The most important international economic organizations. The largest regional economic associations of states

International economic organizations in the field of foreign trade began to develop in the 20th century. During this period, the productive forces of society, the social division of labor go beyond national borders, the importance of international economic relations grows.

The growth of international trade after the 2nd World War (from 1950 to 1947 the world foreign trade turnover increased 10 times) led to the creation of new international organizations (both within the UN and outside it), the main direction of which is the search for ways of a universal settlement international economic relations, and first of all international trade, in view of their special significance. The number of international organizations reached by 1977 three thousand.

International organizations are a stable institution of multilateral international relations, created in most cases by at least three states and having goals, competence and permanent bodies agreed upon by its participants, as well as other specific political and organizational institutional norms, including a charter, procedure, membership, decision-making procedures, etc.

Among the international economic organizations should be distinguished: interstate (intergovernmental), whose members are states; non-governmental, whose members are certain domestic organizations or bodies, public organizations or private individuals.

In addition, international economic organizations should be distinguished:

by the nature of their activities: permanent (such organizations are created on the basis of economic agreements); temporary (i.e. operating in the process of convened conferences, meetings);

by level of competence: organizations competent in general issues of international trade; organizations competent for certain types of goods.

The main permanent intergovernmental organization is the UN (founded in 1945). According to the charter, the UN is called upon to carry out international cooperation in order to resolve global economic problems (Article 1) “in order to create conditions for stability and prosperity”, with the aim of “promoting an increase in the standard of living , economic development and progress in the world.

Economic cooperation is dealt with by the highest body of the UN - the General Assembly and the ECOSOC (economic and social council) led by it.

The UN General Assembly is usually convened in session once a year and, as needed, in special and emergency sessions, the GA organizes studies and makes recommendations to states to promote international cooperation in the economic, social and other fields (Article 13 of the Charter) The GA exercises leadership functions for in relation to ECOSOC, its recommendations to the Council are binding (Articles 60, 66 of the Charter). ECOSOC consists of 54 members, one third of which is re-elected by the GA annually, ECOSOC meets in its sessions twice a year. ECOSOC is called upon to solve specific problems of international economic cooperation. According to the UN Charter, the functions of ECOSOC include conducting various kinds of research and reports on international issues in the areas of economic, social, culture, education, health and similar issues. Within the framework of the Council, draft international agreements and conventions are developed, which are subsequently submitted for approval to the GA. The functions of ECOSOC also include coordinating the activities of the UN specialized agencies with which it concludes special agreements, as well as managing regional economic commissions.



The activities of ECOSOC are carried out through a number of its subsidiary organizations, committees and commissions.

The following regional economic commissions operate under the direction of the Economic and Social Council:

The European Economic Commission (Economic Commission for Europe) was established in 1947 for a period of 5 years to provide effective assistance to European countries devastated by the Second World War. Then the term of this commission was extended for an indefinite period. The supreme body of the commission is the plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body of the Commission is the Secretariat. The Secretariat has departments: plans and research, industrial, transport, trade and intermediary. There are ten committees within the Commission: on ferrous metallurgy; by coal; for electricity; on industry and inland transport; by labor force; on the housing issue; for the development of foreign trade and others.

Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), established in 1947 as a temporary organization. In 1952 the commission was reorganized into a permanent one. The highest body in the Commission is the plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body is the Secretariat, consisting of the departments of industry and trade, transport and communications, social issues, studies and plans. ESCAP includes: Committee on Industry and Natural Resources, Committee on Inland Transport and Communications Committee on Trade. With the participation of ESCAP, projects were developed and (the work on their implementation is being coordinated): the construction of a trans-Asian railway, the construction of a trans-Asian highway through 15 countries;

Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), established in 1948, registered permanently in 1951. Its members are 20 states of Latin America. The supreme and permanent bodies of the Commission are, respectively, the plenary sessions and the Secretariat. The Secretariat consists of six departments. With the participation of ECLA, the Latin American Economic System (LAES) was created;

Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). Created at the XXV session of ECOSOC (1958) by decision of the UN General Assembly (XII session 11/26/1957) Functions, supreme and permanent bodies are similar to other economic commissions. ECA has developed a number of projects for the construction of the trans-African, trans-Saharan and East African highways;

The Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) focused on the research form of activity, summarizing and forecasting trends and prospects for the development of individual countries in the region. In particular, the practice of TNCs in the oil industry of the region is studied.

An important subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly is the Commission on International Trade (UNISTRAL), which works to promote and unify the rights of international trade. In particular, she developed the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, adopted at the UN conference in 1980.

