Projects for the addition of garbage waste. Ecological project “Give a second life! Recycling of household waste

Barbashov Dmitry, Khamaganova Zoya

Environmental project. The idea of recycling garbage.

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Scientific and practical conference

"Rostock"

Creative and practical project

"Trash and its second life"

Project implementation period January-February 2012.

Represent the project

students of the 3rd "b" class of MBOU "Nizhnangarskaya secondary school No. 1":

Barbashov Dmitry

Khamaganova Zoya

Performed:

Barbashov Dmitry

Khamaganova Zoya

Pirogova Nadezhda

Yashkina Anastasia

Kotova Anastasia

Golikova Ksenia

Supervisor:

Moiseeva N.A. - primary school teacherMBOU "Nizhnangarsk secondary school No. 1

Nizhneangarsk

2011-2012

The project is divided into two stages.

January

February

Information-research stage

Our village is located on the shores of the unique Lake Baikal. We were born in the village, grow up, study and live. But often one has to see how unfurnished garbage cans filled with waste are standing near residential buildings, and the same amount of garbage is lying around. And in all this stray dogs are rummaging. And in the spring our village turns into a garbage field. But then cleanup days are organized, cars arrive, all the garbage is loaded and taken away. "Where?" , adults answer: “To the dump!”

The relevance of the project.in Nizhneangarsk this moment There is only one option for waste disposal - removal tovillage dump. But does it solve the problemrecycling household waste in an ecological sense? No and no again.

Hypothesis: Or maybe garbage can be given a "second life"?

And then we decided to conduct an investigation on the topic: "Garbage and its" second life ".

Objective of the project:

Find out more about waste disposal methods.
Learn through practical work find useful application household waste, thereby making a feasible contribution to partial recycling and reduction of landfills.

Tasks:

identify what kind of household waste is most in the classroom and at home;
find out which wastes decompose faster;
get acquainted with the ways of "fighting" with household waste, namely with the safest - the method of disposal;
waste recycling.
master new technologies for working with various waste materials;
together with the teacher to make useful products from household waste;
organize a master class.

Exploring this problem in magazines, encyclopedias, textbooks on ecology, the Internet, we learned that, it turns out, the problem of household waste is relevant for all countries of the world.

Turned out that:

200 thousand years BC e. The first garbage heaps found by archaeologists.

400 BC e. The first ever municipal landfill was founded in Athens.

200 A city waste collection service was established in Rome.

1315 After a long break, garbage collection resumed in Paris.

1388 The English Parliament forbade throwing rubbish into the streets.

1775 The first garbage cans appear in London.

1800 The City of New York ordered pigs to be driven into the streets of the city,

Who were supposed to eat garbage.

1874 Organized burning of city waste begins in Nottingham.

1897 The first waste sorting and recycling center opens in New York.

1932 In the United States, garbage compactors are invented.

1942 In the USSR and the USA, mass collection of garbage for recycling into

military purposes.

1948 Fresh Kills opened in New York City, still standing

The largest in the world.

1965 The US Congress passes the Solid Waste Management Act.

2000 EU countries set a goal to achieve recycling and recycling

Use of 50% waste.

On average, each inhabitant of the Earth accumulates about a ton of waste per year, which is more than 5 billion tons. In every country garbage problems have their own characteristics, but wherever there is garbage, there are also garbage dumps. There are landfills "wild" and specially equipped. "Wild" landfills are well known to all of us. On wastelands, abandoned construction sites, on the edges of forests, along automobile and railways dump, despite the prohibitions, the most diverse garbage.

From all this garbage serious danger in terms of environmental pollution are solid household waste. Garbage dumps significantly affect all components of the environment and are a powerful pollutant of air, soil, and groundwater. These dumps are, in addition, breeding grounds for mice, rats, insects and can become sources infectious diseases. Special place plastics and synthetic materials occupy among household waste, as they are not subject to biological destruction processes and can long time be in the environment. So, for example, a plastic bag left by us will lie in the ground for several centuries. There are no bacteria on Earth that can destroy it. And fragments of glass, cans, bottles are capable of “working” like mines even after 1000 years: in sunny weather a piece of glass can act as a lens and cause a fire. And how many people get injured because of broken glass, which can easily cut through even shoes.

We have found that it takes many years for household waste to decompose.

Glass bottles - 1000 years;

Plastic products - 100 years;

Tin cans - 50 - 80 years

(bury under a plum - 2-3 years);

Rubber soles of boots - 50 - 40 years;

Skin - 50 years;

Nylon products - 30 - 40 years;

Polyethylene bag - 10 - 20 years;

Batteries - 10 years;

Cigarette butts - 1 - 5 years;

Woolen sock - 1 - 5 years;

Paper - 2 years;

Orange or banana peel - 2 - 5 weeks.

During the week, we monitored the accumulation of garbage in the classroom and at home.

	Paper		Plastic		Glass		Food waste		Textile leather, etc.
Day of the week	House	School	House	School	House	School	House	School	House	School
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

+ :was

- :was not

Conclusion: At home, household waste accumulates the most (paper, plastic, food waste)

The school mostly accumulates paper.

Then we conducted a survey of school students.

The most littered places

streets - 37%

yards of residential yards – 30%

shopping centers - 12%

school grounds - 1%

recreation areas for citizens - 20%

The main reason for littering

Insufficient number of bins and containers for garbage - 5%

Bad wipers - 2%

Lack of a clear system for the collection and disposal of garbage - 47%

Low level of culture of the inhabitants of the settlement - 46%

Who litters the most?

Preschoolers and students lower grades – 10%

Teenagers - 66%

Youth - 24%

Adults - 0%

What would you throw out on the street?

Empty cardboard box - 3%

An empty can or bottle of juice, water, beer, etc. – 2%

Chewing gum wrapper - 25%

Newspaper read - 15%

Paper cup - 2%

Skin from banana, orange, etc. - 13%

Nothing at all - 40%

By conducting a survey among schoolchildren, we found that

The main reasons for the increase in the amount of garbage in our village are:

growth in the production of disposable goods;
increase in the amount of packaging;
raising the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced by new ones.
low level of culture of the inhabitants of the village.

