Department of General and Theoretical Physics Yuurgu. Physics

“Compiled by Yu.V. Volegov Chelyabinsk - 2008 ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT The Department "General and Experimental Physics" was founded as the Department of Physics No. 2 on June 29, 1965 (order No. 261). Chair...»

Department of General and

experimental

Compiled by Yu.V. Volegov

Chelyabinsk - 2008

ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The Department of General and Experimental Physics was founded as

Department of Physics No. 2 June 29, 1965 (Order No. 261). The department was entrusted with educational and methodological work at the faculties: automotive,

metallurgical, mechanical and technological, engineering and construction, evening engineering and construction, evening

ChMZ, in the branch of the city of Zlatoust, in the UKP of the year. Sim and Ust-Katava, as well as in the relevant specialties of the correspondence faculty. In connection with the failed competition, the duties of the head of the department were temporarily assigned to the associate professor of the department, Ph.D. Nilov Anatoly Stepanovich.

Immediately with the opening of the department, educational laboratories were created:

"Mechanics", "Electromagnetism", "Optics" and demonstration.

The location of the first location of the department - room. 449/2; educational laboratories "Mechanics" - room. 451/2, "Electromagnetism" - room. 457/2, "Optics" - room. 456/2.

The list of the department is approved:

1. Evgeny Tikhonovich Baranov 11. Aleksandra Mikhailovna Maksimova

2. Brin Isaac Ilyich 12. Maskaev Alexander Fedorovich

3. Vlasova Luiza Yakovlevna 13. Nilov Anatoly Stepanovich

4. Garyaeva Irina Aleksandrovna 14. Pozdnev Vladimir Pavlovich

5. Golovacheva Zoya Dmitrievna 15. Portnyagin Innokenty Innokentievich

6. Danilenko Galina Nikolaevna 16. Samoylovich Yuri Zakharovich

7. Danilenko Vladislav Efimo- 17. Sidelnikova Nina Vasilievna vich

8. Ludmila Konstantin Dudina - 18. Spasolskaya Margarita Valerianovna

9. Epifanova Maya Filippovna 19. Sukhina Galina Vladimirovna

10. Konvisarov Ivan Yakovlevich

EDUCATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Teachers of the department conduct lectures, laboratory and practical classes. Lectures are accompanied by demonstrations that allow you to visually demonstrate physical phenomena. Laboratory work is carried out in specially equipped classrooms. To organize the independent work of students at the department, the structure of teaching aids for various types of classes: lectures, practical exercises and laboratory work has been developed. Over the years of work, the staff of the department has published more than 300 teaching aids on all sections of the course "General Physics" for students of all forms of education and applicants.

By the nature of the presentation and the structure of the content, the following types of teaching aids can be distinguished:

1) lecture notes on all sections of the general physics course;

2) programmed teaching aids for teaching and monitoring students' knowledge in practical classes;

3) teaching aids containing tasks, guidelines and elements of programmed control in laboratory classes.

A great contribution to the creation of the educational and methodological complex was made by Gurevich S. Yu., Gamova D. P., Dudina L. K., Maksutov I. A., Topolskaya N.

N., Topolsky V. G., Shakhin E. L. and other teachers of the department.

Textbooks of the above-named teachers have repeatedly participated in competitions of university publications held at the university, and won prizes.

In 2003, a computer class appeared at the department, which increases the possibility of independent work of students. In this class, practical exercises on problem solving and tests are held. Programs for passing examinations and tests are being developed.

The department is engaged in the preparation of applicants: lectures and practical classes are held for them.

FATHERS ARE COMMANDERS

–  –  –

In 1969, at the Department of Physics No. 2 (now the Department of OiEF), Budenkov Graviy Alekseevich organized a research laboratory for ultrasonic measurements (NILUZI), which was the foundation for the formation of the scientific school "Non-destructive testing of objects".

Budenkov Graviy Alekseevich was born on March 19, 1935, graduated from the radio engineering department of the Ural Polytechnic Institute in 1957. He worked at enterprises producing radar stations, then ultrasonic flaw detection tools. He headed the research department at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (VNIINK, Chisinau).

In 1967 he defended his dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences "Use of polarized ultrasonic waves to assess stresses in concrete", received the right and began to supervise three graduate students from VNIINK. In 1968, he went through a competition for the position of head of the Department of Physics No. 2 of the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute. In the same year, he organized the NILUZI laboratory to carry out planned research work of the institute;

contractual work of the department with enterprises; scientific research of graduate students; student scientific works.

Main scientific directions:

1. Ultrasonic quality control of materials, products and welded joints.

2. Non-contact methods of excitation and reception of ultrasound.

3. Mutual transformation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves.

4. Anomalies of the electromagnetic-acoustic transformation in the vicinity of the temperatures of second-order phase transitions.

Features of the scientific school of G.A. Budenkov that the first steps towards its formation were made during his work at VNIINK, where the first significant achievements in science and technology were achieved (items 1-4). In particular, he developed and passed interdepartmental tests the first separate-combined piezoelectric transducers, obtained the dependences of the propagation velocities of polarized transverse and longitudinal waves on stresses in metals and plastics (1965), and for the first time implemented an echo-pulse version using electromagnetic-acoustic transducers ( 1967), together with the students of N.A. Glukhov et al. were the first to experimentally discover a sharp increase in the EMA conversion coefficients in the region of the Curie point in iron (1968).

Since 1968, the main of these areas have been continued at the Department of Physics No. 2 of the CPI with graduate students and teachers of the department (Petrov Yu.V., Maskaev A.F., Volegov Yu.V., Gurevich S.Yu., Golovacheva Z.D., Kaunov A.D., Tolipov H.B., Boyko M.S., Galtsev Yu.G., Usov I.A., Guntina T.A., Akimov A.V., Khakimova L.I., Kvyatkovsky V. .N.).

G.A. Budenkov headed the Department of Physics No. 2 from 1968 to 1983. During this period, his students prepared and defended 8 PhD theses: at VNIINK (Averbukh I.I., Glukhov N.A., Lonchak V.A.), at the CPI (Petrov Yu.V., Maskaev A.F., Volegov Yu.V., Kvyatkovsky V.N.), in the Belarusian Academy of Sciences (Kulesh A.P.).

In 1974 G.A. Budenkov defended his doctoral thesis: "Investigation of various methods of emitting and receiving ultrasonic waves in relation to the control of hot, fast-moving products without special surface treatment." The doctorate degree was approved by the Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR in 1982.

Since 1983, G.A. Budenkov works at the Izhevsk State Technical University (IzhSTU) as a professor at the Instruments and Methods of Quality Control department. In 1985, he was awarded the academic title of professor in the specialty "Methods of control in mechanical engineering", since 1997 - a full member of the branch academy of quality problems, since 2001 - an expert in the scientific and technical sphere of the State Institution of the Republican Research Scientific and Consulting Center for Expertise (GU RINCCE ) Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation.

Graviy Alekseevich published about 180 publications, including more than 60 articles in academic and foreign journals, about 20 methodological and teaching aids, about 40 copyright certificates for inventions, including 4 Russian patents.

Budenkov G.A. is the author of the registered discovery "The pattern of mutual transformation of electromagnetic and elastic waves in ferromagnets" and the registered scientific hypothesis "Hypothesis about zones of increased electromagnetic seismic activity".

From 1983 to the present, students of G.A. Budenkov, 5 Ph.D. dissertations were defended (Khakimova L.I., Nedzvetskaya O.V., Bulatova E.G., Kotolomov A.V., Lebedeva T.N.) and 2 doctoral dissertations (Gurevich S.Yu., Nedzvetskaya O. AT.).

Thus, to date, 13 candidate and two doctoral dissertations have been defended, Nedzvetskaya O.V. and Kotolomov A.Yu. were awarded the diploma and medal "X-ray Sokolov" of the Russian-German Scientific Society for Non-Destructive Testing. G.A. Budenkov together with his students in 1996 received a Grant from the International Soros Science Foundation and the Government of the Russian Federation.

Currently, G.A. Budenkov, without losing contact with his students in Chelyabinsk, Chisinau, Minsk, is actively working with colleagues and graduate students from Russia and far abroad (Syria) in the field of creating new technologies for acoustic control of extended objects and remote sensing. The latest developments have been introduced at the enterprises of Perm, the Udmurt Republic, are being introduced at the enterprises of Izhevsk (JSC Izhstal), Chelyabinsk (Cheka), Serov (metallurgical plant named after A.K. Serov), Damascus (Syria).

Petrov Yury Vladimirovich in 1975 defended his dissertation "Investigation of electromagnetic excitation and registration of ultrasonic waves propagating at an angle to the input surface", specialty 05.02.11 "Methods for testing materials, parts, assemblies, products and welded joints". Ph.D. Petrov Yu.V. He has the academic title of Associate Professor in the Department of Physics, he developed electromagnetic-acoustic transducers of oblique waves. The staff of the Department of Physics No. 2 CPI developed and implemented a number of installations for quality control of industrial products.

The main ones are: flaw detectors for testing parts of electrical insulators, railway rails, separators of rolling bearings of rolling stock, axles of wheel pairs of railway cars. He took part in the development and creation of a laser flaw detector for metal testing.

EMA flaw detector for the control of railway rail heads Maskaev Alexander Fedorovich in 1976 defended his dissertation "Electromagnetic excitation and registration of ultrasound in ferromagnetic products at high temperatures", specialty 01.04.11 "Physics of magnetic phenomena". He created sensors for excitation and registration of longitudinal elastic waves in ferromagnetic products in the Curie temperature region, together with the staff of the Department of Physics No. 2 of the CPI, a non-contact thickness gauge was created and implemented, which allows determining the wall thickness of ferromagnetic pipes, the surface of which has a temperature of up to 10000C, an installation was developed and implemented to control parts made by friction welding.

Ph.D. Maskaev A.F. has the academic title of Associate Professor in the Department of Physics, he published 46 scientific papers, including 8 copyright certificates for inventions, 7 scientific and methodological papers.

Ultrasonic installation for control of parts welded by friction Yuri Vasilyevich Volegov in 1977 defended his dissertation "Research and development of ultrasonic methods and means of quality control of adhesive joints", specialty 05.11.13 "Instruments and devices for monitoring substances, materials and products (for chemical industries) ". He developed the theoretical foundations for the use of ultrasonic interference waves to control the strength of adhesive joints, carried out experimental studies on the detection of non-adhesives in various composite joints, developed electromagnetic-acoustic transducers that were used in flaw detection and thickness measurement. Based on the research carried out, together with the staff of the Department of Physics No. 2 of the CPI, a number of devices for quality control of metal-non-metal adhesive joints were developed and introduced into industry: DUIB-1, DUIB-2, DUIB-3, DEMAKS-1, DEMAKS-3, prefixes to flaw detectors DUK-66; developed and implemented a method for monitoring the lining in lined pipes and pipelines; a model of a laser flaw detector for testing conductive materials was developed and manufactured.

Ph.D. Volegov Yu.V. He has the academic title of Associate Professor in the Department of Physics, he published 53 scientific papers, including: scientific articles, abstracts of reports - 34, copyright certificates of inventions - 9, educational and methodological works - 10.

Kvyatkovsky Vladimir Nikolaevich in 1981

defended his thesis "ultrasonic thickness measurement of products with a rough surface using EMA transducers", specialty 05.02.11.

On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies, he, together with the staff of the Department of Physics No. 2 of the CPI, developed and introduced into industry the TEMATS-1 thickness gauge.

Ph.D. Kvyatkovsky V.N. has the academic title of Associate Professor in the Department of Physics. He published 23 printed works, including 2 inventions and 3 scientific and methodological works.

Khakimova Lyalya Ibragimovna in 1989 defended her thesis "Investigation of some types of discontinuities in a solid body using high-frequency diffraction", specialty 01.04.07 "Physics of a solid body".

Ph.D. Khakimova L.I. has the academic title of Associate Professor in the Department of Physics. She has published 25 publications, including 2 inventor's certificates and 10 scientific and methodological works.

Since 1983, the scientific school at CPI was headed by Gurevich Sergey Yuryevich. On his initiative, in 1988, a university-academic laboratory for ultrasonic testing was established, jointly subordinated to the CPI and the Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Gurevich Sergey Yurievich was born in 1945. In 1967 he graduated with honors from the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute and in the same year he was enrolled in the graduate school of the named institute, which he graduated in 1970 with the defense of a Ph.D. thesis during postgraduate training. From 1970 to the present, he has been working at the South Ural State University (former ChPI, ChSTU) at the Department of Physics as a senior lecturer, associate professor (since 1975), head of the department (since 1983). From 1995 to 1998, as a dean, he successfully managed the activities of the Faculty of Automata and Mechanics, and then the activities of one of the largest Faculty of Mechanics and Technology at SUSU. In 1998 he was appointed Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs.

The area of ​​scientific activity of Gurevich S.Yu. is the development of the theory of interaction of pulsed laser, electromagnetic and acoustic fields in ferromagnetic metals at the temperature of the magnetic phase transition (Curie point) and the creation of high-speed methods and means of non-contact ultrasonic quality control of metal products. He successfully manages the university-academic laboratory of acoustics of metals, created on his initiative, jointly subordinated to SUSU and IPM Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which carried out research work under the programs of the Council for Economic Assistance, the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR, the USSR Academy of Sciences, the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The results of R&D were recommended for implementation in production by the intersectoral expert council under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. He published 150 scientific and educational works, including 18 foreign ones, made 16 inventions.

Gurevich S.Yu. is a participant of VDNKh, international scientific and technical exhibitions in Warsaw (1988) and Brno (1989). In 1994, he was elected a full member of the New York Academy of Sciences, has a European certificate in acoustic methods for quality control of metal products. In 1995 he successfully defended his doctoral thesis in the specialty "Physics of magnetic phenomena", in 1996 he was awarded the academic title of professor. In 1995, the National Attestation Committee of the Russian Federation for Non-Destructive Testing awarded Gurevich S.Yu.

the highest level of qualification.

