National parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Reserved places of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Below is a list of reserves in Russia, with a brief description of them.

Altai Reserve

Founded in 1932 (in modern borders since 1967). Area - 863.9 thousand hectares (forested - 248.2 thousand hectares) Altai region. Mountain-taiga larch, cedar-larch, fir-cedar, alpine forests. There are 1500 species in the flora, many valuable plants: golden root, orchids, maral root. Fauna: elk, deer, Altai mountain sheep, sable, snow leopard, Altai snowcock, black stork, ptarmigan, etc.

Baikal Reserve

Founded in 1969. Area - 165.7 thousand hectares (forested - 117.2 thousand hectares). Buryatia. The southern coast of Lake Baikal and the Khamar-Daban ridge. Dark coniferous taiga complex - spruce-cedar, fir-spruce taiga. There are 777 species in the flora. Fauna: deer, musk deer, wild boar, roe deer, lynx, elk, sable, Brown bear, wolverine, mountain vole, white hare, pika, squirrel, etc.

Barguzinsky Reserve

Founded in 1916. Area - 263.2 thousand hectares (forested - 162.9 thousand hectares). Buryatia. Coast of Lake Baikal. Larch forests, dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir, Siberian cedar), thickets of elfin cedar. There are 600 species in the flora. Fauna: maral, musk deer, Barguzin sable, brown bear, black-capped marmot, Baikal seal (endemic of Baikal).

Bashkir Reserve

Founded in 1930. Area - 72.1 thousand hectares (forested - 63.9 thousand hectares). Bashkiy. Western slopes of the Southern Urals. Pine-broad-leaved, pine-birch (with Siberian larch) forests. There are 703 species in the flora, including 50 rare ones. Fauna: elk, deer, roe deer, brown bear, pine marten, etc. Among the birds there are rare species: imperial eagle and eagle owl.

Bolshekhekhtsirsky Reserve

Founded in 1964. Area - 45 thousand hectares (forested - 41.6 thousand hectares). Khabarovsk region. Vegetation from the East Siberian, Okhotsk-Manchurian and South Ussuri taiga; coniferous-deciduous forests. There are 742 species in the flora (150 species of trees, shrubs, creepers): Ayan spruce, white fir, Korean cedar, Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, lemongrass, aralia, eleutherococcus, actinidia, Amur grapes, Amur mountain ash, etc. Fauna: red deer, musk deer , roe deer, wild boar, black Himalayan bear, lynx, sable, Schrenk snake, etc.

Visimsky Reserve

Founded in 1971. Area - 13.3 thousand hectares (forested - 12.7 thousand hectares). Sverdlovsk region. Slopes of the Middle Urals with southern taiga forests of Siberian spruce, fir and Siberian cedar, Scotch pine. There are 404 species in the flora. Fauna: lynx, bear, pine marten, weasel, mink, otter, ermine, polecat, chipmunk, goshawk, etc.

Volga-Kama Reserve

Founded in 1960. Area - 8 thousand hectares (forested - 7.1 thousand hectares). Republic of Tatarstan. It consists of two sections: Raifsky and Saralovsky - on the border of the taiga and coniferous zones. deciduous forests. There are 844 species in the flora. In Raif, there is a valuable arboretum of 400 species of trees and shrubs from the North. America, Asia, Europe. Mixed forests with pedunculate oak, heart-leaved linden, common pine, spruce, Siberian fir, etc. The fauna includes forest and steppe species: brown bear, lynx, forest polecat, ermine, weasel, pine marten, reddish ground squirrel, muskrat, capercaillie, roller roll, deaf cuckoo, etc.

Darwin Reserve

Founded in 1945. Area - 112.6 thousand hectares (forested - 47.4 thousand hectares). Vologda and Yaroslavl regions South taiga pine forests, birch-pine forests. There are 547 species in the flora. Fauna: elk, roe deer, brown bear, badger, lynx, squirrel; 230 species of birds, including black grouse, capercaillie (there is a capercaillie farm); during the migration, there are especially many waterfowl.

Zhiguli Nature Reserve

Founded in 1927 (within modern borders since 1966). The area is 19.1 thousand hectares (forested - 17.7 thousand hectares). Kuibyshev region Coniferous-deciduous forests with relics of the Tertiary period and endemic Zhiguli. There are 520 species in the flora (there are rare ones). Fauna: elk, roe deer, badger, more than 140 nesting bird species.

Zavidovsky Scientific and Experimental Reserve

Founded in 1929. Area - 125 thousand hectares (forested - 79 thousand hectares). Kalinin region Mixed forests of spruce, pine, birch, aspen. Fauna: elk, deer, roe deer, wild boar, hares (hare and hare). Breeding of valuable animals (deer, beaver, wild boar).

Zeya Reserve

Founded in 1963. Area - 82.6 thousand hectares (forested - 75.1 thousand hectares). Amur region East Siberian mountain pine-larch (from Dahurian larch) forests with elements of the Manchurian flora. Fauna: red deer, elk, roe deer, musk deer, sable, brown bear, Siberian weasel, three-toed woodpecker, capercaillie. Changes are predicted natural environment under the influence of the Zeya hydroelectric power station.

Ilmensky Reserve

Founded in 1920. Area - 30.4 thousand hectares (forested - 25.9 thousand hectares). Chelyabinsk region Mineralogical museum in nature (150 minerals). Larch-pine, pine-birch and birch forests. There are 815 species in the flora, many relics.

Kandalaksha Reserve

It was founded in 1932. The area is 61.0 thousand hectares (forest cover is not taken into account). Murmansk region Plots of tundra, forest-tundra and forests of the northern taiga subzone: spruce and pine forests. There are 554 species in the flora. Complex of the northern island fauna (seal, guillemot, eider, etc.); on the islands there are famous "bird markets".

Reserve "Kedrovaya Pad"

It was founded in 1916. The area is 17.9 thousand hectares (forested - 13.1 thousand hectares). Primorsky Krai. Southern, coniferous-broad-leaved, broad-leaved (oak and linden) forests. In the forests, a combination of northern and southern species of flora. Of the 834 species, 118 are tree species: Mongolian oak, Korean cedar, white and black fir, Schmidt birch, Manchurian walnut, pointed yew, dimorphant, white elm, Amur velvet, Chinese magnolia vine, actinidia, zamanikha, Amur grape, eleutherococcus, a valuable relic ginseng. Fauna: Ussuri tube-billed whale, giant shrew, leopard, Amur cat, dappled deer, Himalayan bear, harza, otter, raccoon dog, etc.

Reserve "Kivach"

Founded in 1931. Area - 10.5 thousand hectares (forested - 8.7 thousand hectares). Karelia. Kivach waterfall, pine and spruce forests of the middle taiga subzone (western sector). There are 559 species in the flora. The fauna includes representatives of the middle taiga (forest lemming, squirrel, elk, three-toed woodpecker), southern forest and forest-steppe species (baby mouse, quail, corncrake, oriole, gray partridge, etc.).

Komsomolsky Reserve

Founded in 1963. Area - 32.2 thousand hectares (forested - 19.6 thousand hectares). Khabarovsk region. Spruce-fir taiga with areas of cedar-broad-leaved and light coniferous forests. There are relic species of plants and animals; spawning grounds for chum salmon and pink salmon.

Kronotsky Reserve

Founded in 1967. Area - 964 thousand hectares (forested - 606.7 thousand hectares). Kamchatka region , geysers. There are about 800 species in the flora, including the relic graceful fir. Forests of stone birch, thickets of cedar and alder elfin. Fauna: Kamchatka sable, bighorn sheep, reindeer, etc. coastal waters sea ​​lion rookeries, ringed seal, larga.

Lazovsky Reserve

Founded in 1957. Area - 116.5 thousand hectares (forested - 111.5 thousand hectares). Primorsky Krai. Southern part of the ridge. Sikhote-Alin with the islands of Petrov and Beltsov. Cedar-broad-leaved forests with typical representatives of the Manchurian flora (1271 species, including 57 endemic and 20 rare); among the trees are Manchurian and Amur linden, Amur velvet, aralia; creepers - grapes, actinidia, lemongrass, as well as ginseng and eleutherococcus. In the fauna, the Amur goral, spotted deer, red deer, Himalayan bear, pheasant, Amur tiger, Manchurian hare, mole moger.

Lapland Reserve

Founded in 1930. Area - 161.3 thousand hectares (forested - 84.1 thousand hectares). Murmansk region Lake basin Imandra. Northern taiga sparse spruce and pine forests. There are 608 species in the flora. The fauna includes wild reindeer, elk, marten, ermine, wolverine, Norwegian lemming, otter, etc. The beaver has been reacclimatized.

