Legal foundations of international economic security. International Scientific and Practical Conference "Economic Security of States and International Private Law"

On October 27, 2017, the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Economic Security of States and Private International Law" was held at St. Petersburg State University (SPbSU). The conference is timed to coincide with the anniversary of the Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Law, Professor L. N. Galenskaya.

The conference was opened by the Dean of the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg State University, Associate Professor S. A. Belov. The conference was moderated by Professor S. V. Bakhin, Head of the Department of International Law of St. Petersburg State University.

Professor L. N. Galenskaya in her speech outlined the main challenges and threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation and emphasized the role of law in resolving these issues.

The conference was attended by leading scientists and practitioners: Professor A. Ya. Kapustin (First Deputy Director of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, President of the Russian Association of International Law), Professor V. V. Ershov (Rector of the Russian State University of Justice ( RGUP)), Professor T.N. Neshataeva (Head of the Department of International Law of the RSUE, Judge of the Court of the EAEU) Professor M.L. Entin (Head of the Department of European Law, MGIMO), Professor W.E. Butler (USA), Associate Professor N.V. Pavlova (judge Supreme Court RF), etc.

In his speech at the opening of the conference, Professor A.Ya. Kapustin noted the importance and significance of the issues brought up for discussion at this event for the current stage in the development of international relations and international law. Particular attention in the speech was paid to the issue of compliance of the application of unilateral economic coercive measures with the fundamental norms of international law, with particular emphasis on the need to develop an international legal assessment of such measures in relation to the Russian Federation. According to the speaker, the insufficiency and weakness of international legal mechanisms for ensuring international legality actualizes the issue of expanding the use of national legal means to counter unlawful unilateral restrictive measures, which requires relevant scientific research from Russian science.

During the conference, the leading researcher of the Department of International Private Law of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation A. I. Shchukin made a presentation on the topic “The principle of protecting the national legal order in Russian civil proceedings”.

International economic security is understood as such economic interaction of countries that would exclude the deliberate infliction of damage economic interests any country. Its implementation is carried out mainly at the supranational level of regulation of international economic relations and consists in the creation of an appropriate international legal mechanism.

International economic security is such a state of the world economy and international economic relations, which ensures the stable economic development of states and creates conditions for mutually beneficial economic cooperation. The OIE system is designed to protect the state from such threats as a spontaneous deterioration in the conditions of world economic development; undesirable consequences of economic decisions taken without agreement between countries; deliberate economic aggression on the part of other states; negative economic consequences for individual states caused by transnational crime. The institutional system of the OIE can take various forms: global (UN, WTO, IMF), regional (integration groupings), block (group of industrial development of countries united in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; a group of eight economically leading countries), sectoral (trade agreements for individual goods), functional (regulation of the activities of TNCs, international scientific and technical relations and migration of citizens, regulation of monetary and financial relations, exchange of economic information, etc.).

Encyclopedic Dictionary "Political Science" interprets international economic security as a complex international conditions coexistence, agreements and institutional structures, which could provide each state - a member of the world community with the opportunity to freely choose and implement its strategy of social and economic development, without being subject to external economic and political pressure and counting on non-interference, understanding and mutually acceptable and mutually beneficial cooperation from other states.

Thus, the elements of international economic security include:

• * ensuring the sovereignty of states over their natural resources, production and economic potential;
• *lack of exclusive priority in economic development individual countries or groups of states;
• *responsibility of states to the world community for the consequences of their economic policy;
• *focused on solution global problems humanity;
• * free choice and implementation by each state of the strategy of social and economic development;
• * mutually beneficial cooperation of all countries of the world community;
• *peaceful settlement of economic problems.

Compliance with these principles contributes to increased overall economic efficiency as a result of accelerating global economic growth.

An example of solving the problem of collective economic security is the treaty on the European Union (EU), which established the economic and monetary unions of the participating countries. In accordance with it, the Council of Ministers of the EU determines the strategic directions of the economic policy of individual member states and the EU as a whole and controls the development of the economy of each EU state.

As in any other sphere of life, the realization of interests in the economic sphere occurs in various conditions and under the influence of various factors. In relation to the process of realization of economic interests, these conditions and factors can be both favorable and unfavorable. The first contribute to the realization of interests. The latter oppose this realization, hindering its course or even for the realization of these interests. Consequently, in order to be realized, economic interests need to be protected from the impact of everything that creates a danger for them. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to protect all economic interests. But you can prevent them. That which creates danger. It's called a threat. Threat - a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state. Threats are of an objective nature and arise as a result of the emergence of contradictions between individuals, strata of society, classes, states during their interaction in the process of social development. Security threats in the modern world are largely international in nature.

The possibility of counteracting them largely depends on the degree of efforts of various states and their groups. the entire international community. A number of security threats simply cannot be neutralized at the level of individual nation states. One of the conditions for fruitful international cooperation is a similar understanding and definition of threats by different states and the development of unified methods to counter them. To replace the global threat nuclear disaster new challenges have come, such as poverty, infectious diseases and mass epidemics, environmental degradation - environmental threats, wars and violence within states, the spread and the possibility of using nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological weapons, drug trafficking, global financial and economic crises, international terrorism and transnational organized crime. These threats come from both non-state actors and states, and it is about both human security and state security. The scale of these threats has multiplied under the influence of such a complex and contradictory phenomenon as globalization. One side. In the context of globalization, the interdependence of states has sharply increased, and regional conflicts have begun to seriously threaten global security and stability. On the other hand, by deepening the uneven economic development of states, globalization creates a fertile environment for the accumulation of crisis potential in many countries of the world.

The most striking threats to international economic security can be grouped as follows:

1. The existence of the shadow economy - The shadow economy (hidden economy) is an economic activity that is hidden from society and the state, outside of state control and accounting. It is an unobservable, informal part of the economy, but does not cover it all, since it cannot include activities that are not specifically hidden from society and the state, for example, the domestic or community economy. Also activities that are not specifically hidden from society and the state, such as the home or community economy. Also includes, but is not limited to, illegal, criminal economies.

Effects:

• Deformation tax sphere finds manifestation in the influence on the distribution of the tax burden and. as a result, the reduction of budget expenditures.
• · Deformation of the public sector is manifested in the reduction of state budget expenditures and deformation of its structure. The impact on the monetary sphere is manifested in the deformation of the structure of the payment turnover, the stimulation of inflation, the deformation of credit relations and the increase in investment risks, causing damage to credit institutions, investors, depositors, shareholders, and society as a whole.
• · Influence on the system of international economic relations. Large illegal amounts, penetrating the world economy, destabilize the financial and credit system, deform the structure of the balance of payments of states, deform prices and negatively affect the income of private firms.

The positive aspects of hidden economic activity include the possibility of preventing the bankruptcy of a private person or enterprise and providing employment for part of the population.

• 2. Depletion of natural and other types of resources - the irrational use of natural resources can lead to a significant deterioration in the quality of life of the country's population, due to the depletion of traditional energy and mineral resources, and to the extinction of the nation (if no substitute resources or other means of solving survival issues).
• 3. Economic crisis - serious disruption to normal economic activities. One of the manifestations of the crisis is the systematic, massive accumulation of debts and the impossibility of repaying them within a reasonable time. depletion natural resource pollution

The cause of economic crises is often seen as an imbalance between supply and demand for goods and services. The main types are the crisis of underproduction (deficit) and the crisis of overproduction. Every economic crisis leads to changes in the way of life and worldview of people. Sometimes these changes are short-term and insignificant, sometimes they are very serious and long-lasting.

• 4. Excessive protectionism (this is a policy of protecting the domestic market from foreign competition through a system of certain restrictions: import and export duties, subsidies and other measures, such a policy contributes to the development of national production, stimulating economic growth in general, as well as industrial growth and the growth of the country's welfare) .
• 5. High level of poverty of the population. Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon that implies the lack of work for people who make up the economically active population.

Effects:

• Decrease in income
• ・Mental health problems
• Economic consequences (loss of GDP)
• Deterioration of the crime situation
• Deterioration in the growth dynamics of the population's interest in work
• Decrease in the level of provision of households
• 6. Capital flight abroad - spontaneous, not regulated by the state, the export of capital by legal entities and individuals abroad, in order to make their investment more reliable and profitable, as well as to avoid their expropriation, high taxation, and losses from inflation.

Effects:

• · the supply of foreign currency in the domestic market is reduced, which does not allow setting the real exchange rate of the ruble against foreign currencies (the exchange rate of the ruble becomes unstable);
• · the country's gold and foreign exchange reserves are being reduced, and this does not allow them to be fully increased and negatively affects the ruble exchange rate;
• · the taxable base decreases (the practice of daily export of assets inevitably gives rise to evasion of taxes levied on income on these assets) and revenues to the budgets of all levels are significantly reduced;
• · the country's investment climate is deteriorating significantly;
• · the country's economic growth is fundamentally constrained.

Today's threats cross national borders, are interconnected and must be addressed at the global and regional as well as national level. No state, no matter how strong it may be, can independently protect itself from modern threats. It also cannot be taken for granted that there will always be the ability and willingness to fulfill their responsibility to protect their people without harming their neighbors.

And its branches - international criminal law, international economic law, etc., are called upon to carry out a coordinating and regulatory function in the international cooperation of states in the fight against international crime on the basis of a set of legal norms that determine the conditions for international judicial assistance of states to each other in the exercise of their punitive power in the field of international communication.

