economic and social progress and the well-being of all peoples;

Accepted the following:

a) Declaration of principles by which participating States

Member States

Convinced that their efforts to develop cooperation in the fields of trade, industry, science and technology, environment, as well as in other areas economic activity contribute to strengthening peace and security in Europe and throughout the world,

Recognizing that cooperation in these fields would contribute to economic and social progress and the improvement of living conditions, Conscious of the differences in their economic and social systems Oh,

Reaffirming their readiness to intensify such cooperation with each other, regardless of their systems,

Recognizing that such cooperation, given the differences in levels economic development can develop on the basis of equality and mutual satisfaction of partners and reciprocity, allowing in general a fair distribution of benefits and obligations of a comparable amount, subject to bilateral and multilateral agreements,

name in mind the interests of developing countries throughout the world, including among the participating countries, as long as they are economically at the level of developing ones; Reaffirming their willingness to cooperate in achieving the goals and objectives set by the relevant United Nations bodies in the development documents, on the understanding that each participating State adheres to the position it has taken on them; Paying particular attention to the least developed countries,

Convinced that the growing economic interdependence of the world spurs more effective common efforts to solve the world's major economic problems, such as food, energy, raw materials and monetary and financial, and thus emphasizes the need to promote sustainable and equitable international economic relations, which would contribute to the long-term and diversified economic development of all countries,

Mindful of the work already done by the relevant international organizations and wishing to take advantage of the opportunities offered by these organizations, in particular the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, to implement the provisions of the final documents of the Conference,

Considering that the main directions and specific recommendations contained in the following texts are intended to promote the further development of their economic relations, and convinced that their cooperation in this field should be carried out in full respect for the principles governing relations between the participating States, as set out in the relevant document

accepted the following:

Trade

Industrial cooperation

Harmonization of standards and specifications

Transport development

Member States

Bearing in mind the geographical, historical, cultural, economic and political aspects of their relations with the non-participating Mediterranean States,

Convinced that security in Europe should be viewed in the broader context of security in the world, that it is closely related to security in the Mediterranean area as a whole, and that, consequently, the process of strengthening security, not limited to Europe, should be extended to other areas of the world, in particularly in the Mediterranean,

Believing that the strengthening of security and the development of cooperation in Europe will stimulate positive developments in the Mediterranean area, and expressing the intention to contribute to the cause of peace, security and justice in this area in the common interest of the participating States and non-participating Mediterranean States,

Recognizing the importance of their economic relations with the non-participating Mediterranean States, and bearing in mind the common interest in further developing cooperation,

Noting with satisfaction the interest shown by the non-participating Mediterranean States in the Conference since its inception, and taking due account of their contributions,

Declare their intent:

promote good neighborly relations with the non-participating Mediterranean States, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations on which their relations are based, and with the United Nations Declaration of Principles international law relating to friendly relations and co-operation among States, and accordingly proceed in their relations with the non-participating Mediterranean States in the spirit of the principles set forth in the Declaration of Principles by which the participating States will guide their mutual relations;

strive, by further improving relations with the non-participating Mediterranean States, to strengthen mutual confidence in order to promote security and stability in the Mediterranean area as a whole;

promote the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with the non-participating Mediterranean States in various fields of economic activity, especially through the expansion of trade, on the basis of a common understanding of the need for stability and progress in trade relations, their mutual economic interests and differences in levels of economic development, thereby contributing to their economic growth and well-being ;

to promote the comprehensive development of the economies of the non-participating Mediterranean countries, taking into account their national development goals, and to co-operate with them, especially in the fields of industry, science and technology, in their efforts with a view to making better use of their resources, thereby contributing to a more harmonious development of economic relations;

intensify efforts and cooperation on a bilateral and multilateral basis with the non-participating Mediterranean States with a view to improving the environment in the Mediterranean, especially for the conservation of bio-resources and the ecological balance of the sea, through appropriate measures, including pollution prevention and control; to this end, and taking into account the existing situation, cooperate through competent international organizations in particular within the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP);

to promote further contacts and cooperation with the non-participating Mediterranean States in other relevant areas.