Reserve "Malaya Sosva"

Founded in 1976. Area - 92.9 thousand hectares (forested - 80.2 thousand hectares). Tyumen region, Khanty-Mansiysk nat. district. Pine forests of the middle taiga subzone. There are 353 species in the flora. The fauna includes the local population of the river beaver and valuable species of game animals.

Mordovian Reserve

Founded in 1935. Area - 32.1 thousand hectares (forested - 32.0 thousand hectares). Mordovia. On the border of the zones of broad-leaved forests and forest-steppe. Pine forests of various types (from lichen to sphagnum), floodplain oak forests, as well as linden, aspen and birch forests predominate. There are 1010 species in the flora. The fauna includes muskrat, elk, hares (hare and hare), lynx, capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, black stork, eagle owl, etc. Roe deer and beaver are re-acclimatized; deer, spotted deer, raccoon dog, muskrat are acclimatized.

Oksky Reserve

Founded in 1935. Area - 22.9 thousand hectares (forested - 19.4 thousand hectares). Ryazan region Pine and deciduous forests. There are 800 species in the flora, including 69 rare and 5 endangered. The fauna includes a number of rare species: muskrat, otter, black stork, white-tailed eagle, etc. The beaver has been reacclimatized.

Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve

Founded in 1930. Area - 721.3 thousand hectares (forested - 612.2 thousand hectares). Komi Republic. coniferous forests subzones of the middle taiga and mountain tundra of the Northern Urals. There are 700 species in the flora, including 6 endemics, 7 rare and 11 endangered. The fauna includes elk, forest reindeer, wolf, wolverine, otter, mink, sable, kidus, etc. The beaver has been reacclimatized.

Pinezhsky Reserve

Founded in 1975. Area - 41.2 thousand hectares (forested - 37.9 thousand hectares). Arkhangelsk region Northern taiga forests of a European character with Siberian representatives (Siberian spruce, etc.) and fauna characteristic of the northern taiga.

Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve

Founded in 1948. Area - 4.9 thousand hectares (forested - 4.7 thousand hectares). Moscow region Pine and broad-leaved forests in the south of the coniferous-broad-leaved zone. Areas of relic steppe vegetation. There are about 900 species in the flora. The fauna includes elk, wild boar, roe deer, deer; reacclimatized beaver. There is a central bison nursery in the reserve, a pedigree book of bison is kept.

Sayano-Shushensky Reserve

Founded in 1976. Area - 389.6 thousand hectares (forested - 245.6 thousand hectares). Krasnoyarsk region. Mountain-forest formations of cedar, fir, spruce forests. The fauna includes the Siberian mountain goat, mountain taiga reindeer, deer; rare - red wolf and Altai snowcock, listed in the Red Book.

Sikhote-Alin Reserve

Founded in 1935. Area - 340.2 thousand hectares (forested - 339.7 thousand hectares). Primorsky Krai. Cedar-broad-leaved forests (Korean cedar, lemongrass, eleutherococcus), spruce-fir taiga, stone birch forests, thickets of dwarf pine. There are 797 species in the flora, including 100 endemics. Fauna: wild boar, red deer, roe deer, tiger, Himalayan and brown bears, goral, musk deer, spotted deer, sable, harza, fish owl, mandarin duck, etc.

Sokhondinsky Reserve

Founded in 1974. Area - 210 thousand hectares (forested - 147.0 thousand hectares). Chita region Typical Siberian taiga - light coniferous and dark coniferous (cedar) forest formations with steppe islands. There are 280 species in the flora, including 42 rare ones. Fauna: elk, red deer, roe deer, musk deer, lynx, sable, capercaillie, bearded partridge, etc.

Reserve "Stolby"

Founded in 1925. Area - 47.2 thousand hectares (forested - 46.3 thousand hectares). Krasnoyarsk region. Eastern Sayans. Dark coniferous (cedar-fir) taiga, larch-pine forests. Granite-syenite rocks ("pillars") up to 100 m in height. There are 551 species in the flora, 46 species are rare. From the fauna - deer, musk deer, wolverine, sable, lynx. In the rivers there are taimen, lenok, whitefish, chebak, grayling, etc.

Ussuri Nature Reserve

Founded in 1932. Area - 40.4 thousand hectares (forested - 40.3 thousand hectares). Primorsky Krai. Cedar-broad-leaved, black fir, elm, liana forests with hornbeam, ash forests of the South Ussuri taiga. There are 820 species in the flora, 18 rare ones (ginseng, actinidia, magnolia vine, etc.). Valuable fauna: tiger, leopard, red deer, roe deer, musk deer, wild boar, spotted deer, shrew - giant shrew, pheasant, eastern and Pallas muzzle, Amur and patterned snakes, etc.

Khingan Reserve

Founded in 1963. Area - 59.0 thousand hectares (forested - 34.8 thousand hectares). Amur region Mountain cedar-broad-leaved forests - Mongolian oak, flat-leaved and Dahurian birch, white fir, Ayan spruce, Dahurian larch. There are 500 species in the flora, 21 rare ones. Valuable fauna: red deer, black and brown bears, sable, charza, Siberian weasel, Manchurian hare, chipmunk, lynx, etc.

Central Forest Reserve

Founded in 1931. Area - 21.3 thousand hectares (forested - 19.9 thousand hectares). Kalinin region Spruce and mixed spruce-broad-leaved forests. There are 546 species in the flora, 10 are rare. The complex of forest southern taiga animals - elk, wild boar, brown bear, lynx, wolf, marten, flying squirrel, beaver, capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, etc.

Voronezh Reserve

Founded in 1927. Area - 31.1 thousand hectares (forested - 28.5 thousand hectares). Voronezh region Steppe and complex pine forests (Usmansky forest) and oak forests. There are 973 species in the flora. A typical forest-steppe faunistic complex (including native settlements of beaver and muskrat) - elk, European deer, wild boar, roe deer. Center for the study of the river beaver and experimental cellular beaver breeding.

Khopersky Reserve

Founded in 1935. Area - 16.2 thousand hectares (forested - 12.8 thousand hectares). Voronezh region Floodplain Khopra with oak forests, black alder and white poplar forests. Upland and floodplain oak forests with ash. There are 33 rare species in the flora. Desman, beaver, roe deer, wild boar live, sika deer, bison are acclimatized.

Kabardino-Balkar Reserve

Founded in 1976. Area - 53.3 thousand hectares (forested - 2.5 thousand hectares). Kabardino-Balkaria. Northern slopes of the Main Caucasian ridge. Pine and oak forests and highlands with rare and valuable plants. Fauna: tur, chamois, snowcocks, etc.

Caucasian Reserve

Founded in 1924. Area - 263.5 thousand hectares (forested - 164.1 thousand hectares). Krasnodar region. Western part of the Main Caucasian Range. Mountain oak (rock oak, Georgian and pedunculate), beech and dark coniferous forests (Caucasian fir, or Nordmann, oriental spruce). There are over 1500 species in the flora, including 327 endemics and 21 rare ones. There are 59 species in the fauna: Caucasian deer, chamois, Kuban tur, lynx, pine and stone martens, etc. Bison has been reacclimatized. The Khosta yew-boxwood grove (area - 300 hectares) is under the jurisdiction of the reserve on the southeastern slope of Mount B. Akhun.

North Ossetian Reserve

Founded in 1967. Area - 25.9 thousand hectares (forested - 3.6 thousand hectares). North Ossetia. Northern slopes of the Main Caucasian Range. Mixed broad-leaved (pedunculate and sessile oaks, oriental beech, common ash, Norway maple, hornbeam), pine, birch forests. There are 1500 species in the flora, including 80 species of trees and shrubs, 5 are rare. The fauna includes the East Caucasian tur, chamois, brown bear, stone and forest martens, badger, forest cat, lynx, etc.