At the same time, international cooperation in the fight against transnational crime, including in the economic sphere, is carried out by countries, primarily in order to protect their national economy, national, political, territorial and economic from encroachments by transnational organized crime.

Main problem in strengthening and strengthening the legal foundations of the fight against transnational crime, is the interaction of the norms and principles of international law and its branch of international criminal law, with the norms and principles of national criminal law.

International law and international criminal law are also factors stimulating the internationalization of national criminal law. This internationalization is determined primarily by the need to unite the efforts of states in the fight against transnational crime. On the other hand, international law, in the process of cooperation between states in the fight against international crime, borrows the experience of countries with more developed national criminal law. In the future, at the international level, norms and principles are formed that have an increasingly significant impact on national law. Maintaining, developing and improving this rule-making process is one of the activities of the UN and its bodies in the fight against international crime, including in the economic sphere.

International law and its branch - international criminal law, constitutes a kind of legal basis for international cooperation in the fight against economic crimes of an international nature., especially in terms of identifying and classifying committed unlawful acts as crimes of an international nature in international economic relations, establishing the responsibility of subjects of international law and punishing those guilty of such crimes.

The UN has formed a mechanism for the implementation of international cooperation in the fight against international crime, including crime in the economic sphere. In conjunction with other intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations of a universal and regional nature, carrying out their activities in the context of combating international crime, a kind of world system is being formed to combat international crime.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation (part 4, article 15) establishes that the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are an integral part of its legal system.

From the point of view of the content (subject of regulation), the following groups of international treaties can be distinguished, which have received special wide application at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries, which contain provisions related to the sphere of economic security:

• legal aid contracts;
• treaties on encouragement and protection of foreign investments;
• agreements in the field of international trade and economic cooperation;
• agreements on property rights;
• agreements on international settlements;
• agreements on avoidance of double taxation;
• contracts in the field of intellectual property;
• social security agreements;
• treaties on international commercial arbitration.

Among bilateral treaties, the most interesting for Russia are such complex treaties as treaties on legal assistance. They contain provisions not only on cooperation between judicial authorities, including the execution of court orders, but also rules on the law applicable to the relevant relations.

ú INTERNATIONAL LAW ú

Actual problems of international

private law

N. G. Doronina

Features of modern conditions for the development of international private law

The problems of private law relations, characterized by the presence of a foreign element, are due to the structure of private international law. “Many Russian researchers perceive modern private international law as a stable unity of conflict rules and principles mediating two substantive legal complementary ways of regulating private law relations complicated by a foreign element”1.

The important role of conflict law in private international law of the Russian Federation has made it possible to form a special area of ​​law in the national legal system. This feature has been noted in other countries as well. “Thanks to the conflict of law rules, private international law has become an independent area of ​​law, located in the national system of law of a separate state

Doronina Natalia Georgievna - Head of the Department of Private International Law IZiSP, Doctor of Law.

*The article was prepared based on the materials of the report made at the meeting of the Private Law Section of the Academic Council of the Federal State Scientific Institution “Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation”.

1 Zvekov V.P. Collisions of laws in private international law. M., 2007. S. 1.

gifts" 2. However, conflict rules are limited to only indicating the legal order in which answers should be sought in relation to the relations that have arisen. At the same time, as Adolfo Miajo de la Muelo emphasizes, the law of each state, like the system of public international law, consists of substantive norms, i.e. norms that contain the answer to the question of what legal consequences arise in connection with or other legal matter.

Internal substantive rules governing relations with a foreign element are also part of private international law. “Private international law is not limited to conflict of laws; but conflict rules are a very significant part of international private law in terms of volume and the most complex from the legal and technical side”3. Indeed, the law on state regulation of foreign trade, the law on foreign investment, and other laws fall within the scope of international private law. Issues of unification of material civil

2 Adolfo Miaho de la Muelo. Las Normas Materiales de Derecho Internacional Privado // Revista Espanola de Derecho Internacional. V. XVI, No. 3. (Adolfo Miajo de la Muelo - Professor of International Law at the University of Valencia, Spain).

3 Lunts L. A. Course of private international law. M., 2002. S. 30.

Danish law, which received their decision in the norms of an international treaty, are also part of private international law. Issues of the legal status of foreigners have always been considered among the issues of private international law, if it was about the scope of their legal capacity. The norms of international civil procedure have traditionally been considered within the framework of private international law in the Russian Federation. “International procedural law is a set of norms and rules governing the competence of the judiciary, the form and evaluation of evidence and the execution of decisions in international legal life in the event that a conflict of procedural laws and customs of various states occurs”4.

The complex structure of private international law (hereinafter referred to as PIL) for a long time did not allow classifying this area of ​​science as a branch of law. The autonomy of private international law within the framework of civil law was recognized with the adoption of part 3 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in 2001. The changes taking place in international life testify to the ongoing development of private international law as an independent branch of law. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation S. Lavrov, at the conference "Modern State and Global Security" in Yaroslavl in 2009, gave a general description of the ongoing changes, emphasizing that in modern conditions the "deideo-deologization of international relations" is important. To raise the level of significance of private law relations means, according to S. Lavrov, to re-evaluate the essence of the concepts of "state" and "economic activity" in the current conditions of global challenges and threats. Problems of illegal migration, global poverty, the challenge of change

4 Yablochkov T. M. Proceedings on international

my private law. M., 2002. S. 50.

climate, at first glance, being far from the problems of private international law, in fact, are connected with the search for sources of financing for their solution. Appearance various forms the participation of private individuals in the financing of solving problems of a state scale significantly expands the boundaries of private international law.

Thus, on October 28, 2009, the Government of the Russian Federation adopts a resolution concerning the implementation of “Joint Implementation” projects in Russia in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. These projects solve the problem of climate change through the interaction of bodies and individuals on the financing of activities to preserve the ozone layer. The resources formed within the framework of the world community are distributed among its members in accordance with the terms of the international convention. The normative act adopted by the Russian Federation concerns the implementation of this global project, in particular the procedure for approving “joint implementation” projects, including the definition of authorized bodies and the content of civil obligations of the parties participating in the agreements. New aspects of international cooperation affect the relations arising in private international law.

Back in the 70s. 20th century the course of private international law involved the study of forms of international cooperation, the regulation of which was carried out by norms located in various branches of law: labor (issues of the legal status of foreigners), civil and administrative law (issues of foreign trade), civil procedure (international civil procedure). At present, in addition to strengthening the role of international legal regulation

In the indicated areas of relations, other areas of international cooperation are also developing. However, in these areas, the approach to regulating the relations of private international law remains unchanged. “When studying the international treaties of the Russian Federation, related to the sources of PIL, one cannot but take into account the peculiarities of these treaties. Generating, like any other international treaties, obligations for the subjects of international law that have concluded them, they contain norms, the implementation of which is ensured, ultimately, in the sphere of relations between citizens and legal entities.

In connection with the adoption of the Concept for the Development of the Civil Legislation of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Concept), it seems important to once again turn to the problems of private international law, identifying priorities in solving certain problems of developing international cooperation6.

According to the approved Concept, the correction of section six "Private International Law", part three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation seems to be sufficient, taking into account the accumulated experience and the changes that have occurred. At the same time, in the Concept, as a justification for such an adjustment, an insignificant circle of changes that have occurred is given, in particular, a reference is made to the adoption by the European Union of communitarian legislation in the field of private international law in the form of regulations on contractual and non-contractual obligations.

5 Private International Law: Proc. / Ed. N. I. Marysheva. M., 2004. S. 37.

6 The Concept for the Development of the Civil Legislation of the Russian Federation was approved at a meeting of the Council for the Codification and Improvement of Civil Legislation, which took place on October 7, 2009 under the chairmanship of the President of the Russian Federation.

7. In our opinion, the changes in international life mentioned by S. Lavrov do not allow us to confine ourselves to “finishing work” in the current legislation. In addition to correcting the relevant section in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, it would be advisable to think about the prospect of adopting a law on private international law.

The work on the unification of private international law in the European Union has indeed made great progress, and not only in the field of contractual and tort relations. Drafts of uniform regulation of property relations in family law8, inheritance law9, as well as in resolving issues of jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments10 have been prepared. This activity, of course, gives food for thought on improving the general provisions of the mentioned section of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, the examples given are only a small

7 See: European Union Regulation of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) and European Union Regulation of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) / / Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 2009. No. 11. P. 95.

8 See: Proposal for a Council Regulation, amending Regulation (EC) N 2201/ 2003 as regards jurisdiction and introducing rules concerning applicable law in matrimonial matters // Com (2006) 399 final of 17.07.2006 (Rome III); Green Paper on Conflict of Laws in matters concerning matrimonial property regimes, including the question of jurisdiction and mutual recognition // Com (2006) 400 final of 17.07.2006 (Rome IV).

9 See: Green Paper on Succession and Wills // Com (2005) 65 final of 03/01/2005 (Rome V).

10 See: Proposal for a Council Regulation on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition, and enforcement of decision and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations // Com (2005) 649 final of 12/15/2005 (Rome VI).

part of numerous examples of international treaty unification of national legal regulation, which formulate the problem much broader - about the relationship between international and national law as two systems of law. In this regard, the number of conflict rules is expanding and general approaches to resolving conflict issues in the civil law relations of the state with a foreign private person are being clarified. Therefore, it seems relevant to adopt a law on private international law, which would solve problems that go beyond the framework of civil law regulation.