The amount of household waste is growing every day at a rapid pace. A is recycled industrial method only 5% of household waste.

World practice offers the following ways that make it possible to get rid of household waste:

method of burial (in the ground, in water bodies);
combustion method;
disposal.

The first two ways are not harmless to our environment. They carry a serious environmental hazard. The recycling method is the most effective way to solve the problem of getting rid of garbage, butto do this, it is necessary to build recycling plants and change the habitual behavior of people, everyone needs to learn how to sort household waste, as is done, for example, in Germany. There, the batteries of garbage barrels near the houses are painted in 3 colors: gray, yellow, green.

In a gray barrel carry newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes;
In a yellow barrel throw away cans, bottles, plastic, paper, and metal packaging;
The green barrel is intendedfor biodegradable food waste that will later be composted.

In general, the problem of eliminating garbage, namely household, in modern world is particularly acute. To a greater extent, this applies to our country. So, for example, the first waste incineration plant in Russia was built only 102 years after the opening of a similar one in England. And now the number of waste processing plants can be counted on the fingers.

There is so much rubbish all over the place that if do not recycle it, it will cover the entire planet.

Waste recycling.

Glass.

Used glassware is very easy to recycle. Undamaged cans and bottles do not need to be recycled, after processing they can be used again for their intended purpose. Broken glass can be remelted.

Glass is a durable and wear-resistant material. By itself, it does not harm the environment, but broken glass is traumatic for people and animals. In nature, glass waste breaks down over several hundred years, cracking and crumbling from temperature changes. The end product of the decomposition of glass containers is glass chips, similar in appearance to sand.

The bulk of glass waste is not recycled, but is disposed of in landfills.

Scrap metal.

Most often in scrap metal there are products made of iron or cast iron. Iron compounds can cause significant harm to the environment - they are poisonous to many organisms. In addition, pieces of ejected metal are traumatic for people and animals.

Scrap metal decomposes under the influence of oxygen, eventually forming iron oxide. The rate of decomposition of metal products - for 10-20 years, one millimeter in depth (in fresh water- for 3-5 years, in salty - for a year or two).

Scrap metal is the most recyclable material. Recycling of scrap metal is of great importance for the economy and the environment. It allows you to unload already depleted ore deposits, reduce fuel costs for smelting essential metals, as well as a significant reduction in associated costs (for example, transportation).

Foil products and aluminum cans can also be recycled. In nature, foil can lie on the ground for up to 20-30 years (and aluminum cans - up to several hundred!), Forming generally harmless aluminum oxide and salts under the action of oxygen. Most safe way recycling of products based on aluminum (excluding remelting) - burial.

Leather.

Even from small, worthless scraps of leather, there is much to be gained.

From the old belt you will get easy-to-make, reliable and non-creaking loops for the lid of the box, easel, casket.

It is easy to make beautiful spines for book bindings from scraps of belts.

A strip of soft thin leather pasted on the inside of a metal watch bracelet will make it more comfortable.

If you are tired of metal and plastic bracelets, then, having mastered the techniques of decorative leather finishing, you can make a comfortable and soft leather watch strap to your taste.

Using the same techniques, it is easy to make a comfortable and durable bookmark out of leather.

A strip of thin leather, folded lengthwise in half or three and glued, can be sewn as a hanger to a coat or jacket. It is much stronger and more durable than cloth and is not as rough as metal chain hangers.

What can be done with used, but still good natural leather, if you start collecting it centrally? At the cooperative institute, tanners have worked out to the smallest detail how to sort and process secondary hides, how to disinfect and restore them. They developed a technology for making fashionable youth jackets, vests, slippers from old shoes. Everyone liked the lab samples very much.

Another example is the development of the Ukrainian Research Institute of the leather and footwear industry. It was proposed here to use absolutely useless skin waste as a protein fertilizer for growing vegetables. Skin scraps are crushed, poured with water, boiled and dried. It turns out gray powder, which contains 9-14% nitrogen and many valuable trace elements. The free fertilizer turned out to be highly effective: the yield of potatoes increased by 30%, and that of tomatoes - by 35%.

And fodder flour is made from the waste of leather production.

Paper.

Waste paper accounts for 40% of all solid waste and is usually used printed matter consisting of paper (sometimes treated with protective agents), cardboard and ink. Despite the fact that paper decomposes for 2-3 years, it does not cause any harm to nature. However, colors and protective coatings can release substances toxic to humans during decomposition.

Waste paper has a great potential for recycling. It is used for the production of paper for various purposes, packaging and building materials. 1 ton of waste paper replaces about 4 cubic meters of wood, so collection and rational disposal paper waste help to significantly reduce deforestation. Old papers are soaked, cleaned and shredded to obtain fibers - cellulose. Further, the process is identical to the process of making paper from timber.

When burning paper waste, harmful dioxides are formed - combustion products of paint and printing ink. This method is not rational for the disposal of this kind of waste.

Plastic.

In the modern world, not a single enterprise can do without the use of polymeric materials. Therefore, recycling plastic waste has great potential recycled plastic it is possible to obtain polymer raw materials used in the manufacture of products. Products, depending on quality standards, can be made entirely from recycled plastic raw materials, or from a certain proportion of primary and secondary plastic.

Discarded plastic products interfere with gas exchange in soil and water bodies and pose a threat to animals. There are many examples when a swallowed package led to the death of an animal - even whales have died. Plastic container resistant to aggressive environment, and is not digested by the animal's body.

In addition, plastic releases toxic substances when burned and decomposes, which can take over 100 years.

Food waste.

When burning food waste substances harmful to human health are emitted - dioxides. This once again confirms the need to sort waste before recycling it.

The safest method of disposal of organic waste is composting. During this process, the content of substances easily absorbed by plants - phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and others - increases in the organic mass, and unfavorable flora and microorganisms are neutralized.

Thus, with proper and timely disposal of organic waste, this type of waste not only does not harm nature, but can also be used as a natural fertilizer.

More than half of this waste can be recycled and reused. Let's start with ourselves and try not to litter our planet so much. To do this, we will use at least elementary methods to reduce waste.