In order to further the objectives set out above, the participating States also declare their intention to maintain and expand the contacts and dialogue initiated by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe with the non-participating Mediterranean States, including all States mediterranean sea, with the aim of promoting peace, reducing the armed forces in the area, strengthening security, reducing tension in the area and expanding the scope of cooperation - tasks in which everyone is jointly interested, and also with the aim of determining further joint tasks.

The participating States will strive, within their multilateral efforts, to promote progress and related initiatives, and to exchange views in relation to the achievement of the objectives set out above.

Member States

Desiring to contribute to the strengthening of peace and mutual understanding among peoples and the spiritual enrichment of the human person without distinction of race, sex, language and religion,

Conscious that the development of ties in the field of culture and education, the wider dissemination of information, contacts between people and the solution of humanitarian problems will contribute to the achievement of these goals,

Determined therefore to cooperate among themselves, irrespective of their political, economic and social systems, in order to create Better conditions in the areas mentioned above, to develop and strengthen existing forms of cooperation, as well as to develop new ways and means corresponding to these goals,

Convinced that this cooperation should be carried out in full respect for the principles governing relations between participating States, as set out in the relevant document,

Accepted the following:

1. Contacts between people

Member States

Having reviewed and assessed the progress made at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe;

Considering further that, in a wider world context, the Conference is an important part of the process of strengthening security and developing cooperation in Europe and that its results will make a significant contribution to this process;

intending to put into practice the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference in order to give full effect to its results and thereby advance the process of strengthening security and developing cooperation in Europe;

Convinced that, in order to achieve the goals pursued by the Conference, they must make new unilateral, bilateral and multilateral efforts and continue, in the appropriate forms set out below, the multilateral process initiated by the Conference,

1. Declare their determination, in the period following the Meeting, to give due consideration to and implement the provisions of the Final Act of the Meeting:

a) unilaterally in all cases that are suitable for such action;

b) bilaterally through negotiations with other participating States;

(c) Multilaterally, through meetings of experts from the participating States, as well as within the framework of existing international organizations such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and UNESCO, with regard to cooperation in the field of education, science and culture;

a) by conducting an in-depth exchange of views both on the implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and the tasks defined by the Conference, and in the context of the issues discussed at it, on improving their relationship, strengthening security and developing cooperation in Europe, and developing the detente process in the future;

b) by organizing meetings for this purpose between their representatives, starting with a meeting at the level of representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs. This meeting will determine the appropriate modalities for other meetings, which could include further meetings of this kind and the possibility of a new meeting;

3. The first of the meetings mentioned above will take place in Belgrade in 197. A preparatory meeting for the organization of this meeting will take place in Belgrade on June 15, 1977. The preparatory meeting will decide on the date, duration, agenda and other conditions for the meeting of the representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs;

4. The rules of procedure, working methods and scale of distribution of expenses of this Meeting will, mutatis mutandis, apply to the meetings provided for in paragraphs 1(c), 2 and 3 above. All the above meetings will be held in the participating States in rotation. The technical secretariat service will be provided by the host country.

The original of this Final Act, drawn up in English, Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and French, will be handed over to the Government of the Republic of Finland, who will keep it in their archives. Each of the participating States will receive from the Government of the Republic of Finland a certified copy of this Final Act.

The text of this Final Act will be published in each participating State, which will circulate it and make it known as widely as possible.

The Government of the Republic of Finland is requested to communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the text of this Final Act, which is not subject to registration under Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, with a view to its distribution to all Members of the Organization as official document United Nations.

The Government of the Republic of Finland is also requested to send the text of this Final Act to CEO UNESCO and the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.

