Forest resources of the earth. Forest area and forest cover of the territory of individual countries of the world Leading countries in terms of forest area

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the total forest area of ​​the world exceeds 3.4 billion hectares, or 27% of the earth's land area. FAO estimates are based on the definition that all ecological systems with a tree cover of at least 10% in developing countries ah and not less than 20% in developed countries identified as forests.

In addition, according to the accepted methodology for classifying forests, 1.7 billion hectares of land occupied by trees and shrubs must be added to this area. More than half of the world's forest area (51%) is located on the territory of four countries: Russia - 22%, Brazil - 16%, Canada - 7%, USA - 6%

An estimate of the total timber stock in the world's forests has been obtained by FAO by summarizing data from 166 countries covering 99% of the world's forest area. It amounted to 386 billion cubic meters in 2000.

The total amount of aboveground woody biomass in the world is estimated at 422 billion tons. About 27% of the aboveground woody biomass is concentrated in Brazil and about 25% in Russia (due to the area).

The average amount of woody biomass per hectare of the planet's forests is 109 tons/ha. The maximum amount of woody biomass per hectare is recorded for South America as a whole. The largest stock of timber per hectare was also noted here (in Guatemala - 355 m3/ha). The countries of Central Europe also have very high timber stocks per hectare (286 m3/ha in Austria).

The Global Forest Assessment is based on information provided by each country to FAO based on a recommended format. These data are also usually combined according to the allocated zones of forest growth: tropical, temperate and boreal zones based on the conditional division of the surface of the globe into physical and geographical zones.

Forest zones are called natural land areas of the boreal, temperate, subtropical, tropical, subequatorial and equatorial belt, in the natural landscapes of which forest tree and shrub vegetation predominates. Forest zones are common in conditions of sufficient or excessive moisture. The most typical for the growth of forests is a humid or humid climate. According to

According to the geomorphological classification, the climate of areas with excessive moisture is considered humid when precipitation exceeds the amount of moisture used for evaporation and seepage into the soil, and excess moisture is removed by river runoff, which contributes to the development of erosive landforms.

The typical vegetation of landscapes with a humid climate is the forest. There are two types of humid climate: polar - with permafrost and phreatic - with groundwater.

The tropical forests of the world cover an area of ​​1.7 billion hectares, which is about 37% of the land area of ​​countries located in the tropical zone of our planet. In the tropical zone, subequatorial monsoon forests grow, uh Quatorial rainforests, humid tropical evergreen, humid tropical deciduous and semi-deciduous forests, including mangrove forests and savannahs.

All forests of this belt of the earth develop on the so-called red soils - ferrallitic soils that have formed on the weathering crust ancient sushi earth that has undergone deep weathering (ferrallitization), as a result of which almost all primary minerals are destroyed. The content of humus in the upper horizon of these soils is from 1-1.5 to 8-10%. Sometimes, glandular shell crusts form on the soil surface.

Ferralitic soils are common in South and Central America, Central Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Northern Australia. After deforestation, hevea plantations are created on these soils to collect natural rubber, oil or coconut palms, as well as a classic set of tropical crops: sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, banana, pineapple, tea, black and white pepper, ginger, etc. culture.

The forest zones of the temperate zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres include the taiga zone, the zone mixed forests, zone deciduous forests and monsoon forests temperate zone.

characteristic feature forest zones temperate zones is the seasonality of natural processes. Coniferous and deciduous forests are widespread here with a relatively simple structure and a small variety of vegetation cover. Podzolic and burozem types of soil formation predominate.

Temperate forests cover an area of ​​0.76 billion hectares in five regions of the world: Eastern North America, most of Europe, the eastern part of the Asian subcontinent, a small part in the Middle East and Patagonia (Chile).

Boreal forests grow in the latitudinal zone between arctic tundra and temperate forests. The total area of ​​forest lands in the boreal belt of the planet is estimated at 1.2 billion hectares, of which 0.92 billion hectares are closed forests, including 0.64 billion hectares of forests called exploitation.

Boreal forests grow mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. Their total area in North America and Eurasia is almost 30% total area forests of the planet.