One of the most significant UN bodies dealing with the problems of economic cooperation is UNCTAD - the UN Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as a body of the UN General Assembly. Created as an auxiliary body of the GA, it has long since grown into an independent autonomous organization with numerous subsidiary bodies. The supreme body of UNCTAD is the session of the conference (meets once every three to four years). Between sessions, the conference operates in the form of the Council for Trade and Development (meets twice a year). The Council has seven standing committees: on commodities; on industrial goods; on preferences; invisible items and trade-related finance; for maritime transport; on Technology Transfer and Economic Cooperation of Developing Countries, as well as four working groups.

In the resolution of the UN General Assembly, which established UNCTAD, its functions were formulated as follows:

1) encouragement of international trade, especially from the point of view of accelerating economic development, in particular trade between countries at different levels of development...;

2) establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related issues of economic development;

4) reviewing and promoting the coordination of the activities of other agencies within the UN system...;

5) taking, if necessary, measures in cooperation with the competent UN bodies for the negotiation and approval of multilateral legal acts in the field of trade...;

6) harmonization of the policy of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade...;

7) consideration of any other issues within the competence:

Already the first Conference (UNCTAD-1) adopted the "Principles of international trade relations and trade policy" prepared by the USSR, Poland and Czechoslovakia. This document was extremely important for the development within the framework of UNCTAD of the "Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States" (1974)

UNCTAD VI adopted a resolution on no economic coercion, which condemned the policies and practices of trade restrictions, blockades, embargoes and other economic sanctions.

UNCTAD-IV developed and adopted international agreements on natural rubber, cocoa, sugar, tropical timber, jute, and tin. An Agreement on the Establishment of a Common Fund for Commodities has been developed and adopted.

UNCTAD conferences were held: in Geneva - in 1964 (UNCTAD-I), New Delhi - 1968 (UNCTAD-II), Santiago de Chile - 1973 (UNCTAD-III), Nairobi - 1976. (UNCTAD-IV), Manila - 1979 (UNCTAD-V), Belgrade - 1983 (UNCTAD - VI), Geneva - 1987 (UNCTAD-VII).

The nature of UNCTAD's activities, its structure, universality, scope of competencies, the nature of the documents adopted give every reason to consider it as a "permanent international organization".

The headquarters of UNCTAD is located in Geneva.

UNIDO - the United Nations Industrial Development Organization - was established in 1956 to promote the industrialization of developing countries. In 1985, it acquired the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations. The supreme body of UNIDO is the General Conference, convened once every four years, the governing body is the Industrial Development Board, which meets once a year. The Council consists of 45 members elected by the General Conference for a term of three years on the basis of the principle of equitable geographical representation. The Standing Committee, which is a subsidiary body of the Council, meets twice a year. The Secretariat - the administrative body of UNIDO is located in Vienna (Austria). The Secretary General of UNIDO, upon the recommendation of the Council, is approved by the General Conference for a term of four years. The governing bodies also include the Program and Budget Committee. Since 1981, an information bank on industry and technology has been functioning.

The founding documents of the organization - the Lima Declaration and the Action Plan for Industrial Development and Cooperation, adopted in 1975, contain important provisions aimed at implementing such principles of the NIEP and international economic law as asserting sovereignty over one's own natural resources and all economic activity, etc. d. At the General Conference of UNIDO in 1980 in Delhi, the Declaration and Action Plan for further industrialization were developed and adopted within the framework of the international development strategy of the United Nations for the third decade.

The establishment of equal international economic cooperation in the field of science and technology should be promoted by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which is called upon to assist developing countries in establishing national systems for the protection of industrial property and copyright.

In addition to the above, the following UN specialized agencies can also be mentioned: the International Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

Among the monetary institutions of the UN stand out: the International Monetary Fund (IFB) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), as well as the International Finance Corporation - IFC and the International Development Association - IDA. All these organizations are of an intergovernmental nature, have the status of UN specialized agencies, i.e. The UN cannot make recommendations regarding the policies and main directions of their activities.

The IMF and IBRD - the largest international monetary and credit organizations - were created on the basis of agreements adopted by the Bretton Woods Conference (USA) in 1944. As of January 1, 1990, 151 states were members of each organization; currently the Russian Federation is also a member of these organizations. The IMF and IBRD are specialized agencies of the UN, they have agreements on relations with the UN (since 1947)

The objectives of the IMF are to coordinate the monetary and financial policies of member countries and provide them with loans to adjust balance of payments and maintain exchange rates.

The main goal of the IBRD is to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of the member states by encouraging investment for industrial purposes.

The IFC (established in 1956 as a branch of the IBRD; as of 01.01.90 - 133 members) is engaged in financing mainly multinational projects involving local and foreign capital, provides loans on favorable terms and without government guarantees.