Glass can be recycled an unlimited number of times. As a rule, it is sorted by color, cleaned, melted down and reused: new bottles, decorative ornaments and even flooring are produced.
Hand over bottles and jars to glass container collection points. If you throw them away, then put them in a separate bag and put them next to garbage can to be passed on to others.

Canned aluminum cans from drinks can be melted down into new cans. Steel cans are used in the production of various parts.
In Russia, unfortunately, aluminum and steel are processed only in industry, and there are few places where cans can be collected. Therefore, just do not leave cans of drinks anywhere, but throw them in the trash.

Plastic bottlescan be recycled and used again. In some countries, furniture and accessories are made from remelted bottles. The best solution is to sort the garbage. For this, containers for selective waste are already appearing. For plastic bottles the yellow tank is intended. In some areas there are collection points for plastic bottles.

Cardboard packagingJuices are the most difficult to recycle, because they usually consist of a layer of aluminum foil or polyethylene in addition to cardboard to keep liquid out. If you are relaxing outside the city, then do not throw such packages into a local landfill, but burn them at the stake.

Plastic bagsbuyers take at the checkouts of supermarkets. Tens of billions of non-recyclable bags are used every year. Try not to take extra bags at the supermarket. Even better: go back to the Soviet-era tradition and go to the store with your own bag.

Paper and cardboard make up about 1/3 of the household waste that we throw away. They are the easiest to recycle and use again. AT Soviet times waste paper was accepted in each district. At present, in Russia, the organizations that do this accept mainly large parties. But you can hand over the accumulated paper and cardboard free of charge by bringing them yourself to the collection point.

Fabric productsthat we throw away every year, for the most part constitute nice clothes, which, according to objective characteristics, can still be worn. Clothes that are out of fashion, curtains, tablecloths can be donated to homeless shelters or churches, from where these things will get to those who need them. New things can be donated to an orphanage or boarding school.

And just try not to buy superfluous and useless goods, calculate the amount of material required for your needs.

Creative - practical stage

We offer our own way of recycling used items and things. There are no unnecessary things, but there is little imagination!

Routing production of a decorative bottle.

stage number	Sequence of work.	Tools and fixtures
	Waste material collection	Involvement of class students and technical staff of the school.
	Create a sketch	Simple pencil and eraser
	Selection of the necessary material	Glass bottles, buttons, broken glass, keys, ropes, seeds, buttons, corks, pendants, beads, plastic bottles.
	Waste material sticking	Glue, scissors.
	Composition painting	Spray paint in two shades

Our class has no imagination, the proof of this is our finished products (it is presented to your attention). Here you will see items that can serve you for some time.Can be used as a souvenir, as a vase, decanter, or as a decorative interior decoration.

Another important result of our research work is that we learned a lot of new and interesting things about household waste, and also learned how to work with different materials(plastic, cellophane, glass and others). The students of our class took part in the research work, parents, teachers of geography, computer science, as well as the technical staff of the school were involved.

In the future, we decided to continue practical work on the processing of household waste in the near future: to make souvenirs and crafts for the holiday of March 8th.

Cleanliness and comfort to you!

Bibliography.

1. The second life of things. N.P. Konoplyova, "Enlightenment", Moscow, 1993.

2. Gomarovich E.S. "What the city breathes." M .: "Chemistry", 1990

3. Zakhlebny A.N. "A Book to Read on Conservation". M.: Enlightenment, 1986

4. Protasov V.F. "Ecology, health and environmental protection in Russia", M.: "Finance and statistics", 2001

5. Rodionov S.K. etc. ((What is garbage. M .:

6. Hefling G. ((Anxiety in 2000. M .: "Thought", 1990

7. Khotuntsev Yu. L. ((Man, technology, environment". M .: ((Sustainable world), 2001

Let's make the world cleaner or garbage and its second lifeproject

Sibiryakova Aitalina Semyonovna,tutor of the first categoryMBDOU CRR Kindergarten "Kuncheen"With. Dyabyla MO Churapchinsky ulus (district)The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Project relevance. Garbage is a problem that each of us faces every day in a city, village, on the street, in public transport, forest, on the river. All new landfills and spontaneous dumps are appearing at an incredible rate, despite the fact that many types of waste take a very long time to decompose or do not decompose at all. Is it possible that in a few years our planet will become one huge dump? This question worries everyone.

Most preschoolers are very fond of walking in nature, walking with their parents in the park and forest, and going on excursions. But everyone is upset that almost everywhere there is a lot of garbage. Traveling with parents different countries, children pay attention to cleanliness around, various devices for garbage in foreign cities and compared with the streets of his native city. Endless questions “Why do we have so much garbage?”, “Where does it come from?”, “How does it affect human health and all living things?” led to the idea of creating the project "Trash and its second life". Cooperation kindergarten with families of children environmental direction, jointly organized events not only help to ensure the unity and continuity of the pedagogical process, but also bring into this process the special positive emotional coloring necessary for the child.

Most effective method implementation of the tasks of environmental education is an organization project activities together with parents and children. Participation in environmental actions, subbotniks, landscaping, work on environmental projects - unique opportunity for children and parents to prove themselves, to benefit nature native land.

Project type: Cognitive and creative.

Project participants: Children are teachers and parents.

Age: children 6-7 years old

Project duration: long-term

Problem: nature conservation, an attempt to solve the "garbage problem".

Objective of the project: educating the younger generation of love and respect for the environment, their small homeland, to form children's knowledge about various types of activities to protect nature.

Project objectives:

1. Expand children's ideas about nature, develop interest in the knowledge of nature.

2. Enriching the moral experience, fostering love for the environment, keep it clean and beautiful.

3. To expand the idea that nothing disappears without a trace in nature, to form ideas about the expediency of recycling household and household waste;

4. Promote the active involvement of parents in joint activities with a child in a family and kindergarten.

Novelty of the ecological project lies in the use of information computer technologies. The main factor that ensures the effectiveness educational process, is the personal involvement of children and parents in eventful life. Using new technologies that are exciting for a new generation, this inclusion can be ensured. The project allows children and parents to do what they love and at the same time benefit the world around them. Only by working together can we solve main task- educate an environmentally literate person.