In witness of all this, the undersigned High Representatives of the participating States, realizing the high political importance they attach to the results of the Conference, and declaring their determination to act in accordance with the provisions contained in the above texts, have affixed their signatures to this Final Act.

on behalf of:

Federal Republic of Germany:
Helmut SCHMIDT
Federal Chancellor
German Democratic Republic:
Erich HONECKER

Socialist Unity Party of Germany
United States of America:
Gerald FORD
President of the United States of America
Republic of Austria:
Bruno KREISKY
Federal Chancellor
Kingdoms of Belgium:
Leo TINDEMANS
Prime Minister
People's Republic of Bulgaria:
Todor ZHIVKOV
First Secretary of the Central Committee
Bulgarian Communist Party
and Chairman of the State Council
People's Republic of Bulgaria
Canada:
Pierre Elliot Trudeau
Prime Minister
Republic of Cyprus:
His Beatitude Archbishop Makarios III
President of the Republic of Cyprus
Denmark:
Arker JORGENSEN

The detente in relations between West and East made it possible to convene the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Consultations on it took place in 1972-1973. in the Finnish capital Helsinki. The first stage of the meeting was held at the level of foreign ministers from 3 to 7 July 1973 in Helsinki. It was attended by representatives of 33 European countries, as well as the USA and Canada - See: Valiullin K.B., Zaripova R.K. Russian history. XX century. Part 2: Tutorial. - Ufa: RIO BashGU, 2002. P. 148 ..

The second phase of the meeting was held in Geneva from September 18, 1973 to July 21, 1975. He represented rounds of negotiations lasting from 3 to 6 months at the level of delegates and experts appointed by the participating States. At this stage, agreements were developed and agreed on all items on the agenda of the meeting.

The third stage of the meeting took place in Helsinki on July 30 - August 1, 1975 at the level of the highest political and state leaders of the countries participating in the meeting, who headed the national delegations - See: History of Russia, 1945--2008. : book. for the teacher / [A.V. Filippov, A.I. Utkin, S.V. Alekseev and others]; ed. A.V. Filippov. -- 2nd ed., revised. and additional -- M.: Enlightenment, 2008. S.247..

The Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) July 3 - August 1, 1975 was the result of a peaceful progressive process in Europe. Representatives of 33 European states, as well as the United States and Canada, attended in Helsinki. The meeting was attended by: general secretary Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev, US President J. Ford, French President V. Giscard d "Estaing, British Prime Minister G. Wilson, German Federal Chancellor G. Schmidt, First Secretary of the PUWP Central Committee E. Terek; General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , President of Czechoslovakia G. Husak, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the SED E. Honecker, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the BCP, Chairman of the State Council of the PRB T. Zhivkov, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the HSWP J. Kadar, General Secretary of the RCP, resident of Romania N. Ceausescu, Chairman of the SKJ, President Yugoslavia I. Broz Tito and other leaders of the participating states The Declaration adopted by the CSCE proclaimed the inviolability of European borders, mutual renunciation of the use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-interference in the internal affairs of the participating countries, respect for human rights, etc.

The heads of delegations signed the Final Act of the meeting. This document is still in effect today. It includes agreements that must be implemented in full as a whole, on:

1) security in Europe,

2) cooperation in the field of economy, science and technology, environmental protection;

3) cooperation in humanitarian and other fields;

4) further steps after the meeting - See: Ratkovsky I. S., Khodyakov M. V. History of Soviet Russia - St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 2001. P. 414 ..

The final act contains 10 principles that define the norms of relationships and cooperation: sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty; non-use of force or threat of force; inviolability of borders; territorial integrity; peaceful settlement of disputes; non-interference in internal affairs; respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; equality and the right of peoples to control their own destiny; cooperation between states; fulfillment of international legal obligations.

The final act guaranteed the recognition and inviolability of post-war borders in Europe (which was in the hands of the USSR) and imposed obligations on all participating states to respect human rights (this became the basis for using the problem of human rights against the USSR) - See: Sokolov A.K. , Tyazhelnikova V.S. Well Soviet history, 1941-1999. - M.: Higher. School, 1999. P. 195.