Teberdinsky Reserve

Founded in 1936. Area - 83.1 thousand hectares (forested - 27.4 thousand hectares). Stavropol region. Northern slopes of the Western Caucasus. Two sites: the main one - in the basin of the upper river. Teberda and Arkhyzsky - in the valley of the river. Kizgich. Mixed broad-leaved, pine and dark coniferous forests. There are 1180 species in the flora, incl. 186 endemics, 4 rare. Rare species of fauna: Kuban tur, chamois, Caucasian snowcock, Caucasian black grouse, Caucasian mouse. There are brown bear, red deer, wild boar, forest cat, ermine, fox, etc.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………….4

Chapter 1. Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs) ……………...7

1.1. Reserves …………………………………………………………………7

1.2. National parks ……………………………………………………..9

1.3. Reserves ………………………………………………………………...10

1.4. Forest hunting farms ………………………………………………..11

1.5. Monuments of nature…………………………………………………….12

1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens……………………….13

1.7. Therapeutic areas and resorts……………………..15

1.5. Other protected areas …………………………………………………………………………………………………17

Chapter 2

2.1. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………………...18

2.1.1. State Nature Reserve "Stolby"………………18

2.1.2. Sayano-Shushensky State Biosphere Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..21

2.1.3. “Central Siberian” State Biosphere Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..23

2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..25

2.1.5 Putoransky Reserve……………………………………………...26

2.1.6. Big Arctic State Natural Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..27

2.1.7. Tunguska Nature Reserve…………………………………………………..28

2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory…………….30

2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory…………………………...32

2.4. Monuments of nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………..33

2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………………………………………………………………..34

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...35

List of used literature………………………………………….37

Applications………………………………………………………………….38

Introduction

Since 1600, about 150 animal species have become extinct on our planet, more than half of them in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and flora. No one needs to prove how devastatingly modern man is able to influence wildlife. There are fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature. Every year, the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.

The basis of territorial nature protection in Russia is the system of specially protected natural areas(SPNA). The status of protected areas is currently being determined federal law"On Specially Protected Natural Territories", adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995. According to the Law "Specially Protected Natural Territories - plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have their own environmental, scientific, cultural , aesthetic, recreational and health-improving value, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

In this term paper Let's consider the main protected areas of Russia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the features of their situation. Attention is focused on nature reserves and national parks as the basis of Russia's tourist resource framework.

The purpose of the work is: to consider the landscape of protected areas from the point of view of tourism and is analyzed in 4 aspects: physical-geographical¸ ethno-historical¸ economic-geographical¸ aesthetic.

Objective: to study the basic concepts of specially protected natural areas and their study in accordance with natural, cultural, historical and economic conditions.

As well as the planning and organization of ecological tourism and recreation areas in the national park, the assessment of the aesthetic merits of landscapes is an integral part of the work.

Chapter 1. Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs)

Russia inherited from the USSR a rather complex system of categories of protected areas, which was formed in an evolutionary way. The Law distinguishes the following categories:

state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;

National parks;

natural parks;

state nature reserves;

monuments of nature;

dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

health-improving areas and resorts.

Specially protected natural areas may have federal, regional and local significance. Territories of nature reserves and national parks belong to protected areas of federal significance. Territories of state reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts can be attributed either to protected areas of federal or regional significance. Natural parks have the status of PAs of regional significance, and health-improving areas can be declared PAs of local importance.

The decision on the organization of protected areas of federal significance is made by the Government of the Russian Federation, regional significance - by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, these are the administrations of territories, regions, autonomous districts, the Government of the republics within the Russian Federation. Specially protected areas of local importance are formed by decisions of local governments, for example, the administration of districts.

1.1. reserves

According to Russian legislation, reserves are nature protection, research, environmental and educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

reserves are protected areas of the highest rank. Protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) are completely withdrawn from economic use. Traditionally and in accordance with Russian legislation, these are territories with a strict protection regime, where constant year-round observations of wildlife are carried out. The main significance of reserves is to serve as standards of nature, to be a place of knowledge of the course of natural processes not disturbed by man, characteristic of the landscapes of a certain geographical region. An equally important aspect of the activity of nature reserves defined by the Law is scientific work. This basically distinguishes them from other forms of specially protected areas. Within the boundaries of the reserves, long-term scientific research is carried out under the unified program "Chronicle of Nature". These studies are the basis for environmental monitoring and control over the state of the natural environment. An essential part of the activities of modern nature reserves is the environmental education of the population.

The federal system of reserves was formed over 80 years and currently has 139 reserves with total area more than 34 million hectares, which is 1.56% of the total area of ​​Russia. The system of Russian state nature reserves recognized in the world. Of the Russian reserves, 22 have international status biosphere reserves (they have been issued the relevant UNESCO certificates).

The creation of reserves is determined by the level of anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems. With a low level, characteristic mainly of the northern and taiga regions, it is easy to organize large nature reserves. Here, without any problems, it was possible to find new areas for the creation of extensive reserves. Characteristically, the largest nature reserve in the country - the Great Arctic (4.2 million hectares) - is located on the deserted shores and islands of the Arctic. In general, the areas of the reserves grow from southwest to northeast, with the exception of only a few large reserves of the Caucasus, but they also protect mainly sparsely populated and relatively little-used high-mountain forests and meadows.

On flat areas densely populated by people with productive soils, the creation of reserves is difficult. In such areas, the creation of high-ranking protected areas meets with fierce resistance from nature users, therefore, if protected areas are created, they are small, sometimes point sizes. Especially difficult is the situation with the protection of natural ecosystems located within the steppe zone, where these ecosystems are most intensively transformed. It is here that the few existing reserves are extremely small in area, and in the Siberian part of this zone they do not exist at all. At the same time, the largest reserves are located either in the slightly transformed Arctic and Siberian taiga, or in mountain forest regions.

The oldest of the existing reserves in Russia - Barguzinsky - was created in 1916. The first boom in the creation of reserves occurred in the 30s. In 1951 and 1961. there have been two waves of closure of nature reserves and a significant reduction in the areas of those remaining. A new very powerful wave of the creation of nature reserves is already observed in the 90s. In such a high intensity of the creation of new reserves, a number of circumstances of a turning point appeared. Firstly, this is the redistribution of power from the center to local authorities - the ecological community easily achieved success at the local levels, appealing to the regional prestige of local power elites in regions where, until recently, there were no reserves. Secondly, the sharp increase in the activity of "green" movements in the late 80s and early 90s affected. And, finally, thirdly, ambiguity in questions of land ownership had a positive effect. Until the land was given real owners or returned entirely to the hands of state officials, the resistance of producers to the environmental efforts of environmentalists was weakened. Later, there will be no such favorable period under any scenario of Russia's development.

1.2. National parks

National parks, unlike reserves, along with the tasks of protection and study natural complexes should provide tourism and recreation for citizens. On their territory, land plots of other users and owners with the pre-emptive right of the national park to purchase such land may be preserved. As of January 1, 1998, there were 32 natural national parks operating in Russia with a total area of ​​6.7 million hectares. There are currently 41 national park, the total area of ​​which is more than 70,000 km².

National natural parks are a new form of territory protection for Russia. The first two ( Moose Island and Sochi) were created only in 1983, 12 out of 32 - in the last five years. The implementation of the legal status of national parks is still facing serious opposition from economic entities, whose activities are limited by this status. While this form cannot be considered an effective method of territorial protection of wildlife, however, public attention and trends known from other countries give enough hope for the gradual realization of the potential of this form of protection of natural complexes.

Natural park - a protected vast area of ​​natural or cultural landscape; used for: recreational (for example, organized tourism), environmental, educational and other purposes. Unlike reserves, reserves and some other protected areas, the protection regime in natural parks is the least strict.

There are natural parks in Russia, Finland, Austria, Germany, Indonesia, Ukraine and other countries.

In Russia, natural parks are administered by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Territories of natural parks are located on lands granted to them for perpetual (permanent) use, in some cases - on lands of other users, as well as owners.

On the territory of Russia there are such natural parks as

"Nalychevo" in Kamchatka,

"Bird's Harbor" is the only natural park in Russia located on the territory of big city(Omsk).

Shcherbakovsky, located in the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region.

1.3. Reserves

Zakaznik is a protected natural area in which (unlike nature reserves) not the entire natural complex is protected, but some of its parts: only plants, only animals, or their certain types, or separate historical-memorial or geological objects.

Nature reserves differ from the previous categories in that their lands may or may not be alienated from owners and users, they can be both federal and local subordination. Among the reserves of federal significance, zoological forms play the greatest role, other forms - landscape, botanical, forest, hydrological, geological - are less common. Currently, there are 69 federal nature reserves in Russia with a total area of ​​about 170,000 square meters. km in 45 subjects of the federation, as well as almost 12 thousand regional reserves. Their main function is the protection of hunting fauna. Hunting is always prohibited, but very significant restrictions on forest exploitation, construction and some other types of economic activity are often introduced. The protection of these reserves is usually quite well established.