Research methods:

Study of literary sources

· Reflection. “What is garbage?”, “Is a landfill always the only way out?”, “Environmental problems”, “What to do?”

· Observation, questioning, situations, practical part.

Stages:

Stage 1 Preparatory

development of the content of the project, term 2 months. Definition of the problem: setting goals and objectives.

Target: Setting motivation, goals, objectives for the implementation of the project "Second Life of Garbage". Material selection. Definition of methodical, popular science, fiction, illustrations

Creation of conditions for reading artistic and ecological literature.

2. Main stage (creative research)

Target: Identification of the causes of the appearance of garbage; Study of methods of sorting, processing and disposal of waste;

One of the ways of its effectiveness is to use a variety of forms and methods of work:

- Ecological activities.
– Ecological excursions.
- Lessons in kindness.
- Ecological circles.
- Environmental competitions.
- KVN, auction, marathon, quiz "Field of Miracles" and so on.
– Ecological actions.
- Discussing and acting out situations.
- Labor landing.
– Club of researchers of nature.
– Laboratory of the young ecologist.
– Ecological museums.
– Ecological holidays and festivals.
– Ecological games(role-playing, didactic, simulation, ecosystem simulation games, competitive games - travel and so on).

Interaction with children

cognitive development

Conversation: "A talk about garbage, and what can be done to reduce garbage."

Target: give children an idea about the problem of garbage. Talk about the dangers of landfills for nature and humans. Teach children to be responsible for nature. To convey to the children the importance of this problem and show some ways out of this situation. Offer to think about solving the problem of garbage by the children in the village. and at home.

Conversation : « The earth is ours common Home and we will save him"

Target: Education in children of a humane attitude towards nature, the desire to preserve and preserve the beauty of nature.

Tasks: Continuation of the formation of skills of a culture of behavior in nature; Expansion of ideas that everything in nature is interconnected; material resources (waste paper).

Didactic games:"Take the trash right." "Separate garbage"

Examining illustrations on the topic : « Rubbish all around us

GCD on ecology on the topic : "Let's take a smart look at the trash"

Target: Expanding children's understanding of the recycling of household waste.

Tasks: To cultivate love, respectful and careful attitude towards the nature around us; desire to take good care of her. Familiarization of children with the problems of environmental pollution; with the possibility of recycling waste material. Development cognitive activity children in the process of learning about the problems of the city; ability to observe and draw conclusions. Strengthen the ability to intelligently use various materials. Activate the dictionary (sort, waste material, household waste).

Artistic and aesthetic development

Reading environmental stories and fairy tales.

Examination of illustrations on the topic: "Save the planet from garbage"

GCD on manual labor (collective) "Vase with daisies from waste material."

Tasks: Education careful attitude to the surrounding world. The development of the ability to work in a team together. Consolidation of the ability to work with waste material, use it for the right purposes. Strengthening the ability to create a composition from a vase and flowers.

Exhibition "Miracles for people and unnecessary things"

Socio-communicative development

Help the teacher in cleaning the group room from debris.

Labor assignments:"Help the kids in cleaning the area from garbage." "Cleaning the group area from garbage"

Target: Education of diligence, accuracy, respect for the environment .

Didactic games: " Pick up the trash properly. "Separate garbage"

Speech development

Reading environmental stories and fairy tales
Examination of the illustrations "Garbage around us",
Solving riddles.
Interaction with parents:

1. Visual propaganda for parents "Planet Earth" - "The second life of unnecessary things", "How to teach a child not to pollute the environment"

2. Master class "The second life of unnecessary things"

3. Exhibition competition "Autumn fantasies"

4. Exhibition of works based on the results of the project.

3.Final stage

1. Joint event "Protect the planet"

2. Exhibition of works

3Presentation of the project for teachers, parents

Final result:

- children's awareness of the importance of nature conservation, that it is impossible to litter mindlessly. Children will understand that they need to take care of things, protect them, make them out of discarded items. Original gifts, various manuals for cognitive, theatrical and gaming activities.
- direct participation of parents and children in the organization of various environmental activities– landscaping and decoration of the site in the kindergarten using “household waste”

Bibliography:

1. Deryabo, S.D. Ecological pedagogy and psychology / S.D. Deryabo, V.A. Yasvin. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1996.

2. Evdokimova, E.S. Pedagogical support of the family in the upbringing of a preschooler / E.S. Evdokimov. - M.: TC Sphere, 2005.

3. Zhernevskaya, T.V. The system of cooperation with parents as a condition for optimizing the environmental education of preschoolers /T.V. Zhernevskaya, L.A. Maltnova //Management of a preschool educational institution. - 2007. - No. 3.

4. Zvereva, O.L., Krotova, T.V. Communication between a teacher and parents in a preschool educational institution: a methodological aspect / O.L. Zvereva, T.V. Krotov. - M.: TC Sphere, 2005.

5. Zinovieva, M.V. Influence of parenting style on the development of preconditions for worldview in children preschool age: dissertation for the soisk. scientist step. cand. psychological sciences: (19.00.13) / M.V. Zinoviev. - Moscow, 2001.

6. Martynovich, V.A. Introducing children 6-7 years old to nature: the interaction of the preschool educational institution with the family / V.A. Martynovich //Management of a preschool educational institution. - 2005. - No. 2.

7. "We". The program of environmental education for children / N. N. Kondratieva et al. - St. Petersburg: Detstvo-Press, 2003.

Development and implementation plan of the project

Selection of methodical and artistic-ecological children's literature, illustrative material, didactic games.

Creation of conditions for project implementation

Preparation of consultations "Education of a positive attitude towards work in children of senior preschool age"

Interaction with children

cognitive development

Conversation: "A talk about garbage, and what can be done to reduce garbage." Target: To give children an idea about the problem of garbage in cities. Talk about the dangers of landfills for nature and humans. Teach children to be responsible for nature. To convey to the children the importance of this problem and show some ways out of this situation. Offer to think about solving the problem of garbage by the children in the village. and at home.

