Russian scientists are Nobel Prize winners. Who and when from the Russians received the Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize is one of the main scientific events of the year. This award is one of the most prestigious awards, which has been awarded since 1901 for outstanding Scientific research, revolutionary inventions, a major contribution to culture or to the development of society. The prize was awarded to citizens of Russia and the USSR 16 times, and 23 times the prize winners were people who lived in other countries, but had Russian roots. Our author's selection of Russian laureates in the field of medicine, physics and chemistry allows you to trace several time periods at the turn of which the prize was awarded, and you can also get acquainted with the contribution to science made by these outstanding scientists.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1904 - medicine).
All my scientific career Ivan Petrovich Pavlov built in St. Petersburg. Having entered the Law (!) Faculty of St. Petersburg State University after the Theological Seminary, he transferred to the faculty natural sciences and began to specialize in animal physiology.
During his scientific career, Pavlov, in fact, created the modern physiology of digestion. And in 1904, at the age of 55, I.P. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for research on the digestive glands. Thus, Pavlov became the first Nobel laureate from Russia.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1908 - medicine)
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, following in the footsteps of his great predecessors, studied microbiology. He discovered fungi that cause insect diseases and developed a theory of immunity. His scientific work covered the most terrible diseases of that time, spreading in the form of epidemics - cholera, typhus, tuberculosis, plague ... For discoveries in the field of immunity, Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908.
The sharp increase in life expectancy in the 20th century was mainly due to the victory over infectious diseases, which were responsible for about 50% of deaths in the 19th century. And the works of Mechnikov played an important role in this.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov paid much attention to the issues of aging. He believed that a person ages and dies very early due to the constant struggle with microbes. To increase life expectancy, he proposed a number of measures - to sterilize food, limit meat consumption and consume sour-milk products.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov (1956 - chemistry)
As a scientist, Semenov was engaged in the theory of "chain reaction", explosions and combustion. It turned out that these processes are closely related to physics and chemistry. Thus, N.N. Semenov became one of the founders of chemical physics. His research was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956.
Nikolai Semyonov preferred to focus on one task before getting the result. Therefore, he published a very small number of scientific papers. And if use modern methods estimates scientific achievements, which are based on the number of articles in scientific journals, Semenov would become the worst employee of the Institute of Chemical Physics for the entire time of its existence.
Lev Davidovich Landau (1962 - Physics)
In the course of his scientific work, Lev Davidovich Landau had a chance to communicate with such pillars of modern physics as Albert Einstein, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, and already at the age of 19, Landau makes a fundamental contribution to quantum theory. His concept of "Density Matrix" became the basis of quantum statistics.
Landau is considered a legend in the world of physics. He contributed to almost all branches of modern physics: quantum mechanics, magnetism, superconductivity, astrophysics, atomic physics, theory chemical reactions etc. Landau is also the author training course in theoretical physics, which has been translated into 20 languages and continues to be reprinted in the 21st century (the last edition in Russian was published in 2007).
Werner Heisenberg nominated Landau for the Nobel Prize three times - in 1959, 1960 and 1962. And, finally, his efforts were rewarded, and Landau's work was appreciated. For the study of liquid helium, Lev Davidovich Landau in 1962 became the Nobel Laureate.
Lev Landau also developed a "theory of happiness". He believed that every person must be happy, and for this you need to have a favorite job, family and close friends.
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov (1964 - Physics)
Based on new fundamental physical principles how discoveries, new laws and inventions rained down from a cornucopia.
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov specialized in quantum electronics. His research first proved the theoretical possibility of creating a laser, and then made it possible to create the world's first maser (it differs from a laser in that it does not use light rays, but microwaves).
It was for "fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle" that Basov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964.
Until the end of his life, Basov continued to work in his chosen field. He designed several types of lasers, which are still used today in a wide variety of fields, and also explored various areas of laser application, for example, in optics, chemistry, and medicine.
Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1978 - Physics)
Kapitsa's scientific specialization was magnetism. The contribution of the scientist to science is appreciated, his name is given to: "Kapitsa's law", linking the electrical resistance of metals and voltage magnetic field; "Kapitza's pendulum" - the phenomenon of stable disequilibrium; the quantum mechanical Kapitza-Dirac effect is also known.
Together with Landau, Kapitsa studied liquid helium and discovered its superfluidity. The theoretical model was built by Landau, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. But Peter Leonidovich had to wait for the recognition of his merits. Niels Bohr recommended Kapitz to the Nobel Committee back in 1948, then repeated the recommendations in 1956 and 1960. But the award found its hero only 18 years later, and only in 1978 did Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa finally become a Nobel laureate - the last in the history of the Soviet Union.
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (2000 - Physics)
The scientific career of the scientist took place in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Alferov entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (LETI) without exams. After graduating from the institute, he began working at the A.F. Yoffe, where he took part in the development of the first domestic transistors.
Alferov's greatest scientific successes are associated with electronics and nanotechnologies. In 2000, his developments in the field of semiconductors and microelectronic components were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Alferov is the permanent dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of St. Petersburg State University, the founding rector of the Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the scientific director of the innovation center in Skolkovo.
Alferov is engaged and public policy, since 1995 being a deputy State Duma Russian Federation, where he defends the interests scientific community, in particular opposing recent reforms Russian Academy Sciences.
The H Obel Prize is an international award that has been presented annually since 1901 for outstanding contributions to science, literature and society. The first prize in the world of its kind.
“All my movable and immovable property must be converted by my executors into liquid values, and the capital thus collected is placed in reliable bank. The income from investments should belong to the fund, which will distribute them annually in the form of bonuses to those who during the previous year have brought the greatest benefit to mankind ... The indicated percentages must be divided by five equal parts, which are intended: one part - to the one who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the other to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third - to the one who will make the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who creates the most outstanding literary work idealistic direction; fifth - to the one who has made the most significant contribution to the rallying of nations, the abolition of slavery or the reduction of the existing armies and the promotion of peace congresses ... My particular desire is that the nationality of candidates should not be taken into account when awarding prizes ... "
Kultura.RF compiled its own list of the most famous laureates.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936)
Nobel Prize in 1904 "for his work on the physiology of digestion, which expanded and changed the understanding of vital important aspects this issue"
The first Russian Nobel laureate, an outstanding scientist, the pride of Russian science and "the first physiologist of the world", as his colleagues called him at one of the international congresses. None of the Russian scientists of that time, even Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, received such fame abroad. Pavlov was called a "romantic, almost legendary person", "a citizen of the world", and a friend of the scientist, writer Herbert Wells, said about him: "This is the star that illuminates the world, shedding light on paths not yet explored."
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845–1916)
Nobel Prize 1908 for his work on immunity
The famous Russian biologist believed in endless possibilities science, "which alone can lead mankind to the true path." Ilya Mechnikov is the founder of the Russian school of microbiologists and immunologists. Among his students are Alexander Bezredka, Lev Tarasevich, Daniil Zabolotny, Yakov Bardakh. Mechnikov was not only a scientist, but also a writer who left behind an extensive legacy - popular science and scientific and philosophical works, memoirs, articles, translations.
Lev Davidovich Landau (1908–1968)
Nobel Prize in 1962 "for pioneering research in the theory of condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
The outstanding Soviet scientist devoted his whole life to theoretical physics. Fascinated by science as a child, he vowed to never “smoke, drink, or marry.” The last vow did not work out: Landau was a famous womanizer. He had an inimitable sense of humor, for which he was especially adored by his students. Once at a lecture, a physicist cited his playful classification of sciences as an example, saying that "sciences are natural, unnatural and unnatural." The only non-physical theory of Lev Landau was the theory of happiness. He believed that every person should and even must be happy. To do this, the physicist deduced a simple formula that contained three parameters: work, love and communication with people.