1.4. Forest hunting farms

Among those not specified in the Law, one can point to such a category of protected areas as those of international importance - mainly as a habitat for waterfowl, which are created in terms of the country's fulfillment of its obligations arising from membership in the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar). By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1050 of September 13, 1994, 35 such objects were identified in the country, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich is about 10 million hectares. These lands include not only wetland ecosystems, but also land complexes associated with them. The presence of an international status and a special government decree allows us to consider this form as an essential factor in the protection of Russian ecosystems, primarily lake and marsh ones.

The status of these objects is still poorly developed. The main difference between this type of protected areas and the others is their complexity - on the territory of wetlands of international importance, there can be nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and lands that do not have a special protection status, including those used in agriculture. On the territories of nature reserves, etc. the protection regime corresponding to their status is carried out. In specially protected areas, restrictions are introduced (up to a complete ban) on types of economic activities that adversely affect the functioning of wetlands. Environmentally friendly activities are encouraged. This approach makes this form of protection potentially particularly promising, since, firstly, the number of areas where a complete ban on economic activity is possible has its limits, and secondly, on the vast Russian territories used by outbreaks, combinations of strict protection in the most valuable and vulnerable areas with reasonable management of nature seems to be the most effective.

1.5. natural monument

A natural monument is a protected natural area in which a rare or remarkable object of living or inanimate nature is located, unique in scientific, cultural, historical, memorial or aesthetic terms.

A natural monument can be a waterfall, a meteorite crater, a unique geological outcrop, a cave, or, for example, a rare tree. Sometimes natural monuments include territories of considerable size - forests, mountain ranges, sections of coasts and valleys. In this case, they are called tracts or protected landscapes.

Monuments of nature are divided by types into botanical, geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, zoological and complex.

For most of the natural monuments, the regime of reserves is established, but for especially valuable natural objects, the regime of reserves can be established.

The most common are natural monuments at the regional level, there are only 39 natural monuments of federal significance with a total area of ​​28.0 thousand hectares, of regional significance - more than 9 thousand with a total area of ​​4.15 million hectares (State report on the state of protected areas for 2003) .

Obligations to ensure the protection of a natural monument are usually assumed by the owners, owners, users and tenants of the land on which this natural monument is located.

The declaration of natural complexes and objects as monuments of nature, and the territories occupied by them - territories of a natural monument is allowed with the withdrawal of the territories occupied by them land plots from the owners, owners and users of these sites.

In 2003, no new natural monuments of federal significance were created (they were not formalized). In 2004, a number of monuments of regional significance were created, including 12 new natural monuments in the Republic of Adygea (October 2004). This is the first step towards the creation of a regional (including the Krasnodar Territory) network of protected areas in the Western Caucasus. In March 2005, a new natural monument of regional significance appeared on Sakhalin - the Krasnopolsky Oreshnik. Its main goal is to preserve the territory of natural growth of the ailantholist or Siebold walnut, which is listed in the Red Books of the Sakhalin Region and the Russian Federation.

1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are nature conservation institutions whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only to fulfill their direct tasks, while land plots are transferred for perpetual (permanent) use either to parks or to research or educational institutions in charge of which they are located.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks introduce plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into cultivation, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and methods of selection and agrotechnics to create sustainable decorative expositions, principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and using introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal, regional significance and are formed, respectively, by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.

In Russia at the beginning of 2000, there were 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute named after V.L. Komarov), branches and scientific centers Russian Academy of Sciences (Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden of the Amur Scientific Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc.), the former Rosleskhoz (the arboretum of the Caucasian branch of VNIILM, etc.) and its territorial bodies (the arboretum of the Novosibirsk forestry, the arboretum park of the Kandalaksha forestry, etc.), the former Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia (the dendrological garden of the Novosibirsk fruit and berry station, etc.), state universities (Botanical Garden of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg State University, Siberian Botanical Garden of Tomsk State University and others), agricultural (the arboretum of the Kuban Agricultural Institute, the Botanical Garden of the Omsk Agricultural Institute, etc.), forestry (the arboretum of the Arkhangelsk Forestry Engineering Institute, the Botanical Garden of the St. Penza Pedagogical Institute, etc.), some other some departments (Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants of the Moscow Medical Academy named after M.V. THEM. Sechenov, Kabardino-Balkarian Republican Botanical Garden of the State Farm "Decorative Cultures", etc.).

Currently, botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia are experiencing certain difficulties, primarily due to insufficient funding. In many botanical gardens, the volume of scientific research has been reduced, collections of plants and seeds have been threatened, and interaction (exchange of material, contacts between employees, etc.) between gardens has weakened.

Being located mainly in cities and suburbs, botanical gardens are affected by the same adverse environmental factors as the surrounding territories: pollution of the air basin and watercourses, noise pollution, recreational overload, etc. The problem is exacerbated due to the often increased sensitivity of plant collections to negative factors. external influences compared to local vegetation.

To solve the problems of botanical gardens and dendrological parks, it is necessary, first of all, to strengthen the legislative framework. It is necessary to more clearly define their legal status and establish severe penalties for the use of the respective territories for purposes contrary to their intended purpose. It is also necessary to take measures to improve budgetary financing, which would make it possible to solve acute economic problems, and to use the freed up resources for the development of scientific and environmental activities.

1.7. Therapeutic areas and resorts

The lands of medical and health-improving areas and resorts are classified as specially protected natural areas and are intended for the treatment and recreation of citizens. These lands include lands with natural healing resources (deposits of mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes), a favorable climate and other natural factors and conditions that are used or can be used for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Resorts and health-improving areas may be of federal, regional or local importance. A health-improving area is understood as a territory that has natural healing resources and is suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for recreation of the population. Therapeutic and health-improving area is a specially protected natural area with a limited regime for the use of subsoil, land and other natural resources and objects. A resort is a specially protected health-improving area developed and used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, and having natural healing resources and the buildings and structures necessary for operation, including infrastructure facilities. In order to maintain favorable sanitary and environmental conditions to organize the prevention and treatment of human diseases on the lands of the territories of medical and recreational areas and resorts, districts of sanitary (mountain and sanitary) protection are established in accordance with the law. Within the boundaries of health-improving areas and resorts, activities are prohibited (limited) that can lead to deterioration in quality and depletion natural resources and objects that have medicinal properties. In order to preserve natural factors favorable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases of the population, districts of sanitary or mountain sanitary protection are organized in the territories of medical and health-improving areas and resorts. For medical and health-improving areas and resorts where natural healing resources are subsoil (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, etc.), districts of mountain and sanitary protection are established. In other cases, districts of sanitary protection are established.

1.5. Other protected areas

In the conditions of Russia, the assessment of the value of the area of ​​slightly disturbed natural complexes that have restrictions on economic activity will be incomplete if two very different categories of land use are excluded from consideration - state forest hunting farms and landfills of the Ministry of Defense.

Forest hunting farms- These are elite natural complexes inherited from the Soviet system, intended for out-of-town recreation of high-ranking leaders. These territories have always had fundamentally more high level protection, economic activities that violated the living conditions of animals were limited on them, land acquisition was not allowed. Despite the current problems of budget financing, the inertia of the special status of these territories remains and is used by the new elite. Thus, state forestry and hunting farms may well be classified in the same group as protected areas due to their elite position, the presence of real protection and restrictions on economic activity. Thus, the Istra GLOH played a huge role in the preservation of large mammals in the Moscow region, its territory avoided the total tendency for the region to transform meadows, swamps and forests into summer cottages.

Chapter 2. Protection of flora and fauna in protected areas Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is located geographic center Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia is approved by the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.

There are six reserves on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biospheric, i.e. work under a special program of the United Nations; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr reserves; State reserves are also: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Great Arctic.

In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Appendix No. 1), as well as the national park "Shushensky Bor", the natural park "Ergaki".

Altogether, as of May 1, 2007, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been established in the region. It is planned to create another 39 state nature reserves.

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

2.1. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1.1. State Nature Reserve "Stolby"- one of the oldest reserves in Russia - was organized in 1925 on the initiative of the inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk to preserve the picturesque area "Pillars". ” – 55 57' 27” northern latitude and 92 37'02" - 93 05'40" East. The Yenisei flows along its northern border, while the Bazaikha and Mana rivers flow along its northeastern and southern borders. The area is 47.154 thousand hectares. The most picturesque part not far from the city is allocated as a tourist-excursion area with an area of ​​1.3 thousand hectares (2.7% of the entire protected area). Most of the granite-syenite remains, the so-called "Pillars" up to 100 meters high, are located here, attracting visitors and tourists with their bizarre forms. In order to protect the protected area from adverse impacts, a protected zone with a limited nature management regime was created along the perimeter of the reserve, about 2 km wide along the perimeter and with an area of ​​13.464 thousand hectares.