In general, the area of ​​boreal forests is 82.1% of the total forest area of ​​the six countries in which they grow. In Canada, boreal forests make up 75% of forests, in the USA (Alaska) - 88%, in Norway - 80%, in Sweden - 77%, in Finland - 98% and in Russia - an average of about 67%.

Tropical forests are characterized by thick weathering crust and intense runoff. In the subzone permanently wet forests dominated by evergreen forests with exceptional species diversity on red-yellow lateritic soils. In the subzone of seasonally wet forests, along with evergreen forests, deciduous forests on red ferrallitic soils are common.

Zones of equatorial tropical forests are distributed on both sides of the equator in South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and on the islands of Oceania. In zones equatorial forests there is almost no seasonal rhythm of natural processes, moisture is plentiful, temperatures are constantly high, rivers are high-water, soils are podzolized lateritic, along the sea coasts there are mangrove communities.

The forest that grows here is commonly known as the evergreen rainforest. a tropical forest. This forest has become a symbol of the struggle for the conservation of forests and conservation biodiversity, as it is a multi-tiered tree formations growing in conditions of year-round moisture and has a high density of animal population, especially in the upper tiers of the forest.

On the the globe less than 1 billion ha (718.3 million ha) of such forests remain, mostly in Brazil, i.e. about 41% of the total rainforest area, or about 16% of the planet's forest area.

Subequatorial monsoon forests are common in Central and South America, Africa, southern Asia and northeast Australia. In these zones, the climate is characterized by the dominance of the equatorial monsoons. The dry season lasts 2.5-4.5 months. The soils are red-colored lateritic. Mixed deciduous-evergreen and deciduous forests predominate.

Humid tropical evergreen, semi-deciduous and deciduous forests are the predominant type of vegetation in the eastern sectors of the continents within the tropical belts of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (southern Florida, Central and South America, India, the island of Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Australia, the islands of Oceania and the Malay Archipelago. They occupy mainly the windward slopes of mountain areas. The climate is tropical humid or seasonally humid with the dominance of humid oceanic trade winds.

According to the data information system forests (FORIS) established by the FAO, out of the total area of ​​tropical forests (1756.3 million hectares), lowland forests account for 88%, mountain forests - 11.6% and highland areas, not occupied by woody vegetation, 0.4%. Among the lowland tropical forests, the largest area is occupied by rain evergreen tropical forests (718.3 million hectares in 1990), the forest cover of these territories is 76%. They are followed by humid tropical deciduous forests, the area of ​​which is 587.3 million hectares (forest cover 46%). Dry deciduous tropical forests occupied only 238.3 million hectares (forest cover 19%). The area of ​​mountain forests was 204.3 million ha (forest cover 29%).

Lands released from the virgin rainforest for agricultural use very quickly lose their fertility. Abandoned agricultural land for several years overgrown with the so-called secondary tropical forest; secondary after the virgin.

The most typical feature of the secondary tropical forest is the depleted and fairly uniform in terms of ecological characteristics of the species composition of trees - edificators.

Tree species of the secondary tropical forest are characterized by relative photophilousness, rapid growth and the ability to disperse seeds efficiently, i.e. less reliance on consortial relationships with seed-dispersing animals than primary rainforest trees. But as the secondary forest develops, it more and more approaches in its appearance to the parent formation.

Tropical forests are heterogeneous. The total number of woody plants in tropical forests exceeds four thousand. At the same time, the number of main forest-forming tree species exceeds 400 species. Therefore, the rainforest is a complex mosaic of evergreen, semi-evergreen (semi-deciduous), mixed, deciduous and coniferous forests, which is formed under the influence of orographic and edapho-climatic factors.

Such edapho-climatic types of tropical forest formations as savannahs, bamboo thickets, and mangrove forests stand apart.

Unlike other forest formations, the species composition of natural mangrove forests is small. Actually mangrove trees, which determine the specific appearance of this formation, are species of two families Rhizophoraceae (genus Rhizophora and Bruguiera) and Verbenaceae (genus Avicennia); the core of the formation is formed by 12-14 species of mangrove trees.