Gurevich S.Yu. is the author of the registered discovery "The pattern of mutual transformation of electromagnetic and elastic waves in ferromagnets" and the registered scientific hypothesis "Hypothesis about zones of increased electromagnetic seismic activity".

1 Doctor and 2 Candidates of Sciences have been trained, and he is currently supervising the preparation of 2 more doctoral dissertations. Supervises scientific work on economic contracts with the SRC "KB im. acad. V.P. Makeev, under grants from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation and a single work order.

Pilot plant Sirena-2 Tolipov Khoris Borisovich in 1991 defended his thesis "Excitation and reception of ultrasonic waves in non-destructive testing of adhesive joints", specialty 05.02.11.

On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies, together with the staff of the Department of Physics No. 2 of the ChPI, he developed and introduced into industry the DEMAKS device and the TEMATS-1 thickness gauge, as well as the attachment to the DUK-66 flaw detector for testing adhesive joints by non-contact ultrasonic method.

Ph.D. Tolipov Kh.B. has the academic title of associate professor in the Department of Physics, is finishing work on his doctoral dissertation; he published 62 works, including 10 inventor's certificates, 22 educational and methodical works.

Golubev Evgeny Valerievich in 2004 defended his Ph.D. thesis “Peculiarities of laser generation of Rayleigh waves in ferromagnetic metals in the vicinity of the Curie point”, specialty 01.04.07 – Physics of the condensed state.

Ph.D. Golubev E.V. holds the position of Associate Professor of the Department of General and Experimental Physics. He published 10 printed works, including 2 teaching aids.

The followers of the scientific school published about 80 educational and teaching aids for teaching students. Students were involved in the implementation of research work carried out in the laboratory of NILUZI and the university-academic laboratory. Gurevich S.Yu. published a textbook for independent work of students "Physics" in 2 volumes. He supervises the postgraduate course “Methods of Control and Diagnostics in Mechanical Engineering”, is the Deputy Chairman of the Dissertation Council D212.298.04 at SUSU.

II. Scientific direction: "Molecular spectroscopy"

In 1969, a laboratory of molecular spectroscopy was established at the Department of Physics No. 2. The initiator of its creation and the first leader was Ph.D. Ph.D. Nakhimovskaya Lenina Abramovna.

At different times in the laboratory worked: Grebneva V.L., Kramer L.Ya., Mishina L.A., Novak R.I., Podzerko V.F., Proskuryakova N.S., Sviridova K.A., Skobeleva L.V., Khudyakova L.P., Shakhin E.L. and etc.

Until 1986, several directions were successfully developed in the laboratory:

Low temperature research 1.

spectra of crystals and supersaturated solutions of aromatic compounds.

Investigation by low-temperature thermoluminescence and IR spectroscopy of defects in the growth of artificial quartz and corundum crystals, and their influence on piezotechnical characteristics. The method of low-temperature luminescence was successfully introduced at the enterprise on whose order these studies were carried out.

Applied work that was carried out for the purpose of protecting the environment on orders from industrial enterprises. These works were devoted to the development and implementation of methods for determining the content of harmful substances, including benzo (a) pyrene, in emissions and effluents from industrial enterprises in the city of Chelyabinsk and the region (MMK, ChMP, ChEZ, ChZTA, Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant, Verkhne-Ufaley Nickel Plant). plant, etc.) The staff of the department made scientific reports at the International, All-Union congresses, congresses and conferences. More than 100 works have been published and 2 PhD theses have been defended, more than 10 theses have been completed.

In 1978, Mishina Lyudmila Andreevna defended her Ph.D. thesis on the topic “Spectral study of supersaturated solid solutions of aromatic compounds in N-paraffins”. Specialty 01.04.05 "Optics"

Grebneva Veronika Lvovna in 1978 defended her thesis on the topic "Electronic and vibronic states of molecules and crystals of compounds with a biphenyl base". Specialty 01.04.05 "Optics". Published 24 scientific and 12 educational works.

III. Scientific direction: "Processes of phase and crystal formation in dispersed, including nanosized, oxide systems based on р- and 3d-metals: theory and practice"

Scientific adviser - Doctor of Chemistry, prof. Kleshchev Dmitry Georgievich.

Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor Alexander Vasilievich Tolchev takes an active part in the work.

Within the framework of the scientific direction, the following main results were obtained:

a) Regularities were revealed and physicochemical models were developed for the formation of dispersed, including hydrated, oxide systems (ODS) of p- and 3d-metals (Zn, A1, Mn(III), Co(III), Fe(II, III), Sn(IV), Тi(IV), Sb(V)) and their subsequent phase and chemical transformations in dispersion media of different composition: gases, electrolyte solutions, salt melts. The main factors influencing the kinetics of ODS transformations, the phase and disperse composition of the emerging equilibrium phase are revealed;

b) It has been established that the ODS conversion kinetics, the disperse and phase composition of the resulting product, with other identical parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.), largely depend on the composition of the dispersed medium. In particular, in reaction-inert media, chemical transformations of ODS are carried out according to the mechanism of topochemical solid-phase reactions (TPCR), which is limited by diffusion processes, and phase transformations - according to the "dissolution-precipitation" (ROM) mechanism, which, as elementary, includes the processes of dissolution of crystals of the initial nonequilibrium phase, the formation of nuclei of the equilibrium phase, the transfer of the crystal-forming substance and its incorporation into the surface layer of the nuclei. In dispersion media reactive with respect to ODS, both phase and chemical transformations are realized according to the ROM mechanism and are accompanied by mass transfer between the solid phase and the dispersion medium;

c) For electrolyte solutions, a correlation has been established between the intensity of mass transfer and the kinetics of transformations of nonequilibrium ODS. The reactions occurring along the "solution-crystal" boundary, the possible composition and configuration of crystal-forming complexes, elementary reactions when complexes are incorporated into different faces of a growing crystal are considered;

d) Based on the identified regularities, environmentally friendly technological processes for the synthesis of monodisperse oxides of aluminum, iron (II, III), titanium (IV), etc. have been developed.

IV. Scientific direction: "Physical and chemical processes and gasification technology during the combustion of solid fuels"

Scientific adviser - Doctor of Technical Sciences, prof. Kuznetsov Gennady Fedorovich Within the framework of the presented topic, a series of works was carried out related to the combustion of solid fuel in a stream, most of which related to various layers (boiling, circulating, gushing, vortex). The prospects of the combustion process with preliminary gasification in the layer were established. Studies carried out on several experimental installations made it possible to determine the main patterns of gasification of particles of Chelyabinsk brown coal, the conditions for the interaction of a particle in a flow, as well as the transformation in its mineral part.

In the process of testing for the gasification regularities, a number of experimental and theoretical regularities were obtained, which make it possible to obtain optimal gasification modes, which were confirmed in thermal power plants as close as possible to industrial conditions at a pilot plant with afterburning in the furnace of an operating boiler.

In the process of testing, results were obtained that made it possible to proceed to a fundamentally new scheme of two-stage gasification of crushed coal particles. The scheme was tested on the model, showed high operational results. It is most effective when operating on various types of solid fuels, which are traditionally difficult to burn in a dust flare (for example, coals containing a small amount of volatile substances, carbonaceous wastes).

In other works, a group of researchers and developers, among which the leader is Ph.D., senior researcher. Osintsev V.V., is engaged in the improvement of the working combustion process, using the patterns of particle burnout in a pulverized coal flame and the aerodynamics of the furnace of existing boilers, optimization of the operation of significantly improved burner devices. Changing the quality of solid fuel requires constant work in relation to a wide range of elements of the technology of boiler units and not only in terms of the combustion process.

The results of the development of the direction presented here are published in three monographs, in the works of the Minsk International Forum, the Symposium on Combustion and Explosion, collections, in the journals Izvestia Vuzov (physics series), Thermal Power Engineering, Power Plants, etc., in total more than 100 publications, including 53 copyright certificates and patents.

V. Scientific direction: "Infra-low-frequency fluctuations in the conductivity of thin metal films"

Scientific adviser: Ph.D., Assoc. Shulginov Alexander Anatolyevich The conductivity of thin metal films is subject to fluctuations of different time scales due to internal and external factors. At present, studies of low-frequency conduction noise of metals, semiconductors and contacts between them are ongoing in different countries. However, there are practically no works on the study of non-stationary fluctuations in various systems in the infra-low frequency region (below 0.01 Hz). It is possible that it is these fluctuations that lead to the destruction of thin-film resistors in microcircuits. The work of Professor R. Nelson, Director of the GCP (Global Consciousness Project), as well as the research of Professor S.E. Shnoll prove that similar phenomena in different physical systems can occur under the influence of cosmophysical factors. Our research is based on these ideas. We chose thin metal films as one of the most convenient objects for studying infra-low-frequency fluctuations, since the team has the ability to create films of a given composition, thickness, and quality, as well as control their parameters. Rare fluctuations themselves can carry information both about the film itself and about external global factors. Within the framework of this project, it is supposed to answer two questions: firstly, are there any features of infra-low-frequency fluctuations in films of different composition and surface quality? At present, the energy and spectral characteristics of film conduction noise have been studied in detail. The purpose of the study is to find the information characteristics of conductivity fluctuations, which distinguish each metal from another. Second, is there a correlation between fluctuations in conductivity and fluctuations in the terrestrial magnetic and electric fields?

The team has been working on the problem of studying fluctuations in the conductivity of substances for 4 years. During this time, the following main results were obtained:

1. An algorithm for processing fluctuations has been developed and implemented, including spectral and wavelet analysis in order to extract the informative characteristics of low-frequency noise.

2. The flicker noise of the resistance of the permalloy tape was registered, which is many times greater than the noise of the resistance of non-ferromagnetic metals. The hypothesis is confirmed that the flicker noise of the resistance of ferromagnets is caused by the magnetoresistive effect arising in the own inhomogeneous magnetic field of the ferromagnet.

3. It is proved that the conduction flicker noise of a ferromagnetic tape at the temperature of the magnetic phase transition is caused by the destruction and formation of domains.

4. The main characteristics of fluctuations in the conductivity of cobalt and silver are determined. It is proved that the parameters of fluctuations in the conductivity of these films do not have a statistically significant correlation with the indices of geomagnetic activity.

The project was supported by RFBR. Grant No. 04-02-96045, competition r2004 ural_a.

Project participants: employees of the Department of O and EF Associate Professor, Ph.D. Petrov Yu.V., Art. teacher Prokopiev K.V. and Associate Professor of the Department of Instrument Engineering Technology, Ph.D. Zabeyvorota N.S.

VI. Scientific direction: "Development and experimental confirmation of the hypothesis of direct pairing of electrons"

Supervisor - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Andrianov Boris Andreevich

Two electrons with oppositely directed spins are capable of direct pairing by tunneling through the Coulomb potential barrier to the region of dominating energies of their spin-spin interaction. The most favorable conditions for such pairing are achieved at a high surface negative charge density, especially on metal tips. The dimensions of the pair are determined by the geometry of the potential well in the energy of the electron-electron interaction and are on the order of the classical electron radius (2.8·10 -15 m).

The response of a pair to an external constant electric field consists in its rotation in a plane orthogonal to its strength vector. The coefficient of proportionality ("gyroelectric ratio") between the frequency of rotation of the pair and the strength of the electric field is estimated theoretically. The rotation of the electron spin magnetic moments leads to the appearance of an additional internal electric field, which completely compensates for the external field and causes the translational motion of the center of mass of the pair in equiprobable directions in the plane of its rotation, so that the pair tends to be pushed out of the external field along the equipotential surface. Such motion is an electrical analogue of the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect and was first observed by Russian professor Nikolai Pavlovich Myshkin in 1899.

Strong experimental proof of concept 3.

The phenomenon of resonant absorption of the energy of an alternating electric field by structural products of a corona discharge on a negatively charged tip, discovered by the author, serves as a direct pairing of electrons. It occurs at a frequency associated with the strength of a constant electric field (for its small values) by a linear dependence. The experimentally measured coefficient of proportionality in this linear dependence almost coincides with the theoretical one. Therefore, the frequency of resonant absorption of the energy of an alternating electric field is very close to the hypothetical frequency of rotation of an electron pair in an applied constant electric field. Such closeness is a serious argument in favor of the developed hypothesis.

A peculiar reaction of paired electrons to an external electric field leads to their escape and "hiddenness" from observers. This explains why paired electrons have so far been beyond the threshold of conscious reality and makes it difficult to assess the extent of their possible participation in a variety of natural processes and phenomena. Among them, first of all, ball lightning should be mentioned, whose anomalous electrical properties, in particular, the confinement of a negative electric charge, find the most consistent explanation from such positions.

Since the sizes of the pair are of the same order as the sizes of the nuclei, not 5.

it will be surprising if further research shows the ability of paired electrons to take part in "cold" nuclear reactions that slowly and imperceptibly proceed in various media, including, perhaps, even living matter.

The work is carried out on the author's own initiative without any third-party support.

–  –  –

Scientific adviser - Doctor of Chemistry, prof. Viktorov Valery Viktorovich Soros Grant. RFBR grants. Grants from the Governor of the Chelyabinsk Region The results of the work were published in domestic and foreign journals, copyright certificates and patents were obtained. More than 120 publications in total.

Postgraduate studies are open in two specialties: physical chemistry and solid state chemistry.

Professor Viktorov V.V. - Chairman of the specialized council for the defense of PhD theses in solid state chemistry and condensed matter physics.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF, ENGINEERING STAFF, LABORANTS

–  –  –

Shulginov Alexander Anatolyevich Associate Professor, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

Teaching support staff:

Guntina Tatyana Alexandrovna - technician 1.

Karasev Oleg Viktorovich - head. laboratories 2.

Mitryasova Ekaterina Dmitrievna - Art. laboratory assistant 3.

Nikitina Tatyana Nikolaevna - Art. laboratory assistant 4.

Rusin Vladimir Gennadievich master 5.

Shemyakina Marina Vladimirovna - Art. laboratory assistant 6.