The purpose of the reserve: protection of the unique landscape of the Eastern Sayan, preservation of complexes typical for this natural zone, study of ecosystems and their dynamics, as well as the study of the influence of anthropogenic factors.

The reserve is located at the junction of two large geographical provinces - forest-steppe and mountain-taiga, which leads to a high diversity of flora and fauna. The fauna is typical for the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan. There are 58 species of mammals, almost half of them belong to the order of rodents. This group includes forest voles, chipmunks and squirrels. Lagomorphs are represented by hare and pika. Of the predatory mammals, the wolf, fox, lynx, wolverine, sable, and brown bear live. The group of artiodactyls includes deer, elk, roe deer and musk deer. More than 20 species of fish are found in the rivers, of which the most common are gudgeon, minnow, dace, ruff, roach, grayling, perch, and pike. 4 species of amphibians and 3 species of reptiles are registered on the territory of the reserve. There are 199 species of birds, of which the most common are: tits, warblers, wagtails, thrushes, woodpeckers, crossbills, nuthatch, bullfinches, lentils, chur, redstart, cuckoos. Of the easily recognizable birds, one can meet a large turtledove, a jackdaw, a magpie, a black crow, a jay, a kuksha, a nutcracker, a crow. Of the hen order, hazel grouse is the most common, capercaillie and black grouse are much less common. Birds of prey are diverse: goshawk, sparrowhawk, peregrine falcon, hobby falcon, saker falcon, osprey, merlin, kestrel, red-footed falcon. Of the owls, owls are more common: long-tailed and bearded, long-eared and hawk owl, eagle owl. Many species of carnivores have become rare not so much because of human persecution, but due to the destruction of habitats, the impoverishment of the species and quantitative composition of animals that serve as food for birds. In this territory, there are species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: golden eagle, imperial eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, osprey, black stork, eagle owl.

The flora includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, including 3 species of lycopsformes; ferns - 26 species; horsetail - 8 species; bryophytes - 260 species; gymnosperms - 6 species; angiosperms - 705 species; Most of the trees found in the region grow in the forests of the reserve: pine, fir, spruce, Siberian larch and cedar - from conifers; birch and aspen - from deciduous. Large and small shrubs are common here: bird cherry, alder, mountain ash, hawthorn, acacias, willows, viburnum, black and red currants, etc .; varied grass cover. The main part of the territory of the reserve is represented by deciduous, pine forests and dark coniferous taiga. Forest vegetation in the region of Krasnoyarsk is replaced by steppe. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following were noted: coral blackberry, lung and net lobaria, pistillate hornwort, pinnate feather grass, helmet-bearing orchis, real and large-flowered slipper, bulbous calypso, curly sparassis, and clobuche flower nest.

The main direction of the research work of the reserve is the study of natural processes occurring in nature, and the identification of the relationship of individual links in the natural chain, as well as the development of environmental measures. On the territory of the reserve and adjacent areas, work was organized to assess the impact of atmospheric pollution on the viability of forests in the suburban area of ​​Krasnoyarsk.

2.1.2. Sayano-Shushensky State Biosphere Reserve is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of the Western Sayan, including the Sayansky, Golyi and partially Khemchiksky and Kantegirsky ridges, within the boundaries of the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts. The area is 390.368 thousand hectares, of which 59.3% is occupied by forests, 36% - by char, stone placers and steep rocky slopes. The reserve is dominated by typical mountain landscapes. The protected zone allocated along the boundaries of the reserve, with an area of ​​106.2 thousand hectares, includes: the water area of ​​the reservoir of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP along the eastern border of the reserve with all bays with an area of ​​12 thousand hectares; a two-kilometer strip along the right bank of the reservoir from the mouth of the river. Naked up to the administrative border with the Republic of Tyva; a five-kilometer strip along the western border of the reserve in the Shushensky district.

The purpose of the reserve: the preservation of typical and unique natural complexes of the Western Sayan, biological diversity, the protection of rare animal species. This area is the only one in Russia where you can save the snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as populations of plants listed in the Red Book. In February 1985, the reserve was given the status of a biosphere reserve.

The territory is located at the junction of several floristic regions, so its flora is mixed. There are many endemics and relict plants. Among the Sayan-Altai endemics (they are the majority here) are Altai bluegrass, Krylov's couch grass, Altai larkspur, Borodino catchment; Angara-Sayan endemics - Yenisei and Baikal anemones; Tuva-Sayan-Altai - swollen smolevka and Bunge lumbago. There are many relic plants in the reserve, these are Krylov's bedstraw, odorous woodruff, touchy heart, Far Eastern fescue, Daurian rhododendron, Baikal cornflower. Valuable species of medicinal plants grow on the territory of the reserve - maral root, golden root, etc., which were threatened with complete destruction before the creation of the reserve. To date, the flora of the reserve includes: algae - 7 species, mushrooms - 19, lichens - 97 species, horsetail and lycopods - 18 species, bryophytes - 321 species, ferns - 25 species, gymnosperms - 7 species, angiosperms - 867 species. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following were noted: Indziella Tien Shan, Lindbergia short-winged, Lobaria lung, Mutinus dog, orchid helmet, large-flowered slipper, Siberian kandyk, two-flowered wrestlers and Pasco, nest flower clobuche, feather grass, dendratema vyamchatolistnaya, Dagan's hazel grouse and Dagan's hazel grouse leafless.

The territory of the reserve is mountain country covered with dark coniferous forests of the taiga type. Spruce, fir and cedar dominate in their composition. A clearly defined altitudinal zonality determines the diversity of vegetation types and hunting grounds. The main environment-forming value is possessed by cedar forests, which provide food resources for all representatives of the animal world living here. Due to this, many animal species form high population densities. The animal world is rich and diverse due to the mixture of faunas of Altai, Mongolia and Sayan. 662 species of insects, 4 species of reptiles, 212 species of birds, 52 species of mammals and 15 species of fish have been registered in the reserve.

There are many rare and endangered animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - snow leopard, forest reindeer (Altai-Sayan population), Siberian ibex, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, saker falcon, osprey, black stork, demoiselle crane, steppe kestrel, avocet, black-headed gull, imperial eagle, eagle owl, carpenter bee and common Apollo. The question of the presence of the red wolf in the territory of this reserve has not been fully clarified. The reserve serves as a reserve for valuable hunting species, primarily sable, whose abundance in the areas adjacent to the reserve is still low. Musk deer, deer, squirrel, brown bear, hazel grouse, wood grouse, and a small number of lynx live here.

The main scientific profile of the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve is the monitoring of natural phenomena and processes of the Western Sayan ecosystem in their natural state, as well as under the influence of the hydropower complex of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP; development of scientific bases for nature protection in the region.

2.1.3. Central Siberian State Biosphere Reserve

The "Central Siberian" State Biosphere Reserve was organized in 1985 on the territory of the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Baikitsky district of the Evenk Autonomous District with a total area of ​​972.017 thousand hectares. After the work carried out in 1992 to clarify the boundaries, its area amounted to 1020.419 thousand hectares, including 595.024 thousand hectares in the Baikitsky district and 425.395 thousand hectares in the Turukhansky region. The reserve is located in the middle reaches of the river. The Yenisei is between the Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta rivers and occupies the Yenisei parts of the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.

Purpose: protection of the reference area of ​​the middle taiga. The section of the Yenisei within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the first nature reserve in Russia, which was originally designed as a biosphere reserve. In January 1987, UNESCO included it in the international network of biosphere reserves.

The Yenisei divides the territory of the reserve into two unequal parts, representing a variety of landscape complexes. The left bank of the Yenisei River is a gently undulating, hilly-ridged plain with gentle river valleys and wide watersheds, absolute heights are 200-250 m. Pine forests on sandy soils dominate in this area. Along the rivers and on the hills there are dark coniferous forests of spruce and cedar. In relief depressions, vast areas are occupied by swamps and peat bogs. In the floodplain of the Yenisei, large-grass and small-grass meadows are found. The right bank represents a section of the Central Siberian plateau and has a dissected flat-top relief with absolute heights of 300-350 m near the Yenisei and more than 500 m in the eastern part. On the right bank to the Yenisei, the Yenisei Ridge breaks off with a tectonic ledge. The right bank is characterized by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce forests, as well as derived birch forests. In general, the diversity of the relief has a positive impact on the fauna of the region.