IDA (established in 1960 as a branch of the IBRD, as of January 1, 1995 - 137 members) provides interest-free loans (to developing countries) on more favorable terms than the IBRD. The loan term is 40 years for the least developed countries (according to the UN official list) and 35 years for the rest.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - this is the largest intergovernmental trade agreement was adopted in 1948 as an interim agreement. Initially, the participating countries worked on the draft Charter of the trade organization (WTO), which remained unratified.

The set of rules that collectively make up the multilateral trading system known as the GATT, consists of the General Agreement itself (38 articles), as well as later GATT is the settlement of international trade disputes.

GATT members are 110 states, the Russian Federation has the status of an observer.

The headquarters of the GATT is located in Geneva (Switzerland). The supreme body of the GATT is the sessions of the Contracting Parties held on an annual basis.

Within the framework of the GATT, 7 rounds of multilateral trade negotiations were held, during which it was carried out, successively, the rates of customs tariffs of the participating countries, agreements were developed on issues of standards and other non-tariff measures for regulating foreign trade, public procurement, trade in civil aircraft and textile goods.

The result of negotiations within the framework of the "Uruguay Round" of GATT is the General Agreement on Trade and Services - GATS. The largest economic and political organization in Europe is the European Union (EU), created on the basis of the European Communities: the European Economic Community (EEC); the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURAATOM), created in accordance with the Paris (1951 - ECSC) and two Rome treaties (1957). In 1987, these treaties were supplemented by the Single European Act, and on February 7, 1992, the member states of the European Community signed the European Union Treaty (Maa Treaty), and on November 1, 1993, it entered into force.

The European Union includes 12 countries: Germany, France, Italy., Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg (founders), Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Spain (entered in 1973-1986).

One of the objectives of the Treaty is to ensure the effective operation of EU mechanisms and institutions.

In accordance with the Treaty, the main objectives of the Union are considered to be the following:

promote economic and social progress by creating a space without internal boundaries...;

assert their status and appointment in the international arena;

to strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of the citizens of the states by introducing citizenship of the Union;

develop close cooperation in the field of justice and internal affairs;

maintain and, where necessary, revise and improve the system of communications and relationships.

The most important features of the cooperation procedure is the transition to the coordination of positions by passing the project "shuttle" between the commission. Council, the EP and granting the EP (European Parliament) the right to veto on the established range of issues (Article 189 of the EEC Statute).

The main executive body of the Council is the EU Commission. The highest body of the EU is the European Council, consisting of the heads of state and government of the member countries of the Community.

The European Parliament is elected directly by the citizens of the EU member states on the basis of universal and direct suffrage. Based on the above, international economic organizations can be classified on the following grounds:

1. The form of a constituent act (on the basis of treaties; international acts other than treaties (UNCTAD, established by the UN General Assembly); not having a single formal legal act (GATT);

2. Scope of powers - ordinary and supranational (EU);

3. The order of access - limited (for reasons of regional or other nature) and unlimited ("open").

An important factor characterizing international economic organizations (MEOEWG) is the “nature of membership”, showing the differences between IEWG with a single status of UN member states and MEWG with different categories of member states (FAO, GATT, OPEC). Art. II of the FAO Constitution distinguishes between Plenipotentiary and Associate Members, the latter cannot hold any office and participate in voting (Article III).

The species diversity of the MEORG can be seen in the analysis of the subject of their activities. The areas of competence are:

1. Organizations of general competence dealing with e. including economic issues (UN, OEA);

2. Economic Integration Organizations (EU);

3. General economic organizations coordinating the economic policy of the member states in all major areas of economic cooperation;

4. Specialized MEORG:

a) trade organizations (UNCTAD); international commodity organizations (International Cocoa Organization); organizations of exporting countries (OPEC);

b) monetary and financial organizations (IMF, IBRD);

c) bodies in the field of investments (International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes);

d) organizations in the field of agricultural cooperation (FAO);

e) organizations in the field of industrial cooperation (UNIDO);

f) organizations in the field of transport and communications (Universal Postal Union);

g) other organizations carrying out activities of an economic nature (World Intellectual Property Organization).

Modern MEORGS use various decision-making procedures:

The classification makes it possible to see the false organized system of the MEORG from different points of view, to highlight their general and specific properties, which determine the diversity of species.

Conclusion:

The growing importance and complexity of international economic relations make it necessary to strengthen their management by the joint efforts of states through international organizations, which leads to an increase in the number of international organizations and their role in the development of economic interstate cooperation. As a result, international organizations are important subjects of international economic law.

International organizations operating in the sphere of economic relations can be divided into two groups. The first includes organizations that, by their action, cover the entire sphere of economic relations; the second group includes organizations operating within certain sub-sectors of international economic law (for example, trade, financial, investment, transport and others).