Similar works:

“Electronic archive of UGLTU T.S. Vydrina CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS Yekaterinburg Electronic Archive of the Ural State Forestry Engineering University, Ural State Forestry Engineering Department Department of Plastics Processing Technology T.S. Vydrina CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS Guidelines for the implementation of a laboratory workshop in the discipline "Chemistry and Physics of Macromolecular Compounds" by students of full-time, correspondence and accelerated forms of study in the areas of ... "

"AT. A. Gurtov Solid-state electronics Textbook Second edition, revised and supplemented Recommended by the Educational and Methodological Association for Classical University Education as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of bachelors, masters 010700 "PHYSICS" and specialties 010701 "PHYSICS" Moscow 2005 BBK UDC 539. G UDC 539. Reviewers: Department of Microelectronics of the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (state ... "

"Analysis of typical difficulties of graduates in completing the tasks of the Unified State Examination) Moscow, 2014 The control measuring materials of the Unified State Examination in physics are designed to assess the level of development by graduates of the Federal component of the state standard of secondary (complete) general education (basic and profile levels). Since the basis of design ... "

"Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov Faculty of Physics Department of General Physics Laboratory workshop on general physics (electricity and magnetism) S.A. Kirov, S.V. Kolesnikov, A.M. Saletsky, D.E. Kharabadze Laboratory work No. 323 Study of the pn-junction and rectifier circuits on semiconductor diodes U U t t C MOSCOW 2015 –2– General physics workshop (electricity and magnetism) S.A. Kirov, S.V. Kolesnikov, A.M. Saletsky, D.E. Kharabadze Study of the pn-junction and...»

« TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY Institute of Physics and Chemistry Department of Organic and Ecological Chemistry Panichev Sergey Alexandrovich PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE Educational-methodical complex. Working curriculum for full-time students in the direction 020100.68 "Chemistry", master's program "Chemistry of oil and environmental ..."

« Physics of the Sun and Solar-Earth Relations Edited by Professor M.I. Panasyuk Textbook Moscow University Book Suns - CORONAS-F (left) and CORONAS-PHOTON. Miroshnichenko L...."

"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Buryatia Municipality "Zakamensky District" MAOU "Ekhe-Tsakir Secondary School" Certification materials PORTFOLIO for the first qualification category Name Soktoev Damdin Tsyrendorzhievich Position teacher of physics Available category one Declared category one 2014 Portfolio content Section I. General information about the teacher 1.1. Information about the certified person... 1.2. Advanced training..6 1.3. Awards, certificates,...»

“Content 1. General Provisions 1.1. The main educational program (BEP) of the bachelor's degree, implemented by the university in the direction of training 050100.62 Pedagogical education and the profile of training Physics and Mathematics 1.2. Normative documents for the development of the BEP of the bachelor's degree in the direction of preparation 050100.62 Pedagogical education 1.3. General characteristics of the university basic educational program of higher professional education (HPE) (bachelor's degree) 1.4 Requirements for the applicant 2.... "

“PENZA STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF PHYSICAL-MATHEMATICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES APPROVED by Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Doctor of Science, Professor Perelygin Yu.P. «_»_2014 REPORT ON THE EDUCATIONAL-METHODOLOGICAL, SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH, ORGANIZATIONAL-METHODOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY FOR 2010 2014 Penza 2014 Information about the head of the department "Geography" Simakova Natalya Anatolyevna - candidate of geographical sciences, associate professor 1. Teaching experience 29 years, including at PSU - 28 years 2...."

“Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Orenburg State University University School of Physics and Mathematics S.N. Letuta, A.A. Chakak PHYSICS Issue 6 Molecular Physics Recommended for publication by the Academic Council of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Orenburg State University as ... "

"THE APPROVAL LIST dated 15.06.2015 Reg. number: 2682-1 (15.06.2015) Discipline: Philosophy 16.03.01 Technical physics/4 years ALC; 03.03.03 Radiophysics / 4 years ALC; 03.03.02 Curriculum: Physics/4 years ODO Type of EMC: Electronic edition Initiator: Pupysheva Irina Nikolaevna Author: Pupysheva Irina Nikolaevna Department: Department of Philosophy EMC: Institute of Physics and Technology Meeting date 06/01/2015 EMC: Protocol of the EMC meeting: Date Date Result Approving full name Comments on obtaining approval approval...»

R. Kh. Musin, R. Kh. Sungatullin, N. V. Pronin, A. V. Fattakhov, R. N. Sitdikov, N. N. Ravilova, B. G. Chervikov, Z. M. Slepak, and Karimov K.M. EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL MANUAL ON PRODUCTION PRACTICE FOR BACHELERS Kazan - 2015 UDC 550 LBC D Printed by decision of the educational and methodological commission of the Institute of Geology and Oil and Gas Technologies protocol No. 9 of 30 ... "

“Municipal budgetary educational institution “Inzhavinskaya secondary school” Considered and recommended APPROVED by the methodological council Director of the school Yu.V. Kotenev Minutes No. _2014 Order No. 2014 -2015 academic year Compiled by: Markina M.V. Physics teacher 2014 Explanatory note The program of the elective course was drawn up taking into account the requirements of the state ... "

"THE APPROVAL LIST dated 18.06.2015 Reg. number: 2829-1 (16.06.2015) Discipline: Mathematical analysis Curriculum: 03.03.02 Physics/4 years ODO Type of teaching materials: Electronic edition Initiator: Slezko Irina Viktorovna Author: Slezko Irina Viktorovna Department: Department of mathematical modeling institute Meeting date 12/11/2014 TMC: Minutes No. 3 of the TMC meeting: Date Date Result Coordinating full name Comments on obtaining approval approval Head. Chair Tatosov Alexey Recommended...»

"MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION GYMNASIUM No. 39 "CLASSICAL" OF THE CITY DISTRICT OF TOLYATTI WORKING PROGRAM IN PHYSICS Grade 7 Number of hours: Total: 68 hours Per week: 2 hours TMC: Program. Program. Physics. 7-9 grades. / A.V. Peryshkin: M.: Bustard, 2012. 2 hours a week Textbooks. Physics. Grade 7: textbook for general education. institutions: at 2 pm / A.V. Peryshkin. 3rd ed., add. -M.: Bustard, 2014. Compiled by: Krasnoslobodtseva L.V., teacher of physics. 20142015 academic year Explanatory...»

“Bulletin of new arrivals for May 2015 KolIndex Title in Higher mathematics: textbook / K. V. Baldin, V. N. Bashlykov, V. I. V 11 Jeffal [et al.]. Moscow: Thesaurus, 2013. 408s. : ill., tab. ISBN 1. 1 B 937 978-5-98421-192-5 (in the region): 562-77r. Kiselev A.P. Arithmetic: textbook / A.P. Kiselev; revised A. Ya. Khinchina. V 13 Moscow: FIZMATLIT, 2013. 168s. (Library of physical and mathematical literature for schoolchildren and teachers). ISBN 5v per.): 258-72r. Stuart D. E. Dynamics ... "

«RUSSIAN FEDERATION MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY Institute of Physics and Chemistry Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Т.М. Burkhanova PHYSICAL AND CHEMISTRY OF THE SOLID STATE Educational-methodical complex. Work program for students of direction 020100.68 "Chemistry", master's program "Physical and chemical analysis of natural and technical systems in macroeconomics"

“Yugorsk Physics and Mathematics Lyceum A.B. Ilyin Variants of tasks in physics of physics and mathematics tournaments 2009-2015 Educational and methodical manual Khanty-Mansiysk A.B. Ilyin Options for tasks in physics of physical and mathematical tournaments 2009-2015: Educational and methodological guide. Khanty-Mansiysk: Yugorsk Physics and Mathematics Lyceum, 34 p. The manual presents options for tasks with solutions in physics of the District Physics and Mathematics Tournaments, which were held by the Ugra Physics and Mathematics ... "

“Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Tver State Technical University Department of Applied Physics Physical Workshop Part 4 Guidelines for laboratory work in quantum optics, atomic and nuclear physics Tver 2013 UDC 531 (075.8) LBC 22.3y7 Alekseev, V.M. Physical practice. Part 4: method. instructions for laboratory work on quantum optics, atomic and nuclear physics / ed. V.M. Alekseev. Tver: TVGTU, 2013. 52 p. Compiled by: V.M. Alekseev, ... "

2016 www.website - "Free electronic library - Manuals, guidelines, manuals"

The materials of this site are posted for review, all rights belong to their authors.
If you do not agree that your material is posted on this site, please write to us, we will remove it within 1-2 business days.

"Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation South Ural State University Department of Physical Metallurgy and Physics..."

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

South Ural State University

Department of Physical Metallurgy and Solid State Physics

V.G. Ushakov, V.I. Filatov, Kh.M. Ibragimov

Choice of steel grade

and heat treatment mode

machine parts

Textbook for part-time students

engineering specialties

Chelyabinsk

SUSU Publishing House

UDC 669.14.018.4 (075.8) + (075.8)

Ushakov V.G., Filatov V.I., Ibragimov Kh.M. The choice of steel grade and mode of heat treatment of machine parts: Textbook for part-time students of engineering specialties.

– Chelyabinsk:

Publishing House of SUSU, 2001. - 23 p.

The textbook for the course "Materials Science" is intended for part-time students who perform control work on the choice of materials for machine parts and tools and their heat treatment modes.

Il. 5, tab. 4, list lit. – 12 titles

Approved by the educational and methodological commission of the Faculty of Physics and Metallurgy.

Reviewers: Associate Professor, Ph.D. R.K. Galimzyanov and Ph.D. D.V. Shaburov.

© SUSU Publishing House, 2001.

Introduction Of all the materials known in engineering, steel has the best combination of strength, reliability, and durability; therefore, it is the main material for the manufacture of critical products subjected to heavy loads. The properties of steel depend on its structure and composition. The combined effect of heat treatment, which changes the structure, and alloying is an effective way to improve the complex mechanical characteristics of steel.

The choice of steel for the manufacture of a particular part and the method of hardening it is determined primarily by the operating conditions of the part, the magnitude and nature of the stresses that arise in it during operation, the size and shape of the part, etc.

1. Choosing a steel grade for machine parts When choosing a steel grade for a particular part, the designer must take into account the required level of strength, reliability and durability of the part, as well as its manufacturing technology, metal savings and specific service conditions of the part (temperature, environment, loading speed, etc.). .P.).

Uniform principles for choosing a steel grade have not yet been developed, so each designer performs this task depending on his experience and knowledge; as a result, when choosing a steel grade, mistakes also occur, which can lead to undesirable consequences.

Solving this problem, first of all, it is necessary to know the shape, dimensions and working conditions of the part. Let us assume that a purely constructively optimal solution has been found. If the force acting on the part is known, then it is possible to determine the level of stresses in the most dangerous sections of the part (the more complex the configuration of the product, the lower the accuracy of such a calculation). Since the moduli of elasticity for all steels are practically the same (E ~ 2105 MPa, G ~ 0.8105 MPa), in many cases it is possible to calculate the elastic deformation at maximum load. If it is impossible to carry out such calculations, it is necessary to carry out full-scale tests. If this deformation is within acceptable limits, then you should move on to the main issue - the choice of steel grade, and if not, then you need to change the configuration of the part: increase the cross section, introduce stiffeners, etc. It should be remembered that by selecting the steel grade, the elastic deformation will practically be reduced impossible. After that, you should proceed to assess the strength, reliability and durability of the part.

Strength characterizes the resistance of a metal to plastic deformation. In most cases, the load should not cause permanent plastic deformation above a certain value. For many machine parts (with the exception of springs and other elastic elements, residual deformation less than 0.2% can be neglected, that is, the conditional yield strength (0.2) determines the upper limit of allowable stress for them.

Reliability is the property of a material to resist brittle fracture. The part must work under the conditions stipulated by the project (voltage, temperature, loading speed, etc.) and its premature failure indicates that it is made of the wrong metal, there have been violations of its manufacturing technology or serious errors have been made in strength calculations, etc.

But during operation, short-term deviations of some parameters from the limits set by the project are possible, and if the part has withstood extreme conditions, then it is reliable. Therefore, reliability depends on temperature, strain rate and other parameters that go beyond the calculation.

Durability is the property of a material to resist the development of gradual destruction, and it is estimated by the time during which the part can remain operational. This time is not infinite, because during operation, the properties of the material, the state of the surface of the part, etc. may change. In other words, durability is characterized by resistance to fatigue, wear, corrosion, creep and other influences, which are determined by time indicators.

1.1. Determination of allowable stress The indicator that most generally characterizes the strength of a material is the conditional yield strength of 0.2, determined on a smooth sample under uniaxial tension. In this case, the steel has the lowest values ​​of 0.2 (with ductile fracture) than with other types of loading. Let's consider such an example. We have 3 steels with different values ​​of the conditional yield strength: 0.2 0.2 0.2 (Fig. 1). Let us find out whether there will be material savings if instead of steel 1 we use stronger steel 3. This is advisable if stresses equal to 0.2 can be used, and this is possible if the deformation that occurs at such a stress is equal to l3. If, during operation of the part, a deformation of no more than l1 is permissible, then at stresses greater than `0.2, the dimensions of the part will go beyond the permissible limits. Therefore, in this case, the replacement of steel 1 with steel 3 is not effective.

Thus, the degree of allowable deformation (elastic and plastic) also determines the allowable stress level, which is the main one for choosing a steel grade in terms of strength.

GOST data (guaranteed mechanical properties) can be included in the strength calculations of machine parts, if steel at machine-building plants is not subjected to processing that leads to a change in its structure (cold or hot plastic deformation, heat treatment, etc.), i.e. the properties of the metal in the initial state and in the product remain unchanged.

Fig.1. The initial section of the strain diagram in the coordinates l3 3 "Conditional tensile 0.2 """ stress () - absolute elongation l2 (l)" of three steels (1,2,3), 2 where 0.2 "" P =, P - tensile load l1 1 F0 0.2 "at the moment of testing, F0 is the initial cross-sectional area of ​​the sample;

l = li - l0, li is the length of the sample in the calculated area at the current moment of testing, and l0 is the initial calculated length of the sample

l 0.2% l0

With an increase in tempering temperature from 200 to 6000C, the conditional yield strength of carbon steels with 0.2% C decreases from 1200 to 600 MPa, and steels with 0.4% C - from 1600 to 800 MPa, therefore, by varying the tempering temperature, strength properties can be changed became about 2 times.

However, in the general case, one should not strive to obtain a strength higher than necessary, because. in this case, as a rule, the toughness of steel decreases, i.e. the reliability of steel as a structural material decreases. In other words, a large margin of safety, achieved by using more durable materials, is not a guarantee of reliability, rather the opposite.

1.2. Ensuring reliability Cases of unexpected failures are often observed at stresses 2...4 times lower than the allowable ones, and even more times less than 0.2. In this case, only a slight elastic deformation and the almost complete absence of plastic deformation are possible. How to explain this contradiction?

Fracture work A = Az+Ar, where Az is the work spent on crack initiation;

Ap is the work of microplastic deformation at the mouth of a growing crack.

Any surface defect leads to a decrease in Az, and there may be cases when Az = 0 (internal defects are less significant, since the greatest stresses are concentrated on the surface of the part). In this case, only the Ap of the material determines the reliability of the part.

To assess the reliability of the material, the following parameters are most often used:

1) KCU =, where S0 is the cross-sectional area of ​​the impact sample at S0 the notch with a radius of 1 mm and a depth of 2 mm;

2) KCT =, where Snet is the cross-sectional area of ​​the impact sample Snet, in which a fatigue crack 1 mm deep was induced before testing;

3) cold brittleness threshold;

4) Irwin's criterion (K1s).

Impact strength KCU evaluates the performance of a material under impact loading at room temperature in the presence of a U-shaped stress concentrator in the metal. The KCT parameter characterizes the work of crack propagation under the same loading conditions and evaluates the ability of the material to slow down the fracture that has begun. If the material has KCT = 0, then this means that the process of its destruction is due to the elastic energy of the system “sample – pendulum knife of a copra”.

Such material is fragile, operationally unreliable. Conversely, the larger the KCT parameter determined at operating temperature, the higher the reliability of the material under operating conditions.

The cold brittleness threshold characterizes the effect of temperature decrease on the tendency of a material to brittle fracture. It is determined by the results of tests of samples with a notch at a decreasing temperature. The combination of impact, notch and low temperatures in these tests, the main factors contributing to embrittlement, is important for evaluating the behavior of a material under extreme operating conditions.

The transition from ductile to brittle fracture is indicated by changes in the structure of the fracture and a sharp decrease in impact strength (Fig. 2), observed in the temperature range (tv - tn). The structure of the fracture changes from fibrous matte with ductile fracture (ttest. tb, where tb is the upper threshold of cold brittleness), to crystalline shiny with brittle fracture (ttest. tb, where tb is the lower threshold of cold brittleness). The cold brittleness threshold is denoted by the temperature range (tv - tn), or by one temperature t50, at which 50% of the fibrous component is retained in the fracture of the sample and the KCU value is reduced by half.

The suitability of a material for operation at a given temperature is judged by a temperature viscosity margin equal to the difference in operating temperature and t50. In this case, the lower the transition temperature of the material to a brittle state in relation to the operating temperature, the greater the temperature margin of viscosity and the higher the guarantee against brittle fracture.

–  –  –

It should be noted that the effect of impurities on the cold brittleness threshold of steel is most pronounced when their content is up to ~ 0.05%. At a higher concentration of impurities, the intensity of their influence sharply decreases. Usually the amount of harmful impurities in steel is thousandths or ten thousandths of a percent. Oxygen influences the cold-brittleness temperature most significantly. Therefore, the method of deoxidation and vacuum processing are very important metallurgical methods for improving the quality of steel, because. they lead to a decrease in the content of oxygen and nitrogen in the steel.

In addition to the purity of steel, the cold brittleness threshold is also affected by structural factors, in particular, grain size: the larger it is, the higher t50.

Grind grain can be carried out by heat treatment. Therefore, when choosing a steel grade, it is necessary to decide what is more appropriate in this particular case: to obtain steel of higher purity and be satisfied with the properties of the metal obtained in the state of delivery, or to focus on heat treatment. For steels used in a high-strength state (0.2 = 1400 ... 1800 MPa), it is necessary to use all methods to increase their reliability.

High-strength steels are no longer so reliable, because. they do not completely ductile fracture, but have a brittle-ductile fracture, but they also need to be evaluated in terms of reliability. In this case, it should be borne in mind that they are usually used for thin parts, and with a decrease in thickness (10 mm), t50 decreases sharply. In this case, it is advisable to use the Irwin criterion G1c (stress intensity at the crack mouth). Its value depends on the force required to advance the crack tip per unit length. In its meaning and dimension (N/m or Nm/m2), the G1c criterion is similar to the specific work of crack propagation (KST, Nm/m2 or J/m2).

In calculations, the stress intensity factor is used:

K1s = E G1c, MPam1/2. High-strength materials, as shown by A. Griffiths, are not reliable because they are extremely sensitive to various defects during brittle and brittle-ductile fracture. Therefore, not the ideal strength of such a material, which is equal to the theoretical one (for steel 20.000 MPa), and the size of the defect (crack length) determines the allowable load. Therefore, for high-strength materials, it is not the almost mythical properties of the strength of an ideal material that are acceptable, but the size of the defect and the ability to blunt the crack (indirectly characterized by the value of K1c), which determines the allowable load (Fig. 3).

As can be seen from Fig. 3, at = 200 MPa, a defect 6 mm long is safe. With such a defect, destruction will occur at = 260 MPa, if K1s = 31.5 MPam1/2 and at 500 MPa, if K1s = 57.0 MPam1/2, although the conditional yield strength in both cases may be the same.

Thus, for steels that fail ductile, the choice of material is based on the correspondence of the calculated stresses and the conditional yield strength, provided that a satisfactory toughness margin is ensured, which guarantees a low probability of brittle fracture. For steels with mixed or brittle fracture, the choice of stresses is determined by the values ​​of K1c and the limiting defect size. Unfortunately, data on K1s have not yet been accumulated, and methods for detecting (measuring) defects, especially internal ones, have not been sufficiently developed.

1.3. Ensuring durability For most machine parts, their failure is mainly due to two types of damage - wear and fatigue.

Wear is the gradual removal of metal particles from the surface of a part. The higher the hardness of the metal, the less wear, although individual characteristics of the structure (for example, the inclusion of carbides) or properties (the ability to harden) can make a certain, and sometimes significant, contribution to wear resistance. Consequently, methods of increasing surface hardness (surface hardening or chemical-thermal treatment - carburizing, nitriding, cyanidation and other processes) lead, of course, to varying degrees, to an increase in wear resistance.

Fatigue failure consists of three stages:

– initiation of a fatigue crack;

– crack propagation;

- down the part (final destruction).

The propagation of a crack and a break can proceed according to two different mechanisms - ductile and brittle (the second is much faster than the first). This once again indicates that steel subjected to prolonged exposure to repetitive (cyclic) stresses must also have a sufficient margin of toughness.

A fatigue crack originates on the surface of a part as a result of tensile stresses. In the presence of stress concentrators, the tensile stresses around them increase, which contributes to the faster initiation of an incipient fatigue crack. On the contrary, if there are residual compressive stresses on the surface of the part, the acting tensile stresses decrease and, consequently, the formation of an incipient fatigue crack is more difficult.

The general principle of increasing the fatigue strength of a metal is that a layer with residual compressive stresses is created on the surface of the part due to hardening, surface hardening, chemical-thermal treatment, and some other less common methods of surface hardening. Since these layers have high hardness, these types of processing lead to an increase not only in fatigue strength, but also in wear resistance.

Ensuring such durability parameters as corrosion resistance, heat resistance, etc. is not considered in this manual.

1.4. Technological and economic requirements In addition to the necessary set of mechanical properties, structural steels are also subject to technological requirements, the essence of which is that the labor intensity of manufacturing parts from them is minimal. To do this, the steel must have good machinability and pressure, weldability, castability, etc. These properties depend on its chemical composition and the correct choice of pre-heat treatment modes.

Finally, there are also economic requirements for materials for machine parts. In this case, it is necessary to take into account not only the cost of steel, but also the laboriousness of manufacturing the part, its service life in the machine, and other factors. First of all, you need to strive to choose cheaper steel, i.e. carbon or low alloy. The choice of expensive alloy steel is justified only if an economic effect is achieved by increasing the durability of the part and reducing the consumption of spare parts.

It should be borne in mind that steel alloying must be rational, i.e. provide the necessary hardenability. The introduction of alloying elements in excess of this, in addition to increasing the cost of steel, as a rule, worsens its technological properties and increases the tendency to brittle fracture.

1.5. Conclusion As noted above, there are no clear unified principles for choosing steel grades for the manufacture of machine parts; The subjective factor plays an important role in this process. This is largely due to the fact that the above requirements for the material are often contradictory. So, for example, stronger steels are less technologically advanced, i.e.

more difficult to process by cutting, cold forging, welding, etc. The solution is usually a compromise between the specified requirements. For example, in mass engineering, they prefer the simplification of technology and the reduction of the labor intensity of manufacturing a part to some loss of properties. In special branches of mechanical engineering, where the problem of strength (or specific strength) plays a decisive role, the choice of steel and the subsequent technology of its heat treatment should be considered only from the condition of achieving maximum operational properties. At the same time, one should not strive for an unnecessarily high durability of this part in relation to the durability of the machine itself.

The choice of material is usually carried out on the basis of a comparative analysis of 2 ... 3 steel grades, from which similar parts of other machine models are made.

Getting started with this work, you first need to find out what loads the part is experiencing. If these are tensile or compressive stresses and they are more or less evenly distributed over the section, then the part must have through hardenability. Therefore, with an increase in the section of the part, more alloyed steels should be used. In table. 2 are given as an example the values ​​of the critical diameter of hardenability D95 (95% martensite) of some steels, depending on the alloying.

Table 2 Critical diameter of some steels No. Critical diameter D95 (mm) p / p during hardening:

Steel ____________________________________

in water in mineral oil 2 40Х 30 5 3 40ХН 50 35 4 40ХНМ 100 75 If the configuration of the part is complex and cooling in water leads to significant deformation, then instead of water, mineral machine oil should be used as a quenching medium, and instead of steel 40X, steel 40XH. In the same case, when the part experiences only bending or torsional loads, its core is not subjected to stresses, so the hardenability of the steel is not so important.

In many machine parts (shafts, gears, etc.), the surface is subjected to abrasion during operation and, at the same time, dynamic (most often shock) loads act on them. For successful work in such conditions, the surface of the part must have high hardness, and the core must be viscous. This combination of properties is achieved by the right choice of steel grade and subsequent hardening of its surface layers.

For the manufacture of such parts, various groups of steels and methods of their surface hardening can be used:

a) low-carbon steels (С0.3%) and subject them to carburizing (nitrocarburizing), hardening and low tempering;

b) medium-carbon steels (40, 45, 40Kh, 45Kh, 40KhN, etc.), hardened by surface hardening followed by low tempering;

c) medium-carbon alloy steels (38Kh2MYuA, etc.), which are subjected to nitriding.

In this case, very often certain requirements are imposed on the core of the parts, first of all, in terms of strength. As an example, in Table. 3 shows the structure and conditional yield strength of the core of parts with a diameter of 20 mm of some steels after carburizing, hardening and low tempering.

–  –  –

It was noted above that the resulting forces and the overall dimensions of the part are in most cases known in advance, therefore, the operating stresses are also known. In fact, with the exception of individual cases, which will be discussed below, the stress level for steel products should be in the range of 1600 ... In real products, stresses should be 1.5 ... 2 times lower (the so-called margin of safety).

Tabular data, which designers usually use, is not enough for the correct choice of material. Such work should be carried out jointly by the designer and the metallurgist: the designer reports the working conditions and the geometry of the part, and the metallurgist chooses the material most suitable for these purposes.

2. Choice of the mode of final heat treatment of machine parts The mechanical properties of steel are determined not only by its composition, but also depend on its structure (structure). Therefore, the purpose of heat treatment is to obtain the necessary structure that provides the required set of steel properties. Distinguish between preliminary and final heat treatment. Castings, forgings, stampings, rolled products and other semi-finished products are subjected to preliminary heat treatment. It is carried out to relieve residual stresses, improve machinability, correct coarse-grained structure, prepare the steel structure for final heat treatment, etc. If the preliminary heat treatment provides the required level of mechanical properties, then the final heat treatment may not be carried out.

When choosing a hardening treatment, especially in mass production, preference should be given to the most economical and productive technological processes, for example, surface hardening with deep induction heating, gas carburizing, nitrocarburizing, etc.

As you know, general purpose structural steels are divided into two groups:

Low carbon (C = 0.10 - 0.25%) and

Medium carbon (C \u003d 0.30 - 0.50%).

Low- or low-carbon steels are subjected to carburizing or nitrocarburizing, followed by obligatory hardening and low tempering. Therefore, they are often called cemented. These steels are used for the manufacture of machine parts, in which the surface is subjected to wear as a result of friction and at the same time dynamic loads act on them. For successful operation under these conditions, the surface layer of the part must have a hardness of HRC 58 ... 62, and the core must have high viscosity and increased yield strength with a hardness of HRC 30 ... 42.

When choosing the type of chemical-thermal treatment, it should be borne in mind that nitrocarburizing has a number of advantages compared to carburizing: the process is carried out at a lower temperature (840 ... 860 0С instead of 920 ... higher resistance to wear and corrosion. However, the depth of the nitrocarburized layer should be within 0.2 ... 0.8 mm, because at a greater depth, defects appear in the surface layer of the part. Therefore, parts of complex shape, prone to warping, in which the depth of the hardened layer should be up to 1 mm, are subjected to carbonitriding. If, according to the working conditions of the part, the layer depth should be more than 1 mm, then gas carburizing should be preferred.