The signing by the heads of 33 European states, as well as the United States and Canada on August 1, 1975 in Helsinki, of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) became the apogee of international detente. The final act included a declaration of the principles of mutual relations between the CSCE participating countries. The USSR attached the greatest importance to the recognition of the inviolability of post-war borders and the territorial integrity of states, which meant the international legal consolidation of the situation in Eastern Europe. celebration Soviet diplomacy was the result of a compromise: articles on the protection of human rights, freedom of information and freedom of movement were also included in the Final Act. These articles served as the international legal basis for the dissident movement within the country and the campaign for the protection of human rights in the USSR, which was actively carried out in the West.

It should be said that since 1973 there has been an independent negotiation process between representatives of NATO and the Warsaw Pact on the reduction of armaments. However, the desired success was not achieved here because of the tough position of the Warsaw Pact countries, which surpassed NATO in conventional weapons and did not want to reduce them.

After the signing of the Helsinki Final Act Soviet Union felt like a master in Eastern Europe and began to install new SS-20 medium-range missiles in the GDR and Czechoslovakia, the restriction on which was not provided for by the SALT agreements. .Under the conditions of the campaign for the protection of human rights in the USSR, which intensified sharply in the West after Helsinki, the position of the USSR became exceptionally tough. This provoked retaliation from the United States, which, after Congress refused to ratify SALT-2 in the early 1980s, deployed "cruise missiles" and Pershing missiles in Western Europe capable of reaching the territory of the Soviet Union. Thus, a military-strategic balance was established between the blocs on the territory of Europe - See: History of Russia. 1917--2004: Proc. allowance for university students / A. S. Barsenkov, A. I. Vdovin. -- M.: Aspect Press, 2005. S.514..

The arms race had an extremely negative impact on the economies of countries whose military-industrial orientation did not decrease. The general extensive development increasingly affected the defense industry. The parity with the United States achieved in the early 1970s primarily concerned intercontinental ballistic missiles. Already since the late 1970s, the general crisis of the Soviet economy began to negative impact to the defense industries. The Soviet Union began to lag behind certain types weapons. This was discovered after the emergence of the United States " cruise missiles” and became even more obvious after the start of the US work on the program “strategic defense initiative» (SOI). Since the mid-1980s, the leadership of the USSR has been clearly aware of this lag. The depletion of the economic possibilities of the regime is revealed more and more fully.

Against the backdrop of "dispersed" instability on the periphery of the world, Europe looked like an island of peace and reconciliation. In the summer of 1975, the second and third stages of the All-European Conference were held, and on August 11 in Helsinki at the CSCE meeting at highest level The solemn signing of the Final Act of the CSCE (Helsinki Act) took place. The document was signed by 35 states, including two North American ones - the USA and Canada.

The basis of the Final Act was the results of the work of three commissions, in which diplomats agreed on principles of relations between states acceptable to all participating countries. The first commission discussed a set of problems of European security. In the second, documents were developed on economic, scientific and technical cooperation and cooperation in the field of the environment. The third commission considered cooperation in the field of ensuring humanitarian rights, culture, education and information. The agreements within the framework of the three commissions were called the "three baskets".

In the first direction essential part("the first basket") of the Final Act was the section called "Declaration of principles by which the participating States will be guided in mutual relations." This document in some of its positions (♦) anticipated historical development, thanks to which the provisions of the Final Act remained relevant until the early 1990s. The Declaration was a commented list of the following 10 principles: sovereign equality and respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty; non-use of force or threat of force; inviolability of borders; territorial integrity of states; peaceful settlement of disputes; non-interference in each other's internal affairs; respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief; equality and the right of peoples to control their own destiny; cooperation between states; conscientious fulfillment of obligations under international law.

A cursory glance is enough to see how compromised this list was. It combines directly contradictory positions of the USSR and Western countries. But thanks to competent wording, the Declaration is an integral document, which was able to be signed by countries that differed greatly in their orientations.