In the European Union, work on the creation of communitarian private international law began in 1980 with the adoption of the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations. The adoption of this convention, which contains general provisions that provide a uniform approach to the application of conflict of laws rules, has led to the adoption of national laws on private international law on all continents11. Adoption of regulations

11 According to research research center private law conducted in 2001, laws on private international law were adopted at different times and are valid at the time of publication of the printed publication in such countries as the United Kingdom (Law on International Private Law 1995), Austria (Law on International Private Law 1978), Hungary (Decree on Private International Law 1979), Germany (Law on General Terms and Conditions of Business 1976), Italy (Law 1995 "Reform of the Italian System of Private International Law"), Liechtenstein (Law on Private International Law 1996), Poland (Law on Private International Law 1965), Romania (Law on the Regulation of Relations of International Private Law 1992), Czech Republic (Law on Private International Law 1963), Switzerland (Federal Private International Law Act 1987).

The European Union's commodities aimed at the unification of private international law had essentially the same effect12. The influence of the development of communal law on the law-making activity of the member states makes us think about the importance of the law as a more optimal form of regulation.

However, not only changes in the law of the European Union are pushing for the adoption of a law on private international law. The development of the process of codification of international private law is more required by the developing international economic cooperation and the changing role of international law in its regulation.

Outside the European Community, the development of the process of codification of private international law is facilitated by the expansion of the boundaries of international economic cooperation. On the present stage unification of private international law, the main event is the emergence of the so-called international economic law, which would be more correctly called international civil (economic) law, since it provides for the regulation of economic cooperation between subjects of civil law of different states.

The development of international economic law was associated with an increase

The geography of new laws covers many continents: Venezuela (1998), UAE (Law 1965), South Korea(1962), Japan (2007), as well as countries with economies in transition: Romania (Law 1992), Estonia (1994). See: International private law. foreign law. M., 2001.

12 See: Belgian Private International Code // Moniteur belge of July 2004; Act of

1 9 December 2005 // Moniteur belge of 18 January 2006; Code of International Private Law of Bulgaria dated May 17, 2005 (amended on July 20, 2007) // Journal of Private International Law. 2009. No. 1. P. 46.

lichenie volumes of investments - property values ​​moved from one jurisdiction to another. Whatever area of ​​international cooperation we take, the issues raised in connection with this cooperation almost always come down to finding a source of funding. The volume of foreign investment, which has multiplied in recent decades, is a vivid illustration of the relevance of the problems of private international law.

According to Y. Bazedov, the fact that the relations arising from the implementation of investments belong to private international law is evidenced by the fact that "the effective allocation of funds in a market economy depends on the investment decision of a private individual." In this case, according to him, a “collision of economic regulation” of various states arises.

states

Collisions in the economic regulation of various states inevitably involve norms of a public law nature, the purpose of which is to protect public, i.e., national, interests. Protection of public interests within the framework of civil legal relations becomes the main task of private international law. At the same time, both international treaties and national legislation, in which civil law plays the main role, in particular, the rules governing investment relations, become equally sources of regulation of economic relations between participants of different nationalities. “Whether it is a contractual or corporate relationship, rights in rem or intellectual property rights, contractual

13 Cm.: Basedoff J. Conflicts of Economic Regulation // American Journal of Comparative Law. V. 42. 1994. P. 424.

law or torts, when it comes to investments, we mean the main thing - the effective allocation of funds, and in a market economy, the efficiency of resource allocation depends on the investment decision of a private individual.

The problem of codification of international private law

Adoption of laws on international private law in various countries ah testifies to the development of the process of formation of an independent branch of law within the framework of the national legal system. The Rome Convention of 1980 “On the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations” had a great stimulating effect on the development of the legislative process. The adoption of this convention pursued the goal of unifying international private law in the countries of the European Union. In order to uniformly apply conflict of laws rules, general provisions were formulated on the procedure for their application: the rule regarding the application of peremptory norms (lois de police), on public order, return reference, qualification, etc. In terms of its significance, the Rome Convention went beyond the regional unification of private international law . Its effect can be compared with the effect of universal unification of private international law, achieved as a result of the operation of the International Convention on Private International Law of 1928, known as the Bustamante Code15. The last way-

14 Ibid. P. 425.

15 “Starting from the 19th century. many scientists in continental Europe dreamed of creating a comprehensive codification of PIL. Manchi-ni Pasquale Stanislao (1817-1888) advocated for codifying PIL on an international basis. Mancini's idea was supported by the Institute of International Law founded in 1873 and in 1893 by Danish scholar Tobias Mikael Karel Asser

contributed to the development of conflict law as a special area of ​​law by formulating various types conflict forms and the territorial principle of their application. The Rome Convention has formulated general provisions on conflict of laws rules.

The provisions of the Rome Convention were also taken into account when developing the relevant section of the Civil Code in the Russian Federation. However, the section on private international law in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation does not apply to complex forms of economic cooperation that arise in the field of culture, healthcare, exploitation of energy and other natural resources, in which the participation of foreigners involves not referring to certain types of civil law contracts, but to a system of contractual relations. .

In our opinion, the law on private international law should reflect the features of those civil law contracts that apply when moving material assets from one jurisdiction to another - making investments abroad. These are agreements regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as agreements classified as agreements for the regulation of which special laws have been adopted.

(1838-1912), with the participation of the Danish government, convened the first Hague PIL Conference in order to start work on conventions aimed at the universal unification of PIL. South American states have also taken up the preparation of international conventions for their region. Without waiting for the completion of this work, the states passed laws on PIL "(Siehr K. General Problems of PIL in Modern Codifications // Yearbook of Private International Law. Vol. VII. 2005 / Ed. by P. Sar...evi... , P. Volken, A. Bonomi Lausanne 2006. P. 19).

Xia: Financial lease agreement (leasing) (Chapter 34, Article 665 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); Target loan agreement (Chapter 42, Article 814 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); Agreement on trust management of property (Chapter 53, Article 1012 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); Commercial concession agreement (Chapter 54, Article 1027 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); Simple partnership agreement (Chapter 55, Article 1041 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); Financing agreement against the assignment of a monetary claim (Chapter 43, Article 824 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Civil law contracts, called agreements, include: Production Sharing Agreement (Law of December 30, 1995 No. 225-FZ); Concession Agreement (Law of July 21, 2005 No. 115-FZ); Agreement on the implementation of activities in the SEZ between the resident and the SEZ management body (Law of July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ); Agreement on the conduct of industrial and production activities (Article 12 of the Law on Special Economic Zones dated July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ); Agreement on conducting technical and innovative activities (Article 22 of the Law on Special Economic Zones dated July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ); Agreement on the implementation of tourist and recreational activities (Article 311 of the Law on Special Economic Zones dated July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ); Agreement on the implementation of activities in the port special economic zone (Article 311 of the Law on Special Economic Zones dated July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ).

All these contracts are united by the fact that they are usually concluded for a long period, their subject is a separate property (asset), the transfer of which is carried out for the sole purpose of making a profit during the entire term of the contract. It is this goal - causa - underlying the agreement, and allows us to classify these agreements as "investment agreements".

questions are raised about the relationship between property law and liability law16, about the connection of a subcontract with a contract in construction, which does not allow following the principle of “abstractness and neutrality” when resolving a conflict issue,17 and others. should take into account the content of contractual relations as investment.

The party to the contract that transfers the property, or the investor, is provided with a guarantee only when the law has formed an attitude towards him as a “quasi-owner” of the transferred property. How this task will be solved in the law on private international law is still unknown. However, it can be said with certainty that the solution of this problem is possible only if it is solved using the entire set of tools of private international law as a whole, including super-imperative rules, rules on public policy, rules on the qualification of legal concepts in determining the law to be applied.

The application of agreements that provide for the obligation of the investor to resort to various legal means in order to implement the project also provides for the application of the law of the state to which the operation of the agreement underlying the project is subject. In order to take into account all the features of the

16 See: Zykin I.S. On the question of the relationship between the real and liability statute // Civil law modern Russia: Collection of articles of the Private Law Research Center in honor of E. A. Sukhanov. M., 2008. S. 45-57.

17 See: Pirodi P. International Subcontracting in EC Private International Law // Yearbook of Private International Law. Vol. VII. 2005 /

Ed. by P. Sarwvm, P. Volken, A. Bonomi.

Lausanne, 2006. P. 289

temporary realities, it seems appropriate to adopt a law on private international law in the Russian Federation, in which the issues of participation of foreigners in national projects and programs social development got the same solution.

The codification of private international law in Russia can contribute to solving other problems as well. “The adoption of the Russian law on private international law and international civil procedure provides a rare opportunity to unite related institutions of civil, family and labor law”18.

When adopting a law on private international law, one cannot ignore the problems of civil law regulation related to the participation of the state as a subject of civil law and a party to a civil law contract. To ensure the viability of such an agreement, it is not enough to declare in the law that it is subject to civil law. In this case, a civil law contract, in accordance with the general principle of civil law on the equality of participants in a civil legal relationship, is the only tool that can provide the necessary balance of public and private interest. In private international law, this balance of interests is ensured with the help of conditions on the law applicable to the contract, on the procedure for resolving disputes. Among the listed agreements, none of them fully resolved these issues that directly affect the interests and security of the state.