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921–1989)
Nobel Prize 1975 "For the fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among people and the courageous struggle against the abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity"
Well-known Soviet physicist, one of the founders hydrogen bomb, public figure, a dissident and human rights activist did not support the general line of the party, opposed the arms race, tests nuclear weapons and demanded cancellation death penalty. For which he was persecuted in the Soviet Union and was deprived of all awards, and in Sweden he received the Nobel Peace Prize ...
Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894–1984)
Nobel Prize 1978 "For basic research and discoveries in physics low temperatures»
“I firmly believe in the internationality of science and believe that real science should be free from all political passions and struggles, no matter how much they try to involve it there. And I believe that she scientific work, which I have been making all my life, is the property of all mankind, wherever I create it", - Peter Kapitsa wrote in 1935. The world famous physicist worked in Cambridge, was a full member of the Royal Society of London, founder of the Institute of Physical Problems, the first head of the Department of Low Temperature Physics of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. famous physicist Abram Fedorovich Ioffe wrote about his student: "Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, who combines a brilliant experimenter, an excellent theoretician and a brilliant engineer, is one of the brightest figures in modern physics."
Despite the generous scattering of Russian literary geniuses, only five of them managed to receive the highest award.
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was nominated for the prize in 1909, but never received it. The great Russian writer, back in 1906, declared that he would have refused the Nobel Prize (both in peace and in literature) if his candidacy had won: "This will save me from a great difficulty - to dispose of this award, because any money, in my opinion, brings only evil."
Ivan Bunin (1873–1953)
Nobel Prize in 1933 "For the truthful artistic talent with which he recreated in prose a typical Russian character"
The first Russian writer to receive the Nobel Prize. Bunin emigrated from revolutionary Russia and at that time had already lived in France for 13 years. Two of the Russian emigrant writers claimed the Nobel prize - Bunin and Merezhkovsky, and there were two camps of supporters, they made bets ... However, Ivan Alekseevich's victory, perhaps, upset the rivals, but not for long: thus, shaking hands with Bunin, Merezhkovsky's wife Zinaida Gippius said honestly: "I congratulate you and envy you." The main thing was that the award went to a Russian writer.
Boris Pasternak (1890–1960)
Nobel Prize in 1958 "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel"
Having learned about the award from the personal telegram of the head of the Nobel Committee, addressed to the poet and writer, Pasternak replied: "Infinitely grateful, touched, proud, surprised, embarrassed." However, the Soviet leadership received this news extremely negatively. A campaign against the poet began, and he was forced to refuse the Nobel Prize, otherwise he could lose his citizenship and be expelled from the USSR. But the delay (Pasternak did not refuse immediately, but did it a week later) turned out to be disastrous. He became a “persecuted poet” - however, he was worried not so much about himself, but about his relatives and friends, who also began to be attacked ...
Time put everything in its place. 30 years later, on December 9, 1989, Boris Pasternak's Nobel medal was solemnly presented in Stockholm to his son Yevgeny.
Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984)
Nobel Prize in 1965 "For the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia"
Sholokhov should have received his award even earlier. But in 1958, the committee gave preference to the candidacy of Pasternak ... And Sholokhov was again forgotten. In 1964 French writer Jean-Paul Sartre refused the Nobel Prize in Literature, saying that, in his opinion, Sholokhov deserved the prize. A year later, in 1965, 60-year-old Mikhail Sholokhov received a well-deserved award. Speaking in Stockholm, he said: “Art has a powerful power to influence the mind and heart of a person. I think that the one who directs this force to create beauty in the souls of people, for the benefit of mankind, has the right to be called an artist..
Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008)
Nobel Prize in 1970 "For the moral strength gleaned from the tradition of great Russian literature"
Like Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn did not want to give up the coveted Nobel Prize. And in 1970, when the committee informed him about the award, he replied that he would definitely come for her personally. However, this was not destined to happen: the writer was threatened with deprivation of Soviet citizenship - and he did not go to Stockholm. True, he did not regret it at all. Studying the program of the gala evening, Solzhenitsyn sincerely did not understand: “How to talk about the main business of all life at the“ banquet table ”, when the tables are lined with dishes and everyone drinks, eats, talks ...”