There were two most important groups of contradictions. The first was determined by the semantic differences between the principle of the inviolability of borders and the right of peoples to independently manage their own destiny. The Soviet Union insisted on the first, meaning the consolidation of the post-war borders that existed in Europe. On the second - Western countries who wished to consolidate the fundamental possibility of German unification in the future on the basis of the free will of the Germans. Formally, such a formulation of the question did not contradict the principle of the inviolability of borders, since inviolability was understood as the unacceptability of their change through force. Inviolability did not mean immutability. Thanks to the formulations found in 1975, it turned out that in 1990, when the time came for Germany to unite, the political and legal side of the unification process fully corresponded to the letter of the Helsinki Act.

The second group of semantic disagreements concerned the relationship between the principle of the territorial integrity of states and the right of peoples to control their own destiny. The first one consolidated the territorial unity of each of the states that signed the act, including those in which there were separatist tendencies (Great Britain, Yugoslavia, the USSR, Spain, Italy, France, Canada). The principle of the right of peoples to control their own destiny in meaning could be almost equivalent to the right to self-determination, as understood by W. Wilson, who advocated the creation of independent nation-states. That is why in the early 1990s, during the period of a sharp increase in separatism in Yugoslavia, the countries of Europe did not feel bound to oppose it, and Yugoslavia could not appeal to the Final Act to justify its centralization policy.

On the whole, the Declaration was a success of the policy of consolidating the status quo in Europe. It did not solve all the problems of relations between the West (♦) house and the East, but meant raising the threshold of conflict in Europe and reducing the likelihood of conversion European countries to power to settle disputes. In fact, a pan-European non-aggression convention was signed in Helsinki, the guarantors of which were four of the five great powers in the world, including the USSR and the USA. The diplomacy of the 20th century did not know such an outstanding success before.

One section of the Final Act, which was called "Document on Confidence-Building Measures and Certain Aspects of Security and Disarmament", adjoined the Declaration. It revealed the content of the concept of "confidence building measures", the most important of which were: mutual prior notification of major military exercises ground forces or their redeployment, exchange on a voluntary basis and on a reciprocal basis of military observers sent to such exercises. In the 1980s, the development and application of confidence building measures grew into an independent area of ​​diplomacy.

The agreements on the "second basket" dealt with issues of cooperation in the field of economy, science and technology and the environment. In this sense, the parties agreed to promote the introduction of the most favored nation regime in trade and economic relations between themselves. This did not automatically mean that the USSR and other socialist countries secured themselves the acquisition of such a status in relations with Western countries.

A lot of attention in the Final Act was paid to the agreements on the "third basket" - cooperation relating to the issues of ensuring the individual rights of citizens, primarily humanitarian ones. The Final Act spoke in detail about the need for convergence of approaches to the regulation of such issues as the right to reunite families who are separated state borders; marriage of one's choice, including marriages with foreign citizens; departure from their country and free return back; development of international relations and mutual visits between relatives. Interaction in matters of information exchange, in establishing scientific contacts and cooperation in the field of education, cultural exchanges, free radio broadcasting was especially stipulated.

In the final sections of the Helsinki Act, the parties expressed their intention to deepen the process of detente, to make it continuous and comprehensive. It was decided to continue the pan-European process through regular multilateral meetings between all European states in the future. These meetings actually became a tradition that resulted in the transformation of the CSCE into a permanent institution in the 1990s, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

In the USSR, in order to propagate the provisions of the “third basket”, opposition forces created “Helsinki groups” in 1975, whose tasks included collecting facts and materials about the violation (♦) of the provisions of the Final Act and making them public. The secret services of the USSR systematically suppressed the activities of these groups, which caused outbursts of criticism of the Soviet Union abroad. In 1975, Academician A.D. Sakharov was awarded Nobel Prize peace.

The process of restructuring the European system of international relations on principles designed to ensure peace, security and cooperation. It began with the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, the final stage of which took place in Helsinki in 1975. The leaders of 33 European states, as well as the United States and Canada, took part in the Conference.

On August 1, 1975, the signing ceremony of the Final Act took place in the plenary hall of the Finlandia Palace.