The adoption of a law on private international law involves the solution of issues that are an integral part of substantive law.

18 Zvekov VP Collisions of laws in private international law. M., 2007. S. 366.

va, uniting different branches of private law (civil, family and labor). Given the uneven degree of regulation of private international law relations in these areas, it is assumed that the adoption of a law on private international law will eliminate the existing gaps while maintaining a single concept of private international law.

Problems of unification of legal regulation of private law relations

The international public law is the beginning in regulation of relations of the international private law.

In private international law, the key formula for the correlation of national and international public law is the recognition of the role of the “basic starting point” behind public international law. According to L. A. Lunts, “a number of basic principles of public international law are of decisive importance for private international law”19. Until recently, among the initial principles of private international law were such general principles of public international law as the recognition of socialist property and the operation of laws on the nationalization of private ownership of instruments and means of production, and the monopoly of foreign trade. In deciding private law disputes by the courts of the national system of law, the consideration of these principles continues to be of decisive importance. This meaning of the universally recognized principles and norms of international law is mentioned in Part 4 of Art. 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

At present, the generally recognized principles of public international law include the principle of the national regime of foreign

19 Lunts L. A. Decree. op. M., 2002. S. 48.

knapsacks, which can be formulated in different ways in the norms of international treaties and agreements, depending on the specific area of ​​international cooperation in which it is applied. The principle of national treatment is enshrined in the norms of national legislation. When resolving private law disputes, a court or arbitration body must solve a complex problem related to the application of the relevant rule belonging to a particular system of law.

In private international law, it seems necessary to take into account that, since it is part of the national legal system, the understanding of the phrase “recognition of the original beginning for international law” is limited to such an interpretation of the relevant norms and principles that exists within the framework of this system of law. On the other hand, the state has the right to give in its legislation the formulation of the norm on national treatment. However, the interpretation of this norm should be based on the legislation in force in this state, that is, on the system of law in the depths of which this norm originated.

The approach adopted in conflict law, according to experts in the field of private international law, should also be taken in cases of referring to the rules of international law as a source of law. “Through trial and error, the doctrine and practice of private international law came to the only possible option (in terms of the application of norms belonging to different systems of law - N. G.): the norm of one legal system should be applied within the framework of another - as it would be applied in bowels

the legal order to which she

belongs"20.

20 Bakhin S. V. International component

shaya legal system of Russia // Jurisprudence. 2007. No. 6. P. 130.

Legislative consolidation of this approach is contained in civil law (Article 1191 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), family law (Article 166 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and in the APC of the Russian Federation (p. 14). The scattered norms that reflect the fundamental foundations of the modern level of international communication should be attributed to the shortcomings of the national legislation of the Russian Federation on private international law, which are unlikely to be corrected if we confine ourselves to section six of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

The question of the interaction of two systems of law - international and national - in the present conditions is becoming increasingly important. As an independent system of law, international law arose and developed in parallel with the state21. At the same time, international law continues to develop as a special branch, different from the national system of law, characterized by the presence of branches of law in it. International law is a system of law that is based on no normative legal act, like the constitution of a state. The peculiarity of international law as a special system of law is manifested in the generally recognized principles of legal regulation, which are voluntarily accepted and implemented by states in their natural desire for self-preservation.

A feature of international law of the modern era is that in this system of law, a trend towards regionalism has recently developed. This trend is expressed in the desire of states to unite in economic unions in order to accelerate the economic development of the states participating in the union. An example of the development of regionalism in international law, in addition to the European Union, is the North Atlantic

21 See, for example: Levin D. B. History of international law. M., 1962.

Free Trade Area, or NAFTA. At the core regional association are international treaties called constituent acts. In NAFTA, integration was based on international investment arbitration, created on the basis of the Washington Convention.

The attitude to European law as a part of international law is supported by many European authors. At the same time, it was the regional structures that gave rise to the discussion of the problem of the fragmentation of international law associated with the “multiplication of judicial institutions”. According to the President of the International Law Association (British branch) R. Higgins, “overlapping jurisdiction - feature international courts and tribunals. In connection with the deepening of international law, the courts are faced with the question of which norms of international law are to be applied. An alternative in the applicable rules of law may lead to the existence of different solutions”22.

In the Russian scientific literature, the separation of European law into a special system of law is rather associated with the realization of the importance of studying the law underlying the economic integration of the state, and for educational purposes in the preparation of lawyers in universities. A feature of European law is that it affects the sphere of international economic cooperation, which, in turn, explains the specifics of the attitude towards private international law in the European Union. “The integration program set out in the Treaty of Rome clearly indicated only the role of member states and community bodies. The rights and obligations of individuals, both citizens and entrepreneurs, have not received direct consolidation, including in the case of

direct connection between the data (subjects) of law (my italics - N. G.) and the obligations undertaken by the Member States”23.

Yu. Bazedov characterizes European law as a system that regulates relations between states as subjects of international law. According to him, ambiguity in certain formulations cannot give rise to classifying European law as a special supranational structure. “Even the prescriptions of Articles 81 and 82 on competition of the Treaty establishing the European Community are formulated in such a way that the rights of individuals do not unequivocally follow from the provisions on the prohibition of concerted action and abuse of dominant position on the part of economic entities”24.

The example of the NAFTA integration association shows how easy it is to shake some seemingly indisputable truths. The exaggeration of the role of international contractual investment arbitration, established on the basis of the Washington Convention, and the interpretation of the norms of international investment protection agreements as contractual obligations regulated within the national system of law, have led to errors in the practice of settling investment disputes25.

At present, the activities of international contractual investment arbitration, considering disputes between one state

23 Bazedov Yu. European civil society and its law: on the issue of defining private law in the community // Bulletin of Civil Law. 2008. No. 1. V. 8. S. 228.

the theta on the annulment of ICSID decisions in the Vivendi case are based on the difference between claims from treaties and from international agreements // ICSID Case N. ARB/97/3; Solution

by the gift and person of another state, was greatly facilitated by the fact that the International Law Commission of the United Nations at its 53rd session in 2001 adopted the final version of the articles "On the responsibility of states for unlawful acts of an international character." According to K. Hober, this means that “in the new era of investment arbitration, first of all, one aspect of the legal responsibility of the state, the role of which is constantly growing, is important, namely, the qualification of actions as actions of the state.”

Qualification issues, of course, relate to issues of private international law, as, in fact, the very nature of the investment dispute, which is classified as private law disputes. These issues have not been resolved in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in relation to relations with the participation of the state, and this is not accidental, since the protection of the interests of the state goes beyond civil law relations.

The new law on private international law should reflect the changes that have taken place in international law in connection with the development of new methods of unifying law on the basis of economic integration. It is also important to determine the principles for resolving conflicts in connection with the application of the norms of two different systems of law - international and national.

In our opinion, one should join the opinion expressed by experts that “at least in the context of investment law, it is not enough to simply refer to international law as applicable law”26. This approach is due to the fact that the interpretation of the norms of international treaties should be based on general provisions systems of international law.

26 Campbell McLachlan QC. Investment Treaties and General International Law // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 2008. V. 57. P. 370.

As for civil law contracts, their operation is ensured by the norms of the national system of law. The interaction of the two legal systems should be aimed at ensuring the fulfillment of each of these obligations, but this goal is achieved through different legal means.

Back in the 70s. 20th century many well-known specialists in private international law spoke out against the so-called transnational law governing civil law contracts or contracts. The dispute was about the belonging of such contracts to the international or national legal system. Here is how D. Bettem describes in his doctoral dissertation the discussion that took place at that time on the issue of attributing concession agreements (state contracts) to international law: “The war between international lawyers flared up on the application of international law to contracts concluded by the state. Having settled on the position put forward by the lawyer Garcia Amador (Garcia Amador) - a supporter of the idea of ​​​​internationalization of contracts, the UN International Law Commission ceased to deal with this problem and turned to the development of the draft Convention on State Responsibility proposed by Ago (Ago). Ago, investigating the causes of violations of international (my italics - N. G.) obligations, clearly stated that contracts are not subject to the norms of international law”27.

Altogether, the International Law Commission has on several occasions addressed the issue of State responsibility in

27 Bettems D. Les contrats entre Etats et personnes privees etrangeres. Droit applicable et responsabil^ internationale. These de License et de doctorat presentee a la Facu ^ le droit de l "Univers ^ de Lausanne. Lausanne, 1988.

within contractual obligations. In the 50s. 20th century the question of the international responsibility of states was raised in connection with the adoption by states of acts of nationalization28. At that time, the International Law Commission, at its 1952 session in Siena, recognized that states were bound by the contracts they entered into, but no resolution was passed on international law.

In the 60s. 20th century the problem of government contracts was discussed by the International Law Commission in connection with the problem of the legal regulation of investment. At the regular session of the UN Commission in 1967 in Nice, when discussing the Wortley report on the topic “Legal conditions for investing capital in developing countries and agreements on investment”, the question of the international responsibility of the state in connection with state contracts was again raised, but no decision was made was taken.