Conclusion

The complexity of the object of regulation of international economic law lies in the fact that it covers diverse, differing in content types of relations associated with various aspects of economic relations. These include trade, transport, customs, financial, investment and other relations. Each of them has its own specific content, which gives rise to the need for special legal regulation, resulting in the formation of sub-branches of international economic law: international trade law; international transport law; international customs law; international financial law, international investment law, international technological law.

Each sub-sector is a system of international legal norms governing interstate cooperation in a specific area of ​​economic relations. All of them are combined into a single branch of international law - international economic law - a common object of regulation, common goals and principles. In addition, a number of institutions of international economic law are elements of other branches of international law: the law of international organizations, the law of treaties, the law of peaceful resolution of international disputes, etc.

The vital interests of Russia depend on the solution of economic problems. The State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation, approved by Presidential Decree, reasonably proceeds from the need to effectively realize the advantages of the international division of labor, the sustainability of the country's development in the context of its equal integration into world economic relations. Without ensuring economic security, it is practically impossible to solve any of the tasks facing the country, both domestically and internationally.


See: Grabar V.E. Materials for the history of the literature of international law in Russia (1647 - 1917). M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1958.

Nigerian professor T. Elaeyes writes that modern international law "originates from the end of the Second World War, primarily with the advent of the United Nations." American professor J. Kunz, Indian chief judge R. Patak and others wrote about the same.

Yakovlev V.P. social time. Rostov-on-Don, 1980, p. 96.

See Art. 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; see Art. 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; see Art. 8 of the 1990 Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

In-situ conservation refers to the conditions under which genetic resources exist within ecosystems and natural habitats, and in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the environment in which they acquired their distinctive characteristics.

Ex situ conservation means the conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats.

Vasilenko V.A. Fundamentals of the theory of international law. Kyiv, 1998. S. 10.

History of international law. Baskin, Feldman. 1995, p. 32.

History of international law. Baskin, Feldman. 1995. S. 266.

Eye of all great Russia. M., 1980. S. 28.

Collection of existing treaties, agreements and conventions concluded by the USSR with foreign states. Issue. XXIII. No. 1138. M., 1970.

There. Issue. XXXIII. No. 2480. M., 1979.

Ortolan T. Maritime international law. SPb., 1875. P.11.

Higgins and Colombos. International maritime law. M.: Iz-vo inostr.lit., 1953. S. 49.

Tarkhanov I.E. Freedom of navigation is one of the main components of the freedom of the high seas. Proceedings of Soyuzmorniiproekt. M., 1973. S.89-93.

UN Chronicle. July 1995. T.XXXII. No. 1. Department of Public Information. New York. S. 9.

The main permanent intergovernmental organization is the United Nations (founded in 1945). According to the charter UN is called upon to carry out international cooperation in order to resolve global economic problems (Article 1) “in order to create conditions for stability and prosperity”, with the aim of “promoting living standards, economic development and progress in the world”.

Economic cooperation is dealt with by the highest body of the UN - the General Assembly and the ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council) led by it.

General Assembly UN organizes studies and makes recommendations to states to promote international cooperation in the economic, social and other fields; The GA also exercises leadership functions in relation to ECOSOC.

The Economic and Social Council is called upon to solve specific problems of international economic cooperation. According to the UN Charter, the functions of ECOSOC include conducting various kinds of research and reports on international issues in the areas of economic, social, culture, education, health and similar issues.

Within the framework of the Council, draft international agreements and conventions are developed, which are subsequently submitted for approval to the General Assembly. The functions of ECOSOC also include coordinating the activities of the UN specialized agencies with which it concludes special agreements, as well as managing regional economic commissions.

The following regional economic commissions operate under the direction of the Economic and Social Council.

1. European Economic Commission(Economic Commission for Europe) was established in 1947 for a period of five years to provide effective assistance to European countries devastated by the Second World War. Then the term of this commission was extended for an indefinite period. The supreme body of the commission is the plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body of the Commission is the Secretariat, which has departments: plans and studies, industrial, transport, trade and intermediary. There are ten committees within the Commission: on ferrous metallurgy; by coal; for electricity; on industry and inland transport; by labor force; on the housing issue; for the development of foreign trade, etc.

2. Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP) was established in 1947 as a temporary organization. In 1952 the commission was reorganized into a permanent one. The supreme body of the Commission is the plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body is the Secretariat, consisting of the departments of industry and trade, transport and communications, social issues, studies and plans. ESCAP has: Committee on Industry and Natural Resources, Committee on Inland Transport and Communications, Committee on Trade. With the participation of ESCAP, projects were developed for the construction of a trans-Asian railway and the construction of a trans-Asian highway through 15 countries.