It is believed that with the help of mangrove forests, not only the consolidation, but also the increment of the landmass of the countries of the Pacific region takes place.

The mangrove forests of the world have been studied quite well and in detail. To a large extent, this is due to their diverse and ecologically important role, ranging from creating specific conditions for the reproduction and habitat of numerous marine and freshwater fish, crustaceans, etc., up to the use of mangrove wood for fuel, charcoal(from Rhizophoza), processing, etc.

In the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, with their ancient civilizations artificial mangrove forests are also widespread, in which up to 40% are Melaleuca leucadendra trees.

A significant part of the world's population lives in the forest subtropical zone. It is formed by a combination of forest natural areas subtropics of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, sometimes considered as zones of monsoon mixed forests, a typical example of which are the Mediterranean zones. Forest subtropical zones are characterized by mild winters, year-round vegetation of plants, and significant differences in landscapes on the slopes of different exposures.

The composition of tree species in temperate forests in different regions of the world is quite similar, it is dominated by maple, birch, juniper, chestnut, oak, beech, willow, magnolia, pine, spruce, fir, etc. The classic appearance of the European forests of the temperate zone with the greatest completeness is represented by pure and mixed beech and birch forests.

Beech never enters the zone of growth of subtropical or boreal forests, unlike birch. The second group of species that form the appearance of temperate forests are oaks. In total, more than 250 species of oaks of the genus Quercus are distributed, of which 111 species are widespread. Unlike beech, oak also penetrates into subboreal regions. For example, Quercus robur reaches deep into the continental regions of Eurasia, while Quercus mongolica extends to the boreal regions. Far East and Eastern Siberia and northeastern regions of China. However, only 6…7 species of oak are able to enter up to 50 about northern latitude. The main part of this group of species does not rise to the north above 30 about- 35about northern latitude.

The picture of the appearance of forests growing in temperate zones, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, is completed by numerous species of birch (46 species are widespread), alder (23 species), willows (145 species) and poplars (41 species).

In North America, the largest part of the forests of the temperate zone stretches from the east coast inland to 95 about west longitude, and in some places even further west. This lane is bounded from north 45 about northern latitude and from the south - 30 about northern latitude. Among the most common tree species in this zone, in addition to a limited set of conifers, there are 37 species of oak, 13 species of willows, 11 species of juniper, 10 species of maples, 8 magnolias, 6 birches, 5 species of alder and walnut, 4 species of ash, chestnut, poplar, linden, elm, 2 species of honey locust, hornbeam, elm and more than 40 other species of tree species.

In Europe, temperate forests grow from the Atlantic coast inland to the boreal forest belt. The exception is the forests of the Iberian and Peloponnesian peninsulas, which are more typical of the Mediterranean subtropical type of forest cover, although in some places there are islands of coniferous and broad-leaved forests of the temperate zone.

Such a far advancement of temperate forests in Europe is due to the influence of the Gulf Stream, which forms a specific Atlantic type. climatic conditions even in continental Europe.

The species composition of temperate forests in Europe is poorer than in North America. It includes, in addition to several species of pine, fir and spruce, 35 species of willows, 18 species of oak, 9 species of maples, 4 species of birch, alder and poplar, 3 species of ash, linden and elm, 2 species of beech and hornbeam, one species of juniper, sycamore and chestnut, and about 20 more species of tree species.

The third largest area occupied by temperate forests is the eastern part of Asia. These forests grow not only on the mainland of Asia, starting from the eastern coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and China, located from the valley of the river. Yangtze, partially reaching even the Kamchatka Peninsula (60 about northern latitude). On the mainland, they are located on a vast territory between 30 about and 50 about north latitude and between 125 about and 115 about east longitude. These temperate forests also grow in Japan, especially in the northern and central parts of it.

The species composition of forests in Eastern Asia is the most numerous in the temperate zone. Conifers account for a significant part; by the end of the 1970s, more than 1,200 species had been described in the world.