The signing of the Final Act became possible in the conditions of the onset of detente in international tension. He initiated the cessation cold war and elimination of its consequences. Historically, the act is associated with the decisions of the powers of the anti-Hitler coalition on the post-war structure of Europe, which certain forces tried to revise in their favor during the years of the Cold War. The Soviet Union became the initiator of the convening of the Conference and an active participant in all its stages.

The Final Act, signed in Helsinki, opens with a Declaration of Principles on which the common European system of international relations should be based: sovereign equality mutual renunciation of the use of force or threat of force, inviolability of borders, territorial integrity of states, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-interference in internal affairs, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, equality and the right of peoples to decide their own destiny, cooperation between states, conscientious performance obligations under international law. The Declaration was an authoritative confirmation and development of the basic principles of international law enshrined in the UN Charter (see United Nations Organization).

The Helsinki Act also includes the Document on Confidence-Building Measures and Certain Aspects of Security and Disarmament, which contains provisions on prior notification of military exercises and major troop movements, on the exchange of military observers, on other confidence-building measures and on disarmament matters. Many of these measures are unprecedented in international relations.

Considerable attention is paid to cooperation in the field of economy, science, technology and environmental protection. Regulations on the development of trade and industrial cooperation have been established. Particular attention to cooperation in the field the latest trends science and technology. An important place is occupied by provisions on cooperation in the humanitarian fields: contacts between people, information, culture, education. In conclusion, further steps are outlined after the Meeting. In other words, from the very beginning it was about a continuous process in the course of which the strengthening of common security and the development of all-round cooperation would take place.

The USSR did a lot of work to implement the act in its internal and foreign policy. Article 29 was included in the Constitution of the USSR, which established that the basis of relations with other states are principles that completely coincide with those listed in the act. In the humanitarian sphere, laws on citizenship, legal status foreign citizens, the rules for the stay of foreign citizens in the USSR and the transit passage of foreign citizens through the territory of the USSR, etc. Numerous agreements on economic, scientific, technical and other types of cooperation with European countries were concluded.

The Helsinki Act not only marked a turning point in the development of international relations in Europe, but also gave the rest of the world a model for solving the most complex problems. He influenced the world system of international relations as a whole. However, the opportunities opened by him were not used to a sufficient extent. A new aggravation of international tension stood in the way of implementing the provisions of the act. The former Soviet leadership also bore its share of responsibility for this. The introduction of Soviet troops to Afghanistan. During the period of stagnation, many provisions of a humanitarian nature were not implemented in the USSR either.

And yet, despite the aggravation of tension, the Helsinki process did not stop, but continued to develop. Meetings and conferences in Belgrade (1977-1978), Madrid (1980-1983), Stockholm (1984-1986), Vienna (1986-1989) testify to this. At the Madrid meeting, it was decided to convene a Conference on Confidence, Security and Disarmament Building Measures in Europe. Its first stage took place in Stockholm (1984-1986) and opened in the face of a sharp deterioration in the international situation. The situation changed radically with the start of transformations in the USSR, which laid the foundation for fundamental changes in international relations. The results were reflected in the adoption of the Stockholm Document, which was a huge achievement in the development of the Helsinki process. The document obligated the states to pre-notify about exercises, troop movements above the established parameters, and exchange annual plans military activities subject to notification, invite observers, and even carry out foreign on-site inspections. Of particular importance was the agreement reaffirming the obligation not to use force in all its forms, including armed force.

At the Vienna meeting, which became a new stage in the development of the Helsinki process, much attention was paid to cooperation in the field of economy, science and technology, the environment, etc.

An important step in the development of the Helsinki process was the Paris Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1990. It was timed to coincide with the signing of the Treaty on the Reduction of Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. The agreement provided for a significant reduction in the armed forces of NATO and the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTS) members, thus achieving a balance at a significantly lower level. As a result, the possibility of a surprise attack was practically excluded.

A Joint Declaration of 22 states was adopted, which is a multilateral political commitment of non-aggression.