3. Economic Commission for Latin America(EKLA) was established in 1948, in 1951 it was transformed into a permanent commission. Its members are 20 states of Latin America. The supreme and permanent bodies of the Commission are, respectively, the plenary sessions and the Secretariat. The Secretariat has six divisions. With the participation of ECLA, the Latin American Economic System (LAES) was created.

Economic Commission for Africa(ECA) was formed at the XXV session of ECOSOC (1958). Functions, supreme and permanent bodies are similar to other economic commissions. ECA has developed projects for the construction of the Trans-African, Trans-Saharan and East African Highways.

5. Economic Commission for Western Asia(EKZA) focused on the research form of activity, summarizing and forecasting trends and prospects for the development of individual countries in the region. In particular, the practice of transnational corporations in the oil industry of the region is studied.

An important subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly is International Trade Commission(UNISTAL), which works to promote and unify the rights of international trade. In particular, she developed the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, adopted at the UN conference in 1980.

One of the most significant UN bodies dealing with problems of economic cooperation is United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly and has long since grown into an independent autonomous body. The supreme body of UNCTAD is the conference sessions (gathered once every three to four years). Between sessions, the conference operates in the form of the Council for Trade and Development (meets twice a year). The Council has seven standing committees: on commodities; on industrial goods; on preferences; invisible items and trade-related finance; for maritime transport; on Technology Transfer and Economic Cooperation of Developing Countries, as well as four working groups.

In the UNGA resolution that established UNCTAD, its functions were formulated as follows:

1) encouragement of international trade, especially in terms of accelerating economic development, in particular trade between countries at different levels of development;

2) the establishment of principles and policies relating to international trade and related problems of economic development;

4) review and promote coordination of the activities of other agencies within the UN system;

5) taking, if necessary, measures in cooperation with the competent bodies of the UN for negotiating and approving multilateral legal acts in the field of trade;

6) harmonization of the policy of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade;

7) consideration of any other issues within the competence.

The nature of UNCTAD's activities, its structure, universality, scope of competencies, the nature of the documents adopted give every reason to consider it as a permanent international organization. The headquarters of the organization is located in Geneva.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) was established in 1956 to promote the industrialization of developing countries. In 1985, it acquired the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations. The supreme body of UNIDO is the General Conference, convened once every four years; governing body is Industrial Development Council, whose meetings are held once a year. The Council consists of 45 members elected by the General Conference for a term of three years on the basis of the principle of equitable geographical representation. The Standing Committee is a subsidiary body of the Council and meets twice a year. The Secretariat - the administrative body of UNIDO is located in Vienna (Austria). The Secretary General of UNIDO, upon the recommendation of the Council, is approved by the General Conference for a term of four years. The governing bodies also include the Program and Budget Committee. Since 1981, an information bank on industry and technology has been functioning.

The founding documents of the organization are the Lima Declaration and the Action Plan for Industrial Development and Cooperation, adopted in 1975. UNIDO develops recommendations and programs for the governments of developing countries to provide technical assistance in the design and construction of facilities.

The establishment of equal international economic cooperation in the field of science and technology should contribute to World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO), which is designed to assist developing countries in establishing national systems for the protection of industrial property and copyright.

Among UN Monetary Institutions stand out: International Monetary Fund (IMF);

■ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD);

■ International Finance Corporation (IFC);

■ International Development Association (MAP).

All these organizations are intergovernmental in nature and have the status of UN specialized agencies, i.e. The UN cannot advise them on the policies and main directions of their activities.

IMF and IBRD- the largest international monetary and credit organizations - created on the basis of agreements adopted by the Bretton Woods Conference (USA) in 1944. Members of each organization are 184 states, including the Russian Federation.

The objectives of the IMF are to coordinate the monetary and financial policies of member countries and provide them with loans to adjust the balance of payments and maintain exchange rates.

The main goal of the IBRD is to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of the member states by encouraging investment for industrial purposes.

IFC(established in 1956 as an affiliate of the IBRD and has 176 member countries) finances mainly multinational projects involving local and foreign capital, provides loans on favorable terms and without government guarantees.

MAP(created in 1960 as a branch of the IBRD, now it includes more than 160 states) provides interest-free loans to developing countries on more favorable terms than the IBRD. The loan term for the least developed (according to the UN list) countries is 40 years, for the rest - 35 years.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) is the largest intergovernmental trade agreement. It was adopted in 1948 as a temporary agreement. Throughout its history (1948-1994) its most important function has been to conduct multilateral rounds of trade negotiations. There were 8 such rounds in total. The last, Uruguay round ended in April 1994 with the signing of the Final Act, which consisted of an agreement on the establishment World Trade Organization and a number of documents that together constituted the WTO system.

