City transport in Germany. Practical work electric transport

Many people traveling abroad find themselves unpleasantly surprised by the high prices of public transport, which often turns into an unplanned and impressive expense item. For travelers who want to avoid unnecessary expenses, we have compiled a selection of cities in the world where tourists can use public transport absolutely free.

Discussions about abolishing tolls are underway long years in many countries of the world. Advocates are especially active in favor of this initiative. environment: the introduction of free public transport could radically reduce the number of cars, thereby affecting the problems of global warming, air pollution, noise. The number of traffic jams and accidents on the roads and the psychological stress associated with them would be reduced, the problem of parking would be solved. Low-income categories of the population would receive greater mobility.

However, these prospects are overshadowed by a number of practical problems. First of all, free public transport is a serious burden on the state budget. In addition, the increase in the number of passengers leads to the fact that it becomes difficult for drivers to comply with the schedule and maintain public order. An increasing number of individuals use transport not to get to their destination, but to take time or for fun.

Thus, the question of the introduction of free travel remains open. Many cities get out of the situation by making a compromise solution: introducing free travel only for their residents, as in Tallinn, or for special categories of the population - for example, pensioners.

We will talk about some cities where both locals and foreigners can use public transport for free.

Melbourne, Australia

A pleasant surprise for visitors to this vibrant and dynamic Australian metropolis is that trams in the central CBD area are free. This is very convenient, given that the tram network covers the entire area of ​​​​the center, and getting from one attraction to another is not difficult. However, you need to remain vigilant and do not go beyond the circle line - you still have to pay for travel outside the CBD.

Trams deserve a special mention, running on route 35 around the CBD every 12 minutes. They are designed in the style of the historic W-class trams that appeared in Melbourne in 1923, and allow you to go around the city center along the perimeter, considering the sights you meet along the way: the Old Treasury, the Houses of Parliament and the Princess Theatre. The tram makes a full circle in 50 minutes. It is a convenient and free way to get to popular tourist spots, shops, work and events.

The Metroshuttle are free buses that connect the main train stations, car parks, shopping and business areas in Manchester city centre. They move along three routes every 8-10 minutes daily and allow you to quickly and easily get to any popular point in the city center. More information and a route map can be found on the website.

Rotherham, UK

Skuodas, Lithuania

Since 2015, the Lithuanian town of Skuodas, like some other cities in the Baltics, provides locals and visitors with the right to use public transport for free. As planned, the initiative should help increase the popularity of public transport and improve the ecology of the city.

Velenje, Slovenia

Velenje is the sixth largest city in Slovenia with approximately 34,000 inhabitants. The Lokalc free yellow bus system offers 6 routes with 15-minute intervals on the busiest sections (hourly on weekends and holidays). Buses depart from the main bus station from 6.03 to 20.03.

Mons, Belgium

In the pretty Belgian city of Mons, located 50 km southwest of Brussels and famous for its universities, museums and tennis tournaments, you can ride the Mons Intra Muros bus for free. The initiative is designed to make it easier for residents and tourists to move around the city and reduce the amount of transport in the center.

Since 2001, all 7 bus routes in the Breton town of Vitre in France are completely free for 16,000 local residents and tourists. All of them leave from the main railway station. This is an excellent opportunity to visit the most picturesque medieval town, about which Henry IV once said: “If I were not the king of France, I would like to be a bourgeois in Vitre!”

Livigno, Italy

Going to one of the biggest ski resorts Italy Livigno, tourists can enjoy skiing and snowboarding, but also on free buses. Four bus lines (blue, green, red, yellow) operate from 7.30 to 20.00 hourly (with more frequency during the high season).

Geneva, Switzerland

When you arrive in Geneva, you should not forget to take a free ticket for public transport in Zone 10, which is valid for 80 minutes. The ticket machine is located in the baggage claim area and does not require any identification - you just need to press a button. With this ticket, you can get to the city center by train, bus, tram or mouette - a yellow water taxi.

However, the hospitality of Geneva is not limited to this: when staying in a hotel, hostel or campsite, visitors are entitled to a personal and non-transferable free Geneva Transport Card ticket, which allows you to use the entire transport system of Geneva during the visit. You should ask the reception staff about it.