Forests occupy almost the entire territory of the reserve (93.51%). The main forest-forming species along the left bank of the Yenisei are pine, which forms pine forests, spruce, less often - cedar, larch and aspen. On the right bank dominated by dark coniferous taiga - spruce, fir, cedar, larch. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, in the protected area there are bulbous calypso, large-flowered and real slippers.

Animal world typical of the middle taiga of Siberia. The main species are sable and squirrel. Muskrat, wolverine, elk and bear are fairly common. Less common are columns, ermine, lynx. Upland game is plentiful, especially hazel grouse and capercaillie, black grouse is common, which is explained by the presence of abundant berries and coniferous trees. Migratory routes of many waterfowl pass along the Yenisei. Anseriformes are numerous, among ducks the wigeon, pintail, teal-whistle and crested duck are often found. The most numerous are the common teal and shoveler. Of the rare species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, osprey, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gyrfalcon, black stork were noted on migration or nesting.

Flora: bryophytes - 153 species, lycosperms - 7 species, ferns - 18 species, gymnosperms - 7 species, angiosperms - 679 species. Fauna: insects - 709 species, reptiles - 4 species, birds - 212 species, mammals - 52, fish - 15 species.

Scientific work - the reproduction of valuable fish species is being studied in the reserve, work is underway on the inventory of plants and animals.

2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Taimyrsky State Reserve was established in 1979, and in 1995 it was given the status of a biosphere reserve. It is an environmental, research and environmental education institution. This is one of the largest reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most northerly mainland in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest tundra.

The territory of the reserve is a reference area of ​​the earth's surface, where almost all natural areas Taimyr: arctic ("Arctic Branch"), typical ("Main Territory"), southern (section "Ary-Mas") tundra and forest tundra (section "Lukunsky"), as well as unique mountain tundra ridges. Byrranga.

Reserve "Taimyrsky" is the most visited reserve in Russia. Every year, thousands of scientists from all over the world, ecologists, tourists and fishers visit East Taimyr. Most of all they are attracted by the excavations of the fossil mammoth and the population of the musk ox. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatanga, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole.

430 species of higher plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens grow on the territory of the reserve. One of the most common lichens in the tundra zone is cladonia (reindeer moss or reindeer moss). Reindeer moss occupies vast polar territories, but is often found in dry forests located much south of the tundra. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, Arctic-Siberian wormwood, leguminous sedge, hard sedge, Pole and Taimyr grains, oblique sedge, Gorodkovaya and Byrrangskaya scurf, woolly stamen mytnik, Rhodiola rosea.

Countless lakes and small reservoirs cover the tundra, located on permafrost, with stagnant moisture. The thickness of the permafrost is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Mas, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, one can observe the northernmost larches. The trees here for several centuries barely reach the height of human growth.

2.1.5 Putorana Reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putoransky Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatanga regions of the Taimyr autonomous region and the Ilimsky district of the Evenk Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotui and Lower Tunguska rivers (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of ​​the reserve is 1887, 3 thousand hectares.

The purpose of establishing the State Nature Reserve "Putoransky" is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses of the north of Central Siberia, a peculiar flora and rare species of animals, to restore the historical range of the Putoransky subspecies bighorn sheep, as well as the protection of the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.

As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana Plateau is dissected by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Baikal (Khantayskoye Lake - up to 520 m in depth); mountain rivers are rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet is noted on the territory of the reserve.

Of the historical and cultural objects, the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and Dolgan chapels more than a century old are of the greatest interest. On the territory of the Putorana Reserve there are the most unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural mineralogical open-air museums).

The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and woodlands. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 species of plants, 35 species of mammals, 140 species of birds on the territory of the reserve.

In 2003, the Putorana Plateau was classified as a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site. There are very few tourists here due to the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. Directly to the border of the reserve, an excursion boat route along the lake. Lama.

2.1.6. Big Arctic State Nature Reserve

The Great Arctic nature reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4,169,222 hectares, including 1 million - the water area of ​​the Arctic seas), was established in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia.

The purpose of the reserve is to preserve and study in its natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered species of plants and animals of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya there are "maternity hospitals" of Taimyr polar bears, in the coastal tundra, herds of wild reindeer flee from the midges. Preserve the nesting sites of birds that migrate along the North Atlantic: the black goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study the unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state.

A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by humans, but recently routes have been developed (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) that will allow tourists to get to know the Arctic nature better.

The Great Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster sites (Table 2) and two sanctuaries: the Severozemelsky state nature reserve of federal significance, located within the boundaries of the reserve, and the Brekhov Islands state nature reserve of regional significance.

The main type of tundra vegetation is lichens. They endure the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in various colors from bright yellow to black.

The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve includes 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. Typical inhabitants of the tundra are the white owl and the tundra partridge. In the reserve there are rare species of gulls: pink, fork-tailed and white.

The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar exploration - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Tollya, A.V. Kolchak, etc.

2.1.7 .Tunguska Nature Reserve

The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in the Evenki municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The total area of ​​the reserve is 296562 hectares.

The purpose of the creation of the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the influence of the global cosmic-ecological catastrophe.

The reserve is a conservation, research and environmental education institution. It was created to study the consequences of a meteorite fall. The highest peak of the reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak - Mount Farrington - is located near the site of the Tunguska phenomenon.

The territory of the reserve is a typical region of the northern East Siberian taiga, practically not subjected to local anthropogenic influences, with its characteristic landscapes and biocenoses, however, the territory of the reserve is unique, as it keeps the imprints of the mysterious "Tunguska catastrophe" on June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (Southern Evenkia), 70 km north-west of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unidentified nature, known as the Tunguska meteorite, occurred.

Larch and pine forests are common here. As a result of the fall of the alleged meteorite, the taiga over an area of ​​​​more than 2 km was knocked down and burned, but over the past century it has completely recovered. Evenki taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the wonders of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. In the animal world, elk, bear, sable, wood grouse are common, there are badger, lynx. About 30 species of fish live in Podkamennaya Tunguska, most of which are valuable species.

Along the boundaries of the reserve, a protective zone 2 km wide has been formed, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich is 20,241 hectares. The buffer zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of the protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures to protect and restore valuable wild and rare plant species growing in the protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of the reserves for the purpose of environmental education.

The following historical and cultural objects are located on the territory of the reserve:

Expeditionary base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Kulik's Zaimka" or "Kulik's Hut";

Expeditionary base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite - a monument of history and culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

According to the existing Regulations on the reserves of Russia, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska Reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, limited tourist activities are allowed as an exception for the purpose of environmental education of the population, acquaintance with the beautiful natural objects of the reserve, the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are water, along the picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third is on foot along the "Kulik path" - the famous route of the discoverer of the site of the Tunguska meteorite disaster. A lot of explanatory work is carried out on routes with tourists.

2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The only national park in the region "Shushensky Bor" was organized in 1995 and is located in the Shushensky district on an area of ​​39.2 thousand hectares. The park includes part of the picturesque places of the memorial complex “Siberian exile of V.I. Lenin": Hut, Crane Hill, Sandy Hill and others. Here, areas of landscapes typical of the southern regions of Central Siberia, which are currently experiencing a significant anthropogenic load, have been taken under protection.

In the national park "Shushensky Bor" there is an interschool forestry, consisting of three school forestries: "Bee", "Ant", "Crane". School forestries took under their care an arboretum with an area of ​​1.8 hectares, in which there are 162 species of trees and shrubs, of which 22 species are introduced from other regions of the country. The results of many years of work of school forestries were recommendations on the use of trees and shrubs in landscaping settlements south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

From the first days of its existence, the national park has been developing tourism activities. As part of the overview information while moving along the route, you can get acquainted with the archaeological monuments of the history of human exploration of the Yenisei valley in bronze and Iron Ages- Nacherkina hill. The remains of the defensive structure of the state of the "Kyrgyz" - the fortress "Omaitura" and the remains of the Sayan prison - the first Russian settlement in the upper Yenisei (1718) have been preserved.

Employees of the national park, together with the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve and representatives of public organizations, annually take an active part in the March of Parks campaign.

In the period up to 2005, the “Scheme for the Development and Placement of Specially Protected Natural Areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory” (1998) provides for the organization of new natural parks, both federal - the national park "Kanskoe Belogorye" to preserve the unique natural complex of the highlands of the Eastern Sayan in the Sayan region, and of regional significance - the natural park "Symsky" for the preservation of a unique natural complex, not changed by human activity, in the basin of the river Sym of the Yenisei region.

Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park was named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers partly or completely the Kulumys, Oisky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.

Ergaki is a mountain junction, a ridge in the Western Sayan. It is located at the head of the Bolshoy Kebezh, Bolshoy Klyuch, Taigish, Verkhnyaya Buiba, Srednyaya Buiba and Nizhnyaya Buiba rivers.

2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The state ecological and ethnographic reserve of republican significance "Eloguysky" with an area of ​​747.6 thousand hectares is located on the territory of the Turukhansky district in the northern part of the Sym-Dubchesky middle taiga upland in the basin of the river. Yelogui, was organized by the Order of the Chief Hunting Officer of the RSFSR No. 73 dated March 10, 1987.

This reserve was created without a time limit in order to protect the ecosystems of the middle taiga, maintain the ecological balance in the basin of the river. Yelogui, to preserve the cultural heritage and habitat of the indigenous peoples of the North. It is an integral part of the biosphere range of the Central Siberian Reserve and is subordinate to it.

The main area of ​​the reserve is occupied by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce middle taiga forests, dark coniferous taiga and pine forests are less common. The fauna is typical for the middle taiga and is represented by such species as sable, squirrel, Siberian weasel, wolf, elk, capercaillie, hazel grouse and others. The fauna includes 350 species of vertebrates. In this territory, there are species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon.

State reserves of regional importance occupy an area of ​​1076.52 thousand hectares, located in the territories of 25 administrative regions edges in various natural and climatic zones.

State natural reserves "Arga", "Solgonsky ridge" and "Sisimsky" are complex in profile, the rest are zoological.

Most of the reserves are aimed at the conservation, restoration and reproduction of valuable hunting and commercial species of wild animals along with their habitat. The reserves "Bolshemurtinsky", "Talsko-Garevsky", "Krasnoturansky Bor" are engaged in the protection of Siberian roe deer in places of mass concentrations on migration and wintering routes, as well as upland game.

The territories of many reserves are inhabited by animals listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation, for example, peregrine falcon (Bolshe-Kemchugsky, Malo-Kemchugsky and Prichulymsky reserves), osprey (Ubeysko-Salbinsky, Taybinsky, B-Kemchugsky and Sisimsky reserves), white-tailed eagle (reserves "Arga" and Berezovsky), Saker Falcon (B-Kemchugsky, Sisimsky). Black stork sightings have been recorded in the Arga, Solgonsky Kryazh, Prichulymsky and Taybinsky nature reserves; there is reliable information about the stay during the nesting period of the common crane in the Taibinsky and Bolshemurtinsky reserves.

In the Krasnoturansky Bor reserve there is a colony of gray herons, unique for the region, numbering about 100 nesting pairs.

A complete list of government agencies operating in the Krasnoyarsk Territory natural reserves marginal value are given in Appendix No. 2.

2.4. Monuments of nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects were registered (as of May 1, 2007), which have the status of natural monuments of regional significance with a total area of ​​19.12 thousand hectares. To name a few: the Chinzhebsky waterfall is a unique hydrogeological object of scientific, cultural and educational value, located in the southwestern part of the Eastern Sayan, in the interfluve of the Shinda and Nyrda rivers; natural monument "Snyt relic" is located in the basin of the river. Small Kebezh, in its lower reaches, was created in order to preserve the isolated location of the nemoral flora - European goutweed and is the only place of its growth in natural conditions on the right bank of the Yenisei, this is the easternmost point of the range, isolated at a distance of 300 km; lake Tiberkul is a unique and picturesque mountain lake, located on the southern slope of the Eastern Sayan ridge, in the right-bank part of the river basin. Kazyr; a natural monument declared a pine forest in the basin of the river. Baikalikh as the northernmost pine forest in Russia. There are many picturesque caves among the natural monuments of the region (Lysanskaya, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, Badzheyskaya, Karaulnaya, Kubinskaya, Mayskaya, etc.).

2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the region there is one federal resort and 6 resorts and health-improving areas of regional significance (Appendix No. 3).

All facilities, except for the Krasnozavodskoy sanatorium (the Krasnozavodsk Rest House is located in the Bogotolsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the left bank of the Chulym River, in a picturesque pine forest, does not have mineral and medicinal waters), have deposits of natural medicinal waters and mud, which are used in therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The problems of health-improving areas are associated with their spontaneous development and undeveloped infrastructure, as well as high recreational loads.

Conclusion

In general, it can be noted that the system of intact natural territories in Russia seems to be quite developed and relatively flexible. Moreover, the density of the network of these territories and the flexibility of the protection system have been growing in recent years. Although this system (like the whole country as a whole) is currently experiencing significant economic difficulties, the forecast for its development is generally favorable. The main disadvantage of the network of protected areas in Russia is its unevenness and, especially, low density in the steppe zone, which is most subject to anthropogenic transformation. There are nature reserves in the European steppe, but they are (by the scale of Russia) microscopic, while in the West Siberian steppe there are neither reserves nor national natural parks.

At the same time, one should not forget that reserves are specially protected areas with the highest conservation status, although they, in turn, are divided into subcategories. In general, here tourism should not affect the main objects of protection and reproduction. Nevertheless, each reserve determines for itself the volume and directions of environmental education activities, which include eco-tourism.

Currently, there are a large number of definitions proposed for eco-tourism. The first definition was given by G. Ceballos-Laskurein in 1980. Ecotourism, according to the author, is a trip to relatively untouched or unpolluted natural areas with the specific goal of learning, admiring and enjoying the contemplation of nature, landscapes, plants and wild animals, as well as studying the cultural characteristics of these territories.

There are the following criteria characterizing this type of tourism:

1) ecological tourism should be based on the use of predominantly natural resources;

2) it must minimize damage to the natural and socio-cultural environment;

3) the orientation of such tourism should place the main emphasis on environmental education and education;

4) the development of tourism should ensure sustainable economic and social development, as well as the cultural and environmental well-being of the local population of those areas where it is carried out.

The presence in our territories of a unique natural heritage with a rich range of biological and natural diversity gives Russia the prerequisites for the development of ecotourism. At the same time, the growth in demand for environmental goods around the world can give a powerful impetus to the development of this particular type of tourism with a focus on the inbound tourism market. The main limiting factors are: the duration of such tours, as well as high rates for high-speed transport due to the remoteness of unique tourist resources.

Nevertheless, without targeted state support, this area of ​​tourism, most likely, will not develop.

Bibliography

Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. allowance / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 264 p.

Baranov, A.A. Specially protected natural territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Allowance / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 240 p.

Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and we: textbook. allowance / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. un-ta, 1994. - 214 p.

Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. un-ta, 2004. - 246 p.

Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: program school course. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Ed. Center of KrasSU, 2004. - 147 p.

Application No. 1

State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Application №2

State natural reserves of regional significance

Application №3

Resorts and health-improving areas on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Stolby State Nature Reserve is located close to the city limits. On three sides, the natural boundaries are the right tributaries of the Yenisei. The area of ​​the reserve covers 47.2 thousand hectares. The first information about Stolby dates back to the 80s of the 18th century, but only a century later, Krasnoyarsk nature lovers began to visit these lands not only for hunting, but also for rock climbing. And already at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century it was a favorite vacation spot for city residents and travelers who came here. And in 1925, on the initiative of the inhabitants of the city, a reserve was created. Thus, the inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk sought to preserve the unique and richest natural complexes around the amazing "pillars", which are volcanic syenite remnants.

There are about a hundred rocks on the territory of the reserve, each of which was given apt names by the people, such as "Lion's Gate", "Twins", "Grandfather", "Feathers", "Mittens" and others. The rocks are divided into two categories - actually "Pillars", open to tourists, as well as "Wild Pillars" - rocks located in remote corners of the reserve, access to which is limited.

Today, just like 150 years ago, the residents of Krasnoyarsk are happy to visit "Stolby" in order to relax or go in for mountain climbing and other sports. In the many years of the existence of the reserve, a whole social movement"stolbism", whose representatives are engaged in rock climbing and communicate in natural conditions in an informal setting. Without a doubt, having been here at least once, you will remember these places for a lifetime.

Putoransky reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988. Scientists have long explored the territory of the Putorano Plateau. They were interested in the diversity of flora and fauna, whose representatives perfectly exist in the area, where there is a large accumulation of mountains, canyons, tectonic lakes and waterfalls. Basically, these are rare species listed in the Red Book.