The supreme body of the WTO is Ministerial Conference WTO member states. Its sessions are held at least once every two years. Between sessions, the General Council of WTO Members is convened as necessary. It serves as the Dispute Settlement Body and the Trade Review Mechanism.

politicians. The Ministerial Conference appoints the Director General, who leads the WTO Secretariat. All decisions within the WTO are taken by consensus. The competence of the WTO includes:

■ International trade in industrial and agricultural goods;

■ trade in textiles and clothing;

■ international trade in services; ■ intellectual property;

■ trade-related investments;

■ special protective, anti-dumping and countervailing measures;

■ sanitary and phytosanitary measures;

■ rules of origin of goods;

■ import licensing, etc.

All multilateral agreements of the WTO are obligatory for the states-participants, other countries are compelled to follow the norms and rules worked out in GATT/WTO.

In modern international economic relations, a significant role belongs to universal associations that are not formally international organizations. These include, first of all, the Paris and London clubs of creditors.

Parisian club - an interstate mechanism created to develop multilateral agreements by creditor states in relation to debtor states in order to revise the terms of debt repayment. Officially, it does not have a charter, admission rules and fixed structures.

The Russian Federation, being the successor of the USSR, in connection with membership in the Club got the opportunity to put into practice the sale of significant external assets, many of which were considered "hopeless".

London club was created with the aim of developing agreements with debtor countries on the payment of external debt and the repayment of interbank debt. It unites 600 commercial creditor banks of the leading countries of the world. It is headed by representatives of Deutsche Bank (Germany).

International economic organizations (IEO) regulate the work of transnational corporations, draw up cooperation agreements, develop legal norms and simplify work in the world market.

The globalization of the economy and the emergence of new industries increases the number of international agreements and features of cooperation between countries. International economic organizations (IEOs) regulate the work of transnational corporations, draw up cooperation agreements, and develop legal norms to make working on the world market easier and more profitable.

The number and composition of the IEO varies depending on the political situation, the specifics of the development of the global market and the goals of cooperation in the organization. For example, the UN was created to maintain peace after the end of World War II, but over time, the powers of the organization have expanded significantly. Dozens of specialized international economic organizations operating under the auspices of the UN have been added to the organizational structure.

Varieties

Depending on the range of tasks to be solved, such associations of states are divided into universal and specialized.

  • Specialized ones regulate certain areas of international activity: trade (WTO, UNCTAD), currency relations (IMF, EBRD), export of raw materials and materials (OPEC, MSST), agriculture (FAO).
  • Universal organizations are large associations that contribute to the development of international relations in general, simplify access to the world market. For example, the OECD stands for the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation.

Depending on the international legal status, international economic organizations are divided into interstate and non-governmental organizations.

  • Interstate are formalized by agreements concluded between several countries (or their associations) to solve an established list of tasks. For example, the UN system includes dozens of specialized international organizations that issue legislation for member states.
  • Non-governmental organizations are associations of countries that do not involve the conclusion of agreements between power structures. This type of IEO pursues humanitarian goals (Red Cross Committee), investigates human rights violations (Human Rights Oversight Committee), fights caesura (Reporters Without Borders Committee), preserves cultural heritage (Memorial Committee).

Functions

All international organizations are created to form a single world market, adapted to national laws and their characteristics. Individual states or their associations can be subjects (participants) of the IEO, and economic relations become objects (objects of cooperation) of such organizations.

Depending on the legal status and the list of tasks to be solved, there are five main functions of the IER.

  • Solving problems relevant to all countries of the world: fighting hunger, epidemics, poverty, unemployment, ensuring stable economic development. Such issues are resolved by the UN and its specialized organizations, the World Bank Group, the Eurasian Economic Union.
  • Solving economic, legal and social problems relevant to the region. For example, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development finances structural changes in the economies of Central and Eastern Europe.
  • Creation of comfortable conditions for doing business in a separate market segment. Such organizations unite several countries that produce one group of goods for the world market. For example, OPEC is an association of oil exporting states that coordinates the sale of raw materials and controls the level of prices on the market.
  • Informal and semi-formal groupings that are created by several countries to solve narrow problems. For example, the Paris Club of Creditors is a financial union of leading economies to settle the payment of debts of individual states.

Most MEOs are formed and developed as markets expand, national borders in trade disappear, and new industries are created. For example, the massive introduction of Internet technologies has led to the creation of the European regulation for the protection of personal data (GDPR) of the user.

The globalization of the world economic processes of the world economy, the strengthening of the interdependence of national economies, leads to the need to establish international organizations to control, coordinate, promote and unify the socio-economic issues that arise between countries and are expressed in formal and semi-formal structures.