Conversation: " The earth is our common home and we will save it" Target : Education in children of a humane attitude towards nature, the desire to preserve and preserve the beauty of nature.
Tasks : Continuation of the formation of skills of a culture of behavior in nature; Expansion of ideas that everything in nature is interconnected; material resources (waste paper).
Didactic games:"Take the trash right." "Separate garbage"

Examination of illustrations on the topic: "Rubbish all around us

GCD on ecology on the topic: "Let's take a smart look at the garbage"

Target: Expanding children's understanding of the recycling of household waste.

Tasks: To cultivate love, respectful and careful attitude towards the nature around us; desire to take good care of her. Familiarization of children with the problems of environmental pollution; with the possibility of recycling waste material. Development of cognitive activity of children in the process of learning about the problems of the city; ability to observe and draw conclusions.Strengthen the ability to intelligently use various materials. Activate the dictionary (sort, waste material, household waste).

Artistic and aesthetic development

Reading environmental stories and fairy tales.

Considering illustrations on the topic:"Save the planet from garbage"

GCD for manual labor (collective)"Vase with daisies made of waste material."

Objectives: To develop respect for the environment. The development of the ability to work in a team together. Consolidation of the ability to work with waste material, use it for the right purposes. Strengthening the ability to create a composition from a vase and flowers.

Socio-communicative development

Help the teacher in cleaning the group room from debris.

Labor assignments:"Help the kids in cleaning the area from garbage." "Cleaning the group area from garbage"

Target: Education of diligence, accuracy, respect for the environment.

Didactic games: "Pick up the trash properly. "Separate garbage"

Speech development

Reading environmental stories and fairy tales

Examination of the illustrations "Garbage around us",

Solving riddles.

Interaction with parents:

Advice for parents « Education in children of senior preschool age of a positive attitude to work.

Organization of a competition of crafts from waste material"The second life of garbage"

Making an exhibition of crafts from waste material"House for a Birdie", "Our Birds".

KVN for cognitive development on the topic: "Second Life of Trash".

Target: To systematize and consolidate children's knowledge about the problem of environmental pollution. Tasks: Formation of children's knowledge about the norms and rules of behavior in the world around them.The development of basic thought processes in children when performing tasks assigned to children.Develop creative imagination and imagination when using waste materialCultivate a sense of responsibility for their behavior in the world around them.Form communicativeskills during joint activities.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

secondary school No. 11

urban district of Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod region

"Trash and its second life"

Primary school department

I've done the work:

3rd grade student "A"

Malyshev Matvey

Scientific adviser:

primary school teacher

MBOU secondary school No. 11

Komkova Maria Gennadievna

2015

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………3

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...4

Main part

Information - research stage……………………………….…….6

Analysis of the survey of schoolchildren………………..………….……………...…9

Waste recycling……………………………………………...10

Creative - practical stage

Practical tips…………………………………………………...……….14

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..…...16

References…………………………………………………………………17

Annex 1……………………………………………………………………….18

Appendix 2…………………………………………………………………….20

Annex 3…………………………………………………………………….21

annotation

My work is devoted to the topic of garbage and its second life. I was very interested this topic. After all, the problem of garbage disposal always worries many, and therefore I decided to find out how to deal with it and find out what can be done from garbage.

Target my job is to learn everything about the methods of waste disposal, to learn through practical work to find a useful use for household waste, thereby making my own contribution to partial recycling and reduction of landfills.

Having set this goal, I outlined the main tasks of your work:

How can waste be recycled?

make useful products from household waste.

Introduction

In the process of life, it is common for a person to leave all sorts of garbage and various waste behind him. Every home produces a huge amount of various household waste, which is eventually thrown into landfills and burned.

The garbage problem last years emerged among others environmental issues in first place. According to experts, at present, each inhabitant of the planet accounts for an average of about one ton of garbage per year. The increase in the amount of household waste is due to the following reasons:

Growth in the production of disposable consumer goods;

Increase in the amount of packaging;

An increase in the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced with new ones.

Most household waste does not biodegrade vivo or has a very long decomposition period. For example, paper takes 2 years to decompose, a tin can takes 90 years, an aluminum cola can takes 500 years, and glass takes over 1,000 years to decompose.

Every day our family throws out a lot of garbage: plastic bottles, food packaging, plastic bags, glass containers for various products, boxes, candy wrappers, etc. Total and do not list. Previously, I did not think about the fact that much of this garbage can get a new use, becoming the basis for the original crafts. And if you throw less garbage, then the environment will be more environmentally friendly.

In Vyksa, there is currently one option for waste disposal - removal to city dump. But does it solve the problem household waste disposal in an ecological sense? No and no again.

Household waste in the form of packaging material pollutes the environment. Most of them do not decompose in natural conditions or have a very long decomposition period. To make the environment cleaner, we need to reduce the number of discarded packages, and for this they need to be given a new life.

And then I decided to conduct a study on the topic: "Garbage and its" second life ".

Objective of the project:

learn all about waste disposal methods.

learn through practical work to find a useful use for household waste, thereby making a feasible contribution to partial recycling and reduction of landfills.

Tasks:

identify what kind of household waste is most in the classroom and at home;

find out which wastes decompose faster;

get acquainted with the ways of "fighting" with household waste, namely with the safest - the method of disposal;

How can waste be recycled?

master new technologies for working with various waste materials;

make useful products from household waste;

Deadlines:

October 2014 - January 2015

My teacher helped me in my work: Komkova M.G. and my mother Malysheva A.Yu..

So, the work consists of several stages:

selection and study of literature;

conducting creative work making crafts from recycled waste.

questioning of students of grades 3 MBOU secondary school No. 11;

performance at class hour in the Z "A" class with practical advice.

Based on the results of the conducted research and on the basis of experiment and questioning, it is possible to give practical advice on the use of the materials of this study.

Main part.

Information - research stage.

Exploring this problem in magazines, encyclopedias, textbooks on ecology, the Internet, I learned that, it turns out, the problem of household waste is relevant for all countries of the world.

It turned out that:

200 thousand years BC e. - the first garbage heaps found by archaeologists.

400 BC e. - in Athens, the first ever municipal landfill was founded.

200 - in Rome there was a city service for garbage collection.

1315 - after a long break in Paris, garbage collection resumed.

1388 - The English Parliament forbade throwing rubbish on the streets.

1775 - The first garbage cans appeared in London.