The Conference's central document is the Paris Charter for a New Europe, which was signed by the leaders of 35 states. The signatories of the Charter committed themselves to building and strengthening democracy as the only system of government in their countries; to help each other in order to make democratic gains irreversible.

The Conference participants proceeded from the indivisibility of security, believing that the security of each of them is linked to the security of the others. Further development of cooperation in the field of economy and environmental protection is envisaged. We are talking about deeper integration into the international economic and financial system.

The importance of the Paris meeting for the formation organizational structure Helsinki Process, for its institutionalization. The USSR was the initiator here. A mechanism has been established for regular meetings and consultations at the level of heads of state and government. The central forum for political consultation will be the Council of Foreign Ministers, to which the Committee of Experts will be attached as a subsidiary body. To serve these bodies, a Secretariat is being created in Prague.

The Center for Conflict Prevention, which is being established in Vienna and is designed to monitor the military-political situation in Europe, deserves special attention. A bureau for free elections is being set up in Warsaw to facilitate the exchange of information about elections. A parliamentary assembly of the CSCE (now the OSCE) is to be created, consisting of representatives of the parliaments of all participating countries.

The Paris Conference played an important role in defining common European values ​​and principles and set far-reaching goals for cooperation, up to and including integration. Participants have made broad security commitments. The organizational foundations of the Helsinki process were laid. All this marks the onset of a new stage in the development of the process, which reflects its vitality and meaning.

final act

The text of the final act is available in many languages, and in particular in Russian

Interstate agreements grouped into several sections:

• in the international legal field - consolidation of the political and territorial results of the Second World War, a statement of the principles of relations between the participating states, including the principle of inviolability of borders; ter. the integrity of states; non-interference in internal affairs;
• in the military-political field - harmonization of confidence-building measures in military area(prior notification of military exercises and major troop movements, presence of observers at military exercises); peaceful settlement of disputes;
• in the economic field - harmonization of the main areas of cooperation in the field of economy, science and technology and environmental protection;
• in the humanitarian field, harmonization of obligations on human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of movement, contacts, information, culture and education, the right to work, the right to education and health care.

see also

Links

• Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Final act. Helsinki 1 August 1975 .
• http://bse.sci-lib.com/article104049.html Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
• http://www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1965helsinki.html Helsinki meeting

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For medical principles, see Declaration of Helsinki Encyclopedia article Germany. Bertelsman Publishing 1964. Germany is shown without the Potsdam Agreements. Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe ... ... Wikipedia

For medical principles, see Declaration of Helsinki Encyclopedia article Germany. Bertelsman Publishing 1964. Germany is shown without the Potsdam Agreements. Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe ... ... Wikipedia

Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe- The fundamental document on security and cooperation in Europe is the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), signed in Helsinki on August 1, 1975 by the leaders of 33 European countries, the United States and ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers

For medical principles, see Declaration of Helsinki Encyclopedia entry "Germany". Publishing house "Bertelsmann" 1964. Germany is depicted without taking into account the Potsdam agreements ... Wikipedia

For medical principles, see Declaration of Helsinki Encyclopedia article Germany. Bertelsman Publishing 1964. Germany is shown without the Potsdam Agreements. Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe ... ... Wikipedia

For medical principles, see Declaration of Helsinki Encyclopedia article Germany. Bertelsman Publishing 1964. Germany is shown without the Potsdam Agreements. Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe ... ... Wikipedia

Years 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Decades 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s ... Wikipedia

- (OSCE) was established in accordance with the decisions contained in the Paris 1990, Vienna and Helsinki Declarations of 1992. OSCE objectives: to promote the improvement of mutual relations, as well as to create conditions for ensuring lasting peace: support… … Law Encyclopedia

BREZHNEV Leonid Ilyich- Leonid Ilyich (December 6, 1906, the village of Kamenskoye, Yekaterinoslav Province (now Dneprodzerzhinsk, Dnepropetrovsk Region, Ukraine) November 10, 1982, Moscow), Soviet state. and political figure; from 14 Oct. 1964 until the end of his life he occupied the highest political in the USSR ... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia