Chronology of the history of ancient Rome.  Ancient Rome - key dates and events

3 - Stymphalian birds. They killed people and animals with their copper feathers, tore them apart with copper claws and beaks, then devoured them. They lived in the vicinity of the city of Stimfal. Hercules was able to kill the birds with the help of Pallas Athena, who gave him two brass tympanums forged by Hephaestus. From the deafening ringing that rose from the tympanums, the birds flew over the forest, and Hercules was able to shoot them with a bow.

4 - Kerinean doe. She had golden horns and copper hooves. Belonged to the goddess of hunting Artemis. She was sent by the goddess as a punishment to people and devastated the fields. Hercules was ordered to catch her alive. He chased the doe for a year and was only able to catch it after he wounded it in the leg.

5 - Erymanthian boar (boar) and the battle with the centaurs. The boar, possessing monstrous strength, lived on Mount Erimanthe and devastated the surroundings of the city of Psofis. Hercules drove the monster into deep snow and carried him bound to Mycenae.

6 - Augean stables. Hercules had to clean the stables of Avgius, the king of the Epeian tribe in Elis, from manure in one day. Augeus had innumerable herds of cattle, which were given to him by his father (Helios or Poseidon). The barnyard has not been cleared for 30 years. To fulfill the assignment, Hercules blocked the Alpheus River and directed its waters to the barnyard.

7 - Cretan bull. The fire-breathing bull was sent by Poseidon to King Minos of Crete, who was supposed to sacrifice the bull to the god of the seas. Minos left the bull in his herd and sacrificed another. Poseidon got angry and sent rabies on the donated bull. Hercules was supposed to catch the bull and bring him to Mycenae. To accomplish this, Hercules sat on the broad back of a bull and swam across the sea on it.

8 - Horses of King Diomedes. Horses of wondrous beauty and strength. They lived in Thrace with King Diomedes, who fed them human meat, throwing them all the strangers to eat. Hercules tamed the cannibal horses and delivered them to Eurystheus, who set them free. In the mountains the horses were torn to pieces by wild beasts.

9 - Belt of Hippolyta. The belt was presented to the queen of the Amazons Hippolyta by the god of war Ares and served as a symbol of power over the Amazons. This belt Hercules was supposed to bring to Eurystheus for his daughter, the priestess of the goddess Hera.

10 - Cows of Gerion. The giant Geryon had three bodies, three heads, six arms and six legs. Hercules was supposed to drive the cows of the giant Gerion to Mycenae. Helios helped Hercules to reach the island of Eritheia, where Geryon pastured her flocks, delivering him on his golden boat, and Pallas Athena helped Gerion to defeat.

11 - Kerber. Kerberos (Cerberus) was the guardian of the underworld of Hades. It had three heads, snakes wriggled around its neck, and its tail ended in a dragon's head. Hercules was supposed to descend into Hades and bring Kerberos to Eurystheus. According to the condition of Hades, Hercules could take Kerberos only if he could tame him without weapons.

12 - Apples of the Hesperides. It was considered the most difficult feat. The Hesperides, daughters of the Titan Atlas, looked after the golden apples in their father's gardens. Apples, giving eternal youth, grew on a golden tree grown by the goddess of the earth Gaia as a gift to Hera on her wedding day with Zeus, and the garden was guarded by a dragon. Hercules was ordered to bring three golden apples. The difficulty was that no one, except for the prophetic old man Nereus, knew the way to the gardens. Nereus was forced to reveal the secret of the way so that Hercules, who bound him, would let him go.

Hercules- the name by which Hercules was known in ancient Rome and had the glory of a fighter against injustice. Due to his readiness to serve people and endurance, he was an ideal for the Stoics.

The Burgundian royal family was descended from Hercules and Queen Eliza.

Story Ancient Greece.......................................................

Introduction ................................................ .................................

1. - The heritage of Ancient Hellas. 2. - Periodization of the history of Ancient Greece. 3. - Geographical conditions of the Balkan Greece and Crete......

Chapter 1

1. - Chronology of the Crete-Mycenaean period. 2. - The religion of ancient Crete. 3. - Early Minoan period (XXX-XXIII centuries BC). 4. – Early Helladic period (XXX–XXI). 5. – Middle Minoan period (XXII–XVIII). 6. - Middle Helladic period (XX-XVII). 7. - Late Minoan period (XVII-XII). 8. - Cretan-Mycenaean writing. 9. - The death of the Cretan civilization. 10. - Greek religion of the late Helladic period. 11. - Late Helladic period (XVI-XII). 12. - Mycenaean culture. 13. - The death of the Mycenaean civilization ....

Chapter 2. "Dark Ages" (XI-IX centuries BC)..................................

1. - Trojan War. 2. - Wanderings of Odysseus. 3. - Heinrich Schliemann and his discoveries. 4. - "The Homeric Question". 5. - Greek tribes and their dialects. 6.- general characteristics period. 7. - Homeric society.

Chapter 3. Archaic period (VIII-VI centuries BC) ...........

1. - Great Greek colonization. 2. - Directions of colonization. 3. - Northern Black Sea region in ancient times. 4. - Early Greek tyranny. 5. - The tyranny of Polycrates on about. Samos (540). 6. - The tyranny of Periander in Corinth (627-585). 7. - Formation of the policy system. 8. - The first Greek legislation. 9. - Legislation of Draco in Athens (621). 10. - Legislation of Solon in Athens (594). 11. - Poetry. 12. - Philosophy. 13. – Visual arts .............................................. ........

Chapter 4. The period of high classics (5th century BC)............

1. - Greek religion. 2. - Sacred festivals and games. 3. - Eleusinian mysteries. 4. - Dionysius and the Orphic sect. 5. - Oracles. 6. - Theater. 7. - Fine arts. Sculpture. 8. - Fine arts. Architecture. 9. - Athenian democracy. 10. - Causes and background of the Greco-Persian wars. 11. - Ionian uprising (500-494). 12. - The first campaign of Mardonius (492-490). Marathon battle. 13. - Expedition of Datis and Artaphernes (480-479). Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. 14. - Military campaign 478-459. BC 15. - Egyptian expedition and the end of the Greco-Persian Wars (459–449). 16. - The emergence of the Spartan state. 17. - The state structure of Sparta. 18. - Education and public life Spartans. 19. - Peloponnesian Union. 20. - Causes of the Peloponnesian War of Athens and Sparta. 21. - Archidamov's war (431-421). 22. - Nikiev world (421-415). 23. - Sicilian expedition. 24. - Dekeley war (413-404).

Chapter 5. Late Classic Period (4th century BC)............

1. - The crisis of the polis system in the first half of the 4th century. BC 2. - The spread of mercenarism. 3. - "Younger" tyranny. 4. - Sophists and Socrates. 5. - Creation of alliances. 6. - Wars of the first half of the 4th century. BC 7. - Philosophy. 8. - Visual arts .............................................. .

Chapter 6. Relations between Greece and Macedonia in the 4th century. BC Campaigns of Alexander the Great (336–323) .................................. .........................

1. - Geographical conditions of Macedonia. 2. - Military reform of Philip II. 3. - Holy War (355-346). 4. - Relations between Philip and the Greek policies (338-336). 5. - Accession of Alexander to the throne. 6. - The first stage of the Eastern campaign (334-331). 7. - The second stage of the campaign (331-329). 8. - Third (329-327) and fourth (327-324) stages of the campaign. 9. - Creation of a great power.

Chapter 7. Hellenism (III-I centuries BC)..................................

1. - Wars of the heirs of Alexander. 2. - General characteristics of Hellenism. 3. - Religion. 4. - Philosophy. 5. - Power of the Ptolemies. 6. - Power of the Seleucids. 7. - Greece in the Hellenistic period. 8. - Cities. 9. - Wonders of the world. 10. - Science. eleven. - Military equipment. 12. - Literature. 13. –– Art..

HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME ..........................................

Introduction ................................................ ...............................

1. - Characteristic features of Roman civilization. 2. - Chronology. 3. - Geographical conditions of Italy. 4. - Contacts of the Greek and Italic populations in the XIII-IX centuries. BC 5. - Phoenician and Greek colonization in Italy and Sicily in the 9th-6th centuries. BC ..................................

Chapter 1. The royal period (VIII-VI centuries BC). Etruscans.

1. - The appearance of Italians on the Apennine Peninsula. 2. - Legends about the foundation of Rome. 3. - Religion. 4. - Generic structure. 5. - State structure. 6. - Social organization. 7. - Reforms of Servius Tullius. 8. - The origin of the Etruscans, their language. 9. - Religion. 10. - Ideas about the afterlife. 11. - Art. 12. - Religious leagues ...........................

Chapter 2. Early Republic (VI-III centuries BC).................................

1. - Causes of the struggle between patricians and plebeians. 2. - Laws of 12 tables. 3. - Laws on the rights of the plebeians. 4. - State structure. People's meetings. Senate. 5. - Masters. 6. - Civil Magistracy. 7. - Priestly magistracies. 8. - Wars of Rome (late VI - early III century BC). 9. -First Punic War (264-241). 10. - Second Punic War (218-201). 11. – Third Punic War (149–146) .............................................. ............................................

Chapter 3. Late Republic (II-I centuries BC)..................

1. - The conquests of Rome II century. BC Creation of Roman provinces. 2. - Changes in Roman society in the 2nd century. BC 3. - Hellenization. Morals and Roman surname. 4. - Reforms of the Gracchi brothers. 5. - Activities of Gaius Marius (107-87). 6. - Dictatorship of Sulla (82-79). 7. - The uprising of Spartacus (74-71). 8. - Creation of the first triumvirate (60). 9. - Rise of Julius Caesar. 10. - The reforms of Julius Caesar in the 40s BC. 11. - Dramaturgy. 12. - Poetry and rhetoric. 13. – Art ............................................... ....................................

Chapter 4. Early Roman Empire. Principate (I–III centuries)

1. - Creation of the second triumvirate (43 BC). 2. - Rise of Octavian. 3. - The Principate of Octavian Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD). 4. - Literature of the Augustan era. 5. - Construction of the era of August. 6. - The reign of the emperor Tiberius (14-37 AD). 7. - The reign of Nero (54-68). 8. - The reign of Vespasian (69-79). 9. - The reign of Titus (79-81). 10. - The reign of Trajan (98-117). 11. - The reign of Hadrian (117-137). 12. - The reign of Septimius Severus (193-211). 13. - The reign of Caracalla (212-217). 14. - Soldier emperors (235-284). 15. - Religious syncretism of the era of the early empire.

Chapter 5

1. – General position Greece in the first centuries AD. e. 2. - Administration of the province. 3. - Relations between Greece and the emperors. 4. - The level of Romanization of the province. 5. - Greek literature of the imperial era. 6. - Invasion of the Costoboci (170) and Goths (267). 7. - Administrative management of the province of Gaul. 8. - Druids. Youth education .................................................................. ............

Chapter 6 Dominatus (late 3rd–5th centuries)

1. - The crisis of the empire in the III century. 2. - Reforms of Diocletian (284-305). 3. - The reign of Constantine the Great (306-337). 4. - Sources on the history of early Christianity. 5. - Christian tradition and the Greek heritage. 6. - Persecution of the Christian Church. 7. - Christian Church under Constantine. 8. - The reign of Julian the Apostate (360-363). 9. - The reign of Valens (364-378). 10. - The reign of Theodosius the Great (379-395). 11. - Creation of barbarian kingdoms in the 5th century. 12. - The fall of the Roman Empire ..............................................

Bibliography................................................. ....................

CHRONOLOGY................................................. .................

The creation of the first urban centers fits into the theory urban revolution which is not supported by all researchers. It boils down to the fact that the active development of copper and bronze contributes to the development of trade, the creation of craft centers with a developed administrative apparatus. The unification of large craft and trading centers, in the presence of a managerial apparatus, gave rise to the first cities that developed already from the end of the 3rd millennium BC.

The palace at Knossos was excavated by a famous English archaeologist Arthur Evans(1851-1941), who began work in 1900 and continued them almost until his death. In the 1920s and 1930s he published a four-volume work "Palace of Minos" which has become a textbook for scholars involved in the history of Crete.

Linear B deciphered thanks to English scientists M. Ventris and J. Chadwick. AT 1953 g. they published an article in which they set out the principles of decoding, recognized as correct by all scientists.

Cm.: Rezanov I. A. Atlantis: fantasy or reality? M., 1975.

For a long time in science, it was generally accepted that the Dionysian festivals were of Asia Minor origin. This statement is refuted by the finds in Greece of inscriptions mentioning the name of Dionysus long before the possible religious influence of the population of Asia Minor on the Achaeans.

Not to be confused with the famous Sparta, which arose later.

The first translation of the Iliad into Russian, made by N. I. Gnedich, appeared in 1830. It retains the poetic size of the original - hexameter. Contemporaries did not immediately appreciate the work of Gnedich. Regarding his translation, A. S. Pushkin wrote an epigram: “Kryv was a Gnedich poet, a defrauder of blind Homer, // His translation is similar to the model side by side.” Indeed, Gnedich was crooked in one eye. Later, Pushkin was ashamed of his words and, having crossed out the first epigram, wrote the second: “I hear the silent sound of the divine Hellenic speech; // I feel the shadow of the great old man with a confused soul. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Iliad was translated by the poet V.V. Veresaev.

Impeccable in artistic terms, the translation of the Odyssey was made by V. A. Zhukovsky. Nevertheless, he simplified the size of the original and, at the expense of the accuracy of the translation, allowed creative liberties.

On the one hand, he was a man fanatically passionate about history, and on the other, a stingy businessman. Reading the Iliad as a child, Schliemann dreamed of someday finding Troy. In his youth, he went to sea as a cabin boy on a ship that was wrecked. Heinrich managed to escape, and he remained to live in Amsterdam, where he became a correspondent and accountant of one of the trading firms. According to the system he created himself, he taught languages, which he knew quite a lot. Subsequently, Schliemann became one of the representatives of the firm in St. Petersburg, married a Russian woman, made a huge fortune on Crimean War and the American Gold Rush. Obsessed with love for Greece and Homer, Schliemann left Russia, annulled his first unsuccessful marriage and remarried a Greek woman.

The settlement discovered by Schliemann belonged to the time preceding Trojan War. The remains of ancient Ilion were indeed located on the site of the Hisarlyk mound, but at a different depth.

Schliemann was not satisfied with the price offered for the plot of land where the palace was located, and he proved himself to be a prudent businessman, refusing to buy. Otherwise, Schliemann could become the discoverer of all the main centers of Crete-Mycenaean Greece.

The “senior” tyranny of the archaic period is called in contrast to the “younger” tyranny that arose in the era of the late classics (4th century BC).

For this see: Gumilyov L. N. End and start again. M., 1994.

Many things from the Scythian mounds are stored in St. Petersburg, in the "Golden Pantry" of the Hermitage.

Herodotus. Story. IV. 132.

Until the 18th century - Gezlev, where the coronation of the Tatar Khan took place. According to the consonance of names, it was called the city of Kozlov. After the Russo-Turkish wars, it was renamed Evpatoria.

Chersonesus is mentioned in ancient Russian chronicles as Korsun where Prince Vladimir was baptized. In the XVIII century. after the Russian-Turkish wars, it was mistakenly renamed Sevastopol ("City of Augustus"), since the real Sevastopol was located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.

In Marxist historiography, a polis is defined as a community of citizens based on antique form of ownership.

Archons are the highest officials in Athens. They performed various functions related to city administration, command of troops, worship, etc. Usually they were elected in the amount of nine people.

Cf .: Babylonian laws of Hammurabi.

Losev A.F. Dialectic of myth // Losev A.F. Philosophy. Mythology. Culture. M., 1991. S. 169.

From 1896 Olympic Games relaunched in Europe as international non-religious sports.

According to some researchers, the game underlies the entire world culture and is its driving force. For this see: Huizinga J. Homo ludens (man playing, lat. - A. P.) in the shadow of tomorrow. Experience in determining the game element of culture. M., 1992.

The idea of ​​the dualism of human nature, developed in Zoroastrianism, will form the basis of many Christian heresies of the Gnostics, Bogomils, Albigenses, etc.

For example, "the ruler issued a decree to execute enemies of friends and friends of enemies».

In addition, Athens was not a typical policy, since about 10 thousand citizens lived in an average Greek city, that is, several times less than in Athens.

Thucydides. Story. II. 37.1.

Perhaps it happened a little earlier: in 469 or 468 BC

The origin of the word was not entirely clear even to the Greeks themselves. Perhaps the inhabitants of the city were called helots Gelos in the south of the Peloponnese, they offered the strongest resistance to the Spartans.

These figures take into account family members of both citizens and the dependent population of Athens and Sparta, that is, the real number of adult men among all social strata was much smaller. The numbers are from the article: Koshelenko G. A. Classics of Marxism-Leninism on two ways of formation of ancient Greek statehood // Early class formations. Theoretical problems of the formation of the state. M., 1984. S. 8.

Not to be confused with famous speaker Demosthenes.

Xenophon was a student of Socrates, to whom he devoted his memoirs, in addition, he created a number of works on various subjects, including the History, which seemed to be a continuation of the work of Thucydides. Traditionally, Xenophon is called the third historian of Greece after Herodotus and Thucydides, but in terms of conscientiousness and critical research, he is significantly inferior to his predecessors.

In the New Age, Masons will use it.

Each day was associated with a certain planet, which can be traced by the names of the days of the week in modern Western languages.

According to recent studies, the dates of the life of the Buddha have been seriously revised and relegated to IV in. before R. H., and not to VI–V centuries, as was previously thought (according to legend, Buddha died in 486 or 483 BC), see: Behert H. Contradictions in the dating of the Parinirvana of the Buddha and the origins of the Theravada chronology // Bulletin ancient history. 1993. No. 1. S. 3–24. That is, Alexander the Great appeared in India at a time when Buddhism was making its first steps in the East, and its resemblance to Stoicism can be seen as an expression of one general idea that was born in this era.

It's about this the temple is coming speech in the Acts of the Apostles, when the silversmith Demetrius raised a rebellion in Ephesus against St. Paul, declaring that as a result of the preaching of the apostle, “not only our craft will come into contempt, but the temple of the great Artemis will mean nothing, and the greatness of the one that all Asia and the universe honors will be overthrown” (Acts 19: 27).

The female scythe can withstand a load of up to 20 tons, which is approximately how much the platform of a railway car with two trucks weighs, see: Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining mechanics. Domodedovo, 1994, pp. 109–110.

Levek P. Hellenistic world. M., 1989. S. 100.

Stored in St. Petersburg in the Hermitage.

On the history of Greece in the era of the Roman Empire (I-III centuries), see the corresponding section in the manual on the history of Ancient Rome.

In modern times, the love story of Aeneas gained great fame: having arrived in Carthage, he met the queen Dido, who, having fallen in love with the hero and being unable to part with him, committed suicide, since Aeneas, fulfilling the will of the gods, intended to sail to Italy.

Until the beginning of the 20th century. many researchers considered the royal period as mythical and did not really exist. This direction hypercriticism, is now largely overcome, although there is really little information about the tsarist period and they belong to a late time.

The sibyls are still revered in Catholic Church because, according to legend, the Cum prophetess predicted the birth of Christ. The sibyls were depicted in temples, the most famous paintings Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican. The Sibyl is mentioned in a Catholic requiem.

AT contemporary literature another theory was established about the origin of the patricians and plebeians, according to which the patricians were the original population of Rome, and the plebeians were people who came or conquered Rome after the formation of a new social structure, which also caused the difference in civil rights these two social groups.

In the 20s of the XX century, this symbolism (a bundle of rods with an ax stuck in it) was borrowed by Italian nationalists, which explains the common etymology of the words "fascism" and "fascia".

Punians - the second name of the Carthaginians.

The original meaning of the word "province" is an assignment of a military nature, that is, a range of activities official, from the III century. BC, the conquered regions outside of Italy were called so.

The word "empires" in ancient Rome denoted the military power and jurisdiction of the official, its external sign was the fascia. Later, this word denoted the territory over which the power of the magistrate extended. This is the origin of the concept of "Roman Empire" ( imperium Romanum).

A place in Thessaly, where the actions of the Walpurgis Night, described Goethe in "Fauste".

A maneuver resorted to later by the Roman emperors, who, being patricians, did not have the right to become plebeian tribunes, but they could exercise their powers.

The word "calendar" originates from the first day of the Roman month - Calend.

He existed in Western Europe before XVI c., when a more convenient for domestic chronology was introduced Gregorian calendar, to which Russia switched from 1918 Russian city Orthodox Church still uses the Julian calendar.

Writers, artists and poets often turned to the image of Caesar. They wrote about him petrarch, Dante, Shakespeare, Mark Twain, and in our time - Bertolt Brecht and Thornton Wilder. Caesar is a person to whom they will constantly return creative people as a person who combined the talent of a commander with political wisdom.

Plautus (literally "flat-footed") is a mime dancer in flat shoes.

A slave is a hero, impossible in classical tragedy, a prototype Trufaldino and Figaro.

For example, Shakespeare's "Comedy of Errors" is a remake of Plautus' "The Two Menechmas" comedy.

On the side of Brutus and Cassius in the battle, the later famous poet Horace, who was a military tribune, spoke.

There is a lot of debate about what the principate actually was. Some researchers call Octavian's coming to power the Roman Revolution, that is, a sharp transition from one form of government to another. In fact, the establishment of the monarchy was natural and logical in the light of the events described above.

There is an opinion among researchers that the reconstruction of the Roman Empire on the basis of the paternal power of the princeps gave rise to a patriarchal state in which patronage relations between subordinates and the emperor were built like family relations.

There are other versions of the interpretation of the word - "he who exalted, increased the state", "exalted by the gods."

Such an interpretation testified to the special love of Christians for Virgil - not without reason in " Divine Comedy» he became a guide Dante hell.

The most famous are the translations of A. S. Pushkin, G. R. Derzhavin and M. V. Lomonosov.

Octavian Augustus, his stepson Tiberius and great-nephew Tiberius belonged to the Julius dynasty. Caligula (37–41 ). Caligula's uncle belonged to the Claudian dynasty Claudius (41–54 ) and his Foster-son(wife's son from first marriage) Nero.

Some scholars have questioned Tacitus's account as a late compilation, but most likely the information about Christians belongs to the historian himself.

The novel is dedicated to the events described. Henryk Sienkiewicz "Camo coming".

This book formed the basis of the author's work of the same name. Leon Feuchtwanger.

This event was widely known thanks to the painting K. Bryullov "The Last Day of Pompeii" kept in the Russian Museum of St. Petersburg.

The manuscripts were discovered in the middle of the 20th century thanks to excavations by Western and Soviet archaeologists near the town Qumran(the bulk - from 1947 to the 60s).

Possibly the famous megalithic stone buildings Stonehenge were carried out by the druids.