1800 - The City of New York ordered pigs to be driven onto the streets of the city, which were supposed to eat garbage.

1874 - Organized burning of city garbage begins in Nottingham.

1897 - The first waste sorting and recycling center opens in New York.

1932 - machines that press garbage are invented in the USA.

1942 - in the USSR and the USA, a massive collection of garbage for processing for military purposes begins.

1948 - Fresh Kills landfill opened in New York, still the largest in the world.

1965 - The US Congress passes the Solid Waste Management Act.

2000 - EU countries set a goal to achieve recycling and reuse 50% waste.

On average, each inhabitant of the Earth accumulates about a ton of waste per year, which is more than 5 billion tons. In each country, garbage problems have their own characteristics, but wherever there is garbage, there are also landfills. There are landfills "wild" and specially equipped. "Wild" landfills are well known to all of us. On wastelands, abandoned construction sites, on the edges of forests, along roads and railways, the most diverse garbage is dumped, despite the prohibitions.

Of all this garbage, solid domestic waste poses a serious threat to environmental pollution. Garbage dumps significantly affect all components of the environment and are a powerful pollutant of air, soil, and groundwater. These dumps are also breeding grounds for mice, rats, insects and can become sources of infectious diseases. A special place among household waste is occupied by plastics and synthetic materials, since they are not subject to biological destruction processes and can remain in the environment for a long time. So, for example, a plastic bag left by us will lie in the ground for several centuries. There are no bacteria on Earth that can destroy it. And fragments of glass, cans, bottles are capable of “working” like mines even after 1000 years: in sunny weather, a piece of glass can play the role of a lens and cause a fire. And how many people get injured because of broken glass, which can easily cut through even shoes.

I found out that it takes a very long time for household waste to decompose.

Glass bottles - 1000 years;

Plastic products - 100 years;

Tin cans - 50 - 80 years

Rubber soles of boots - 50 - 40 years;

Skin - 50 years;

Nylon products - 30 - 40 years;

Polyethylene bag - 10 - 20 years;

Batteries - 10 years;

Cigarette butts - 1 - 5 years;

Woolen sock - 1 - 5 years;

Paper - 2 years;

Orange or banana peel-2 - 5 weeks.

During the week we monitored the accumulation of garbage in the classroom and at home.

Paper

Plastic

Glass

Food waste

Textile

Leather, etc. .

Day of the week

House

School

House

School

House

School

House

School

House

School

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

+ :was

- :was not

Conclusion: At home, household waste (paper, plastic, food waste) accumulates the most.

The school mostly accumulates paper.

The amount of household waste is growing every day at a rapid pace. And only 5% of household waste is recycled by the industrial method.

World practice offers the following ways that make it possible to get rid of household waste:

method of burial (in the ground, in water bodies);

combustion method;

disposal.

The first two ways are not harmless to our environment. They carry a serious environmental hazard. The recycling method is the most effective way to solve the problem of getting rid of garbage, but to do this, it is necessary to build recycling plants and change the habitual behavior of people, everyone needs to learn how to sort household waste, as is done, for example, in Germany. There, the batteries of garbage barrels near the houses are painted in 3 colors: gray, yellow, green.

in a gray barrel carry newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes;

in a yellow barrel throw away cans, bottles, plastic, paper, and metal packaging;

the green barrel is for for biodegradable food waste that will later be composted.

In general, the problem of eliminating garbage, namely household waste, is particularly acute in the modern world. To a greater extent, this applies to our country. So, for example, the first waste incineration plant in Russia was built only 102 years after the opening of a similar one in England. And now the number of waste processing plants can be counted on the fingers.

There is so much rubbish all over the place that if do not recycle it, it will cover the entire planet.

Analysis of the survey of schoolchildren.

I conducted a survey among 3rd grade students of MBOU secondary school No. 11.

The pupils were offered a questionnaire (see Appendix 2) about their understanding of the problem of environmental pollution. 49 people participated in the survey. To the first question of the questionnaire about whether they throw garbage into a bin outside the house, 40 people answered that they do, yes, they throw it away, and 9 people that they do not. When asked if children separate garbage, 11 people answered that they do, the rest do not. When asked if they throw away unwanted items in good condition, most said they don't. As it turned out, many guys do not know how garbage is disposed of.

Only 15 people know that there are places for collecting secondary waste in the city.

Based on the results of the study, we can say that not all children know how to dispose of garbage and what can be done from it. Therefore, the indicators of the appearance of new landfills and the increase in size are growing every day.

Waste recycling.

Glass.

Used glassware is very easy to recycle. Undamaged cans and bottles do not need to be recycled, after processing they can be used again for their intended purpose. Broken glass can be remelted.

The bulk of glass waste is not recycled, but is disposed of in landfills.

Scrap metal.

Scrap metal decomposes under the influence of oxygen, eventually forming iron oxide. The rate of decomposition of metal products is in 10-20 years per one millimeter in depth (in fresh water - in 3-5 years, in salt water - in a year or two).

Scrap metal is the most recyclable material. Recycling of scrap metal is of great importance for the economy and the environment. It allows you to unload already depleted ore deposits, reduce fuel costs for smelting the most important metals, as well as significantly reduce associated costs (for example, transportation).

Foil products and aluminum cans can also be recycled. In nature, foil can lie on the ground for up to 20-30 years (and aluminum cans - up to several hundred!), Forming generally harmless aluminum oxide and salts under the action of oxygen. The safest way to dispose of aluminum-based products (not counting remelting) is burial.

Leather.

Even from small, worthless scraps of leather, there is much to be gained.

From the old belt you will get easy-to-make, reliable and non-creaking loops for the lid of the box, easel, casket.

It is easy to make beautiful spines for book bindings from scraps of belts.

A strip of soft thin leather pasted on the inside of a metal watch bracelet will make it more comfortable.

If you are tired of metal and plastic bracelets, then, having mastered the techniques of decorative leather finishing, you can make a comfortable and soft leather watch strap to your taste.

Using the same techniques, it is easy to make a comfortable and durable bookmark out of leather.