Joseph Brodsky (1940–1996)
Nobel Prize in 1987 "for a comprehensive literary activity, characterized by clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
Prix Nobel? Oui, ma belle,- the poet joked in 1972, long before he received the prize. Unlike his brothers in the shop - Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn, by the time of world recognition, the poet Brodsky had long lived and taught in America, since back in the early 1970s he was deprived of Soviet citizenship and expelled from the country ...
They say that the news of the Nobel Prize practically did not change the expression on his face, because the poet was sure that sooner or later, the Nobel Prize would be his. When asked by a journalist whether he considers himself a Russian or an American, Brodsky replied: "I am a Jew, a Russian poet and an English essayist". In the same year, the poet's poems were first published in the USSR in the journal Novy Mir.
February 8 - Day Russian science. During its history, it has given the world many great names and discoveries. The scientific merits of a number of our compatriots to the world community have been awarded Nobel Prizes.
Ivan Pavlov
Created the science of higher nervous activity. The first Russian Nobel laureate (1904). Awarded for research in the physiology of digestion.
Ilya Mechnikov
Creator of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology, immunology. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis. He founded the scientific gerontology. Awarded the Nobel Prize for research on the mechanisms of immunity (1908).
Source: nobelprize.org
Nikolai Semenov
One of the founders of chemical physics. The best known works on the theory chain reactions. In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize. Awarded for research in the field of the mechanism of chemical reactions.
Pavel Cherenkov
He discovered a specific blue glow of transparent liquids when irradiated with fast charged particles. He showed the difference between this type of radiation and similar ones and established its main property - the directionality of radiation, the formation of a light cone, the axis of which coincides with the trajectory of the particle. Awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the Chernyakov effect (1958)
Lev Landau
One of the authors of the Classical Course theoretical physics”, repeatedly reprinted in 20 languages. He made fundamental contributions to all branches of physics - from quantum mechanics to plasma physics. He received the Nobel Prize for research on the superfluidity of helium (1962).
Nikolai Basov
One of the creators of the first quantum generator, a series of lasers. Nobel laureate in 1964 for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of radiation and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle.
Alexander Prokhorov
Inventor of laser technology. Created several lasers various types. Nobel Prize winner (1964) for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of radiation and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle.
Source: wikimedia.org / Andrey Bogdanov
Leonid Kantorovich
Mathematician, one of the creators of linear programming. In 1975 he received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to the theory of optimal resource allocation.
Petr Kapitsa
Awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the superfluidity of liquid helium (1978). Developer of an industrial gas liquefaction plant. One of the founders of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
1904 - Nobel Prize winner in physiology or medicine - physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.
1908 - Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov.
1933 - Nobel Prize winner in literature Ivan Alekseevich Bunin. Without citizenship.
1956 - Nobel Prize winner in chemistry Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov.
1958 - Nobel Prize winners in physics Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov, Ilya Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Evgenievich Tamm.
1958 - Nobel Prize in Literature Boris Leonidovich Pasternak. Refused the award.
1962 - Nobel Prize winner in physics Lev Davidovich Landau.
1964 - Nobel Prize winners in physics Nikolai Gennadievich Basov, Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov.
1965 - Nobel Prize in Literature Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov.
1970 - Nobel Prize in Literature Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn.
1975 - Nobel Peace Prize laureate Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov.
1975 - Nobel Prize in Economics Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich.
1978 - Nobel Prize winner in physics Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa.
1987 - Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Joseph Brodsky. US citizen.
1990 - Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev.
2000 - Nobel Prize winner in physics Zhores Ivanovich Alferov.
2003 - Nobel Prize winners in physics Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov and Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg.