More than half of the world's conifers grow in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, including 80 species of pine, about 50 - spruce (according to some sources from 36 to 80 species), 40 - fir, about 60 - juniper, 6 - larch, 12 - cypress and 4 types of cedar.

The species composition of deciduous trees in temperate forests, with the exception of larch, exceeds 800 species. There are especially many species of willow - 97 species, maple species - 66, magnolia - 50, chestnut - 45, birch - 36, poplar - 33, hornbeam - 25, oak - 18 species.

In the Middle East, temperate forests, especially deciduous forests, are the southeastern branch of European forests that extend through the Dardanelles into the Asian subcontinent. They stretch in a narrow strip through the northern part of Anatolia (Turkey). Approaching the Iranian Plateau, this strip of forests expands southward to 30 about northern latitude, capturing eastern part Black Sea region. Deciduous and coniferous forests, typical for the temperate zone, also grow in the foothills, in the lower and middle parts of the spurs of the Caucasus. The species composition of this part of the forests is very close to European forests.

The world's smallest temperate forests are found in Patagonia, in southern Chile. They stretched from 37 about up to 55 about south latitude, occupying mainly river valleys and leeward slopes of hills. Their breed composition is small, including 47 species. The most numerous group are 10 Nothofagus species of the Fagaceae family and 8 Myrceugenia species of the Myrthaceae family.

The main appearance of boreal forests is determined by conifers. In North America - 12 species, including 5 species of pine, 3 species of spruce, one each of fir, hemlock and thuja. In Eurasia - 14 species, including 3 species of pine, 4 species of fir, 3 species of spruce and 2 species of larch. But due to the biological specificity of these species, the species composition of boreal forests includes a significant amount of deciduous species, mainly birch, aspen, and poplar. Depending on the degree of continentality of the climate, one or another group of animals receive an advantage in the breed composition. tree species.

The zone of growth of the boreal forests of Russia includes the tundra, forest tundra, the subzones of the northern and middle taiga, and also partially the subzone of the southern taiga. The state forest fund of the country is distributed among these territories as follows:

§ subzone of tundra light forests - 14% of the area of ​​the forest fund, including 17% of the forest area and 13% of the forested area, i.e. forests proper;

§ northern taiga subzone - 10% of the total area of ​​the forest fund, 9% of the forest and 8% of the forested area;

§ middle taiga subzone - 33%, 38% and 41% respectively;

§ southern taiga subzone - 18%, 20% and 20% respectively.

A separate accounting unit in the composition of the forests of the I group of Russia includes tundra forests, territorially located in the forest-tundra zone. It should be noted that the boundaries of the forest-tundra zone and the near-tundra forests do not coincide: the near-tundra forests of Russia are currently a conditionally economic unit, while the forest-tundra is a unit of geographical zoning of the territory.

In the mountains and adjacent plains of the taiga regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, forests are widespread, formed mainly by larch. In the mountainous regions of the forest-tundra and tundra, in addition to larch forests, there are also light birch forests, thickets of willows, shrub birches, and often Siberian juniper.

In the mountainous regions of the forest-tundra and tundra of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, thickets of dwarf pine are common, rising in the mountains to the subalpine belt. These tree species grow in the northern upper limit of distribution woody vegetation, including on the coasts of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the Bering Sea, Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island.

But in northern latitudes Russia, the upper limit of forest vegetation can also be represented spruce forests and forests of stone birch.

The full version of the work was published in 2001: Strakhov V.V., Pisarenko A.I., Borisov V.A. Forests of the world and Russia // M., In collection: Bulletin of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation "Use and protection of natural resources of Russia", M., 2001, No. 9, p. 49-63;

These include: wood, mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants, fruits, etc. Also, they can be considered part of these resources. beneficial features such as protection against natural disasters and soil erosion, health improvement, climate regulation, etc.

Significance and use of forest resources

Forests cover more than 26% of the land surface, which is just over 3.8 billion hectares. On the total global forest resources are being adversely affected by deforestation, resulting in a global net loss of forests of about 8 million hectares per year. However, in parallel with deforestation, in some regions there is an increase in forest areas, due to natural processes or the planting of new stands.