Another example is to use absolutely useless skin waste as a protein fertilizer for growing vegetables. Skin scraps are crushed, poured with water, boiled and dried. It turns out a gray powder, which contains 9-14% nitrogen and many valuable trace elements. The free fertilizer turned out to be highly effective: the yield of potatoes increased by 30%, and that of tomatoes - by 35%.

And fodder flour is made from the waste of leather production.

Paper.

Waste paper accounts for 40% of all solid waste and is typically used printed matter consisting of paper (sometimes treated with preservatives), cardboard and ink. Despite the fact that paper decomposes for 2-3 years, it does not cause any harm to nature. However, paints and protective coatings can release substances that are toxic to humans during decomposition.

Waste paper has a great potential for recycling. It is used for the production of paper for various purposes, packaging and building materials. 1 ton of waste paper replaces about 4 cubic meters of wood, so the collection and rational disposal of paper waste will help to significantly reduce deforestation. Old papers are soaked, cleaned and shredded to obtain fibers - cellulose. Further, the process is identical to the process of making paper from timber.

When burning paper waste, harmful dioxides are formed - combustion products of paint and printing ink. This method is not rational for the disposal of this kind of waste.

Plastic.

In the modern world, not a single enterprise can do without the use of polymeric materials. Therefore, the recycling of plastic waste has great potential - it is possible to obtain polymer raw materials used in the manufacture of products from recycled plastic. Products, depending on quality standards, can be made entirely from recycled plastic raw materials, or from a certain proportion of primary and secondary plastic.

Discarded plastic products interfere with gas exchange in soil and water bodies and pose a threat to animals. There are many examples when a swallowed package led to the death of an animal - even whales have died. Plastic containers are resistant to aggressive environments and are not digested by the animal's body.

In addition, plastic releases toxic substances when burned and decomposes, which can take over 100 years.

Food waste.

When food waste is burned, substances harmful to human health are released - dioxides. This once again confirms the need to sort waste before recycling it.

Thus, with proper and timely disposal of organic waste, this type of waste not only does not harm nature, but can also be used as natural fertilizer.

More than half of this waste can be recycled and reused. Let's start with ourselves and try not to litter our planet so much. To do this, we will use at least elementary methods to reduce the amount of garbage.

In Vyksa there is a separate collection of plastic bottles, cardboard and mercury-containing lamps. The nearest such site to us is located in the Central district. (See Appendix 3).

The city operates an organization for the disposal of secondary waste.

In total, there are 68 container sites for separate waste collection on the territory of Vyksa. 11 mesh containers for collecting waste paper and PET bottles have been installed at the following addresses:

M-on Gogol, 19; on st. Art. Razina, d. 9 A; on st. Krasnye Zori, 25A, 33.38 and 45; in the m-one Central, d. 6A; Red Square, 16; st. Vavilina, d. 11 A; m-on Zhukovsky; Anniversary; st. Pushkin.

Ecoboxes for mercury-containing lamps are also located in the city, at container sites at the following addresses:

st. Art. Razina, d. 9 A; m-on Zhukovsky (behind school No. 9); m-on Gogol (mag. "Okeanchik"); m-on Yubileiny, 10 (near the kindergarten). There are plans to install more on the street. Belyakova, d.28; st. Pushkin in the Mag. "Order", as well as on the territory of the district in r.p. Doschatoe, p. Novodmitrievka and Druzhba village.

Even JSC VSW is implementing a project to separate collection waste belonging to the category of secondary materials.

Creative - practical stage.

Practical advice.

So, having studied the literature on the use and disposal of garbage, I found out different kinds recycling and spoke to the children of the 3rd grade with practical advice.

Glass can be recycled an unlimited number of times. As a rule, it is sorted by color, cleaned, melted down and reused: new bottles, decorative ornaments and even flooring are produced.

Hand over bottles and jars to glass container collection points. If you throw them away, then put them in a separate bag and put them next to the trash can for others to turn them in.

Canning aluminum banks from drinks can be melted down into new cans. Steel cans are used in the production of various parts.

In Russia, unfortunately, aluminum and steel are processed only in industry, and there are few places where cans can be collected. Therefore, just do not leave cans of drinks anywhere, but throw them in the trash.

Plastic bottles can be recycled and used again. In some countries, furniture and accessories are made from remelted bottles. The best solution is to sort the garbage. For this, containers for selective waste are already appearing. For plastic bottles the yellow tank is intended. In some areas there are collection points for plastic bottles.

Cardboard packaging Juices are the most difficult to recycle, because they usually consist of a layer of aluminum foil or polyethylene in addition to cardboard to keep liquid out. If you are relaxing outside the city, then do not throw such packages into a local landfill, but burn them at the stake.

Plastic bags buyers take at the checkouts of supermarkets. Tens of billions of non-recyclable bags are used every year. Try not to take extra bags at the supermarket. Even better: go back to the Soviet-era tradition and go to the store with your own bag.

Paper and cardboard make up about 1/3 of the household waste that we throw away. They are the easiest to recycle and use again. In Soviet times, waste paper was accepted in every district. At present, in Russia, the organizations that do this accept mainly large parties. But you can hand over the accumulated paper and cardboard free of charge by bringing them yourself to the collection point.

Fabric products, which we throw away every year, are mostly good clothes, which, according to objective characteristics, can still be worn. Clothes that are out of fashion, curtains, tablecloths can be donated to homeless shelters or churches, from where these things will get to those who need them. New things can be donated to an orphanage or boarding school.

And just try not to buy superfluous and useless goods, calculate the amount of material required for your needs.

In addition, I suggested my own way of recycling used items and things.

There are no unnecessary things, but there is little imagination!

Technological map for the manufacture of decorative items.

stage number

Sequence of work.

Tools and fixtures

waste material

Disks CD ; banks; used deodorant balls; plastic wine glasses, jar lids; email light bulbs; wallpaper cuts.

Create a sketch

Simple pencil and eraser

Additional material

Satin ribbons; plasticine; acrylic paints, stained glass; nail polish; PVA glue; napkins; lace trims; leftovers from gift wrapping, stickers.

Sticking waste material, cutting a hole

Glue, scissors, tape, stationery knife.

Painting products

Acrylic, stained glass paints, nail polish

An example of my work can be seen in Appendix 1.