The final properties of the carburized parts are achieved by a subsequent heat treatment consisting of quenching and low tempering. This treatment can correct the structure and refine the grain of the core and carburized layer, which inevitably increases during long exposure (up to 10 ... 11 hours) at a high carburizing temperature, obtain high hardness on the surface and good mechanical properties of the core of the part. In most cases, especially for hereditary fine-grained steels, quenching is used from 820 ... 850 0C, i.e. above the critical point Ac1 of the core.

This ensures obtaining maximum hardness on the surface of the part and partial recrystallization and grinding of the grain of the core. After gas carburizing, quenching is often used without reheating, but directly from the carburizing furnace after cooling the parts to 840 ... 860 0C. This treatment reduces the warping of the workpieces, but does not correct the structure. Therefore, direct hardening is used only for hereditary fine-grained steels. Responsible parts are sometimes subjected to double hardening: the first from 880 ... 900 0C (above Ac3 of the core) to correct the structure of the core; the second with 760 ... 780 0C - to give the surface of the part of high hardness.

Disadvantages of this treatment:

complexity of the process, increased warping, the possibility of oxidation and decarburization. As a result of hardening, the surface layer acquires the structure of high-carbon martensite and 15 ... 20% residual austenite, sometimes there may be a small amount of excess carbides.

After nitrocarburizing, quenching is often used directly from the furnace with cooling up to 800 ... 825 0C.

The final operation of the heat treatment of carburized (nitrocarburized) parts is low tempering at 160 ... 180 0C, which relieves stress and transforms hardening martensite in the surface layer into tempered martensite. The structure of the core, depending on the size of the section and the hardenability of the part, can be different: ferrite + perlite, lower bainite or low-carbon martensite with a small amount of residual austenite.

After hardening of high-alloy steels, a large amount of residual austenite (up to 60% or more) remains in the structure of the carburized layer, which reduces the hardness and, consequently, the wear resistance of the part. For its decomposition after quenching, cold treatment is carried out, but more often - high tempering at 630 ...

Medium-carbon structural steels are used for the manufacture of machine parts, which are subject to high requirements in terms of yield strength, endurance limit and impact strength. Such a complex of mechanical properties is achieved as a result of improvement, i.e.

quenching with high tempering. Therefore, medium carbon steels are also called improved. The structure of the steel after improvement is sorbitol tempering. Hardening with high tempering creates the best ratio of strength and toughness of steel, reduces sensitivity to stress concentrators, increases the work of crack propagation and reduces the temperature of the upper and lower cold brittleness thresholds.

High mechanical properties after improvement are possible only if the required hardenability is provided, therefore it is the most important characteristic when choosing these steels. In addition to hardenability in such steels, it is important to obtain a fine grain (at least 5 points) and prevent the development of temper brittleness.

Improved steel has low wear resistance. To increase it, if it is required by the working conditions of the part, surface hardening is used, and in critical cases, nitriding.

Special classes of structural steels (spring-spring, ball-bearing, corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant, etc.) are not considered in this manual.

3. An example of performing control work No. 2 at the course "Materials Science"

In the process of studying the course "Materials Science", part-time students perform two tests, of which the first covers the main sections of the subject, and the second aims to apply the knowledge gained in the study of this discipline to solve specific problems in the choice of materials for machine parts and tools and their heat treatment modes. However, given that this requires knowledge from other training courses (strength of materials, machine parts, etc.) that have not yet been studied, as well as the fact that in practice the choice of material is usually carried out jointly by a designer and a metallurgist, in In control work No. 2, the task is somewhat simplified: along with the names of the part and product, the steel grade for its manufacture is also proposed. Therefore, the student is required not to choose, but to justify the steel grade proposed for this part, based on the analysis of the working conditions of the part, to characterize the specified steel, assign its heat treatment modes to obtain the required properties, describe the microstructure and give mechanical characteristics after this treatment. Along with this, it is necessary to indicate other steel grades from which similar parts of other machine models are made, and their typical heat treatment.

When working on control work No. 2, reference books and other technical literature should be used.

A task. Which of the steels available at the plant: St4sp, 45 or 40XN is rational to use for the manufacture of a connecting rod of an internal combustion engine (ICE) with an I-section with a maximum thickness of 20 mm? Is heat treatment of the selected steel necessary, and if so, what kind? To characterize the microstructure and give the mechanical properties of the steel after the final heat treatment.

3.1. Analysis of the working conditions of the part and the requirements for the material The connecting rod of an internal combustion engine is designed to convert the reciprocating movement of the piston through the piston pin connected to the upper head of the connecting rod into the rotational movement of the engine crankshaft, also connected to it through the lower head through the axial hinge. From here, a force analysis of the operating conditions of the connecting rod can be carried out. The ICE connecting rod works like a beam in pure compression. The maximum compression force of the connecting rod (Psh) is determined by the product of the maximum pressure force (pmax) of the burnt gases on the piston crown and the area of ​​the piston crown (Fn), i.e.

Psh = pmax Fn.

The nature of the force effect on the connecting rod during the operation of the internal combustion engine changes in accordance with the change in the purpose of a separate stage of the engine's working cycle. In four-stroke internal combustion engines, the operating cycle consists of several stages, the main of which are suction, compression, combustion, expansion (stroke) and exhaust. During suction, the connecting rod works mainly in tension, and during compression, stroke and release, it works in compression and longitudinal bending. At the same time, in the area of ​​the piston head of the connecting rod, the temperature can reach 100 ... 150 0С, and the pressure on the piston during the combustion of the fuel mixture is 4.0 ... 5.5 MPa in carburetor engines and 9 ... 14 MPa in diesel engines.

From the above analysis of the features of the operation of the connecting rod, it follows that it works in difficult conditions.

To achieve the required reliability, it is advisable to provide:

– the required stiffness, i.e. high resistance to elastic deformations from the greatest loads applied to eliminate unacceptable distortions that disrupt the normal operation of connecting rod bearings;

- sufficient structural strength, taking into account all applied constant and cyclic loads, including periodic overloads associated with a change in engine operating modes that is permissible in operation;

- stability of work in time or resistance to permanent deformations and wear of supporting surfaces from working influences during the entire service life or specified overhaul periods.

Based on the calculations, the designer determined that the steel from which this connecting rod will be made must have a yield strength (0.2) of at least 800 MPa, and its impact strength (KCU) must be at least 0.7 MJ / m2 ( 7 kgm/cm2).

–  –  –

Steel grade St4sp according to GOST 380 - 94 is delivered in the state of delivery in = 420 ... 540 MPa, 0.2 \u003d 240 ... 260 MPa, i.e. much less than 800 MPa.

Steel 45 after normalization, i.e. in the state of delivery, at 610 MPa, 0.2 360 MPa, which is also below the required value.

Steel 40KhN in the state of delivery (after annealing) according to GOST 4543–71 has a hardness of not more than HB2070 MPa (207 kg/mm2). Between in and HB steels there is an approximate dependence HB 3.5 in. Consequently, steel 40XN has 600 MPa, and 0.2 has 400 MPa, because the ratio 0.2/v for annealed alloy steel does not exceed 0.5…0.6.

Thus, none of these steels in the delivered state has 0.2800 MPa, therefore, in order to obtain the required yield strength, the connecting rod must be subjected to heat treatment.

For low-carbon steel St4sp, the improving effect of heat treatment is insignificant. In addition, this steel has a high phosphorus content, which reduces impact strength and increases the cold brittleness threshold (every 0.01% P shifts it by 20-25 0C towards positive temperatures). Therefore, for such a critical part as an engine connecting rod, the use of ordinary quality steel is unacceptable. Steel 45 and 40XN remain.

In order to obtain the required properties and, in particular, an impact strength of at least 0.7 MJ/m2, an improvement is required, i.e. hardened with high tempering. To obtain uniform properties over the entire section of the part, the improved steels must have complete, i.e. through hardenability. Steel 45 has a critical diameter when quenched in water D90 = 10mm, D50 = 15mm (90% and 50% martensite in the center of the part, respectively), and for steel 45KhN D90 = 20mm, D50 = 35mm even when cooled in oil. Thus, 45 carbon steel will not have the required properties over the entire cross section of a 20 mm thick connecting rod, so this connecting rod must be made from 40XH steel.

3.3. Characteristics of steel 40ХН

The chemical composition of steel is given in table. 4. Critical points:

Ac1= 7100C, Ac3= 7600C, Mn = 3400C. The steel is alloyed with chromium and nickel. Both elements dissolve in the ferrite and strengthen it. At the same time, chromium somewhat reduces the viscosity of ferrite, and nickel increases it. The influence of alloying elements on the cold brittleness threshold is of great importance. The presence of chromium in steel contributes to some increase in the cold brittleness threshold, while nickel intensively reduces it (with a 1% nickel content in steel, the cold brittleness threshold decreases by 60 ... 80 0C), thereby reducing the tendency of steel to brittle fracture. Therefore, nickel is the most valuable alloying element.

The main purpose of alloying structural steel is to increase its hardenability. Both of these elements reduce the critical hardening rate and increase the hardenability of the steel.

Thus, chromium-nickel steels have a sufficiently high hardenability, good strength and toughness. Therefore, they are used for the manufacture of large parts of complex configuration, operating under dynamic loads.

On fig. Figure 4 shows a diagram of the decomposition of supercooled austenite of steel 40KhN under isothermal conditions, and the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical properties of this steel is shown in Figure 5.

–  –  –

Mineral machine oil should be used as a quenching medium, in which the cooling rate in the temperature range of the lowest stability of supercooled austenite (650 ... 550 0С) is approximately 150 0/s, which is more than Vcr. this steel. In the lower, martensitic temperature range, the oil cools at a low rate (20 ... 30 0 / s), which reduces the likelihood of hardening defects. After hardening, the steel structure over the entire cross section of the connecting rod consists of martensite and ~ 3 ... 5% residual austenite.

To obtain the required mechanical properties and reduce the internal stresses that have arisen during hardening, the steel is subjected to tempering. With an increase in tempering temperature, the strength properties of structural steel decrease, while its ductility and toughness increase.

To obtain 0.2800 MPa and KCU0.7 MJ/m2, the tempering temperature of 40KhN steel should be 600 0C (Fig. 5). Due to the fact that chromium-nickel steels are prone to reversible temper brittleness, the cooling of connecting rods from 40XH steel to room temperature during tempering should be carried out rapidly, for example, in oil.

Thus, the final heat treatment of the ICE connecting rod made of 40KhN steel is an improvement, i.e. steel is quenched from a temperature of 820 0C in mineral engine oil and high-tempered at a temperature of 600 0C with cooling also in oil.

After such heat treatment, the steel structure over the entire cross section of the connecting rod is tempered sorbitol, and the mechanical properties will be at least:

Tensile strength - 1100 MPa,

Yield strength - 800 MPa,

Relative elongation - 20%,

Relative contraction - 70%,

Impact strength - 1.5 MJ / m2,

Cold brittleness threshold:

tup = – 40 0С, tdown = – 130 0С.

The specified set of mechanical properties will ensure the specified performance of the connecting rod of the internal combustion engine.

Literature

1. Anuryev V.I. Handbook of the designer-machine builder in 3 volumes.

–7th ed., revised. and additional - M .: Mashinostroenie, 1992. - Vol. 1 - 816 p.

2. Novikov I.I. Theory of heat treatment: Textbook for universities. - 4th ed., Revised. and additional - M.: Metallurgy, 1986. - 480 p.

3. Lakhtin Yu.M., Leontieva V.P. Materials Science: Textbook for higher.

tech. textbook manager 3rd ed., revised. and additional M.: Mashinostroenie, 1990. 528 p.

4. Gulyaev A.P., Metallurgy: Textbook for universities. 6th ed., revised.

and additional M.: Metallurgiya, 1986. 544 p.

5. Materials Science: Textbook for higher. tech. textbook head. 2nd ed., corrected. and additional / B.N. Arzamasov, I.I. Sidorin, G.F. Kosolapov and others; Under the general editorship. B.N.Arzamasova M.: Mashinostroenie, 1986. 384 p.

6. Kachanov N.N. Hardenability of steel.–2nd ed., Revised. and additional – M.:

Metallurgy, 1978. - 192 p.

7. Heat treatment in mechanical engineering: Handbook / Ed.

Yu.M. Lakhtin and A.G. Rakhstadt - M .: Mashinostroenie, 1980. - 784 p.

8. Smirnov M.A., Schastlivtsev V.M., Zhuravlev L.G. Fundamentals of heat treatment of steel: Textbook. - Yekaterinburg: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999. - 496 p.

9. Internal combustion engines: Theory of reciprocating and combined engines: A textbook for technical colleges in the specialty "Internal combustion engines" - 4th ed., Revised. and additional – D.N. Vyrubov, N.A.

Ivashchenko, V.I. Ivin and others; Ed. A.S. Orlina, M.G. Kruglova. - M .:

Engineering, 1983. - 372 p.

10. Internal combustion engines: Design and strength calculation of reciprocating and combined engines: A textbook for students of technical universities studying in the specialty "Internal combustion engines" - 4th ed., Revised. and additional – D.N. Vyrubov, S.I. Efimov, N.A. Ivashchenko, and others; Ed. A.S. Orlina, M.G. Kruglov. M.: Mashinostroenie, 1984. - 384 p.

11. Zhuravlev V.N., Nikolaeva O.I. Engineering steels: Handbook. 4th ed., Revised. and additional M.: Mashinostroenie, 1992. 480 p.

12. Geller Yu.A., Rakhshtadt A.G. Materials Science: Textbook for higher. textbook manager 6th ed. revised and additional Moscow: Metallurgy, 1989.

Introduction ……………………………………………………………….. 3

1. Selection of steel grade for machine parts ………………………….. 3

1.1 Determining the allowable voltage …………………………. four

1.2 Ensuring reliability ………………………………………….. 5

TV5.179.045RE Contents Introduction Technical and operational characteristics 2.1Operating conditions 2.2Technical data 3 Completeness ... "14 Bulletin of TGASU No. 3, 2013 ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING UDC 72.032 + 7.032.7 POLYAKOV EVGENIY NIKOLAEVICH, Ph.D. architect, associate professor, polyakov.en @ WE RESEARCH AND DESIGN MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE'S DEFENSE COMMISSARY MOSCOW - 1944 This book was compiled by: Engineer Peregud M.... "

2017 www.site - "Free electronic library - various documents"

The materials of this site are posted for review, all rights belong to their authors.
If you do not agree that your material is posted on this site, please write to us, we will remove it within 1-2 business days.