Only in the Putoransky Reserve you can meet the white-billed loon, bighorn sheep, golden eagle, small swan, gyrfalcon and many other endangered animals and birds.

Excursions and lectures are often held in the reserve. Animals can not be approached close, it is allowed to observe only from afar. This is one of the touches wild nature. To get into the reserve, you need to familiarize yourself with the rules of stay, which are on the official website, as well as sign up for a tour by phone.

Sanctuaries are parts of a territory or water area where certain species of animals, plants or part of a natural complex (landscape) are protected for a number of years or constantly, in certain seasons or all year round. The economic use of other natural resources is permitted in such a form that does not cause damage to the protected object or complex.

By status, they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance, by profile - into complex (landscape), intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes); biological (zoological, botanical), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, as well as valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms; paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects; hydrological (swamp, lake, river, sea), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.

Currently, there is one complex ecological and ethnographic reserve of republican significance "Eloguysky" and 21 nature reserves of regional significance on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on a total area of ​​1824.12 thousand hectares.

State Ecological and Ethnographic Preserve of Republican Significance "Eloguysky" with an area of ​​747.6 thousand hectares is located on the territory of the Turukhansky district in the northern part of the Sym-Dubchesky mid-taiga upland in the basin of the river. Elogui.

This reserve was created without a time limit in order to protect the ecosystems of the middle taiga, maintain the ecological balance in the basin of the river. Yelogui, to preserve the cultural heritage and habitat of the indigenous peoples of the North. It is an integral part of the biosphere range of the Central Siberian Reserve and is subordinate to it.

The main area of ​​the reserve is occupied by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce middle taiga forests, dark coniferous taiga and pine forests are less common. The fauna is typical for the middle taiga and is represented by such species as sable, squirrel, Siberian weasel, wolf, elk, capercaillie, hazel grouse and others. The fauna includes 350 species of vertebrates. In this territory, there are species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon.

State reserves of regional significance occupy an area of ​​1076.52 thousand hectares, located on the territories of 25 administrative districts of the region in various natural and climatic zones (Table 2).

The first reserves in the Krasnoyarsk Territory were organized more than 30 years ago; in 1963, by decision of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Executive Committee, 18 reserves of regional significance were established for a period of 10 years, mainly in lands where beavers and Barguzin sables were released; 11 of them are still active today. The last reserve "Bolshaya Pashkina" was organized in July 2001 in the Shushensky district in order to preserve highly productive cedar forests unique for the region, as well as rare and relic species of plants and animals associated with them.

The state natural reserves "Arga", "Solgonsky ridge" and "Sisimsky" are complex in profile, the rest are zoological.

Most of the reserves are aimed at the conservation, restoration and reproduction of valuable hunting and commercial species of wild animals along with their habitat. The reserves "Bolshemurtinsky", "Talsko-Garevsky", "Krasnoturansky Bor" are engaged in the protection of Siberian roe deer in places of mass concentrations on migration and wintering routes, as well as upland game.

Priority objects of protection in the Ubeysko-Salbinsky, Khabyksky, Kebezhsky, Bolshe-Kemchugsky, Malo-Kemchugsky, Kemsky, Makovsky, Bolshe-Kassky nature reserves are the acclimatized beaver, as well as other species of near-water animals (otter, mink).

The territories of many reserves are inhabited by animals listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation, for example, peregrine falcon (Bolshe-Kemchugsky, Malo-Kemchugsky and Prichulymsky reserves), osprey (Ubeysko-Salbinsky, Taybinsky, B-Kemchugsky and Sisimsky reserves), white-tailed eagle (reserves "Arga" and Berezovsky), Saker Falcon (B-Kemchugsky, Sisimsky). Black stork sightings have been recorded in the Arga, Solgonsky Kryazh, Prichulymsky and Taybinsky nature reserves; there is reliable information about the stay during the nesting period of the common crane in the Taibinsky and Bolshemurtinsky reserves.

In the Krasnoturansky Bor reserve there is a colony of gray herons, unique for the region, numbering about 100 nesting pairs.

By 2005, it is planned to organize 45 new state nature reserves of regional importance with a total area of ​​2087.92 thousand hectares.

A complete list of state natural reserves of regional significance operating in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is given in Table 2.

Table 2 - State natural reserves of regional significance

	Name of protected area	Year of creation	Area, thousand ha	Administrative position of protected areas (districts)
				Achinsky, Bogotolsky Nazarovsky
	birch oak forest			Nazarovsky, Uzhursky, Sharypovsky
	Berezovsky			Sharypovsky
	B-Kassky			Yenisei
	B-Kemchugsky			Kozulsky, Emelyanovsky
	B-Murtinsky			Bolshemurtinsky
	Kandatsky			Tyukhtetsky, B-Uluysky, Birilyussky
	Kebezhsky			Ermakovsky, Karatuzsky
				Kazachinsky, Pirovsky
	Krasnoturansky Bor			Krasnoturansky
	Makovsky			Yenisei, Birilyussky
	Malo-Kemchugsky			Emelyanovsky, B-Murtinsky
	prichulymsky			Achinsky, Bogotolsky
	Sisimsky			Kuraginskiy
	Solgon Ridge			Uzhursky, Nazarovsky, Balakhtinsky
	Taybinsky			Irbeysky
	Talsko-Garevsky			Sukhobuzimsky
	Turukhansky			Turukhansky
	Ubeysko-Salbinsky			Novoselovsky, Krasnoturansky
	Khabyksky			Idrinsky
	Bolshaya Pashkina			Specially protected natural areas are areas of land, water and air space above them, on which natural objects having significance: scientific, cultural, aesthetic, health-improving. These include nature reserves, national and natural parks, state reserves, monuments of nature and other objects. As a rule, these objects are familiar to Krasnoyarsk residents many years before their approval as a protected area. For example, the Stolby Reserve, Karaulnaya Cave, Oreshnaya Cave, Ergaki Nature Park, Tagarskoe Lake, Plakhino Lake, Monastyrskoe Lake, Uchum Lake. Natural territories, depending on their importance, have federal, regional and local significance. State nature reserves and national parks are protected areas of federal significance. The status depends on the value of the object, including historical value. In the region, these are primarily reserves: Sayano-Shushensky, Central Siberian, Big Arctic, Taimyr, "Pillars". Read good and interesting entry: There are almost a hundred specially protected natural areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Eleven are federal and 87 are regional. Protected areas of federal significance include seven nature reserves, a national park with an area of ​​39.2 thousand hectares, and three nature reserves. All of these are well-known sites that are popular with tourists and nature lovers. Each of them is unique in its own way and therefore really especially valuable. Protected areas of regional importance in the region are located on an area of ​​5187.1 thousand hectares. Natural park "Ergaki" with an area of ​​217.0 thousand hectares. A unique object, which, obviously, has no equal in the whole world. Those who have visited Ergaki at least once will definitely come here again. Even if you have been here dozens of times, you will still not explore Ergaki and see all its beauties. Some of them - the Sleeping Sayan rocks, the Dragon's Tooth, the Hanging Stone - are covered with legends and traditions. They are public. Others can only be conquered by very trained people. You can get to know Ergaki every year and this will only make your life more interesting. The main goal of creating the park and its infrastructure network is the protection and restoration of natural complexes and unique objects. People come here for the beauty and the opportunity to unite with nature. Feel it with your heart and therefore become closer to it. After all, it is important that not only a person sees her, but she also sees him. There are thirty state nature reserves in the region on a total area of ​​1866.5 thousand hectares. Including eight complex reserves, the task of which is to preserve or restore nature. They are designed to show both Siberians and the whole world the beauty of the Sayan foothills, the northern taiga, the tundra - something that nature has been shaping for hundreds of thousands, if not millions of years, must be carefully preserved. Beauty should be known and seen not only by us, but also by dozens of future generations. Each generation is obliged to contribute to the preservation of natural objects. There are 22 biological complexes in the region, designed to preserve and restore rare animals and plants. Fifty-five monuments of nature with a total area of ​​38.6 thousand hectares. This is also a national treasure, the value of which cannot be determined in money. It is priceless. This also includes the suburban green zone of Krasnoyarsk, created to improve the city's air basin. To protect suburban forest plantations and soils from adverse natural and climatic conditions, the negative impact of people. People today are very seriously destroying nature. Article rating: (No ratings yet) Loading... To share with friends: Similar posts An example of a photo card of a laboratory chemist's working day Tree of knowledge of good and evil and moral freedom A new portal has appeared in the field of inclusive higher education Portal for support of inclusive education Perception, its types and properties Topic "process of perception"