Here you will see items that can serve you for some time. Can be used as a souvenir, as a vase, decanter, or as a decorative interior decoration.

Another important result of my research work is that I learned a lot of new and interesting things about household waste, as well as learned how to work with different materials (plastic, cellophane, glass, and others) and shared my discoveries with my classmates.

Conclusion

Working on the project, I seriously thought about the problem of environmental pollution with household waste and realized that every family can partially solve this problem. And for this you need to dream up a little and make wonderful items from used packages that can be useful, decorate home interior, be a good gift for friends and family

As a result of research on the use of solid waste in the home, extending the life of plastic bottles, tetra packs, cans and other packaging material, I came to the following conclusions:

economic (save family budget, creating unusual crafts with your own hands that can please relatives and friends);

aesthetic (we enjoy creating various products with our own hands);

ecological (by extending the life of plastic bottles and other packaging material, we do not litter the environment!)

At the end of my research, I spoke to the children of grade 3, where I talked about the use of recycled waste and the manufacture of various crafts from it.

Bibliography.

1. Gomarovich E.S. "What the city breathes." M .: "Chemistry", 1990

2. Zakhlebny A.N. "A Book to Read on Conservation". M.: Enlightenment, 1986

3. Konopleva N.P. "Second life of things". "Enlightenment", Moscow, 1993

4. Protasov V.F. "Ecology, health and environmental protection in Russia", M.: "Finance and statistics", 2001

5. Rodionov S.K. etc. "What is garbage". M .: "Chemistry", 1991

6. Hoefling G. "Anxiety in 2000". M.: "Thought", 1990

7. Khotuntsev Yu. L. “Man, technology, environment”. M.: "Sustainable world", 2001

Internet resources

Istoknn.ru /ustanovka-kontejnerov-v-vykse

Vyksa.RF

Attachment 1

Materials for making crafts.

My finished crafts

Annex 2

Questionnaire for students of grades 3 MBOU secondary school No. 11

Questions

Yes

Do you throw garbage in a bin outside the house?

Do you separate garbage before throwing it away?

Do you throw away unnecessary things: equipment, clothes, shoes, toys, in good condition?

Do you know how garbage is disposed of?

Do you know how trash can be recycled?

Do you know what can be made from household waste?

Do you often buy things that soon become unnecessary?

Do you know where in our city there are places for collecting secondary waste (plastic bottles, cardboard, paper, mercury-containing lamps)?

Appendix 3

Me, looking for waste bins in the city of Vyksa

Hypothesis:  prove that household waste can be given a “second life”, or at least extend the life of plastic bottles, cans and other packaging material, by making crafts with your own hands that will become a real work of art.

The problem of garbage  in recent years, among other environmental problems, the problem of garbage has come to the fore. According to experts, at present, each inhabitant of the planet accounts for an average of about one ton of garbage per year. AT Russian Federation more than 140 million cubic meters are formed annually. m of such waste and only 5% is recycled, and the rest is taken to landfills for storage. The increase in the amount of household waste is due to the following reasons:  growth in the production of disposable consumer goods;  increase in the amount of packaging;  - an increase in the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced

Types of household waste:  - Food leftovers  - Paper (newspapers, magazines, packaging materials)  - Glass (bottles, broken cans)  - Textiles ( old clothes, bed linen)  - Rubber ( car tires)  - Polymers (disposable tableware, plastic bags, plastic bottles)  - Ferrous and non-ferrous metals (cans).

Terms of decomposition of household waste. I found out that it takes a very long time for household waste to decompose. Glass bottles 1000 years old; Plastic products 100 years; Tin cans - 50 80 years Rubber soles of boots - 4050 years; Leather goods 50 years; Nylon products - 30 40 years; Polyethylene bag - 10 20 years; Batteries 10 years; Cigarette butts 1 – 5 years; Woolen sock 1 - 5 years; Paper 2 years; Orange or banana peel 2 5 weeks.

Ways of disposal of household waste. To date, there are the following methods that make it possible to get rid of household waste: The method of burial is the most cheap way get rid of waste. In this case, the garbage is simply buried in the ground or dumped on it and covered with earth. Incineration method - when household waste is burned, a lot of toxic substances enter the air. The first two ways are not harmless to our environment. They carry a serious environmental hazard. Recycling is the most effective way to solve the problem of getting rid of garbage, but FOR THIS it is necessary to build recycling plants and change the habitual behavior of people, everyone learns to sort household waste, as is done, for example, in Germany. There, the batteries of garbage barrels near the houses are painted in 3 colors: gray, yellow, green. Recycling. I will tell you more about the recycling method.

Carton boxes. After moving or buying household appliances there are often many cardboard boxes left. Crafts from the waste of such cardboard can be of completely different scales and purposes. You can make a small toy house and decorate it with colored pencils. A few boxes, a roll of duct tape and a little imagination are all you need to build a complete playroom.

Disposable tableware is a great material for creating wonderful children's crafts. Using spoons, forks and plates, you can make a lot of different crafts. Plasticine and colored paper will help to decorate the plate and turn it into a wall panel. And pieces of fabric will turn plastic forks into beautiful fans. Spoons can be used to create interesting flowers for bouquets or paintings.

Burnt out old light bulbs are often used to create children's New Year's crafts, namely for the manufacture of Christmas toys. For the transformation of light bulbs, beadwork and painting are used. You can paint a light bulb and make a beautiful Christmas tree toy in the form of a penguin or a snowman out of it. You can also make a bell out of a yogurt cup by decorating it with sparkles, colored paper, beads and satin bows.

CONCLUSION: I proved that household waste has a second life. It does not require any resources, you only need an idea, imagination, patience and hands that will bring everything to life. Unusual compositions made of old things make city streets more beautiful, making passers-by wonder, cause a smile, and sometimes just delight. how big a problem is the "invasion" of garbage on our planet. If you throw less garbage, then the environment will be more As a result of the research work, it became clear to me that it is environmentally friendly. More than half of the garbage can be recycled and reused. And not one person should stand aside! Everyone can contribute and help nature in recycling waste. There is no need to wait for scientists to come up with trace elements that can speed up the decomposition of things like glass, wheel tires, plastic bottles.