Kuala Lumpur is a large and contrasting city, a vibrant mix of cultures and lifestyles. GO KL City Bus - free buses plying the central business district of the Malaysian capital (CBD). The program was launched by the government over the protests of taxi owners to make it easier for the population to access public transport, increase mobility and reduce the number of cars in the CBD during peak hours. Buses run from 6 am to 11 pm with a frequency of 5 minutes during the busiest hours and with a 15-minute interval at other times.

In total, there are now more than 280 trolleybus systems in the world - purely urban and, in some cases, intercity. The vast majority of them are in Russia, Ukraine, China and other post-Soviet countries. At the same time, there are trolleybus systems in developed countries, primarily in Switzerland and Italy.

At one time - in the 1930-1940s. The trolleybus was widely used throughout the world, the largest number of trolleybus systems were then available in the USA and Germany, there were many of them in Great Britain and France. The then trolleybus was more efficient in urban conditions compared to the bus - due to more powerful and compact electric motors compared to internal combustion engines. At the same time, the trolleybus turned out to be more spacious, comfortable and dynamic.

However, already in the 1960s, the "sunset" of the trolleybus began in developed countries. This coincided in time with the advent of more advanced new generation buses, and with the obsolescence and technical obsolescence of second generation trolleybuses produced in the 1930s and early 1950s. In fact, instead of replacing old trolleybuses with new ones, they were replaced with buses. This is partly due to the fact that in the West the trolleybus is perceived not as a separate type of urban transport, but simply as a bus "tied" to the contact network. As a result, in the USA, Canada, Germany, France, out of dozens or even hundreds of trolleybus systems, only a few survived, and in the UK it disappeared altogether.

Double-decker trolleybuses in London. The trolleybus in the capital of Great Britain worked from 1931 to 1962. Photo from the monograph "London Trolleybus" by Ken Blacker.

In the USSR and dependent countries, the situation was somewhat different. At first, the trolleybus was built either as a replacement for the tram, or as an alternative to the then few, small and weak buses. And even in the 1960s and 1970s, the quantity and quality of Soviet buses did not allow abandoning the trolleybus. In addition, in the already existing trolleybus systems, the planned economy made it possible to regularly update the rolling stock. At the same time, the presence of a trolley bus emphasized the status of any regional center or even just a small city with a developed heavy industry and the presence of passenger traffic.

The "rural" trolleybus in Dobropolye in the Donbass was actually built for the mass transportation of miners to several mines. Photo: Yuri Maller

Even in such conditions, a number of European cities, including the socialist camp, deliberately abandoned the development of the trolley bus in favor of the tram. These are Helsinki, Warsaw, Prague, Vienna, where trolleybuses worked until the early 1970s. Then, as the technical obsolescence of the trolleybuses themselves, they were eliminated, which was more than offset by the emergence of new modern spacious trams, including multi-section ones, and the construction of new lines. European capitals such as London and Paris, which had very extensive metro networks, abandoned trolleybuses in favor of buses.

Škoda trolleybuses in Prague, 1970. Trolleybus lines operated from 1936 to 1972. Photo by Tomáš Dvořák

Only in the 1970s did the world think about the environmental friendliness of trolleybuses compared to buses - which gave impetus to the preservation of the old trolleybus systems that remained at that time and, in some cases, the construction of new ones. However, the emergence in the late 1980s. low-floor trams and their high carrying capacity have become the reason that in the developed countries of the world, even in the era of the energy crisis and the struggle for a clean environment, the trolleybus again did not receive mass development. Almost all cities that had the opportunity to develop electric transport from scratch took build a tram.

Trolleybus in Solingen, Germany - a unique dead-end terminal with a turntable. Currently, this trolleybus built in 1987 operates in Mariupol. Photo: Jurgen Lehmann

The exception is Switzerland, where almost all trolleybus systems that were opened several decades ago have been preserved. The point is the mountainous terrain of these cities, where buses were inefficient until the 1970s, the availability of cheap electricity from hydroelectric power plants and, for some time, the environmental factor. As a result, Switzerland currently operates some of the most advanced trolleybuses in the world, including three-section ones.