Russian physicists - Nobel Prize winners
Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov - received the Nobel Prize (2003) in physics for his work in the field of quantum physics (together with V.I. Ginzburg and E. Leggett), in particular, for studies of superconductivity and superfluidity. Abrikosov developed the theory of Nobel laureates Ginzburg and Landau and theoretically substantiated the possibility of the existence of a new class of superconductors that allow the presence of both superconductivity and a strong magnetic field at the same time. The study of the phenomenon of superconductivity made it possible to create superconducting magnets used in magnetic resonance imaging (the inventors also received the Nobel Prize in 2003). In the future, superconductors are expected to be used in thermonuclear installations.
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov - Nobel Prize in Physics (2000) for fundamental research in the field of information and communication technologies and the development of semiconductor elements used in ultra-fast computers and fiber optic communications. The academician received the first patent in the field of heterojunctions in 1963, when, together with Rudolf Kazarinov, he created a semiconductor laser, which is now used in optical fiber communications and in CD players. The Nobel Prize was shared between Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kremer and Jack Kilby. Zhores Alferov participated in the creation of domestic transistors, photodiodes, high-power germanium rectifiers, discovered the phenomenon of superinjection in heterostructures, created “ideal” semiconductor heterostructures
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov is a Nobel Prize winner in physics (1964) for fundamental research in the field of quantum radiophysics, which made it possible to create generators and amplifiers of a new type - masers and lasers (together with C. Townes and A.M. Prokhorov), one of the founders of quantum electronics. Basov originated the idea of using semiconductors in lasers, he drew attention to the possibility of using lasers in thermonuclear fusion, and his subsequent work led to the creation of a new direction in the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. nuclear reactions– methods of laser thermonuclear fusion
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg - received the Nobel Prize in Physics (2003) for the development of the theory of superfluidity and superconductivity (together with A. Abrikosov and E. Leggett). The Ginzburg–Landau theory describes the electron gas in a superconductor as a superfluid liquid that, at ultralow temperatures, flows through crystal lattice without resistance. This theory revealed several important thermodynamic relationships and explained the behavior of superconductors in a magnetic field. Citation Index joint work Ginzburg and Landau - one of the highest in the history of science. Ginzburg was one of the first to understand the crucial role of X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy; he predicted the existence of radio emission from outer areas solar corona, proposed a method for studying the structure of the near-solar plasma and a method for studying outer space by polarizing the radiation of radio sources
Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa - awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1978) for fundamental research in the field of low temperature physics. He created new methods for liquefying hydrogen and helium, designed new types of liquefiers (piston, expander and turbo-expander units. Kapitsa's turboexpander made it necessary to reconsider the principles of creating refrigeration cycles used for liquefying and separating gases, which significantly changed the development of world oxygen production technology. Developed a technique for producing liquid helium and discovered the phenomenon of superfluidity of helium II. These studies stimulated the development quantum theory liquid helium, developed by L. D. Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau - awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1962) for the fundamental theories of condensed matter, especially liquid helium. Landau explained superfluidity using a new mathematical apparatus: he considered the quantum states of a volume of a liquid in much the same way as if it were a solid body. Among his scientific achievements are the creation of the theory of electronic diamagnetism of metals, the creation together with E. M. Lifshitz of the theory of the domain structure of ferromagnets and ferromagnetic resonance, the creation general theory phase transitions of the second kind. In addition, Lev Davidovich Landau deduced kinetic equation for electron plasma and together with Yu. B. Rumer developed the cascade theory of electron showers in cosmic rays
Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov — Nobel Prize in Physics (1964) awarded for fundamental work in quantum electronics. Research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance, carried out by Prokhorov in the 60s of the last century, led to the creation of quantum microwave amplifiers with extremely low noise, subsequently, on their basis, devices were developed that are now widely used in radio astronomy and deep space communications. Prokhorov proposed a new type of resonator - an open resonator; lasers of all types and ranges now work with such resonators.