Department of General and

experimental

Compiled by Yu.V. Volegov

Chelyabinsk - 2008

ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The Department of General and Experimental Physics was founded as

chile educational and methodological work on faculties: automotive,

metallurgical, mechanical and technological, engineering

construction, evening engineering and construction, evening at ChMP, in the branch of the city of Zlatoust, in the UKP of the city. Sim and Ust-Katava, as well as in the relevant specialties of the correspondence faculty. In connection with the failed competition, the duties of the head of the department were temporarily assigned to the associate professor of the department, Ph.D. Nilov Anatoly Stepanovich.

Immediately with the opening of the department, educational laboratories were created:

"Mechanics", "Electromagnetism", "Optics" and demonstration.

The location of the first location of the department - room. 449/2;

educational laboratories "Mechanics" - room. 451/2, "Electromagnetism" - room. 457/2, "Optics" - room. 456/2.

The list of the department is approved:

1. Evgeniy Tikhonovich Baranov 11. Alexandra Mikhailovna Maksimova 2. Isaak Ilyich Brin 12. Alexander Fedorovich Maskaev 3. Louise Yakovlevna Vlasova 13. Anatoly Stepanovich Nilov 4. Irina Aleksandrovna Garyaeva 14. Vladimir Pavlovich Pozdnev 5. Zoya Dmitrievna Golovacheva 15. Innokenty Innokenty Portnyagin vich 6. Danilenko Galina Nikolaevna 16. Samoylovich Yuri Zakharovich 7. Danilenko Vladislav Efimo- 17. Sidelnikova Nina Vasilievna vich 8. Dudina Ludmila Konstantinovna- 18. Spasolomskaya Margarita Valerianovna 9. Epifanova Maya Filippovna 19. Sukhina Galina Vladimirovna 10. Konvisarov Ivan Yakovlevich EDUCATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES The staff of the department conducts classes at the faculties: autotractor, mechanical and technological, architectural and construction, aerospace, commercial, service and light industry, metallurgical, evening at CMP, technological evening at ChTZ, as well as on the corresponding specialties of the correspondence faculty.

Teachers of the department conduct lectures, laboratory and practical classes. Lectures are accompanied by demonstrations, which make it possible to visually demonstrate physical phenomena. Laboratory work is carried out in specially equipped classrooms. To organize the independent work of students at the department, a structure of teaching aids for various types of classes: lectures, practical exercises and laboratory work has been developed. Over the years of work, the staff of the department has published more than 300 teaching aids on all sections of the course "General Physics" for students of all forms of education and applicants.

By the nature of the presentation and the structure of the content, the following types of teaching aids can be distinguished:

1) lecture notes on all sections of the general physics course;

2) programmed teaching aids for teaching and monitoring students' knowledge in practical classes;

3) teaching aids containing tasks, guidelines and elements of programmed control in laboratory classes.

A great contribution to the creation of the educational and methodological complex was made by Gurevich S. Yu., Gamova D. P., Dudina L. K., Maksutov I. A., Topolskaya N.

N., Topolsky V. G., Shakhin E. L. and other teachers of the department.

The textbooks of the above-named teachers repeatedly participated in the competitions of university publications held at the university and won prizes.

In 2003, a computer class appeared at the department, which increases the possibility of independent work of students. In this class, practical exercises on problem solving and tests are held. Programs for passing exams and tests are being developed.

The department is engaged in the preparation of applicants: lectures and practical classes are held for them.

FATHERS - COMMANDERS Pozdnev Vladimir Pavlovich Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor cafe 1966 - 1969 Budenkov Graviy Alekseevich Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, full member of the Industry Academy of Quality Problems Head. cafe 1969 – 1983 Sergey Yurievich Gurevich Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, full member of the New York Academy of Sciences cafe since 1983

Nilov Anatoly Stepanovich Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor and about. Head cafe

1965 - 1966 Bedov Stanislav Nikolaevich Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Head cafe

03.1972 - 11.1972 Maksutov Ilgis Abdrakhmanovich Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Acting Head cafe since 1990

STARTING LINEUP Dudina Vlasova Spasolomskaya Ludmila Luiza Margarita Konstantinovna Yakovlevna Valeryanovna Associate Professor Art. teacher st. teacher worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1965 -1998 1965 -1996 1965 -1984 Sidelnikova Sukhina Golovacheva Nina Galina Zoya Vasilievna Vladimirovna Dmitrievna Art. teacher st. teacher st. teacher worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1965 -1984 1965 -1984 1965 -1983 Konvisarov Epifanova Garyaeva Ivan Maya Irina Yakovlevich Filippovna Aleksandrovna Art. teacher assistant st. teacher worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1965 -2000 1965 -1982 1965 -1985 Pozdnev Baranov Samoilovich Vladimir Evgeniy Yuriy Pavlovich Tikhonovich Zakharovich Associate Professor, Ph.D. Art. Lecturer Associate Professor, Ph.D.

worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1965 -1970 1965 -1970 1965 -1976 Danilenko Nilov Portnyagin Galina Anatoly Innokentiy Nikolaevna Stepanovich Innokentievich Assistant Associate Professor, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Ph.D.

worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1965 -1967 1965 -1973 1965 -1970 Danilenko Maskaev Brin Vladislav Alexander Isaak Efimovich Fedorovich Ilyich Art. teacher st. Lecturer Associate Professor, Ph.D.

worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1965 -1967 1965 -1981 1965 -1999 CATHEDRAL LONG-LIFEERS Petrov Mishina Volegov Yury Vladimirovich Lyudmila Andreevna Yury Vasilyevich Associate Professor, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Curator of the Laboratory Curator of the Laboratory of Electricity Mechanics Works at the Department Works at the Department Works at the Department 39 years (since 1969) 39 years (since 1969) 41 years ( since 1967) Podzerko Gurevich Konvisarov Viktor Fedorovich Sergey Yurievich Ivan Yakovlevich Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head. Art. teacher, curator of the laboratory of the department curator of the laboratory of electricity optics works at the department works at the department worked at the department 38 years (since 1970) 38 years (since 1970) 35 years (1965 -2000) Topolskaya Topolsky Maskaev Natalya Nikolaevna Valerian Georgievich Alexander Fedorovich associate professor assistant professor , Ph.D. Associate Professor, Ph.D.

works at the department worked at the department works at the department 34 years (1965-1999) 38 years (since 1970) 38 years (since 1970) Dudina Kozheurova Tolipov Lyudmila Natalya Khoris Konstantinovna Vladimirovna Borisovich Associate Professor, Associate Professor Associate Professor Director of the PMS worked at the department works worked at the department for 36 years (since 1972) 33 years (1965-1998) 33 years (1971-2004) Sviridova Fominykh Khakimova Claudia Andreevna Raisa Petrovna Lyalya Ibragimovna Art. Lecturer Associate Professor, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Ph.D.

worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 32 years (1967-1999) 32 years (1965-1997) 32 years (1967-1999) junior researcher

Art. teacher works at the department worked at the department works at the department 31 years (1965-1996) 34 years (since 1974) 34 years (since 1974) Shakhin Maksutov Shusharin Evgeny Leonidovich Ilgis Abdrakhmanovich Anatoly Vasilievich associate professor, Ph.D. Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Art. teacher, I.O. head cafe since 1990 curator of the laboratory, deputy. Dean of MT Faculty of Mechanics works at the department works at the department worked at the department 32 years (since 1976) 31 years (since 1977) 25 years (1976-2001) Grebneva Sobolevsky Kvyatkovsky Veronika Anatoly Sergeevich Vladimir Associate Professor, Ph.D. ., Lvovna Nikolaevich Associate Professor, Ph.D. scientific secretary cad-docent. Ph.D.

department worked at the department works at the department worked at the department 25 years (1972-1997) 27 years (since 1981) 22 years (1966-1988) Kuznetsov Andrianov Gennady Fedorovich Boris Andreevich Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Associate Professor, Ph.D. so-called

curator of the demonstration work at the department works at the department 25 years (since 1983) 25 years (since 1983) Galtsev Epifanova Yury Grigoryevich Maya senior researcher Filippovna assistant worked at the department worked at the department for 21 years (1970 -1991) 20 years (1965 -1985) Lyudmila Nikolaevna Matyushina Associate Professor, Ph.D.

worked at the department for 24 years (1984-2008) Skobeleva Khudyakova Golovacheva Laura Larisa Zoya Vladimirovna Pavlovna Dmitrievna Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor Art. teacher st. teacher worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 19 years (1973-1987, 19 years (1966 - 1985) 19 years (1965 -1984) 1990-1995) Sidelnikova Spasolomskaya Nina Margarita Vasilyevna Valeryanovna Art. teacher st. teacher worked at the department worked at the department 19 years (1965 -1984) 19 years (1965 -1984) DEPARTMENT - FORGE OF STAFF Gurevich Izmailov Bedov Sergey Yuri Stanislav Yuryevich Gennadievich Nikolaevich Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Doctor of Chemical Sciences. , professor Ph.D., professor since 1996 - dean of the faculty. Vice-Rector for Academic Theta PMF, 1997 - 1998 Science 1977-2007

2006-2008, Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs, Full Member of the New York Academy of Sciences Nakhimovskaya Mukhin Krymsky Lenina Vladimir Valeriy Abramovna Viktorovich Vadimovich Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of Ph.D. Associate Professor Ph.D., Professor Researcher

work of the Chelyabinsk torii of the Harvard branch of the RGTEU of the US University Zolotarevsky Smolyansky Taskaev Boris Yuriy Valeriy Mikhailovich Petrovich Ph.D., Professor Ph.D., Associate Professor Ph.D. cafe Physics of the Department of General and CHIPS of the Department of RTS of Theoretical Physics Chirkova Kaunov Kramar Raisa Alexander Lyudmila Efimovna Dmitrievich Yakovlevna Ph.D. Kuriny Vladimir Yury Yury Nikolaevich Grigoryevich Aleksandrovich World champion in ra Deputy. gene. Managing Director of the company "Mo diosportu", organization "PROM bilkodash"

director of URALRA SELSTROY

Rushchits Sergey Vadimovich Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Professor Professor of the Department of Physical Metallurgy and Solid State Physics Tokarev Nevyantsev Neznaeva Vyacheslav Igor Stepanovich Tatyana Ph.D. Lecturer in the Department of Coatings, Associate Professor of the Department of Thermal Physics and Chemistry, Cheuralniti Logistics Supply and the Lyabinsky Military Air Ventilation and Vehicle Institute THEY GIVEN GREAT Expectations Boyko Mikhail Stepanovich Senior Researcher, Assistant Candidate's thesis "Analysis of acoustic fields arising in thermoelastic medium under the influence of pulsed laser radiation"

failed to protect.

Worked at the department (1974 - 08/06/1986) Kvyatkovsky Vladimir Nikolaevich Associate Professor, Ph.D.

Worked at the department (1966 - 28.02.1988) Tupikin Alexander Mikhailovich Associate Professor, Ph.D.

He taught in Kampuchea.

Worked at the department (1975 - 10.14.93) GOING TO REPLACE VETERANS Shulginov Prokopiev Golubev Alexander Kirill Evgeniy Anatolievich Valerievich Valerievich Associate Professor, Ph.D. Art. Lecturer Associate Professor, Ph.D.

Works at the department Works at Works at the department since 1997 department since 1990 re since 1999

Chumachenko Tatyana Ivanovna assistant Has been working at the department since 2000.

ALSO AT DIFFERENT TIMES WORKED AND WORK AT THE DEPARTMENT:

Skobeleva Lukmanov Ushkova Laura Albert Maria Vladimirovna Alekseevna Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor Senior Lecturer Assistant worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1966 - 1985 1966 - 1985 1975 - 1984 Sushkevich Sobyanina Proskuryakova Alevtina Tamara Nina Alexandrovna Vladimirovna Sergeevna assistant senior lecturer assistant worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department uch. lab. academic master worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1967 - 1974 1992 -1996 1976 - 1984 Klimko Shmidt Shemyakina Elena Vladimir Marina Alekseevna Anatolievich Vladimirovna junior engineer Research Laboratory of Ultrasound, Laboratory Assistant Head of Lab.

works at the department worked at the department works at the department since 1999 1975 -1978 2004 Khudyakova Yakovlev Gamova Larisa Pavlovna Georgy Petrovich Dina Petrovna Art. Lecturer Ph.D., Associate Professor Art. teacher worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1973-1987 1974-1975 1967-1984 1990-1995 Ilyichev Ilyina Shunyaev Vladimir Lidia Mikhail Leonidovich Nikolaevna Ivanovich assistant assistant Ph.D., senior teacher worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1979 -1982 1976 -1977 1972 -1978 Shunyaeva Sutyagina Ponomareva Tamara Rimma Tatyana Ilyinichna Ilyinichna Nikolaevna assistant assistant assistant worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1977 -1979 1970 -1977 1977 -1977 Ponomarev Khabirov Dammer Evgeny Konstantin Alexander Grigoryevich Borisovich Albertovich assistant assistant assistant worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1977 -1979 2000 -2004 Maksimova Karipov Pashnin Alexandra Ramzil Yuri Mikhailovna Salakhovich Mikhailovich senior lecturer head. lab. academic master worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1965 -1970 1983 -1984 1981 - 1983 Bagretsova Konkov Lyudmila Solovyov Alexander Viktor Vasilievna Pavlovich Vasilyevich Art. lab. head lab. academic master worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1978 -1982 1978 -1983 1977 - 1978 Kaverin Degtyareva Peretrukhin Yury Lyudmila Victor Viktorovich Nikolaevna Mikhailovich academic master laboratory assistant academic master, Art. eng. lab.NMKChMTs worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1977 - 1978 1969 -1985 1970 - 1982 Lukin Karasev Rotaenko Vasily Oleg Olga Gavrilovich Viktorovich Gravievna uch.master head. lab. laboratory assistant worked at the department works at the department worked at the department 1971 - 1972 since 1996 Nesterov Alexander Efimovich head. lab.

worked at the department 1988 - 1992 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY OF THE DEPARTMENT During the years of the department's activity, several scientific schools and scientific directions were created.

I. SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL "NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF OBJECTS"

In 1969, at the Department of Physics No. 2 (now the Department of OiEF), Budenkov Graviy Alekseevich organized a research laboratory for ultrasonic measurements (NILUZI), which was the foundation for the formation of the scientific school "Non-destructive testing of objects".

Budenkov Graviy Alekseevich was born in March 1935, graduated from the radio engineering faculty of the Ural Polytechnic Institute in 1957. He worked at enterprises producing radar stations, then ultrasonic flaw detection equipment. He headed the research department at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (VNIINK, Chisinau).

In 1967 he defended his dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences "Use of polarized ultrasonic waves to assess stresses in concrete", received the right and began to supervise three graduate students from VNIINK. In 1968, he entered the competition for the position of head of the Department of Physics No. 2 of the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute. In the same year, he organized the NILUZI laboratory to carry out planned research work of the institute;

contractual work of the department with enterprises;

scientific research of graduate students;

student scientific works.

Main scientific directions:

1. Ultrasonic quality control of materials, products and welded joints.

2. Non-contact methods of excitation and reception of ultrasound.

3. Mutual transformation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves.

4. Anomalies of the electromagnetic-acoustic transformation in the vicinity of the temperatures of second-order phase transitions.

Features of the scientific school of G.A. Budenkov that the first steps towards its formation were made during his work at VNIIN Ke, where the first significant achievements in science and technology were achieved (items 1-4). In particular, he developed and passed interdepartmental tests the first separate-combined piezoelectric transducers, obtained the dependences of the propagation velocities of polarized transverse and longitudinal waves on stresses in metals and plastics (g), for the first time implemented an echo-pulse variant using electromagnetic-acoustic converters (1967), together with the students of N.A. Glukhov et al. were the first to experimentally discover a sharp increase in the EMA conversion coefficients in the region of the Curie point in iron (1968).

Since 1968, the main of these areas have been continued at the Department of Physics No. 2 of the CPI with graduate students and teachers of the department (Petrov Yu.V., Maskaev A.F., Volegov Yu.V., Gurevich S.Yu., Golovacheva Z.D., Kaunov A.D., Tolipov H.B., Boyko M.S., Galtsev Yu.G., Usov I.A., Guntina T.A., Akimov A.V., Khakimova L.I., Kvyatkovsky V. .N.).

G.A. Budenkov headed the Department of Physics No. 2 from 1968 to 1983. During this period, his students prepared and defended 8 PhD theses: at VNIINK (Averbukh I.I., Glukhov N.A., Lonchak V.A.), CPI (Petrov Yu.V., Maskaev A.F., Volegov Yu.V., Kvyatkovsky V.N.), in the Belarusian Academy of Sciences (Kulesh A.P.).

In 1974 G.A. Budenkov defended his doctoral thesis: "Investigation of various methods of emitting and receiving ultrasonic waves in relation to the control of hot, fast moving products without special surface treatment." The doctorate degree was approved by the Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR in 1982.

Since 1983, G.A. Budenkov works at the Izhevsk State Technical University (IzhSTU) as a professor at the Instruments and Methods of Quality Control Department. In 1985, he was awarded the academic title of professor in the specialty "Methods of control in mechanical engineering", since a year - a full member of the industry academy of quality problems, since 1985 - an expert in the scientific and technical sphere of the State Institution of the Republican Research Scientific and Consulting Center for Expertise (GU RINCCE) Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation.

Graviy Alekseevich published about 180 publications, including more than 60 articles in academic and foreign journals, about 20 methodological and teaching aids, about 40 copyright certificates for inventions, including 4 Russian patents.

Budenkov G.A. is the author of the registered discovery "For the regularity of the mutual transformation of electromagnetic and elastic waves in ferromagnets" and the registered scientific hypothesis "The hypothesis of zones of increased electromagnetic seismic activity."

From 1983 to the present, students of G.A. Budenkova defended 5 candidate dissertations (Khakimova L.I., Nedzvetskaya O.V., Bulatova E.G., Kotolomov A.V., Lebedeva T.N.) and 2 doctoral dissertations (Gurevich S.Yu., Nedzvetskaya O. .AT.).

Thus, to date, 13 candidate and two doctoral dissertations have been defended, Nedzvetskaya O.V. and Kotolomov A.Yu. were awarded a diploma and the medal "X-ray Sokolov" of the Russian-German Scientific Society for Non-Destructive Testing. G.A. Budenkov together with his students in 1996 received a Grant from the International Soros Science Foundation and the Government of the Russian Federation.

Currently, G.A. Budenkov, without losing contact with his students in Chelyabinsk, Chisinau, Minsk, is actively working with colleagues and postgraduate students from Russia and abroad (Syria) in the field of creating new technologies for acoustic control of extended objects and remote sensing. The latest developments have been implemented at the enterprises of Perm, the Udmurt Republic, and are being introduced at the enterprises of Izhevsk (JSC Izhstal), Chelyabinsk (Cheka), Serov (metallurgical plant named after A.K. Serov), Damascus (Syria).

Petrov Yury Vladimirovich in 1975 defended his dissertation "Investigation of electromagnetic excitation and registration of ultrasonic waves propagating at an angle to the input surface", specialty 05.02.11 "Methods of testing materials, parts, assemblies, products and welded joints". Ph.D. Petrov Yu.V. He has an academic title to a cent in the Department of Physics, he developed electro-magnetic-acoustic transducers of oblique waves. Employees of the Department of Physics No. 2 CPI developed and implemented a number of installations for quality control of industrial products.

The main ones are: flaw detectors for testing parts of electrical insulators, railway rails, separators of rolling bearings of rolling stock, axles of wheel pairs of railway cars. He took part in the development and creation of a laser flaw detector for testing metals.

EMA flaw detector for testing the heads of railway rails Alexander Fedorovich Maskaev in 1976 defended his dissertation "Electromagnetic excitation and registration of ultrasound in ferromagnetic products at high temperatures", specialty 01.04.11 "Physics of magnetic phenomena". He created sensors for excitation and registration of longitudinal elastic waves in ferromagnetic products in the Curie temperature region, together with employees of the Department of Physics No. a facility for testing parts made by friction welding was introduced.

Ph.D. Maskaev A.F. He has the academic title of Associate Professor in the Department of Physics, he has published 46 scientific papers, including 8 copyright certificates for inventions, 7 scientific and methodological papers.

Ultrasonic unit for control of parts welded by friction Yury Vasilyevich Volegov defended his thesis in 1977 "Research and development of ultrasonic methods and means of quality control of adhesive joints", specialty 05.11.13 "Instruments and devices for monitoring substances, materials and products (for chi mic industries). He developed the theoretical foundations for the use of ultrasonic interference waves to control the strength of adhesive joints, carried out experimental studies of the detection of non-adhesives in various composite joints, developed electromagnetic-acoustic transducers that were used in flaw detection and thickness measurement. On the basis of the research carried out, together with the staff of the Department of Physics No. CPI, a number of devices for quality control of metal-non-metal adhesive joints were developed and introduced into industry: DU IB-1, DUIB-2, DUIB-3, DEMAKS-1, DEMAKS-3 , attachments for flaw detectors DUK-66;

a method for monitoring lining in lined pipes and pipelines has been developed and implemented;

a prototype of a laser flaw detector for testing conductive materials was developed and manufactured.

Ph.D. Volegov Yu.V. He has the academic title of Associate Professor in the Department of Physics, he has published 53 scientific papers, including: scientific articles, abstracts of reports - 34, inventor's certificates of inventions - 9, educational and methodological works - 10.

Kvyatkovsky Vladimir Nikolaevich in 1981

defended his thesis "Ultrasonic thickness measurement of products with a rough surface using EMA transducers", specialty 05.02.11.

On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies, he, together with the staff of the Department of Physics No. 2 of the CPI, developed and introduced into industry the TEMATS-1 thickness gauge.

Ph.D. Kvyatkovsky V.N. has the academic title of Associate Professor in the Department of Physics. He published printed works, including 2 inventions and 3 on scientific and methodological works.

Khakimova Lyalya Ibragimovna in 1989 defended her dissertation “Investigation of some types of discontinuities in a solid using high frequency diffraction”, specialty 01.04. "Physics of the Solid State".

Ph.D. Khakimova L.I. has the academic title of Associate Professor in the Department of Physics. She has published printed works, including 2 inventor's certificates and 10 scientific and methodological works.

Since 1983, the scientific school at CPI has been headed by Sergei Yurievich Gurevich. On his initiative, in 1988, a university-academic laboratory for ultrasonic testing was established, jointly subordinated to the CPI and the Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Gurevich Sergey Yurievich was born in 1945. In 1967 he graduated with honors from the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute and in the same year was enrolled in the graduate school of the named institute, which he graduated in 1970 with the defense of a Ph.D. dissertation during the period of postgraduate training. From 1970 to the present, he has been working at the South Ural State University (former ChPI, ChSTU) at the department of physics as a senior lecturer, associate professor (since 1975), head of the department (since 1983). From 1995 to 1998, as dean, he successfully managed the activities of the Faculty of Automaton and Mechanics, and then the activities of one of the largest Faculty of Mechanics and Technology at SUSU. In 1998, he was appointed Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs.

The area of ​​scientific activity of Gurevich S.Yu. is the development of a theory of the interaction of pulsed laser, electromagnetic, and acoustic fields in ferromagnetic metals at the temperature of the magnetic phase transition (Curie point) and the creation of high-speed methods and tools for non-contact ultrasonic quality control of metal products. He successfully manages the university-academic laboratory of acoustics of metals, created on his initiative, jointly subordinated to SUSU and IPM Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which carried out research work under the programs of the Council for Economic Assistance, the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR, the USSR Academy of Sciences, the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The results of R&D were recommended for implementation in production by the Intersectoral Expert Council under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. He published 150 scientific and educational works, including 18 foreign ones, made 16 inventions.

Gurevich S.Yu. is a participant of VDNH, international scientific and technical exhibitions in Warsaw (1988) and Brno (1989). In 1994 he was elected a full member of the New York Academy of Sciences, he has a European certificate of a specialist in acoustic methods of quality control of metal products. In 1995 he successfully defended his doctoral dissertation in the specialty "Physics of magnetic phenomena", in 1996 he was awarded the academic title of professor. In 1995, the National Attestation Committee of the Russian Federation for Nondestructive Testing awarded Gurevich S.Yu.

the highest level of qualification.

Gurevich S.Yu. is the author of the registered discovery "For the regularity of the mutual transformation of electromagnetic and elastic waves in ferromagnets" and the registered scientific hypothesis "The hypothesis of zones of increased electromagnetic seismic activity."

v. 2 "Acoustic field";

3 "Coupled fields"), as well as "Electromagnetic excitation of sound in metals".

1 Doctor and 2 Candidates of Sciences have been trained, and he is currently supervising the preparation of 2 more doctoral dissertations. Supervises scientific work under economic contracts with the SRC “KB im. acad. V.P. Makeev, under grants from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation and a single work order.

Pilot installation Sirena-Tolipov Khoris Borisovich in 1991 defended his dissertation “Excitation and reception of ultrasonic waves in non-destructive testing of adhesive joints”, specialty 05.02.11.

On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies, together with the staff of the Department of Physics No. 2 of the ChPI, he developed and introduced into industry the DEMAKS device and the TEMATS-1 thickness gauge, as well as the attachment to the DUK-66 flaw detector for testing adhesive joints by the non-contact ultrasonic method.

Ph.D. Tolipov Kh.B. has the academic title of associate professor in the Department of Physics, is finishing work on his doctoral dissertation;

Golubev Evgeny Valerievich in 2004 defended his Ph.D. thesis “Peculiarities of laser generation of Rayleigh waves in ferromagnetic metals in the vicinity of the Curie point”, specialty 01.04.07 – Condensed state physics.

Ph.D. Golubev E.V. holds the position of Associate Professor of the Department of General and Experimental Physics. He published 10 printed works, including 2 teaching aids.

The followers of the scientific school have published about 80 educational and teaching aids for teaching students. Students were recruited to perform research work carried out in the laboratory of NILUZI and the university-academic laboratory. Gurevich S.Yu. published a textbook for independent work of students "Physics" in 2 volumes. He directs the postgraduate course “Methods of control and diagnostics in mechanical engineering”, is the deputy chairman of the dissertation council D212.298.04 at SUSU.

II. Scientific direction: "Molecular spectroscopy"

In 1969, a laboratory of molecular spectroscopy was established at the Department of Physics No. 2. The initiator of its creation and the first leader was Ph.D. Ph.D. Nakhimovskaya Lenina Abramovna.

At different times in the laboratory worked: Grebneva V.L., Kramer L.Ya., Mishina L.A., Novak R.I., Podzerko V.F., Proskuryakova N.S., Sviridova K.A., Skobeleva L.V., Khudyakova L.P., Shakhin E.L. and etc.

Until 1986, several directions were successfully developed in the laboratory:

Low temperature research 1.

spectra of crystals and supersaturated solutions of aromatic compounds.

Research by low-tempo methods 2.

power thermoluminescence and IR spectroscopy of defects in the growth of artificial quartz and corundum crystals, and their influence on piezotechnical characteristics. The method of low temperature luminescence was successfully implemented at the enterprise on whose order these studies were carried out.

Applied work that was carried out for the purpose of protecting ok 3.

environment by order of industrial enterprises. These works were devoted to the development and implementation of methods for determining the content of harmful substances, including benzo(a)pyrene, in emissions and effluents from industrial enterprises in the city of Chelyabinsk and the region (MMK, ChMP, ChEZ, ChZTA, Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant, Verkhne -Ufalei nickel plant, etc.) The staff of the department made scientific reports at the International, All-Union congresses, congresses and conferences. More than 100 papers have been published and 2 PhD theses have been defended, more than 10 theses have been completed.