International organizations fall into two categories:

1. Intergovernmental organizations - the participants of which are directly states, acting on the basis of relevant treaties and having international legal personality.

2. Non-governmental organizations - they include various associations, they are not subjects of international law, but have the status of legal entities, but this does not prevent some of them from having a specialized status in intergovernmental organizations. For example, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), a non-governmental trade organization, has consultative status with the UN. About 7,000 international non-governmental organizations have been registered.

intergovernmental organizations.

I. The UN system consists of principal and subsidiary organs, 18 specialized agencies and a number of programmes, councils and commissions, which are represented by:

1. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) - is the main body for coordinating the economic and social activities of the UN, 54 members. ECOSOC has regional economic commissions for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Western Asia (ESCWA), Africa (ECA), Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). The purpose of their activities is to promote the implementation of coordinated actions on economic cooperation within the framework of the respective region.

2. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - an organ of the UN General Assembly, a trade and economic organization designed to promote the development of international trade between developed and developing countries; coordinate the policy of individual states and integration groups in international trade; develop recommendations for the development of international economic relations. Members of this organization are 186 states, including Russia.

3. United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

4. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).

5. World Food Council (WFC).

6. World Food Program (WFP),

7. International Trade Center (ITC).

Specialized institutions:

1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - founded in 1945. Members of this organization are 169 states and the European Union. FAO Goals:

Eliminate the problem of hunger;

Improving nutrition and quality of life;

Improving agricultural production;

Promote the development of rural areas and improve the living conditions of the rural population.

2. World Bank. Represented by a group of institutions: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is the main institution of the World Bank. Founded in 1945, provides loans mainly to industrialized countries. International Development Association (IDA) - founded in 1960; provides loans to developing countries. International Finance Corporation (IFC) - date of foundation 1956; assists the private sector in developing countries. International Investment Guarantee Agency (IAGI) - established in 1966; provides arbitration and dispute resolution services between governments and foreign investors.

3. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

4. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

5. International Labor Organization (ILO) - founded in 1919. It unites governments, entrepreneurs and workers on equal terms. Consists of 170 states, including Russia. Objectives of the ILO:

providing employment;

Encouragement of economic and social programs;

Respect for fundamental human rights;

Protection of life and health of workers.

6. International Monetary Fund (IMF) - established in 1944. One of the leading financial and credit organizations. Includes 182 countries, including Russia since 1992. The IMF provides loans in exchange for pursuing such an economic policy in which the country will be able to accumulate foreign exchange reserves and repay debts to creditors. The basis of credit amounts is the quota of the IMF's authorized Fund, which falls on the country - a member of the organization. Russia's quota is 2.99% (SDR 4.3 billion).

7. International Maritime Organization (IMO).

8. International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

9. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) - established in 1970, since 1974 - a specialized agency of the UN system. Members of this organization are 156 states, including Russia. The main goal is to promote the protection of intellectual property.

10. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) - founded in 1967, its members are 166 states, including Russia. Goals of UNIDO activities:

Coordination of industrial development of countries within the framework of the UN system;

Industrialization of developing countries, with the priority development of African countries;

Assistance in the restructuring of the economies of countries with economies in transition.

11. World Trade Organization (WTO). The legal basis of the WTO, effective from January 1, 1995, is the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) as amended in 1994. The main goal of the WTO is the further liberalization of trade in goods and services through the improvement of trade rules. Location - Geneva (Switzerland). Currently, the WTO includes 128 states, more than 30 countries, including Russia and China, have observer status and are negotiating accession.

Autonomous organizations:

1. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an independent intergovernmental organization. Included in the UN system. Membership - 123 states, including Russia. The Agency establishes and provides safeguards against the use of atomic energy for military purposes.

2. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) is a specialized organization.

II. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), established in 1961. As of January 1, 1999, it consisted of 29 countries, most of them developed. Location Paris (France). Russia has been cooperating with the OECD since 1994 after signing the Declaration on Cooperation and the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities. In May 1996, Russia applied to join the Organization as a full member.

Main tasks:

Analysis of the state of the economies of the member countries, drawing up twice a year a forecast of their development for the next year and a half;

Coordination of financial assistance to developing countries;

Preparation of materials for major international relations.

The OECD makes two types of decisions: regulations that are binding on all member countries, and the so-called gentlemen's, which are voluntary, but usually observed.

III. World Customs Organization - founded in 1952, unites 139 states, since 1991 Russia has been a member of the organization. The content of the activity is the development and dissemination of unified customs rules, assistance in the harmonization of customs systems and customs legislation.

IV. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) was founded in 1930 and unites the central banks of 33, mainly European countries. Main functions - coordinates the activities of the central banks of the leading industrialized countries; makes settlements between EU member states; acts as an agent for many types of central bank operations.