Igor Ivanovich Tamm - received the Nobel Prize in Physics (1958) together with Pavel Cherenkov and Ilya Frank for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect (the effect of radiation from a superluminal electron), although Tamm himself did not rank this work among his most important achievements. Later, the "Cherenkov effect" was explained in terms of quantum concepts by Tamm's student Vitaly Ginzburg. Tamm was the first to suggest that forces and, in general, interactions between particles arise as a result of the exchange of other particles and suggested that the basis of the interaction of a proton and a neutron is the exchange of an electron and a neutrino. Tamm built a quantitative theory of nuclear interaction, the specific model he proposed turned out to be unsuitable, but the idea itself was very fruitful, all subsequent theories of nuclear forces were built according to the scheme developed by Tamm. His work allowed scientists to advance in the understanding of nuclear forces. He also did a lot in the field of classical electrodynamics.
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank - Nobel Prize in Physics (1958) for the discovery and interpretation of the "Cherenkov effect" (together with Pavel Cherenkov and Igor Tamm), which made it possible to advance research in the field of plasma physics, astrophysics, radio waves and particle acceleration. Frank formulated the theory of transition radiation (together with Vitaly Ginzburg), his theoretical and experimental work in the field of propagation and increase in the number of neutrons in uranium-graphite systems contributed to the creation of the atomic bomb
Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov - awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1958) for the discovery and interpretation of the "Cherenkov effect" together with Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank. Cherenkov discovered that the gamma rays (of much greater energy and therefore frequency than x-rays) emitted by radium give off a faint blue glow in the liquid, a phenomenon that has been noted before but has not been explained. Frank and Tamm proposed that Cherenkov radiation occurs when an electron travels faster than light (in liquids, electrons knocked out of atoms can travel faster than light if the incident gamma rays have sufficient energy). Cherenkov counters (based on the detection of Cherenkov radiation) are used to measure the speed of single high-speed particles, with the help of such a counter the antiproton (negative hydrogen nucleus) was discovered
Who won the Nobel Prize.
Physics:
Igor Evgen'evich Tamm "For the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank "For the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
Cherenkov Pavel Alekseevich "For the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
Landau Lev Davydovich "For pioneering theories of condensed matter, especially liquid helium."
Basov Nikolai Gennadievich "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of emitters and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle."
Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of emitters and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle."
Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich "For his basic research and discoveries in low temperature physics."
Alferov Zhores Ivanovich "For the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed optoelectronics."
Abrikosov Aleksey Alekseevich "For the development of the theory of superconductivity of the second kind and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3".
Ginzburg Vitaly Lazarevich "For the development of the theory of superconductivity of the second kind and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3".
Konstantin Novosyolov, University of Manchester Fellow (Chemistry) "for pioneering experiments on the two-dimensional graphene material."
Andrey Konstantinovich Geim, Head of the Manchester Center for "Meso-Science and Nanotechnology", Head of the Department of Condensed Matter Physics "for pioneering experiments on the study of two-dimensional graphene material". True, at the time of the Nobel Prize, he did not have Russian citizenship, and when he was invited by the director of the department international cooperation Fund "Skolkovo" Alex Sitnikov Game refused.
Literature:
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich "For the strict skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose».
Pasternak Boris Leonidovich "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel."
Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich "For the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia."
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich "For the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature."
Brodsky Iosif Alexandrovich "For comprehensive creativity, saturated with clarity of thought and passion of poetry."
Physiology and medicine:
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich "For work on the physiology of digestion."
Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich "For his work on immunity."
Chemistry:
Semyonov Nikolai Nikolaevich "For research in the field of the mechanism of chemical reactions."
Prigogine Ilya Romanovich "For his work on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, especially for the theory of dissipative structures."
Economy:
Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich "For his contribution to the theory of optimal allocation of resources."
Peace Prize
Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich "For the fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace between people and the courageous struggle against the abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity."
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich “In recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important constituent part life of the international community.