Map of the world's forest resources

Ecology and problems of using forest resources

Deforestation began thousands of years ago, and the wood was used to build ships and houses. However, over the past 20 years, more than 300 million hectares of rainforest (larger than the area of ​​India) have been destroyed for Agriculture, mining or urban development. Due to active human activities, forest resources have lost about 50% of the area, which in itself significantly disrupts the global carbon cycle.

World Resources Institute estimates have shown that at the current rate of tree felling, about 40% of today's intact forests will disappear within 10-20 years. Their loss will lead to a decrease in the number of absorbing trees. carbon dioxide and, in addition, cut trees release accumulated carbon.

Causes of deforestation

The main causes of deforestation are:

• agricultural activities (growing agricultural products, cattle breeding, etc.);
• logging industry;
• mining and oil production;
• construction of large hydroelectric dams (which result in the flooding of vast forest areas);
• unreasonable policies that increase the export of forests;
• global warming (deforestation contributes to global warming, and it, in turn, leads to the disappearance of forests that are not able to adapt to climate change);
• forest fires (6-14 million hectares of forests disappear annually from fires);
• illegal deforestation (it accounts for almost 70% of the total deforestation);
• use of forests for heat generation (mainly in undeveloped regions).

What are the consequences of deforestation?

Deforestation (and the destruction of their natural functions) causes many serious problems:

• Tree loss exacerbates global warming

The protection and rational use of forest natural resources provides for the following steps:

Regulated and planned cutting of trees

One of the main causes of deforestation is the commercial cutting of trees. Although trees are considered an inexhaustible and renewable natural resource, when exploited on a very large scale, their restoration may not be possible.

With this approach, only mature and useless trees are used for felling, and the area of ​​the cut area does not exceed 1/10 of the total. Then, young trees are planted in their place, which will perform all the necessary functions much better.

Forest fire control

Destruction or loss of forests as a result of fires is quite common. This is due to the easy flammability of trees and the difficulty in controlling and extinguishing the fire. Sometimes, a fire starts due to natural factors (lightning strike, friction of trees during strong wind or abnormal heat), however, in most cases this is due to the intentional or unintentional participation of people.

In order to save forests from fires, it is necessary to adopt the latest fire fighting techniques, which include integrated actions and special education firefighters, as well as the maximum provision of modern equipment.

Reforestation and afforestation

Whenever trees are cut down, the treeless area is subject to reforestation. In this case, both natural and artificial methods can be used. Likewise, any wooded area that has been destroyed by fire or mining must be restored.

In addition to all this, it is necessary to introduce promising afforestation programs. New forest areas will not only increase the total area of ​​forest resources, but also help to create an ecological balance. For afforestation, it is necessary to select trees according to local geographical conditions.

Control of deforestation for agricultural and residential purposes

Most modern agricultural land and land under settlements was once forests, which were cleared of trees and began to be actively used. At present, this process has reached the stage where further deforestation will damage the entire ecosystem. To conserve forests, it is necessary to develop an alternative method that does not harm the ecological system, and at the same time, meet all the necessary needs of mankind.

Forest protection

Active government involvement in forest conservation

To conserve forests at the state level, it is necessary to introduce regional and national programs for rational use and forest conservation, identify areas for reforestation, regulate the commercial use of forests, create National parks, encourage afforestation, and create short-term and long-term concepts effective use forests.

ROME, September 7 - RIA Novosti, Natalia Shmakova. Russia is a country with the largest area forests, which account for 20% of the world's total forest area, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 released on Monday.

The study, which covers 234 countries and territories and is published every five years, provides an assessment of the state and analysis of the change in the world's forests. In particular, the report notes that recent data reflect an encouraging trend towards lower rates of deforestation, reduced carbon emissions from forests, and increased capacity for sustainable forest management.

The FAO report names the ten most forest-rich countries, which account for about 67% of the world's forest area. In addition to Russia, which retains the first place in terms of the share of forests in the total area, the list of countries also includes Brazil, whose share in the total forest area is 12%, Canada (9%) and the USA (8%), and China closes the top five. (5%).