The participation of the Russian side in the discussion of the problem made it possible to fix in the decisions of the International Law Commission a point of view on the private law nature of state contracts and their belonging to the national legal system. During the 1979 Athens discussion of the issue of conflict of laws, a number of international lawyers participating in the discussion (Colombos, Fawcett, Giraud) supported the view that the application of international law to government contracts is permissible. However, after a different position was voiced by the Soviet lawyer Tunkin, he was supported

28 See: V. N. Durdenevsky, Concession and Convention of the Maritime Suez Canal in the Past and Future // Soviet State and Law. 1956. No. 10; Sapozhnikov V. I. Neo-colonialist doctrines of the international protection of foreign concessions // Soviet Yearbook of International Law. 1966-

1967. M., 1968. S. 90-99.

other lawyers (Wright, Ago and Rolin) and a resolution was adopted stating that in private international law there is general rule, according to which the parties can choose international law as the law applicable to the contract. It should be noted that this resolution dealt exclusively with the solution of a conflict of laws issue in private international law, i.e. within the framework of the national legal order29.

The position of Russian lawyers, in particular Ushakov, was supported by foreign experts in the field of international law (Wengler, Bindschedler, Salmon and Mosler). As a result, a resolution was adopted, in which, although no conclusions were drawn regarding the legal nature of state contracts, it was directly stated that the contract cannot be attributed to "acts of international law."

The resolution of that time did not, and could not, contain any conclusions as to how applicable the principle of autonomy of the will of the parties to such contracts and what should be the applicable law, as well as what the content of “international contract law” is. These issues of private international law must be resolved within the framework of the national legal order and expressed, most likely, in the law on private international law.

The lack of a solution to these issues at the end of the 20th century. made it possible to postpone the solution of the issue of the international responsibility of the state

29 According to Art. 2 of the adopted resolution, the parties may choose the law applicable to the contract, or several national legal systems applicable to the contract, or name general principles of international law applicable to the contract, principles applicable to international economic relations, or international law, or a combination of these sources.

stva - the parties in the contract. The situation has now changed. The expansion of the scope of state participation in large infrastructure projects financed from private sources has led the International Law Commission, acting within the boundaries of international law exclusively, to formulate a set of rules on the international responsibility of states that are advisory in nature. The articles on state responsibility formulated by the International Law Commission include rules for qualifying state actions affecting private international law relations: the behavior of individuals and (or) legal entities that are not state organs is qualified as state action, provided that the behavior in question is their exercise of state powers.

The articles “Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts” were approved by a resolution of the UN General Assembly31 and are currently the starting point for the formation of the norms of the law on private international law in individual states interested in attracting private investment in social sphere. It is in the interests of the state to determine the specific scope of application of these rules, including through

30 See: K. Hober, State Responsibility and Investment Arbitration // International Commercial Arbitration. 2007. No. 3. S. 30.

31 UN General Assembly Document A/56/589. Resolution 56/83 adopted General Assembly UN at the 56th session (item 162 of the agenda). The Russian text of the article “Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts”, developed by the UN International Law Commission, see: International Commercial Arbitration. 2007. No. 3. S. 31-52.

resolving issues of international private law (on the autonomy of the will of the parties in a public contract, applicable law, dispute resolution procedure) by a special law.

The adoption of a law on private international law will also solve such a problem as achieving unity in the approach to resolving procedural issues. Issues of international jurisdiction of judicial and arbitral bodies have traditionally been considered outside the framework of private international law. The development of a law on private international law will also solve the problems of civil procedure, which are now regulated separately (in the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation and the APC of the Russian Federation).

Thus, the preservation of 6 in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation will avoid possible losses in the integrity of the regulatory

Bibliographic list

Bazedov Yu. European civil society and its law: on the issue of defining private law in the community // Bulletin of Civil Law. 2008. No. 1. Vol. 8.

Bakhin S. V. The international component of the legal system of Russia // Jurisprudence. 2007. No. 6.

Durdenevsky V. N. Concession and convention of the maritime Suez Canal in the past and future // Soviet state and law 1956. No. 10.

Zvekov VP Collisions of laws in private international law. M., 2007.

Zykin I.S. On the issue of the relationship between the real and liability statute // Civil law of modern Russia: Collection of articles of the Private Law Research Center in honor of E. A. Sukhanov. M., 2008.

Levin D. B. History of international law. M., 1962.

Lunts L. A. Course of private international law. M., 2002.

International private law. foreign law. M., 2001.

International private law: Textbook. / Ed. N. I. Marysheva. M., 2004.

Sapozhnikov V. I. Neo-colonialist doctrines of the international protection of foreign concessions // Soviet Yearbook of International Law. 1966-1967. M., 1968.

Hober K. State Responsibility and Investment Arbitration // International Commercial Arbitration. 2007. No. 3.

lirovaniya international civil law relations. However, when improving it, one should take into account the difficulties that arise in solving the problem of the immunity of a state participating in civil law relations. The development of investment relations related to the movement of various kinds of resources (natural, human, monetary and material) from one jurisdiction to another can be resolved in the law on private international law, which does not interfere with the work to improve the norms of Sec. 6 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Proposals for amendments to sect. 6 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are contained in the Concept proposed by the Council for the Codification of Civil Legislation under the President of the Russian Federation.

Yablochkov TM Works on private international law. M.

Adolfo Miaho de la Muelo. Las Normas Materiales de Derecho International Privado // Revista Espanola de Derecho Internacional. V. XVI. No. 3.

Basedoff J. Conflicts of Economic Regulation // American Journal of Comparative Law. V. 42. 1994.

Belgian Private International Code // Moniteur belge of July 2004;

Bettems D. Les contrats entre Etats et personnes priv "ees" etrangeres. Droit applicable et ^spo^an!^ internationale. These de Licence et de doctorat present a la Facu^ le droit de l "Universite de Lausanne. Lausanne, 1988.

Campbell McLachlan QC. Investment Treaties and General International Law // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 2008.V.57.

Siehr K. General Problems of PIL in Modern Codifications // Yearbook of Private International Law. Vol. VII. 2005 / Ed. By P. Sar...evi..., P. Volken, A. Bonomi. Lausanne, 2006.

Pirodi P. International Subcontracting in EC Private International Law // Yearbook of Private International Law. Vol. VII. 2005 / Ed. By P. Sar...evi..., P. Volken, A. Bonomi. Lausanne, 2006.

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Introduction

1.1 Theoretical aspects national security

1.2 Threats to Russia's national security

2.1. Theoretical aspects of international economic security

Chapter 3. Ways to strengthen the national and international economic security of Russia

3.2 Ways to strengthen the international economic security of Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Problems of ensuring national and international security stood before humanity at all times. They acquired a special meaning at the beginning of the 20th century in connection with the reality of the threat of a world war, therefore, at the beginning of the development of the theory and security policy, they were identified with issues of preventing wars. After World War I they got official recognition. One of the steps of practical policy in this direction was the creation of the League of Nations. But it was not possible to solve the issues of preventing war: the 2nd World War broke out and after it the Cold War. The end of the latter was not marked by the end of wars and armed conflicts. Moreover, ensuring national and international security in modern conditions has required expanding this concept beyond the prevention of wars and armed conflicts.

Security problems have acquired fundamentally new features in the modern world, which is multifaceted, dynamic and full of sharp contradictions. The current life is characterized by the involvement of all mankind in world processes, whose course is accelerated by unprecedented scientific and technological progress, the aggravation of social, economic, raw material and other problems that are becoming global in nature, until the 90s, issues of international security of the state were mainly developed in the scientific literature in our country and abroad . This was due to the growing interdependence of various states and peoples of the world, the internationalization of their economies, and the emergence of global weapons of mass destruction. The global threat to humanity from industrial activity has also increased.

The concept of international and national security, in the Russian scientific literature, international security is considered as a state of political, economic and other relations between states, eliminating the threat of aggression by one or a group of states against another state or group of states and ensuring their peaceful coexistence on the basis of equality, non-interference in internal affairs each other, respect for national independence and self-determination of peoples, as well as their free development on a democratic basis. As can be seen from the above definition, international security acts only as a favorable external environment for the development of states. This approach stemmed from the primacy in international politics of precisely ensuring the security of the state.

The relevance of the topic under consideration lies in the fact that the interest of the world community in security issues is steadily growing, which is associated with the permanent crisis phenomena of the late XX - early XXI century, the severity of which directly raised the question of the future fate of all mankind. Dynamic changes in the world geopolitical situation, the international position of Russia and the conditions for its internal development, the intensification of international terrorism, the negative factors of the country's socio-economic development, new trends in exacerbating threats to the interests of citizens, society and the state pose an urgent task for all state authorities to develop effective measures aimed at the practical solution of key problems of ensuring national security.

The purpose of the work is to reveal the essence of Russia's national and international economic security and explore ways to strengthen it.

Tasks of the work: - to analyze the concepts of national and international economic security;

To study the main components of national and international economic security;

Consider the threats to the national and international economic security of Russia, its types and forms;

To reveal the content of the modern doctrine of national and international economic security of Russia

The subject of the study is the national and international economic security of Russia.

The object of the study is the main patterns of the emergence, formation and development of relations in the field of legal support for the national and international economic security of Russia.

Research method - general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition of social and legal phenomena and activities for the legal support of the national and international economic security of Russia.

This course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, six paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

Chapter 1. The concept of national economic security

1.1 Theoretical aspects of national economic security

The term "national security" was first introduced into the political lexicon by US President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Until 1947, it was used in the sense of "defense", and not the integration of foreign, domestic and military policies. In 1947, the US Congress passed the National Security Act, which created the National Security Council (NSC), which still exists today. It develops a system of goals, interests, threats and priorities national policy. Since 1971, a NSC subcommittee has been in place to set US priorities.