* The list does not include people who were born in the territory Russian Empire or the USSR, but at the time of the award did not have Russian citizenship or Soviet citizenship and, according to the Nobel Committee, were not included in the list of laureates from Russia or were not included there due to ideological reasons, as well as laureates born in the family of Russian citizens or Soviet citizens on the territory of other countries. Krorme Andrey Konstantinovich Geim, who was educated at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, received a PhD in Physics and Mathematics from the Institute of Physics solid body RAN. He worked as a researcher at the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and at the Institute of Problems of Microelectronics Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and only in 1990 he immigrated from the USSR.
** In 2009, Russia was twice deprived of the Nobel Prize in the nomination of chemistry and physiology. The award was given to Western scientists for those discoveries where the priority of Russian scientists is no less. Why did it happen? Is it intentionally not awarded to our scientists prestigious award? The answer cannot be unambiguous. Here and the human factor - the choice of many applicants is difficult. According to the rules, no more than three applicants are awarded for one nomination. In addition, few of our scientists are engaged in the nomination of nominees for other awards from their ranks. Previous, already recognized merits can be taken into account by the Nobel Committee. Not enough PR - you need to present more, advertise your achievements. How well Western scientists do it. And you must admit that when making a decision to award a particular scientist from Russia, many biases are allowed.
*** From this list, I do not agree with the award of the Nobel Prize to MS Gorbachev. But this is my personal opinion.
Who could receive the award:
Aleksey Starobinsky, Chief Researcher, Institute of Theoretical Physics. L.D. Landau
Andrey Linde, professor at Stanford University
Vyacheslav Mukhanov, professor at the Munich University. Ludwig Maximilian
(Physics) "For his contribution to the theory of the inflationary Universe"
Victor Veselago, professor at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, head of laboratory and Institute general physics them. A.M. Prokhorov RAS. (Physics) "for the discovery of materials with a negative refractive index"
Lidia Gall, head of the laboratory at the Institute of Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
(Chemistry) "For the development of a method for the identification and analysis of the structure of biological macromolecules"
Yuri Oganesyan, Scientific Supervisor of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, JINR (Dubna)
(physics) "For the synthesis of new chemical elements and approaching the "island of atomic stability"
Alexander Polyakov, professor at Princeton University
(Physics) "For exceptional contributions to string theory and quantum field theory".
Anatoly Buchachenko, Head of the Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University
Yuri Molin, head of the laboratory, Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Renat Sagdeev, Director of the International Tomography Center of the SB RAS.
(Chemistry) "for the discovery of the magnetic isotope effect"
Rashid Sunyaev, Director of the Institute of Astrophysics of the Max Planck Society (Germany)
(Physics) "for explaining the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
Ludwig Faddeev, director of the International Mathematical Institute. Euler (St. Petersburg)
(Physics) "For the mathematical foundation of quantum field theory".
Tigran Shmaonov Senior Research Fellow, Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
(Physics) "For the discovery of the relic background".
Yuri Bunkov Professor of the Neel Institute (Grenoble, France)
Vladimir Dmitriev, Chief Researcher, Institute for Physical Problems named after V.I. P.L. Kapitsa RAS.
(Physics) "For the discovery of spin superfluidity".
Alexander Spirin until 2001 director of the Institute of Protein RAS.
(Physiology) "For the discovery of messenger RNA", "For the discovery of informosomes - ribonucleoprotein complexes", "For the study of the structure and function of ribosomes".
Garry Abelev, Head of the Oncology Laboratory scientific center RAS and head of the laboratory of Moscow State University (Physiology and Medicine) "for the discovery of the synthesis of embryonic protein fetoprotein by tumors and the development of the fundamentals of immunodiagnostics."
Vladimir Garvin, Head of the Laboratory of the Gallium-Germanium Neutrino Telescope of the Baksan Neutrino Observatory of the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
(Physics) "For pioneering work in astrophysics, in particular for the registration of cosmic neutrinos".
Alexander Varshavsky, professor at the California Institute of Technology
(Chemistry) "For the discovery of the role of ubiquitin in protein utilization".
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