Three-section trolleybus model "Hess LightTram" in Geneva, photo www.transphoto.ru, user Anter

The collapse of the USSR and the Warsaw Pact put an end to the planned economy, as a result of which dozens of trolleybus systems closed in a number of post-Soviet countries, as well as in Romania and Bulgaria in the 1990s and after 2000. As a rule, in many cities the constant renewal of the rolling stock was stopped. And the old one, with a low quality of service, wore out rather quickly. Together with the unprofitability of carrier enterprises, this made the closure of such systems only a matter of time. It is for these reasons that the trolleybus and electric transport were completely eliminated in Azerbaijan and Georgia, and almost completely in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

An old trolleybus "Skoda-9tr" in Gori against the backdrop of the monument to Stalin, 2010 - a few months before the traffic was stopped. Photo: Yuri Anisimov.

China stands apart in terms of shutting down trolleybus systems - they are replacing “horned” ones with electric buses, despite the fact that a full-fledged metro is being built in the corridors of former trolleybus routes, such as in Harbin.

At present, the development of trackless electric transport around the world has gone along the vector of introducing electric buses. In China alone, there are already about 220 thousand of them, while in a number of cities electric buses are already replacing conventional buses. Electric buses combine the environmental friendliness of a trolleybus with maneuverability and independence from the contact network of the bus. But, so far, in Europe, an electric bus costs at least twice as much as a diesel bus of the same capacity and one and a half times more expensive than a trolleybus. However, when creating an electric transport system from scratch, the higher cost of electric buses is offset by savings on infrastructure - instead of building a contact network and numerous traction substations, it is enough to get by with powerful charging stations at the depot and at key final stops.

An electric bus in Beijing, photo www.fotobus.msk.ru, user sansanich

At the same time, the presence of the already existing trolleybus infrastructure makes it unprofitable to abandon it in favor of any other mode of transport. On the contrary, such an infrastructure makes it possible to use ordinary trolleybuses or trolleybuses with the possibility of autonomous running in parallel with the introduction of electric buses. The option with the presence of autonomous trolleybuses is implemented using batteries - a full-fledged electric bus is obtained with a power reserve of 10 to 70 kilometers and the ability to work and recharge from a contact network. There are trolleybuses equipped with diesel generators or a parallel diesel power plant - the so-called duobuses.

Trolleybus model "BKM-321" follows the route autonomously from a diesel generator, Brest, Belarus, photo Ivan Voiteshonok

Thus, for the development of electric buses in those cities where there is no trolleybus infrastructure, "clean" electric buses are preferable. But in cities where there is already a trolleybus infrastructure, the introduction of trolleybuses with autonomous batteries looks more justified - in order to be able to work both in the form of a conventional trolleybus and an electric bus without a contact network.

Trolleybus model "BKM-321" with the option of autonomous running from batteries - at the airport in Chisinau, photo www.transphoto.ru, user IvanMorgan

In statistics, we see that in the 21st century the number of newly built trolleybus systems is relatively small - literally a few. A large number of such systems in Italy is explained by the extremely lengthy and bureaucratic reconstruction of old systems that had exhausted their resources by the 1990s. - as a result, it turns out not even the reconstruction of the old system, but the creation of it anew along the same route. In Russia, several trolleybus systems were opened in rather large cities of the near Moscow region - Khimki (1997), Vidnoe, Podolsk, as well as an "image" system for local authorities in Syzran. The number of newly opened trolleybus systems sharply loses to the number of new tram networks - for reasons of greater status, carrying capacity and long-term payback of rail transport.

Trolleybus closures most affected countries former USSR as well as Romania and Bulgaria. Russia stands apart, where the mass liquidation of trolleybus systems is just beginning. This is affected by the planned unprofitability of the trolleybus, multiplied by the lack of subsidies and the lack of interest of local authorities in the operation of the trolleybus for a number of reasons, among which is the lobbying of private bus carriers. The sharp reduction in local budgets also has an effect due to the depreciation of the ruble since 2014, which, by a strange coincidence, coincided with the introduction of economic sanctions against Russia for aggression against Ukraine.