In 1978, Mishina Lyudmila Andreevna defended her Ph.D. thesis on the topic "Spectral study of supersaturated solid solutions of aromatic compounds in H paraffins". Specialty 01.04.05 "Optics"

Grebneva Veronika Lvovna in 1978 defended her thesis on the topic "Electronic and vibronic states of molecules and crystals of compounds with a biphenyl base". Specialty 01.04.05 "Optics". Published 24 scientific and 12 educational and methodical works.

III. Scientific direction: "Processes of phase and crystal formation in dispersed, including nanosized, oxide systems based on p- and 3d-metals: theory and practice"

Scientific adviser - Doctor of Chemistry, prof. Kleshchev Dmitry Georgievich.

Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor Alexander Vasilievich Tolchev takes an active part in the work.

Within the framework of the scientific direction, the following main results were obtained:

a) Regularities were revealed and physicochemical models were developed for the formation of dispersed, including hydrated, oxide systems (ODS) of p- and 3d-metals (Zn, A1, Mn(III), Co(III), Fe(II, III), Sn(IV), Тi(IV), Sb(V)) and their subsequent phase and chemical transformations in dispersion media of different composition: gases, electrolyte solutions, salt melts. The main factors influencing the kinetics of ODS transformations, the phase and disperse composition of the formed equilibrium phase were revealed;

b) It has been established that the ODS conversion kinetics and the dispersed and phase composition of the resulting product, other parameters being the same (temperature, pressure, etc.), largely depend on the composition of the dispersed medium. In particular, in reaction-inert media, the chemical transformations of ODS are carried out according to the mechanism of topochemical solid-phase reactions (TPCR), which is limited by diffusion processes, and phase transformations, according to the “dissolution–precipitation” (ROM) mechanism, which, as elementary, includes the processes of dissolution crystals of the initial nonequilibrium phase, the formation of nuclei of the equilibrium phase, the transfer of the crystal-forming substance and its incorporation into the surface layer of the nuclei. In dispersion media reactive with respect to ODS, both phase and chemical transformations are realized according to the ROM mechanism and are accompanied by mass transfer between the solid phase and the dispersion medium;

c) For electrolyte solutions, a correlation has been established between the intensity of mass transfer and the kinetics of transformations of nonequilibrium ODS. The reactions occurring along the “solution–crystal” interface, the possible composition and configuration of crystal forming complexes, and elementary reactions during the incorporation of complexes into different faces of a growing crystal are considered;

d) On the basis of the identified regularities, environmentally friendly technological processes for the synthesis of monodisperse oxides of aluminum, iron (II, III), titanium (IV), etc. have been developed.

IV. Scientific direction: "Physical and chemical processes and gasification technology during the combustion of solid fuels"

Scientific adviser - Doctor of Technical Sciences, prof. Kuznetsov Gennady Fedorovich Within the framework of the presented topic, a series of works was carried out related to the combustion of solid fuel in a flow, most of which related to different layers (boiling, circulating, gushing, vortex). The prospects of the combustion process with preliminary gasification in the layer were established. Studies carried out on several experimental setups made it possible to determine the main regularities of the gasification of Chelyabinsk brown coal particles, the conditions for particle interaction in the flow, and also for the transformation in its mineral part.

In the process of working out for the regularities of gasification, a number of experimental and theoretical regularities were obtained, which make it possible to obtain optimal gasification modes, which were confirmed in thermal power plants as close as possible to industrial conditions at a pilot plant with afterburning in the furnace of an operating boiler.

In the process of testing, results were obtained that made it possible to proceed to a fundamentally new scheme of two-stage gasification of crushed coal particles. The scheme was tested on a model and showed high operational results. It is most efficient when operating on various types of solid fuels, which are traditionally difficult to burn in a dust flare (for example, coals containing a small amount of volatile substances, carbonaceous wastes).

In other works, a group of researchers and developers, among which the leader is Ph.D., senior researcher. Osintsev V.V., is engaged in the improvement of the working combustion process, using the patterns of particle burnout in a pulverized coal flame and the aerodynamics of the furnace of existing boilers, optimization of the operation of significantly improved burners. Changing the quality of solid fuel requires constant work in relation to a wide range of elements of the technology of boiler units and not only in terms of the combustion process.

The results of the development of the direction presented here have been published in three monographs, in the proceedings of the Minsk International Forum, the Symposium on Combustion and Explosion, collections, in the journals Izvestiya Vuzov (physics series), Thermal Power Engineering, Power Plants, etc., in total more than 100 publications, including 53 copyright certificates and patents.

V. Scientific direction: "Infra-low-frequency fluctuations in the conductivity of thin metal films"

Scientific adviser: Ph.D., Assoc. Shulginov Aleksandr Anatol'evich The conductivity of thin metal films is subject to fluctuations of different time scales due to internal and external factors. At present, studies of low frequency conduction noise in metals, semiconductors, and contacts between them are being continued in different countries. However, there are practically no works on the study of non-stationary fluctuations in various systems in the infra-low frequency region (below 0.01 Hz). It is possible that it is these fluctuations that lead to the destruction of thin-film resistors in microcircuits. The work of Professor R. Nelson, Director of the GCP (Global Consciousness Project), as well as the research of Professor S.E. Shnoll prove that similar phenomena in different physical systems can occur under the influence of cosmophysical factors. Our research is based on these ideas. We chose thin metal films as one of the most convenient objects for studying infra low frequency fluctuations, since the team has the ability to create films of a given composition, thickness, and quality, as well as control their parameters. Rare fluctuations themselves can carry information both about the film itself and about external global factors. Within the framework of this project, it is supposed to answer two questions: first, are there any features of infra low frequency fluctuations in films of different composition and surface quality? At present, the energy and spectral characteristics of conduction noise in films have been studied in detail. The purpose of the study is to find the information characteristics of conductivity fluctuations, which distinguish each metal from another. Second, is there a correlation between fluctuations in conductivity and fluctuations in the terrestrial magnetic and electric fields?

The team has been studying the problem of fluctuations in the conductivity of substances for 4 years. During this time, the following main results were obtained:

1. An algorithm for processing fluctuations has been developed and implemented, which includes spectral and wavelet analysis in order to extract informative characteristics of low frequency noises.

2. The flicker noise of the resistance of a permalloy tape was registered, which is many times greater than the noise of the resistance of nonferromagnetic metals. The hypothesis is confirmed that the flicker noise of the resistance of ferromagnets is caused by the magnetoresistive effect arising in the intrinsic inhomogeneous magnetic field of the ferromagnet.

3. It is proved that the conduction flicker noise of a ferromagnetic tape at the temperature of the magnetic phase transition is caused by the destruction and formation of domains.

4. The main characteristics of fluctuations in the conductivity of cobalt and silver are determined. It is proved that the parameters of fluctuations in the conductivity of these films do not have a statistically significant correlation with the indices of geomagnetic activity.

The project was supported by RFBR. Grant No. 04-02-96045, competition r2004 ural_a.

Project participants: employees of the Department of O and EF Associate Professor, Ph.D. Petrov Yu.V., Art. teacher Prokopiev K.V. and Associate Professor of the Department of Instrument Engineering Technology, Ph.D. Zabeyvorota N.S.

VI. Scientific direction: "Development and experimental confirmation of the hypothesis of direct pairing of electrons"

Supervisor – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Andrianov Boris Andreevich At present, the author of the hypothesis claims the following.

Two electrons from opposite to 1.

spins are capable of direct pairing by tunneling through the Coulomb potential barrier to the region of dominating energies of their spin–spin interaction. The most favorable conditions for such pairing are achieved at a high surface negative charge density, especially on metal tips. The dimensions of the pair are determined by the geometry of the potential well in the energy of the electron–electron interaction and are on the order of the classical electron radius (2.8 10 -15 m).

The response of a pair to an external constant electric field from 2.

stands in its rotation in a plane orthogonal to its intensity vector. The coefficient of proportionality ("gyroelectric ratio") between the frequency of rotation of the pair and the strength of the electric field is estimated theoretically. The rotation of electron spin magnetic moments leads to the appearance of an additional internal electric field, which completely compensates for the external field and causes the translational motion of the center of mass of the pair in equiprobable directions in the plane of its rotation, so that the pair tends to be pushed out of the external field along the equipotential surface. Such motion is an electrical analogue of the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect and was first observed by Russian professor Nikolai Pavlovich Myshkin in 1899.

Strong experimental proof of concept 3.

The phenomenon of resonant absorption of the energy of an alternating electric field by structural products of a corona discharge on a negatively charged tip, discovered by the author, serves as a direct pairing of electrons. It occurs at a frequency associated with the strength of a constant electric field (for its small values) by a linear dependence. The experimentally measured coefficient of proportionality in this linear dependence almost coincides with the theoretical one. Therefore, the frequency of resonant absorption of the energy of an alternating electric field is very close to the hypothetical frequency of rotation of an electron pair in an applied constant electric field. Such closeness is a serious argument in favor of the developed hypothesis.

A peculiar reaction of paired electrons to an external electron 4.

the trical field leads to their elusiveness and "hiddenness" from observers. This explains why paired electrons have so far been beyond the threshold of conscious reality and makes it difficult to assess the extent of their possible participation in a variety of natural processes and phenomena. Among them, we should first of all mention ball lightning, whose anomalous electrical properties, in particular, the confinement of a negative electric charge, find the most consistent explanation from such positions.

Since the sizes of the pair are of the same order as the sizes of the nuclei, not 5.

it will be surprising if further research shows the ability of paired electrons to take part in "cold" nuclear reactions that slowly and imperceptibly proceed in various media, including, perhaps, even living matter.

The work is carried out on the author's own initiative without any third-party support.

VII. Scientific direction: “Fine structure of p- and 3d-oxides solid solutions. Physics and Chemistry of Finely Dispersed Oxide Systems»

Scientific adviser - Doctor of Chemistry, prof. Viktorov Valery Viktorovich Soros Grant. RFBR grants. Grants from the Governor of the Chelyabinsk Region The results of the work were published in domestic and foreign journals, copyright certificates and patents were obtained. More than 120 publications in total.

Postgraduate studies were opened in two specialties: physical chemistry and solid state chemistry.

Professor Viktorov V.V. – Chairman of the specialized council for the defense of Ph.D. dissertations in solid state chemistry and condensed matter physics.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF, ENGINEERING STAFF, LABORANTS Kaunov Tserling Volegov Alexander Vladimir Yuriy Dmitrievich Nikolaevich Vasilyevich otd. NILUZI, deputy head of the department for research work worked at the department worked at the department works at the department 1967-1987 1971-1973 since 1969 Umanets Usov Krymsky Vladimir Ivan Valery Nikolaevich Alekseevich Vadimovich Researcher Senior researcher. Junior researcher worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1979-1988 1969-1987 1970-1972 Akimov Kuriny Galtsev Aleksandr Yury Yuri Vladimirovich Alexandrovich Grigoryevich

worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1976-1984 1981-1983 1970-1991 Barmasov Gladkov Smolyansky Gennady Vladimir Yuri Borisovich Ivanovich Alexandrovich Engineer Senior engineer. Leading engineer

worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1971-1976 1969-1971 1969-1973 Guntina Butyugin Alekhina Tatyana Alexander Elena Aleksandrovna Petrovich Vladimirovna Laboratory assistant, junior researcher. head lab. NMK CMC Laboratory assistant works at the department worked at the department worked at the department from 1974 1972-1977 1975-1979 Novak Kramar Cherepanova Rozalia Lyudmila Elena Iosifovna Yakovlevna Georgievna Senior engineer Junior researcher Senior lab worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1973-1986 1972-1974 1970-1974 Chuksin Alexander Rylskikh Lyubov Edelshtein Bronya Ivanovich Alexandrovna Abramovna Uch. Master Laboratory Assistant Junior Researcher

worked at the department worked at the department worked at the department 1976-1979 1978-1983 1970-1986 Nevolin Vasily Zadorin Yezhov Alexander Stanislavovich Vyacheslav Ivanovich Alexandrovich Art. Engineer Laboratory Assistant, Engineer LNMK MSC Ing. of the first category LNMK ISC worked in the laboratory 1982-1989 worked at the department worked at the department 1982-1984 1969-1973 Trosman Vladimir Kalugin Valeriy Yurievich Aleksandrovich Engineer, Leading Engineer Head. LNMK ISC LNMK ISC worked in the laboratory worked in the laboratory 1984-1989 1984-1989

TEACHERS Gurevich Andrianov Volegov Sergei Yurievich Boris Andreevich Yuri Vasilyevich Department, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Ph.D.

professor, active

Member of the New York Academy of Sciences Golubev Case Kleshchev Evgeniy Valerievich Alexander Nikolaevich Dmitry Georgievich Associate Professor, Ph.D. n. Associate Professor, Ph.D. professor, d.c.s.

Kuznetsov Maksutov Mishina Gennady Fedorovich Ilgis Abdrakhmanovich Lyudmila Andreevna prof., doctor of technical sciences Associate Professor, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Ph.D.

Petrov Podzerko Prokopiev Yuri Vladimirovich Viktor Fedorovich Kirill Valerievich Associate Professor, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Ph.D. Lecturer Sobolevsky Tolipov Topolskaya Anatoly Sergeevich Horis Borisovich Natalya Nikolaevna Associate Professor, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Ph.D. Associate Professor Topolsky Chumachenko Shakhin Valerian Georgievich Tatyana Ivanovna Evgeny Leonidovich Associate Professor, Ph.D. Assistant Associate Professor, Ph.D.

Shulginov Alexander Anatolyevich Associate Professor, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

Teaching support staff:

Guntina Tatyana Alexandrovna - technician 1.

Karasev Oleg Viktorovich - head. laboratories 2.

Mitryasova Ekaterina Dmitrievna - Art. laboratory assistant 3.

Nikitina Tatyana Nikolaevna - Art. laboratory assistant 4.

Rusin Vladimir Gennadievich master 5.

Shemyakina Marina Vladimirovna - Art. laboratory assistant 6.