The only exception is the song of praise of St. Ambrose of Milan "To you, God, we praise..."

For details see: Bolotov V.V. History lectures ancient church. - Repr.: SPb., 1910, 1913. - M., 1994. T. 2–3.

Some researchers date the end of the ancient era to this date.

CHRONOLOGICAL CHART

754-753 BC e. - The traditional date of the founding of the city of Rome
VIII-VI centuries. BC e. - The royal period of Roman history
7th century BC e. - The emergence of Latin writing
Mid 6th century BC e. -Reform of the Roman social system, carried out by King Servius
Tullius
OK. 524 BC e. - The defeat of the Etruscans in a naval battle with the Greeks off the coast of Campania

The era of the Roman Republic (509-30 BC)

494 BC e. -Traditional date for the first removal of the plebeians to the "Sacred Mountain".
Establishment of a people's tribunate
451-450 AD BC e. -Decemvir Commission. "Laws of the XII Tables"
449 BC e. - Re-removal of the plebeians on the "Sacred Mountain". Laws of Valerius and Horace on the Rights of Roman Citizenship
445 BC e. - Tribune Canuleus Law on Marriages
444 BC e. - Introduction of the position of military tribunes with consular power
443 BC e. - Establishment of the position of censors
406-396 BC e. - The third (last) war of the Romans with the Etruscan city of Veii
390 or 387 BC e. - Invasion of the Celts (Gauls) in Latium. Temporary capture of the city of Rome
367 BC e. - Laws of the Tribunes of the People Licinius and Sextius
356 BC e. - First plebeian dictator
351 BC e. - First plebeian censor
340-338 gt. BC e. - The war of the Romans with the Latin allies. Establishment of Roman rule in Latium
327-304 BC e. - The second war of the Romans with the Samnites
326 BC e. - Law of tribune Petelius on the prohibition of the conversion of Roman citizens into debt slaves
312 don. e. -Censorship of Appius Claudius
300 BC e. -Law Tribunes Ogulniev
298-290 AD BC e. -Third Roman-Samnite War

361

287 BC e. - The law of the dictator Hortensius on equating the decisions of the plebeian assemblies with laws (the end of the struggle between the plebeians and the patricians)
280-275 AD BC e. - The war of the Romans with the Epirus king Pyrrhus
264-241 BC e. - 1st Punic War
253-184 AD BC e. - Titus Maccius Plautus, Roman playwright
239-169 AD Don. e. -Ennius, Roman poet
234-149 AD BC e. - Mark Porcius Cato the Elder, Roman military officer, statesman
232 BC e. -Agrarian legislation Gaius Flaminius
229-228 AD BC e. - The first war between Rome and the Illyrians. Beginning of Roman expansion in the Balkans
223-222 gt. BC e. - Campaign Gaius Flaminius in Northern Italy. Roman subjugation of the Gauls in the Po Valley
219 BC e. - The second war of the Romans with the Illyrians
218-201 BC e. -2nd Punic War
218 BC e. - Transition of the Carthaginian army of Hannibal through the Alps. Battle of the Ticin and Trebia rivers
217 BC e. - Battle of Trasimene
216 BC e. - Battle of Cannae
215-205 AD BC e. - War of Macedonia with Rome (First Macedonian War)
211 don. e. - Hannibal's army under the walls of the city of Rome. The capture of the cities of Capua and Syracuse by the Roman troops
207 BC e. - Battle of Metaurus. The death of Hasdrubal's army
204 BC e. - The landing of the Roman army of Scipio in Africa
202 BC e. - Battle of Zama
OK. 201-120 BC e. - Polybius, historian
200-197 BC e. - Second war between Rome and Macedonia
197 BC e. - Battle of Cynoscephalae
195-179 BC e. - Roman wars of conquest in the Iberian Peninsula
192-188 BC e. - Rome's war with King Antiochus III
190 BC e. - Battle of Magnesia
OK. 190-159 gt. BC e. - Publius Terence Aphrus, Roman playwright
OK. 185 BC e. - Slave revolt in Puglia
OK. 180-100 AD BC e. - Gaius Lucilius, Roman satirist
171-168 years BC e. -Third war between Rome and Macedonia
168 BC e. - Battle of Pydna. Destruction of the Macedonian kingdom
154-139 AD BC e. - The struggle of the Lusitanian tribes led by Viriatus against the Roman conquerors
149-148 years BC e. - Uprising in Macedonia. False Philip
149-146 BC e. - 3rd Punic War
146 BC e. - The destruction of Carthage and Corinth by the Romans. Formation of the Roman provinces - Africa and Achaia
138-133 gt. BC e. - Numantine War
138-132 AD BC e. - First slave revolt in Sicily
133 BC e. - Tribunate of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
132-129 AD BC e. - Rebellion of Aristonicus
123-122 AD BC e. - Tribunate and legislative activity of Gaius Sempronius Gracchus
116-27 years BC e. - Terentius Varro, Roman writer
113-101 AD BC e. - The war of the Romans with the Cimbri and the Teutons
111-105 AD BC e. - Yugurtinskaya war
111 BC e. - Agrarian Law Spurius Thorium
107-104 AD BC e. - Military-political reforms Gaius Marius
106-43 gt. BC e. -Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman statesman and writer
104-101 AD BC e. - Second Slave Revolt in Sicily
102 BC e. - Battle of the Aquas Sextiae
101 BC e. - Battle of Vercelli
103-100 BC e. -Speech of the Roman democrats, headed by Apuleius Saturninus
100-44 AD BC e. - Gaius Julius Caesar, Roman military and statesman
OK. 98 - ok. 54 years BC e. - Titus Lucretius Carus, Roman philosopher and poet
91 BC e. -Tribunate of Mark Livius Drusus
91-88 years BC e. -Allied war in Italy

362

89-84 gt. BC e. - The first war of Rome with the king of Pontus Mithridates VI
87-82 years BC e. - Dominance in Rome supporters of Mary
OK. 87 - ok. 54 years BC e. - Gaius Valerius Catullus, poet
83-82 years BC e. - Civil war in Italy and Rome
82-79 years BC e. - Dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla
80-72 years BC e. - Sertorius' fight against the Sullans
78-77 years BC e. - Revolt of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
74-71 years BC e. - Slave uprising led by Spartacus
74-63 years BC e. -The third war of Rome with the king of Pontus Mithridates VI
70-19 years BC e. - Publius Virgil Maro, poet
70 BC e. - Repeal of the Sullan constitution
67 BC e. - Law of Gabinia. Pompey fighting the pirates
66-62 years BC e. - Eastern campaigns of Gnaeus Pompey
65-8 years BC e. - Quintus Horace Flaccus, poet
64-63 years BC e. - Struggle around the agrarian bill of tribune Servilius Rullus
63-62 years BC e. - Conspiracy of Sergius Catiline
63 BC e.- 14 AD e. - Gaius Octavius ​​(Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian-Augustus), Roman statesman
60-53 years BC e. - First triumvirate
59 BC e.- 17 AD e. - Titus Livius, historian
58-50 years BC e. - Julius Caesar's war in Gaul
56 BC e. - Meeting of the triumvirs in the city of Luka
53 BC e. - Battle of Carrah. Defeat of the Roman army
49-45 years BC e. - Civil war between Julius Caesar and his opponents
48 BC e. - Battle of Pharsalus. Death of Gnaeus Pompey
48-47 years BC e. -Alexandrian War
43-36 years BC. - Second triumvirate
43 BC e. - Mutinskaya war. The conclusion of the second triumvirate
43 BC e.- 17 AD e. - Publius Ovid Nason, poet
42 BC e. - Battle of Philippi. Republican Defeat
41 -40 years BC e. - Perusin War
36 BC e. - Campaign of Mark Antony against the Parthians. The destruction by Octavian of the dominion of Sextus Pompey on the island of Sicily
31 BC e. - Battle of Cape Promotion. Octavian's victory
30 BC e. - Capture of Alexandria by Octavian. Death of Mark Antony and Cleopatra

The era of the Roman Empire (30 BC - 476 AD)

30 BC e. - 14 AD e. - The sole reign of Octavian Augustus - the first Roman emperor
27 BC e. - Legal registration of the power of Octavian and his receipt of the title of Augustus
19 BC e. - Completion of the conquest of Spain by the Romans
16-15 years BC e. - Conquest of Norik and Rezia
12-9 years BC e. - Conquest of Pannonia. Roman invasion of Germany
OK. 4 BC e.- 65 AD e. - Seneca the Younger, philosopher
2 BC e. - Law Fufia - Koniniya on limiting the release of slaves at will according to wills
4 AD e. -New Elia - Sentia law to limit the release of slaves into the wild
6-9 years - Uprising in Dalmatia and Pannonia
9 - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
10 g. -Law on the execution of all slaves in the event of the murder of one of them by the master 14-68 years. -Dynasty Julius - Claudius
14-37 years - Principate of Tiberius
14 - Rebellions of the soldiers of the Pannonian and German legions
17-24 years - Revolt in Numidia led by Takfarinath
21g. - Revolt in Gaul and Thrace
23-79 years — Pliny Secundus the Elder, Roman scholar
24 - The unrest of the slaves in Southern Italy
37-41 years - Principate of Gaius Caesar (Caligula)
37 - ok. 100 years - Josephus Flavius, Jewish historian 39-65 years. - Marcus Annaeus Lucan, Roman poet

363

41-54 gt. - Principate of Claudius
42 - Attempted uprising in Illyria to restore the Republic
42 - Completion of the conquest of Mauritania
43 - Claudius' campaign in Britain and the conquest of the southern part of the country by the Romans
42 - approx. 102 - Mark Valerius Martial, Roman poet
OK. 46 - c. 126 - Plutarch, Greco-Roman writer and historian
54-68 years - Principate of Nero
OK. 58 - after 117 - Cornelius Tacitus, historian
60 - Rebellion in Britain
62-114 gt. - Pliny the Younger, writer
64 - Fire of Rome
66-73 years - Revolt in Judea
68 - Revolt in Gaul. Death of Nero
68-69 gt. - Civil War in the Empire
69-96 gt. - Flavian dynasty
69-79 years - Principate of Vespasian Flavius
69-71 years - Batavian uprising led by Civilis
70 - Capture and defeat of Jerusalem by Roman troops
73 - Census of Vespasian. Change in the composition of the Roman Senate
OK. 70-160s - Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Roman writer
79-81 years - Principate of Titus Flavius
79 - Eruption of the volcano Vesuvius. The destruction of the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii
80 - Opening of the Colosseum
81 -96 years - Principate of Domitian Flavius
OK. mid-90s - Appian, historian - c. middle of 170
96-192 - The reign of the emperors of the Antonine dynasty
96-98 years - Principate of Nerva
98-117 years - Principate of Trajan
OK. 90 - 168 - Claudius Ptolemy, astronomer and geographer
101 -106 gt. - Conquest of Dacia
114-117 years - The war of the Romans with the Armenians and Parthians
117-138 AD - Emperor Hadrian's reign
OK. 120-180 gt. -Lucian of Samosat, satirical writer
OK. 124 - ok. 180s - Apuleius, writer
132-135 AD - Revolt in Judea led by Simon Bar-Kochbg
138-161 AD - Reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius
161-180 AD ν - Reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius
161-165 AD -Roman-Parthian War
167-180 AD - The wars of the Romans with the Marcomanni
174-175 years -Bukol Rebellion in Northern Egypt
180-192 -Reign of Emperor Commodus
193-197 - Civil wars in the Roman Empire. The struggle of competitors for the imperial throne
193-235 - The reign of the emperors of the Sever dynasty
193-211 gt. - Board of Septimius Severus
198 - Temporary capture and plunder by the Romans of the cities of Mesopotamia (Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon)
211-217 AD - Board of Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla)
212 - Edict of Caracalla granting the rights of Roman citizenship to most of the free population of the provinces
222-235 AD - Board of Alexander Sever
226 - Fall of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty. Establishment of the Persian Sassanid dynasty
235-284 AD - Political crisis Roman Empire. The era of "soldier" emperors
249-251 AD - Reign of Emperor Decius. Prohibition of Christianity and persecution of Christians throughout the Roman Empire
260 - The defeat of the Roman army by the Persians. Capture of Emperor Valerian
253-268 AD - The reign of Emperor Gallienus (until 260 together with Valerian).
The invasion of barbarian tribes within the Empire

364

• 753-715 BC The reign of Romulus in Rome
• 716-673 Num Pompilius reigns in Rome
• 673-641 In Rome, the reign of Tullus Gastilius
• 641-616 In Rome, the reign of Ancus Marcius
• 616-510 Rome was captured by the Etruscans. Rule in Rome of the Etruscan kings Tarquinius.
• 616 - 578 In Rome, the reign of Tarquinius Priscus
• 578 - 534 In Rome, the reign of Servius Tullius, famous for his reforms: fixing prices and dividing into centuries
• 534 - 510 The reign of Tarquinius the Proud began in Rome
• 524~ BC The Etruscans were defeated in a naval battle with the Greeks off the coast of Campania. The beginning of the decline of the Etruscans and the rise of the Romans.
• (510)509 The overthrow of the Etruscan rule. Establishment of the republican system. Military-political power passed to the consuls.
• 508 Treaty between Rome and Carthage on the division of interests.
• 496-493 First Latin War of the cities against the hegemony of Rome. Ended with the dominance of Rome.
• 494 Removal of the Roman plebeians, establishment of a popular tribunate.
• 486 Agrarian law of Spurius Cassius on the allocation of land to needy plebeians and Latin allies of Rome.
• 460-440 Revolt of the Siculi.
• 451-450 Under the pressure of the Roman plebeians, the collegium carried out the first fixation of Roman law - the "Laws of the XII Tables", the basis of Roman legislation.
• 449 Re-deletion of the plebeians. Consuls pass laws that significantly reduce the power of the patricians in Rome.
• 445 Permission of marriages between patricians and plebeians, - law of the tribune Canuleus
• 444 Establishment of six military tribunes with consular power and the admission of plebeians to this office
• 443 Office of censors established in Rome.
• 439 Execution of Spurius Melius, accused of striving for autocracy.
• 409 Election of quests from the plebeians.
• 406-396 Third (last) war with the Etruscan city of Veia. taken
• 390 (or 387) The defeat of the Romans, the capture of the Gauls of Rome.
• 367 Laws of Licinius-Sextia on the establishment of a land maximum, relief of debt obligations, admission of plebeians to the consulate, establishment of the posts of praetor and smoking aedile. Election of the first plebeian consul Lucius Sextus Laterna.
• 356 First plebeian dictator appointed in Rome.
• 351 First plebeian censor elected in Rome.
• 350 Beginning of copper coinage in Rome.
• 343-341 First Samnite War between Rome and an alliance of ancient Italic tribes for dominance in Central Italy.
• 340-338 Second Latin war of the cities of the Latin alliance against the hegemony of Rome. Victory of Rome
• 337 Plebeians were admitted to the office of praetor
• 327-304 Second Samnite War
• 326 Law for the prohibition of the debt slavery of the Romans, - law of the tribune Petelius
• 312 Reform of the censor Apius Claudius on the admission of plebeians to the first class of centuriate organizations. Construction of the Appian Way and the first aqueduct
• 306 Treaty of Rome with Carthage on spheres of influence (Rome - in Italy, Carthage - on the island of Sicily)
• 300(296) Law on the admission of plebeians to the priestly offices of pontiff and augur, law of tribunes Ogulniev
• 298-290 Third Samnite War. Rome asserted its dominance in Central Italy.
• 287 Law on the full legal equality of plebeians and patricians (completion of the struggle between plebeians and patricians)
• 280-275 War of the Epirus king Pyrrhus.
• 272 Conquest of Tarrent by the Romans. The first embassy of Rome in Egypt.
• 268 Beginning of minting silver coins.
• 265 Capture of Volsiny, final conquest Romans of the Apennine Peninsula.
• 264-241 First Punic War between Rome and Carthage for dominance in Sicily (the first province)
• 238 Capture of the islands belonging to Carthage.
• 232 Agrarian laws of Gaius Flaminius on the division of public lands in Picenum and northern Italy
• 229-228 First war with the Illyrians. Beginning of Roman expansion to the Balkan Peninsula.
• 227 Roman province of Sicily and Corsica formed.
• 223-222 Campaign in Northern Italy.
• 220 The Flaminian Way is built. Law of the tribune Claudius, restricting the trading activities of nobels
• 218-201 Second Punic War (initially defeated, but from 212 the initiative passed to the Romans).
• 215-205 First Macedonian war for hegemony in Greece.
• 200-197 Second Macedonian War, Greece came under Roman rule.
• 195-190 (192-188) War with Antiochus III.
• 171-168 Third Macedonian War, Roman victory. Macedonian kingdom was destroyed
• 149-146 Third Punic War. Capture of Carthage.
• 149-146 War. Subjugation of Greece.
• 149 Law of Calpuria against extortion in the provinces.
• 146 Achaean war. War of the Achaean alliance with Rome. Capture and burning of Corinth, end of Greek independence
• 138-132 Revolt of slaves in Sicily.
• 133-123 The agrarian movement of the Roman plebes, the reforms of the Gracchi.
• 123-121 Gaius Gracchus came up with a broad and well-thought-out program of democratic and agrarian reforms, contrary to the interests of the senatorial nobility.
• 113-101 War with the invasion of the Germanic tribes. Crushing defeats 113-*105. Radical military reform Gaius Marius (107-104). Creation of a professional mercenary army. Tribal extermination.
• 111 Adoption of an agrarian law establishing private ownership of land by small and medium-sized farmers. Law of Spurius Thorius on the abolition of the agrarian measures of the Gracchi
• 111-105 War with Numidia, its dismemberment and falling into dependence on Rome.
• 107 First consultation of Gaius Marius, his military reform (carried out military-political reforms from 107 oa 104)
• 103-100 Performance of the Roman populace with reforms directed against the senatorial oligarchy.
• 100 Roman general Gaius Marius becomes consul for the sixth time.
• 91-88 The Italian uprising against Rome was defeated, as a result, the population received the rights of Roman citizenship.
• 90 Law Julius granting the rights of Roman citizenship to Italian allies.
• 89 Law of the People's Tribunes Plautius and Papirius on granting citizenship to Italians who laid down their arms within two months.
• 89-84 First Mithridatic War for Greece.
• 88 Civil war. Consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla refused to submit to the people's assembly, and captured Rome with a fight.
• 83-81 Second Mithridatic War.
• 82-79 Dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, voluntarily resigned.
• 78-77 Roman consul marches on Rome, defeated by Sulla's followers.
• 78 Revolt of Lepilus in Rome.
• 74-63 Third Mithridatic War.
• 73-71 Revolt of Spartacus.
• 70 Restoration of the pre-Sullan constitution.
• 67 Elimination of piracy in the Mediterranean.
• 64/63 Annexation of Syria to Rome. The final collapse of the Seleucid Empire.
• 10/21/1963 Cicero's speech in the Senate, which predetermined the failure of the Catiline conspiracy.
• 60-53 The first triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, Caesar. A tacit agreement to jointly fight the Senate oligarchy.
• 59 Caesar's consulate. Law against extortion in the provinces.
• 05.04.56 Strengthening of the triumvirate.
• 53 Death of Crassus, collapse of the first triumvirate.
• 02/25/52 Consul Gnaeus Pompey was elected for a year with extraordinary powers.
• 01/10/49-45 Civil war in Rome, the establishment of the dictatorship of Caesar.

Jan. 45 Calendar reform.

• 15.03.44 Conspiracy of the Senate aristocracy, assassination of Caesar. Consulate of Mark Antony
• 43-31 Second triumvirate. The resumption of the civil war in Rome.
• 30 Octavian captured Alexandria. Suicide of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. The conquest of Egypt by Octavian and its transformation into a Roman province. The end of the civil war, the autocracy of Emperor Octavian
• 01/14/27 BC-14 AD Emperor Augustus (until 27 - Octavian). new period Roman Empire. The transformation of Greece into the Roman province of Achaia. The addition of emergency powers by Octavian, the formal restoration of the republic and the legalization of Octavian's power. Getting them the title of August. Administrative reforms of Octavian Augustus, division of provinces into imperial and senatorial
• 2 BC Law Restricting the Leave of Slaves to Wills
• 4 New law to restrict the release of slaves.
• 14-37 Emperor of Tiberius. Relying on the Praetorians, he pursued an autocratic policy. He has improved his financial position.
• 14 Population limit of the empire: about 5,000,000 Roman citizens and 54,000,000 population of the empire.
• 10/18/31-(37?) According to the verdict of the Roman Senate, the commander-in-chief of the Praetorian Guard was executed.
• 03/16/37-01/24/41 Emperor Caligula, striving for unlimited power, is killed by Praetorians.
• 41-54 Emperor Claudius. He laid the foundations of the imperial bureaucracy, improved the financial situation, streamlined taxation. Poisoned.
• 54-68 Emperor Nero. The Senate and the emperor were reconciled before 59. Cruel, by repressions he set different sections of society against himself. After the betrayal of the Praetorian Guard, he committed suicide.
• Jun 68-Jan 69 Emperor Galba. Rebelled against Nero. Killed by a disgruntled Praetorian Guard.
• 68-69 Praetorians revolted in Rome. started Civil War. Three emperors changed - Galba, Otho, Vitellius. Rebellion of Aniket in Trebizond
• 69-79 Emperor Vespasian. Shire extended the rights of Roman citizenship to the provincials.
• 79-13.09.81 Emperor Tit. Continuation of the policy of Vespasian.
• 81-96 Emperor Domitian. The strengthening of the bureaucratic apparatus and the infringement of the rights of the Senate aroused the opposition of the aristocracy. Killed as a result of a palace conspiracy.
• 96-98 Emperor Nerv. Taxes have been cut, and land has been distributed among the poor.
• 98-117 Emperor Trajan. conquest wars. The ideal ruler in the eyes of the slave-owning nobility.
• 100 The highest power of the Roman Empire. The spread of Christianity.
• 117-138 Emperor Hadrian. Strengthening of imperial power and centralization of state institutions. Protecting the security of their borders.
• 138-161 Emperor Anthony Pius. Continuation of Hadrian's policy.
• 161-180 Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Consent with the Senate, strengthening the state apparatus.
• 180-192 Emperor Commodus. He relied on the Praetorians, persecuted the senators. Demanded honors like a god. Participated in gladiator fights. Killed by conspirators.
• 193-197 The struggle for the imperial throne.
• 193-211 Emperor Septimius Severus (soldier). He tried to establish a military monarchy, to weaken the Senate. Executed numerous enemies.
• 197 Repressions against senators, massive land confiscations in the provinces, reform in the army.
• 211-217 Emperor Caracallus. Killed my brother. Pressure on the Senate, the execution of the nobility. Killed by conspirators.
• 212 Edict granting the rights of Roman citizenship to the entire population.
• 217-218 Emperor Macrinus.
• 218-222 Emperor Elagabalus. Killed in a conspiracy.
• 222-235 Emperor Alexander Sever. The state was ruled by his grandmother and mother, the policy was carried out in agreement with the Senate, and measures were taken to strengthen large land ownership. The aggravation of relations with the army led to a rebellion.
• 235-238 Emperor Maximilian (soldier). Satisfied the needs of the soldiers to the detriment of the Senate and large landowners. Killed in rebellion
• 238-244 Emperor Gordian III
• 244-249 Emperor Philip the Arab.
• 249-251 Emperor Decius (soldier). Organized the systematic persecution of Christians
• 251-253 A fierce struggle for power. Changed three emperors
• 253-259 Emperor Valerian. Persecution of Christians
• 255-260 Second war of Sasanian Iran with Rome
• 260-268 Period of political anarchy
• 260 Persecution of Christians
• 268-270 Emperor Claudius II. Initial period restoration of political unity and power
• 270-275 Emperor Aurelian. Restored political unity (274).
• 276-282 Emperor Prob. Killed by soldiers.
• 284-1.05.305 Emperor Diocletian. Establishing dominance. Conducting military reform, increasing the army, monetary, tax reform, reduced the size of the provinces. Stabilized the position. Relinquished power.
• 293 Administrative reforms
• 301 Edict on maximum prices for food and handicrafts. Monetary reform
• 303-304 Persecution of Christians
• 306-337 Emperor Constantine I the Great (after many years of war). Centralization of the state apparatus, support for the Christian church, preserving pagan cults
• 311 Anti-Christian Edict against Christians 306 repealed.
• 313 Edict of Milan on the free practice of Christianity
• 05/20/325 1st Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church
• 05/11/330 Transfer of the capital to Constantinople
• 337-351 The struggle for power of the sons of Constantine I
• 351-361 Emperor Constantine II
• 361-363 Emperor Julian the Apostate. Supporter of the pagan religion, reformed it
• 361 Restoration of paganism, persecution of Christians
• 363-364 Emperor Jovian. He restored the dominant position of Christianity.
• 364 From 364 to 375 there was a mass desertion of soldiers, an increase in the number of robbers, uprisings of peasants, colonies, slaves
• 379-395 Emperor Theodosius I the Great. In 380 he approved the dominance of orthodox Christianity
• 395 Division of the empire between the sons of Theodosius I
• 395-423 Emperor (western) Honorius. Until 408, the empire was ruled by a commander, then courtiers
• 410 Capture of Rome by the Visigoths
• 425-455 Emperor (Western) Valentinian III. Until 437 the regent's mother, until 454 under the influence of the commander. Killed
• 440-461 Centralization of the Church around Rome

455-475 Reign of a series of powerless, nominal emperors in the west.

• 461 Assassination of Julius Majorian, last emperor trying to keep the empire from collapsing
• 476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire

BC e. (AUC)

753 (1) Founding of Rome

509 (244) Establishment of the Roman Republic

390 (363) Gauls occupied Rome

270 (483) The Romans took over all of Italy

216 (537) Romans lose the Battle of Cannae to Hannibal

202 (551) Romans take Carthage

133 (620) The Romans control almost all of the Mediterranean

101 (652) Marius destroys the Germanic invaders

70 (683) Birth of Virgil

65 (688) Birth of Horace

63 (690) Birth of Octavian (Augustus)

59 (694) Birth of Livy

44 (709) Assassination of Julius Caesar

43 (710) Birth of Ovid

42 (711) Birth of Tiberius

19 (734) Death of Virgil

9 (744) Roman troops reached the Elbe

8 (745) Death of Horace

4 (749) Birth of Jesus

n. e. (AUC)

9 (762) The Romans lose the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest and are forced to retreat to the Rhine. Birth of Vespasian

14 (767) Death of Augustus. Tiberius becomes emperor

17 (770) Death of Ovid and Livy

29 (782) Crucifixion of Christ

35 (788) Birth of Nerva

37 (790) Death of Tiberius. Caligula becomes emperor. Conversion of Peter

41 (794) Murder of Caligula. Claudius becomes emperor

43 (796) Roman army begins conquest of Britain

52 (805) Birth of Trajan

54 (807) Death of Claudius. Nero becomes emperor

58 (811) Corbulo defeats the Parthians

60 (813) Birth of Juvenal

61 (814) Boudicca Rebellion in Britain

64 (817) The Great Fire of Rome. The beginning of the persecution of Christians. Martyrdom of Peter and Paul

65 (818) Death of Seneca and Lucian

66 (819) Beginning of the Jewish uprising. Nero is denied permission to participate in the Eleusinian mysteries

68 (821) Nero's suicide

69 (822) Vespasian becomes Emperor

70 (823) Titus storms Jerusalem and destroys the Temple

76 (829) Hadrian born

79 (832) Death of Vespasian. Titus becomes emperor. The death of Pompeii

81 (834) Death of Titus. Domitian becomes emperor

83 (836) Agricola finally conquers Wales and the south of Scotland. Domitian occupies the confluence of the Rhine and Danube

86 (839) Birth of Antoninus Pius

90 (843) Domitian agrees to an annual tribute to the Dacians

96 (849) Murder of Domitian. Nerva becomes emperor

100 (853) Death of Quintilian

104 (857) Death of Martial

107 (860) Trajan completely conquers Dacia

112 (865) Pliny the Younger and Trajan correspond with the possibility of a more tolerant attitude towards Christians

114 (867) Trajan reaches Persian Gulf. The Roman Empire is at its peak

117 (870) Death of Trajan. Hadrian becomes emperor and orders his troops to leave Mesopotamia and Armenia

118 (871) Death of Tacitus

121 (874) Hadrian's Wall is built in Britain. Birth of Marcus Aurelius. Death of Suetonius

125 (878 Hadrian arrives in Athens. Foundation of Adrianople

132 (885) Revolt of the Jews against Hadrian

135 (888) Judea cleared of natives

138 (891) Death of Hadrian. Antoninus Pius becomes emperor. Death of Juvenal

140 (893) Death of Epictetus

142 (895) Antonine Wall crosses Scotland

146 (899) Birth of Septimius Severus

160 (913) Birth of Tertullian

161 (914) Death of Antoninus Pius. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Ver become co-rulers of the Empire

166 (919) The Empire is devastated by a plague that comes from the East

169 (922) Death of Lucius Verus. Marcus Aurelius alone rules the state

180 (933) Death of Marcus Aurelius. Commodus becomes emperor

185 (938) Birth of Origen

192 (945) Assassination of Commodus

193 (946) Septimius Severus becomes Emperor

197 (950) Septimius Severus sacks Lugdunum and destroys the last rival

211 (964) Death of Septimius Severus. Caracalla and Geta become co-rulers of the Empire

212 (965) Murder of Geta. All free inhabitants of the Empire receive Roman citizenship

217 (970) Murder of Caracalla

218 (971) Elagabal becomes Emperor

222 (975) Murder of Elagabalus. Alexander Sever becomes Emperor

225 (978) Death of Tertullian

226 (979) Establishment of the Sassanid Empire

235 (988) Assassination of Alexander Severus

238 (991) Gordian III becomes emperor

243 (996) Victory over Shapur I in Persia

244 (997) Assassination of Gordian III

245 (998) Birth of Diocletian

248 (1001) Feast in honor of the completion of the first millennium of the existence of Rome

249 (1002) Philip the Arab dies in battle. Diocletian becomes emperor

250 (1003) Decius begins persecution of Christians

251 (1004) Decius dies in battle with the Goths. Gall becomes emperor. Death of Origen

253 (1006) Gallus dies in battle. Valerian and Gallienus become co-rulers of the Empire

259 (1012) Shapur I captures Valerian

260 (1013) Western provinces rise up in rebellion and become independent

267 (1020) Goths sack Athens. Odaenathus is killed after he managed to push back the Persians

268 (1021) Assassination of Gallienus. Claudius II becomes emperor. Zenobia, widow of Odaenathus, seizes power over the eastern provinces

270 (1023) Claudius defeats the Goths and dies of natural causes. Aurelian becomes emperor. Death Dam

271 (1024) Aurelian begins to build a fortified wall around Rome. Roman troops withdraw from Dacia

272 (1025) Death of Shapur I of Persia

273 (1026) Aurelian destroys Palmyra and regains the eastern provinces

274 (1027) Aurelian captures the western provinces and becomes sole ruler of the Empire again

275 (1028) Murder of Aurelian

276 (1029) First Tacitus becomes emperor, then Probus

280 (1033) Birth of Constantine I

281 (1034) Murder Prob. Kar becomes emperor without the consent of the senate

283 (1036) Killing Kara. Diocletian becomes emperor

285 (1038) Anthony establishes the institution of monasticism

286 (1039) Diocletian makes Maximian his co-ruler and divides the state into Eastern and Western empires. Maximian made Mediolan his capital

293 (1046) Galerius and Constantius Chlorus receive the titles of Caesars

297 (1050) Constantius Chlorus retakes Britain

297 (1054) Diocletian's failed attempt to set fixed prices and wages

301 (1056) Diocletian begins persecution of Christians. Armenia officially becomes a Christian country

305 (1058) Diocletian abdicates. Galerius becomes emperor

306 (1059) Death of Constantius Chlorus. Constantine I is proclaimed emperor

309 (1062) Birth of Shapur II of Persia

310 (1063) Death of Maximian. Licinius becomes co-ruler of Galerius

311 (1064) Death of Galerius

312 (1065) Constantine I wins the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Emperor's attitude towards Christianity is changing

313 (1066) Issue of the Edict of Milan proclaiming religious tolerance. Death of Diocletian

321 (1074) Birth of Valentinian I

324 (1077) Death of Licinius. Constantine I becomes the sole ruler of the Empire

325 (1078) Ecumenical Council in Nicaea

330 (1083) Constantinople becomes the capital of the Eastern Empire

331 (1084) Julian is born

337 (1090) Death of Constantine I. Three of his sons become co-rulers of the Empire

340 (1093) Birth of Ambrose and Jerome. Death of Constantine II

345 (1098) Birth of John Chrysostom

346 (1099) Birth of Theodosius I

350 (1103) Death of Constance

351 (1104) Constantius II becomes sole ruler of the Empire

354 (1107) Birth of Augustine

355 (1108) Julian becomes Caesar. Gallic campaign begins

359 (1112) Shapur II captures Amida. Birth of Stilicho

361 (1114) Death of Constantius II. Julian becomes emperor and makes attempts to restore paganism

363 (1116) The failure of the invasion of Persia. Death of Julian. Jovian becomes emperor. Final victory Christianity

364 (1117) Death of Jovian. Valentinian and Valens become co-rulers of the Empire

370 (1123) Birth of Alaric the Ostrogoth

374 (1127) Ambrose becomes bishop of Mediolan. The Huns advance west and attack the Goths

375 (1128) Death of Valentinian I. Gratian and Valentinian II become co-rulers of the Empire

376 (1129) Fleeing from the Huns, the Visigoths cross the Danube

378 (1131) Gothic cavalry utterly smashes and annihilates the Roman legions at the Battle of Adrianople. Death of Valens. Theodosius becomes co-emperor

379 (1132) Death of Shapur II

382 (1135) Gratian resigns as pontifex maximus and removes the Altar of Victory from the senate.

383 (1136) Murder of Gratian

390 (1143) Ambrose forces Theodosius to repent for the sack of Thessalonica. Birth of Gaiseric Vandal. Birth of a Leo (later Pope Leo I)

392 (1145) Assassination of Valentinian II

394 (1147) Empire unified under Theodosius. The Olympic Games are coming to an end. The Roman Empire officially becomes a Catholic state

395 (1148) Death of Theodosius. Arcadius becomes the ruler of the eastern, and Honorius - the western part of the Empire. Augustine appointed Bishop of Hippo

396 (1149) Alaric invades Greece, sacks Eleusis and destroys the temple of Kore. Birth of Aetius

397 (1150) Death of Ambrose

398 (1151) John Chrysostom becomes Patriarch of Constantinople

400 (1153) Alaric invades Northern Italy

402 (1155) Stilicho defeats Alaric

404 (1157) The capital of the Western Empire is transferred from Mediolanum to Ravenna. John Chrysostom goes into exile

406 (1159) Birth of Attila. The Germans crossed the Rhine and stayed there forever

407 (1160) Romans leave Britain

408 (1161) Execution of Stilicho. Alaric invades Italy again. Death of Arkady. Theodosius II becomes ruler of the Eastern Empire

409 (1162) Suebi, Alans and Vandals settle in Spain

410 (1163) Sack of Rome by Alaric. Death of Alaric

415 (1168) Ostrogoths defeat other Germanic tribes in Spain

418 (1171) Theodoric II establishes the first Germanic kingdom at Toulouse

420 (1173) Death of Jerome

423 (1176) Death of Honorius. Valentinian III becomes ruler of the Western Empire

426 (1181) Boniface invites Gaiseric and his vandals to Africa

428 (1183) Death of Augustine

430 (1184) Gaiseric captures Hippo

431 (1186) Attila and Bleda rule the Huns together

436 (1191) The Huns force the Burgundians and Franks to cross the Rhine and enter Gaul

439 (1192) Gaiseric captures Carthage

440 (1193) Leo I becomes pope

445 (1198) Death of Bleda. Attila becomes the sovereign ruler of the Huns

450 (1203) Death of Theodosius II. Marcian becomes Eastern Emperor

451 (1204) Aetius defeats Attila with the help of the Visigoths. Death of Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths

452 (1205) Attila invades Italy and turns back on the orders of the pope. Founding of Venice

453 (1206) Death of Attila

454 (1207) The Germans destroy the empire of the Huns. The murder of Aetius. Birth of Theodoric Ostrogoth

455 (1208) Murder of Valentinian III. Sack of Rome by Gaiseric

456 (1209) Theodoric II captures Spain

457 (1210) Death of Marcian. Leo I becomes Emperor of the East. In the West, Ricimer Sweve actually rules. Majorian, with his permission, becomes emperor

460 (1213) Complete failure of the Eastern Empire's operation against Gaiseric

461 (1214) Death of Majorian. Death of Pope Leo I 466 1219 Death of Theodoric II, King of the Visigoths. Birth of Clovis

468 (1221) Complete failure of the Western Empire's operation against Gaiseric

472 (1225) Death of Ricimer

473 (1226) Leo I crowns Julius Nepos

474 (1227) Death of Leo I. Zeno becomes Emperor of the East

475 (1228) Julius Nepos is forced to abdicate. Romulus Augustulus becomes emperor

476 (1229) Abdication of Romulus Augustulus. Odoacer rules Italy. Fall of the Roman Empire

477 (1230) Geiseric's death

480 (1233) Murder of Julius Nepos

481 (1234) Clovis becomes king of the Franks

484 (1237) Death of Erich. Alaric becomes king of the Visigoths

486 (1239) Clovis captures the kingdom of Soissons and thus destroys the last traces of Roman rule in the West

488 (1241) Theodoric I invades Italy with the Ostrogoths

491 (1244) Death of Zeno. Anastasius becomes Emperor of the East

493 (1246) Theoderic I storms Ravenna and kills Odoacer