In the USSR, the problem of national security was not officially developed. It was, as it were, included in the category of “defense capability” familiar to the Soviet era.

In our country, since the beginning of 1990, understanding the problem of national security has been undertaken within the framework of the USSR Supreme Soviet Committee on Defense and State Security. The National and International Security Fund and a number of initiative groups were created. The result of many years of work of our scientists and deputies was the Law of the Russian Federation "On Security", which was adopted by the Supreme Council of Russia on March 5, 1992.

In accordance with this law, security is considered as a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats.

In Russian history, the term "national security" was first used in 1995 in the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection". The concept of "national security" was further developed in the Address on National Security of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly dated June 13, 1996: "... national security is understood as a state of protection of national interests from internal and external threats, ensuring the progressive development of the individual, society and the state" .

The fundamental document in the field of security, first approved by the President of the Russian Federation in 1997, as amended in 2000, is called the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation.

It defines that the main objects of security include: the individual, society and the state. Society and the state are closely linked. At the same time, the main link between them is the personality. The protection of her life and health, rights and freedoms, dignity and property is of paramount importance.

Personal security consists in the real provision of constitutional rights and freedoms; improving the quality and standard of living; physical, spiritual and intellectual development.

The security of society includes the protection of its material and spiritual values, law and order, the strengthening of democracy, the achievement and maintenance of public harmony on the basis of the principle of social justice.

However, such a state, when there are no threats, is ideal. In reality, there is always a certain danger or possibility of its occurrence. Therefore, the concept of security includes the ability of society to withstand possible threats.

Danger is a well-realized, but not fatal, probability of harming the interests of society.

A threat is a real, immediate possibility of damaging vital interests.

Sometimes the concepts of "danger" and "threat" are equated, considering the differences between them insignificant. But it is still more correct to interpret danger as a certain probability of causing damage. This means that it can exist, but there will be no threat, and only under certain conditions can danger reach the nature of a threat.

It is characterized by four major features. First, it is a dynamic increased danger. Second, demonstrating a willingness to commit violence to cause damage. Thirdly, the threat is understood as the intention of some subjects to harm others. Fourthly, it is the highest degree of transformation of possible damage into reality.

For example, after coming to power in the early 1930s, Hitler declared that Germany needed living space in the East. Such views were a danger to the Soviet Union. The threat was the concentration of Nazi troops near the Soviet border.

The security of the state lies in the protection of its constitutional order, sovereignty, territorial integrity, the establishment of political, economic and social stability, the unconditional implementation of laws, resolute opposition to destructive forces, corruption, bureaucracy, and attempts to gain power for selfish purposes.

Political security is component, the main link and basis of national security. This state political system which guarantees the rights and freedoms of citizens and social groups, ensures the balance of their interests, the stability and integrity of the state. In this context, the words of our great compatriot, historian Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, are appropriate: "Personal security is the highest law in politics ...".

An integral feature of the political security of the state is sovereignty. This concept is defined as the ability of the state to maintain an independent foreign and domestic policy. In other words, sovereignty is the supremacy of state power within the country, which means the subordination of all persons and organizations within the state territory to it, and independence in international relations.

Economic security is the state of life of an individual, a social group and society as a whole, in which the protection of their material interests is guaranteed, the harmonious, socially oriented development of the economy, and the ability of the state to determine, without outside interference, the ways and forms of its economic development.

Social security can be defined as such a state of development of the individual, various groups of the population, society and the state, in which they remain satisfied with their social status, and relations within and between them are not confrontational.

Information Security. The ability of the state to protect all spheres is understood. public life, consciousness and psyche of citizens from negative information impact, providing management structures with reliable data for their successful functioning, preventing the leakage of classified socially valuable information and maintaining constant readiness for information confrontation within the country and on the world stage.

Military security is a state in which a nation does not sacrifice its interests for fear of being involved in a war and is able to reliably and effectively protect them by military means and methods if war cannot be avoided.

The specificity of this type of security lies in the fact that military security serves as a condition for ensuring many other types of security and, at the same time, is ensured on their basis.

Historical experience shows that the absence or weakness of the state militarily often pushed other countries to armed aggression, the implementation of their interests in a particular region by ignoring or infringing on others. In the 19th century, the Prussian general F.D. Galtz rightly argued that the best way to keep the peace is to have a strong and well-organized army, for "the strong do not run the risk of being affected so easily as the weak."

The strategy is the basis for constructive interaction between public authorities, organizations and public associations to protect the national interests of the Russian Federation and ensure the security of the individual, society and the state.

In addition, this document clarifies and concretizes a number of important concepts of the theory of national security:

National security - the state of protection of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, which allows to ensure constitutional rights, freedoms, decent quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state.

The national interests of the Russian Federation are a set of internal and external needs of the state in ensuring the security and sustainable development of the individual, society and the state.

National security system - forces and means of ensuring national security.

National Security Forces - the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies in which federal legislation provides for military and (or) law enforcement service, as well as federal government bodies participating in ensuring the national security of the state on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation .

National security means - technologies, as well as technical, software, linguistic, legal, organizational means, including telecommunication channels used in the national security system to collect, form, process, transmit or receive information about the state of national security and measures to strengthen it .

1.2 Threats to Russia's national economic security

Threat to national security - a direct or indirect possibility of causing damage to constitutional rights, freedoms, decent quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty and territorial integrity, sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state.

The development of the world follows the path of globalization of all spheres of international life. Contradictions have become aggravated between the states, connected with the uneven development as a result of globalization processes, the deepening of the gap between the levels of prosperity of countries. Values ​​and development models have become the subject of global competition.

Threats military security Russia is the superiority of a number of leading foreign countries in the development of high-tech means of warfare, the formation of a unilateral global system missile defense and the militarization of near-Earth space.

Today, according to the forecasts of Russian researchers, near the borders of Russia, confrontation is intensifying for access to natural, energy, scientific, technical, human and other resources, as well as for expanding opportunities, including legal ones, for their use. In the so-called color revolutions in Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan, the intervention of the West paralyzed the military-political leadership of these countries, ensuring their submission to the instructions of Western embassies.

The so-called "information terrorism" also poses a threat to Russia's national security at the present time. It has become an integral part of the global information society. It can be considered a manifestation of extreme extremism in the information sphere, aimed at achieving political goals through the nomination of individuals or an organized group of persons of requirements to power structures that cannot be satisfied within the framework of the existing legal framework.

Studying the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, it can be concluded that several main groups will pose a threat to Russia's national interests:

The first group includes potential threats that threaten the geopolitical interests of our country, position and status in the world community. They are also directed against the territorial integrity and independence of the foreign policy of the Russian state.

Factors can be:

Actions of states aimed at violating the integrity of the Russian Federation and satisfying territorial claims against the Russian Federation, with references in some cases to the lack of a clear treaty-legal formalization of interstate borders;

The actions of other countries aimed at undermining and restraining integration processes within the CIS, weakening the ties of the Russian Federation with the countries of Central, of Eastern Europe and the Baltic States, as well as with other states in the areas of traditional cooperation, which are becoming more and more coordinated;

Violations of the rights and freedoms of the Russian-speaking population and citizens of the Russian Federation living in neighboring states, leading to increased tension (including in certain regions of Russia) and uncontrolled migration processes;

The policy of double standards pursued by certain forces abroad, who, while declaring in words the need to ensure stability in the Russian Federation, in fact, are trying to do everything in their power to prevent this and thereby reduce the importance of the Russian Federation in solving key problems of the world community and activities of international organizations.

The second group consists of potential threats that have a geo-economic dimension that can weaken Russia's position in international economic relations, create difficulties for the progressive growth of the economic potential of our country, improve the welfare of the people and strengthen the country's defense capability.

This group includes threats:

The desire of the leading Western countries to weaken the economic independence of the Russian Federation and secure its role as a supplier of fuel and raw materials for the world economy and a source of skilled but cheap labor;

Attempts to limit Russia's presence in foreign markets (including the arms market), as well as actions to force it out of them;

The actions of the "partners" aimed at maintaining restrictions on the access of the Russian Federation to advanced technologies, creating obstacles for Russia's full participation in international financial and economic trading structures and organizations.

The third group is potential threats in the energy and resource sectors that can create obstacles to the development of the Russian Federation as a world energy power, expressed in the claims of foreign states to the natural wealth of our country, to its colossal base of natural resources.

Analysts note that in the near future our country, as the owner of the world's main fuel and energy resources, will be subject to strong geopolitical pressure from consumer countries. Such pressure, according to the forecasts of Russian researchers, can be carried out in the following most probable forms:

The advancement of new territorial claims against the Russian Federation and statements similar to those made in early 2007 by the then US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Madeleine Albright that Siberia has such large reserves of resources that they belong not to Russia, but to the world;

Attempts to ignore the interests of the Russian Federation in solving problems of international security, counteracting its strengthening as one of the influential centers of the multipolar world;

Inciting new hotbeds of armed conflicts, primarily near the borders of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies (the Middle East, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Balkans);

Carrying out all kinds of covert, subversive, reconnaissance and propaganda operations to take control of the extraction and distribution of fuel and energy resources;

Creation of groupings of troops leading to a violation of the existing balance of forces near the borders of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies, as well as on the seas adjacent to their territory;

The expansion of the influence of the North Atlantic Alliance, the desire to gain a foothold in the post-Soviet space, as well as attempts to use the combined military power of NATO to exert military and political pressure and obtain concessions in access to fuel and energy resources;

The introduction of foreign troops in violation of the UN Charter into the territory of states adjacent to the Russian Federation and friendly to it (the creation of military bases and the deployment of groupings of troops in the territories of the former republics of the USSR).