V European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) - It includes 59 countries. Created in 1991 to assist the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former USSR at the stage of market transformations.

Non-Governmental Organizations

International non-governmental organizations that unite manufacturers of a certain product (industry associations), for example, the International Air Transport Association, the International Association of Business Communications; or representatives of certain professions (professional associations), for example, the International Association of Translators, the International Society of Accountants; set themselves such tasks as information exchange, scientific research, promotion of goods and services, training, etc.

These organizations are non-profit, international non-governmental organizations hold various conferences, meetings and seminars to solve their problems.

The most authoritative international non-governmental organization in the world - the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) - was founded in 1919. The organization unites over 6 thousand companies, 1.5 thousand national unions of entrepreneurs from 110 countries. The objectives of the ICC:

Promoting the development of entrepreneurship;

Adoption of economic and legal measures in matters of regulation of international trade;

Protection of the private enterprise system.

In 1993, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation was admitted to the ICC. The organization has consultative status with the UN

The complication of the nature of the issues to be resolved in everyday international life necessitates a prompt solution with the help of an institutional mechanism. Such a mechanism is the international economic organizations (IEO).

International government organizations- these are international organizations, whose members are states and which are established on the basis of relevant treaties for the fulfillment of certain goals.

These organizations have a system of permanent bodies and have international legal personality (the ability to have rights, obligations).

There are the following types of MEO:

1. Interstate universal organizations, the purpose and subject of which are of interest to all states of the world.

This is primarily the UN system, which includes the UN and specialized agencies of the UN, which are independent IEOs. Among them are the IMF, IBRD, WTO, UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development).

2. Interstate organizations of a regional and interregional nature, which are created by states to resolve various issues, incl. economic and financial. For example, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

3. International economic organizations operating in certain segments of the world market.

In this case, they most often act in the form of commodity organizations uniting a circle of countries. For example, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, 1960), the International Tin Agreement (1956), the International Cocoa and Coffee Agreements, the International Textiles Agreement (ICTT, 1974).

4. International economic organizations represented by semi-formal associations of the "seven" type (USA, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy).

5. Various trade and economic, monetary and credit, sectoral and specialized economic and scientific and technical organizations.

UN - United Nations , established in 1945. The UN system consists of the United Nations with its principal and subsidiary bodies, 18 specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and a number of programmes, boards and commissions.

UN goals:

Maintaining international peace and security through effective collective action and the peaceful settlement of disputes;

Development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination of peoples;

Ensuring international cooperation in resolving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and promoting human rights.

WTO - World Trade Organization. It began to operate from 01/01/1995, it is the successor to the one that was in force since 1947. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is the sole legal and institutional basis of the world trade organization. The fundamental principles of the WTO are:

Granting the most favored nation treatment in trade on a non-discriminatory basis;

Mutual granting of national treatment to goods and services of foreign origin;

Regulation of trade mainly by tariff methods;

Refusal to use quantitative restrictions;

Promoting fair competition;

Resolving trade disputes through consultations.

World Bank Group. The World Bank is a multilateral lending institution made up of 5 closely related institutions whose common goal is to improve living standards in developing countries through financial assistance from developed countries.

1. IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) was founded in 1945, the purpose is to provide loans to relatively wealthy developing countries.

2. IDA (International Development Association) was founded in 1960 with the aim of providing soft loans to the poorest developing countries.

3. The IFC (International Finance Corporation) was established in 1956 with the aim of promoting economic growth in developing countries by supporting the private sector.

4. IAIG (International Investment Guarantee Agency) was founded in 1988 with the aim of encouraging foreign investment in developing countries by providing guarantees to foreign investors against losses caused by non-commercial risks.

5. ICSID (International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes) was established in 1966. Objective: to promote increased international investment flows by providing arbitration and dispute resolution services to governments and foreign investors; consulting, scientific research, information on investment legislation.

IMF - International Monetary Fund. Created in 1945

Maintaining a common settlement system;

Monitoring the state of the international monetary system;

Promoting the stability of exchange rates;

Providing short-term and medium-term loans;

Providing advice and participation in cooperation.

Each state, joining the IMF, contributes a certain amount - a subscription quota (a richer country contributes a larger quota and has more votes). To provide financial support to its members, the IMF uses the following mechanisms:

1. Conventional mechanisms:

Tranche policy (credits in the form of shares constituting 25% of the country's quota);

Extended Financing Facility (loans for 3 years to overcome balance of payments difficulties).

2. Special arrangements:

Lending in case of unforeseen circumstances (eg, rising prices for imported grain);

Financing of buffer stocks (credit for replenishment of stocks of raw materials).

3. Emergency assistance (in the form of purchases of goods in order to solve balance of payments problems).

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