Speaking about how forests and forest management have changed over the past 25 years, experts note that although they have "significantly changed," in general, this period was also marked by a number of positive results.

"While globally, the world's forest resources continue to decline as population grows and demand for food and land increases, the rate of net forest loss has declined," the document says.

Thus, since 1990, the forest area has decreased by 3.1% - from 4.1 billion hectares to 3.99 billion in 2015. At the same time, the annual loss of natural forest area, which represents the main part of the world's forest resources, has slowed down: if in 1990-2000 the net loss of area was 8.5 million hectares per year, then in the last five years this figure has decreased to 6.6 million hectares.

"These changes were the result of declining rates of forest conversion in some countries and expanding forest area in others. It appears that the net change in forest area has stabilized over the past ten years," experts say.

At the same time, the FAO report indicates that although the reduction of natural forest is now more slowly, "its area is likely to continue to decline, especially in the tropics." This is due to the fact that forests will be converted to agricultural land. Thus, "the largest share of forest loss is expected in Latin America followed by Africa and all other regions are projected to increase forest stock."

: wood, resin, cork, mushrooms, fruits, berries, nuts, medicinal plants, hunting and fishing resources, etc., as well as the beneficial properties of the forest - water protection, climate control, anti-erosion, health, etc. Forest resources are renewable resources . World forest resources are characterized by two main indicators: the size of the forest area (4.1 billion hectares or about 27% of the land area) and the stock of standing timber (350 billion m 3), which, due to constant growth, increase annually by 5.5 billion. m 3. However, forests are reduced to arable land and plantations, for construction. In addition, wood is widely used for firewood and wood products. As a result, deforestation has become rampant. The area of ​​forests in the world annually decreases by at least 25 million hectares, and the world timber harvesting in 2000 should reach 5 billion m 3 . This means that her annual annual growth will be fully utilized.

The largest area of ​​forests has been preserved in Eurasia. This is about 40% of all world forests and almost 42% of the total timber stock, including 2/3 of the most valuable breeds. Australia has the least forest coverage. Since the sizes of the continents are not the same, it is important to take into account their forest cover, i.e. ratio of forested area to total area. According to this indicator, South America occupies the first place in the world. In the economic assessment of forest resources, such a characteristic as timber reserves is of paramount importance. On this basis, the countries of Asia, South and North America are distinguished. Leading positions in this area are occupied by countries such as Russia, Canada, Brazil and the United States. Bahrain, Qatar, Libya, etc. are characterized by the practical absence of forests.

The forests of the world form two vast forest belts - northern and southern. The northern forest belt is located in the temperate and partly subtropical climate. It accounts for half of all forested areas in the world and almost the same proportion of all timber stocks. The most forested countries within this belt are Russia, the USA, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. The southern forest belt is located mainly in the tropical and equatorial climate. It also accounts for about half of the world's forests and total timber stock. They are concentrated mainly in three areas: the Amazon, the Congo Basin and Southeast Asia.

AT recent times Tropical deforestation is rapidly deforesting. In the 80s. 11 million hectares of such forests were cut down annually. They are in danger of total annihilation. Over the past 200 years, the area of ​​forests has decreased by at least 2 times. Every year, forests are destroyed on an area of ​​125 thousand km 2, which is equal to the territory of such countries as Austria and Switzerland combined. The main causes of deforestation are: expansion of agricultural land and deforestation to use timber. Forests are cut down in connection with the construction of communication lines. The green cover of the tropics is most intensively destroyed. In most developing countries, logging is carried out in connection with the use of wood as fuel, and forests are also burned to obtain arable land. Reduced and degraded from pollution of the atmosphere and soil forests in highly developed countries. There is a mass shrinkage of the tops of trees, due to their defeat acid rain. The consequences of deforestation are unfavorable for pastures and arable land. This situation could not go unnoticed. The most developed and, at the same time, forest-poor countries are already implementing programs to conserve and improve forest lands. Thus, in Japan and Australia, as well as in some Western European countries, the area under forests remains stable, and depletion of the forest stand is not observed.

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