The fourth group is potential threats that are directly of a military nature. The elimination of such threats is connected with the prevention of situations in which military aggression against the Russian Federation or an attack on its military contingents and citizens outside our state could be committed.

Many Russian researchers refer to the main external military threats as follows:

Deployment of groupings of forces and means aimed at a military attack on Russia or its allies;

Territorial claims against the Russian Federation, threats of political or forceful exclusion of certain territories from it;

Implementation by states, organizations and movements of programs to create weapons of mass destruction;

Interference in the internal affairs of the Russian Federation by foreign states or organizations supported by foreign states;

Demonstration of military force near the borders of Russia, conducting exercises with provocative goals;

The presence near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies of centers of armed conflicts that threaten their security;

instability, weakness state institutions in border countries;

The build-up of groupings of troops, leading to a violation of the existing balance of forces near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies and the sea waters adjacent to their territory;

Expansion of military blocs and alliances to the detriment of the military security of the Russian Federation or its allies;

The activities of international radical groups, the strengthening of the positions of Islamic extremism near Russian borders;

The introduction of foreign troops (without the consent of the Russian Federation and the sanction of the UN Security Council) on the territory of states adjacent and friendly to the Russian Federation;

Armed provocations, including attacks on military installations of the Russian Federation located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on objects and structures on the state border of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies;

Actions that interfere with work Russian systems state and military administration, ensuring the functioning of strategic nuclear forces, warning of a missile attack, anti-missile defense, control of outer space and ensuring the combat stability of troops;

Actions that impede Russia's access to strategically important transport communications;

Discrimination, suppression of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign countries;

Distribution of equipment, technologies and components used to manufacture nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, as well as dual-use technologies that can be used to create weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.

An integral part of the military threat to the national security of the Russian Federation is the threat from aerospace. The transformation of means of combat in aerospace into the main weapon modern wars and their intensive development by leading foreign countries testifies to the objective growth of this type of threat.

These and other factors together determine the preference for potential adversaries of Russia of an aerospace attack compared to ground means attacks. The situation around Russia is taking shape today under the influence of cardinal changes taking place in the system of the emerging new image of Russia and the new image of the world order. The geostrategic position of Russia imposes a strict requirement: to be in constant readiness to repulse external threats, including from deployed groupings of forces and means of aerospace attack and anti-missile defense of foreign states. First of all, we are talking about those states whose geopolitical interests are or may come into conflict with the corresponding interests of Russia.

Chapter 2. The concept of international economic security

2.1 Theoretical aspects of international economic security

The development of globalization leads to the emergence of the problem of international economic security. The processes of globalization can contribute to the emergence of crisis phenomena at the international, national and regional levels. A prime example is the financial crisis that arose in 1997 in Southeast Asia and spread during 1998 in a number of states in other regions. Ukraine experienced part of the consequences of this crisis in August-September 1998.

Further development of integration processes in the world leads to convergence of national economic security with international economic security.

The Encyclopedic Dictionary "Political Science" interprets international economic security as a complex of international conditions for coexistence, agreements and institutional structures that could provide each state - a member of the world community with the opportunity to freely choose and implement its strategy of social and economic development, without being subjected to external economic and political pressure and counting on non-interference, understanding and mutually acceptable and mutually beneficial cooperation on the part of other states.

Thus, the elements of international economic security include:

Ensuring the sovereignty of states over their natural resources, production and economic potential;

Lack of exclusive priority in the economic development of individual countries or a group of states;

Responsibility of states to the world community for the consequences of their economic policy;

Focus on solving global problems of mankind;

Free choice and implementation by each state of the strategy of social and economic development;

Mutually beneficial cooperation of all countries of the world community;

Peaceful settlement of economic problems.

Compliance with these principles contributes to increased overall economic efficiency as a result of accelerating global economic growth.

An example of solving the problem of collective economic security is the treaty on the European Union (EU), which established the economic and monetary unions of the participating countries. In accordance with it, the Council of Ministers of the EU determines the strategic directions of the economic policy of individual member states and the EU as a whole and controls the development of the economy of each EU state.

At the same time, the leaders of some EU countries note the possibility of a crisis in a number of member countries due to their uneven economic development, the weakness of the currencies of individual states, and the slow reform of public administration in government organizations. Nevertheless, EU leaders believe that the entire European continent can benefit from the processes of integration of the states of this region in economic and political terms, as this will strengthen their security and accelerate economic growth.

Another example of solving problems of international security is the "Osaka Declaration".

In November 1995, an informal meeting of the leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization (APEC) was held in Osaka (Japan), following which a declaration was published. It confirmed the determination of APEC members to strive for the liberalization of trade and investment, the simplification of trade and investment regimes, and the strengthening of economic and technical cooperation.

The experience of the United States testifies to the close interconnection of the international economic security of a particular country. The US national security strategy is formed on the basis of American interests and values. This provides for the need to expand the community of democratic countries with market economies while limiting and containing threats to the United States and its allies. Hence, the main components of the strategy of US involvement in international affairs are:

Strengthening our own security by maintaining a strong defense potential and promoting cooperation with other countries in the field of security;

Activities aimed at opening foreign markets and accelerating global economic growth;

Support for democracy abroad.

The problem of international economic security also affects the economic interests of a country in various regions of the world. Regional economic projects are becoming broader, for example, approving the route of an oil pipeline for transporting Caspian oil. Thus, the Washington Center for Security Policy emphasizes that American interests are affected in solving this problem, among them:

Ensuring free supplies of oil and gas from the Caspian Sea and from the republics of Central Asia to international markets;

Ensuring the economic independence of the former Soviet republics of the region.

In October 1995, the finance ministers and central bankers of the G7 countries approved the idea of ​​creating a special fund in the amount of $50 billion. to prevent currency crises and put in place an "early warning" system for approaching crises, which would include such indicators as the balance of payments and the growth of the money supply.

The role of the administrator of the new "emergency package of measures" to save the national monetary units that are on the verge of collapse is assigned to the IMF.

In modern conditions, the tendency to give the economy a priority place in the domestic and foreign policies of various countries is becoming more and more obvious. This affects the acceleration of integration processes in the world economy. Regional economic organizations and blocs are developing. At the same time, international competition in the economic, scientific and technical spheres is intensifying, which is reflected in the economic growth of developing countries and states with economies in transition. Therefore, the issues of promoting the economic growth of these participants in the world economic system should be under the constant control of the UN.

2.2 Problems of international economic security in Russia

The international economic order is a system of economic relations international actors, which is always formed depending on the ideas, beliefs and dominant theories in a given period, the balance of power between the main actors in the international arena.

The implementation of international economic security is closely connected with the refusal of one country or a group of countries to impose development models on another country, from various kinds of coercion, with international recognition of the right of any people to choose their own path.

International economic security is understood as such economic interaction of countries that would exclude deliberate damage to the economic interests of any country. Its implementation is carried out mainly at the supranational level of regulation of international economic relations and consists in the creation of an appropriate international legal mechanism.

Close to the disappearance of the deposits of raw materials in the continental crust, and the question arises of the development of the wealth of the oceans. Humanity already feels a lack of energy, and to replenish it, it is necessary to invade space. The aggravation of the raw materials, energy, and food problems seriously complicates the prospects for a breakthrough by third world countries to the economic level of advanced industrial states. The development of this group of countries is hampered by their large military spending (6% of GNP) and huge foreign debt. Since 1984, the outflow of surplus product from developing countries has exceeded the inflow of new funds, which resulted in. Industrialized countries are forced to some extent to meet the demands of developing countries to reduce debts and delay their payment, open markets, establish a new international order in the world economy and a system of international economic security. Under the conditions of increased interdependence, the Western states, which bear a significant share of the responsibility for the backwardness of the former colonial and dependent countries, must take into account not only the explosive state of the social situation in the developing countries, but also the fact that the difficult economic situation of these countries hinders the expansion of the world market, and therefore , narrows the possibilities of overall economic growth and the joint solution of environmental problems.

Despite the fact that more than 300 international economic organizations and over 60 regional integration groups that regulate international economic relations are involved in international economic relations, the world has not become more stable and secure. And the words "world economic order" are increasingly being replaced by the concept of "world economic disorder" with many threats, growing inequality and, most importantly, the uncontrollability of world economic processes.

What is going on? After all, globalization, as an objective trend towards the economic rapprochement of countries, remains. The idea of ​​universal liberalization, which ensures lasting prosperity and economic growth for all states, is crumbling, the most backward countries are being recolonized, world loan capital is being transformed into frankly speculative capital that destroys the real economy, and liberal norms and standards are being selectively applied. Instead of the process of democratization of international economic relations, a course has been taken towards a combination of economic and military means to establish the economic hegemony of the United States. "The US is now enjoying strategic and ideological superiority. The first goal of its foreign policy should be to maintain and strengthen this superiority." These words belong to D. Kagan, director of the Carnegie Endowment, which is developing a script project called "America's Leadership."

Western researchers also note the special nature of the liberalization of foreign relations in Russia, in the course of which the country's economy adapts to the rules and norms of the international market. It is emphasized that in Russia there was mainly a financial opening to the world, ahead of the economic liberalization of other areas. Thus, for example, exchange transactions and placement of funds were virtually free, while foreign direct investment was regulated, "it was necessary to act exactly the opposite." One of the consequences of this financial opening to the world was the dollarization of the economy. (According to some estimates, on the eve of August 1998, up to 80% of the ruble mass in circulation were dollars).

We can agree with the assessments of the well-known American economist Turow that "today Russia is halfway between a market economy and a planned economy, and neither of them works." But in order to move forward, it is necessary to resolve the main question - "how and when", since the cause of the crisis in Russia is not so much economic as political. With the "blurring" of strategic guidelines, the policy of reforms is reduced mainly to responding to reform failures and crisis situations. Moreover, many of these "failures" do not seem so random.

Perhaps the most terrible news in terms of international economic security came from Ukraine, where, within the framework of the new government, key economic areas were given to foreign specialists. Unfortunately, we have to state that Ukraine has completely lost the sovereignty of its economic policy and, apparently, de facto its national economy has come under external control.

To date, the situation associated with Ukraine has greatly weakened the international economy of Russia. Western countries, led by the United States, do not benefit from Russia's position in relation to the situation in Ukraine. In this connection, Western countries, led by the United States, are imposing sanctions on Russia. Such pressure causes not only economic damage, but also threatens Russia's international security.

1. The State Department threatened Russia with sanctions for deals with Iran. Since recently the US rhetoric towards Iran has changed dramatically from discussions of a possible military operation negotiations, it can hardly be said that the United States is simply opposed to violating the sanctions regime. Most likely, the fear of the United States is the establishment of too close partnerships between the Russian Federation and Iran.

2. Russia announced the closure of the South Stream project, announcing its intention to build an alternative gas pipeline to Turkey. Despite all the orgy of biased analysts who began vying to assert that this is the defeat of the Russian Federation and personally V.V. Putin, as well as Russia's recognition of its defeat, so far everything looks just the opposite. To all appearances, the EU did not even imagine that the games of preventing the construction of this gas pipeline could lead to such sad events for them. However, the consequences may turn out to be sad for the Russian Federation, but so far Russia's position looks more preferable.

3. Member countries of the Eurasian economic union, which currently includes Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia, intend to abandon mutual settlements in US dollars and euros. In return, according to the draft concept for the development of payment systems on the territory of the EAEU, by 2025-2030 there should be a transition to mutual settlements in national currencies. Nevertheless, the volumes of mutual trade turnover seem to be still insufficient for mutual settlements to be actually carried out in all national currencies. In addition, export-import flows will definitely be unequal. Therefore, it seems more realistic that one currency will be chosen (officially or unofficially) for mutual settlements and, most likely, the main contender is Russian ruble, or the project of a single currency is being implemented, that is, the conditional altyn that has already surfaced in various projects has already been implemented.

4. On December 1, the Central Bank already took out a “sheathed blade of intervention” and intervened in the formation of the ruble exchange rate. This was explained a few days later by the fact that the ruble exchange rate "significantly deviated from fundamentally justified values." Is it worth it to understand that between November 10, when the rejection of the currency corridor was officially announced, and December 1 this course fit into the interval of "fundamentally justified values", and remained incomprehensible. However, the fact remains that the market has not yet had time to miss foreign exchange interventions, and the Bank of Russia has already returned.

The global world order makes national borders permeable. First of all, this is a change in the functions of the state. Partially they go to international organizations, forcing countries to comply with international rules for regulating market relations. At the same time, while remaining the subject of international economic relations, the state must regulate domestic processes, perform the traditional functions of social protection, resist the elements of the market, i.e. be under double pressure.

Now a crisis situation is emerging, about which we can say that some of the international economic organizations (IMF, World Bank) are becoming omnipotent, dictating the "rules of the game" to borrowing countries, and at the same time powerless, since they are not able to regulate and coordinate the dynamics of such factors. manufacturing as finance, and to prevent modern capitalism from becoming the so-called "turbo-capitalism" of the American style, as Edward Luttwak figuratively dubbed its modern stage in a book of the same name and published in 1999.

In modern conditions, the stratification is intensifying, and the "technological colonialism" of the states of the industrial "core" transfers competition to the sphere of high technologies, inaccessible to most countries.

At the same time, it is quite obvious that the deterioration in the position of resource-producing countries can continue only up to certain limits that do not violate the overall global stability. That is why the West is concerned about the creation of various projects for reforming the international management system - from revising the powers and functions of the IMF, World Bank and other organizations to creating new international institutional structures, up to the World Government.

However, the monopolization of the management of international economic relations cannot become a stable structure, and the erosion of national sovereignty will inevitably give rise to aggressive nationalism. A new system of power must appear on the world stage, meeting the requirements of a new world order built on collectivist foundations.

economic security national strengthening

Chapter. 3. Ways to strengthen the national and international economic security of Russia

3.1 Ways to strengthen Russia's national security

Strategic national priorities are the most important areas for ensuring national security, along which the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation are implemented, sustainable socio-economic development and protection of the country's sovereignty, its independence and territorial integrity are carried out.

The National Security Concept of the Russian Federation as amended in 2000 was replaced by the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 (Strategy). It was approved by the head of state on May 12, 2009 by Decree No. 537.

The development and adoption of the strategy was caused by:

First, the aggravation of interstate contradictions associated with the uneven development of their development and the deepening of the gap between the levels of prosperity of countries.

Secondly, the vulnerability of all members of the international community in the face of new challenges and threats.

Thirdly, with the strengthening of new centers of economic growth and political influence a qualitatively new geopolitical situation is emerging, connected with the solution of existing problems and the settlement of crisis situations on a regional basis without the participation of non-regional forces.

Fourth, the failure of global and regional security systems (focused, especially in the Euro-Atlantic region, only on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

Fifth, the imperfection of legal instruments and mechanisms that pose a threat to international security.

Sixth, the need to address important domestic issues in the field of healthcare, education, science, ecology, culture, as well as improving the welfare of citizens and economic growth.

The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 is a kind of response to the new international situation.

It is the basic document for planning the development of the national security system of the Russian Federation. It outlines the course of action and measures to ensure national security. The strategy is the basis for constructive interaction between public authorities, organizations and public associations to protect the national interests of the Russian Federation and ensure the security of the individual, society and the state.

The national interests of our state in the long term are:

In the development of democracy and civil society, increasing the competitiveness of the national economy;

In ensuring the inviolability of the constitutional order, territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Russian Federation;

In the transformation of the Russian Federation into a world power, whose activities are aimed at maintaining strategic stability and mutually beneficial partnerships in a multipolar world.

National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation - Fundamentally new document. For the first time, it clearly reflects strategic national priorities and outlines the main criteria for assessing the state of national security.

The main priorities of the national security of the Russian Federation are national defense, state and public security.

To ensure national security, the Russian Federation focuses its efforts and resources on the following sustainable development priorities:

Improving the quality of life of Russian citizens by guaranteeing personal security, as well as high standards of life support;

Economic growth, which is achieved primarily through the development of a national innovation system and investment in human capital;

Science, technology, education, healthcare and culture, which are developed by strengthening the role of the state and improving public-private partnerships;

Ecology of living systems and rational nature management, the maintenance of which is achieved through balanced consumption, the development of advanced technologies and the expedient reproduction of the country's natural resource potential;

Strategic stability and equal strategic partnership, which are strengthened on the basis of Russia's active participation in the development of a multipolar model of the world order.

The main criteria for assessing the state of national security of the Russian Federation are:

Unemployment rate (share of the economically active population);

The level of growth in consumer prices;

the level of state external and internal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product;

The level of provision with resources for healthcare, culture, education and science as a percentage of the gross domestic product;

The level of annual renewal of weapons, military and special equipment;

The level of provision with military and engineering personnel;

Decile coefficient (the ratio of incomes of 10% of the most wealthy and 10% of the least wealthy population).

According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, in 2000 in our country the incomes of the richest exceeded the incomes of the poorest by 14 times, now - by 17 times. At an expanded meeting of the State Council in February 2008 ex-president For the Russian Federation, V. Putin set the task of minimizing the gap between the incomes of the most and least well-to-do strata of society in Russia. As you can see, this indicator is now one of the main criteria for assessing the state of national security.

In general, the implementation of the "National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020" is intended to become a mobilizing factor in the development of the national economy, improving the quality of life of the population, ensuring political stability in society, strengthening national defense, state security and law and order, increasing the competitiveness and international prestige of Russia.

The geostrategic position of Russia imposes a strict requirement: to be in constant readiness to repulse external threats, including from deployed groupings of forces and means of aerospace attack and anti-missile defense of foreign states. First of all, we are talking about those states whose geopolitical interests are or may come into conflict with the corresponding interests of Russia.

The military security of Russia is ensured by purposeful public policy in the field of defense, which is a system of conceptual views and practical measures of an international, economic, military and other nature aimed at preventing a military attack and at organizing a repulse of military aggression.

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