In Ukraine, there is both the creation from scratch of a new trolleybus system in Kerch, and the closure due to the lack of subsidies, the lack of maintenance of the old rolling stock and the purchase of new small trolleybus systems in the small depressed cities of Donbass - Krasnoarmeysk, where the trolleybus was liquidated, must also be added to the list in the 1990s. A small trolleybus system in Uglegorsk, destroyed during the fighting in 2014 during the offensive of terrorist Russian troops, stands apart.

Discoveries

Venezuela:
Barquisimeto - 2012
Merida - 2006

Merida trolleybus connecting the city with the airport and capable of disembarking passengers only at specially equipped terminals, photo by Georgy Krasnikov

Italy
Avellino - under construction since 2009, the first trolleybus system operated in 1947-1973.
Bari - under construction since 2009, first system operated until 1987
Genoa - 2002 - before that in 1997-2000 the trolleybus worked, it is open after a break in work.
Chieti - 2011-2013 - restored through a long-term modernization of the old trolleybus system, which has been carried out since 1992.
Lecce - 2012
Modena - 2000 - restoration after the modernization of the old system in 1996-2000.
Pescara - 2017, construction underway since 2009
Rome - 2005

Most of the modern trolleybuses in Rome are Polish-made "Solaris Trollino 18", in the city center they operate without a contact network from batteries. Photo www.transphoto.ru, user Santehnik

Spain:
Castellón de la Plana - 2008

The most innovative trolleybus in the world operates in the Spanish city of Castellón de la Plana: it travels along a dedicated lane with an optical automatic traffic direction system, the driver practically does not interfere in control, photo Alexander Prodan.

China:
Baoding - 2000

Colombia:
Medellin - 2011 - experimental line at the university

Morocco:
Marrakech - 2017 (under construction)

Russia:
Prominent - 2000
Podolsk - 2001
Syzran - 2002

In Vidnoye, near Moscow, there is the only Bogdan trolleybus in the whole of Russia - in 2013, Transmashholding tried to assemble these trolleybuses under the Comfort brand under a license, photo www.transphoto.ru, user Rezident

Romania:
Vaslui - 2016 - restored after closing in 2009

The world's most luxurious trolleybuses operate in Saudi Arabia, photo: Viseon Bus GmbH

USA:
Philadelphia - 2008 - after a hiatus for network upgrades since 2003

Turkey:
Malatya - 2015

In Turkish Malatya, the unofficial "apricot" capital of the world, three-section trolleybuses of local production are the main type of urban transport, photo Yury Maller

Ukraine:
Kerch - 2004

September 12, 2009 - the second trolleybus line to the station is opened in Kerch on the day of the city, photo wwwtransphoto.ru, user Anton

Sweden:
Landskrona - 2003

closures

Austria
Innsbruck - 2007 - replaced by new tram lines
Kapfenberg - 2002

Shutdown of trolleybus traffic in Innsbruck, photo by Frank Hohmann

Azerbaijan, urban electric transport has been completely eliminated:
Baku - 2006
Ganja - 2004
Mingachevir - 2006
Nakhichevan - 2004
Sumgait - 2005

Trolleybus on the last route to Baku, 2006, photo by Marcin Stiasny

Argentina:
Mendoza - 2017 (official plan)

Armenia:
Gyumri - 2005

Belgium:
Gent - 2009

Bulgaria:
Veliko Tarnovo - 2009
Gabrovo - 2013
Dobrich - 2014
Pernik - 2015
Plovdiv - 2012

Decommissioned cars from the Canadian Edmonton were bought there specifically for the restoration of the work of trolleybuses in Plovdiv, but they were not cleared and arrested in the port of Burgas. Most of the closed trolleybus systems in Bulgaria stopped working due to the unwillingness of the transport workers themselves to carry passengers and change the style of work, together with the lack of a clear policy for the development of urban transport from local authorities. Photo by Yuri Maller.

Brazil:
Ararakuara - 2000
Recife - 2001

Georgia, electric transport is completely destroyed:
Batumi - 2005
Gori - 2010
Zugdidi - 2009
Kutaisi - 2009
Ozurgeti - 2006
Poti - 2004
Rustavi - 2009
Samtredia - 2000
Tbilisi - 2006
Chiatura - 2008

Trolleybuses in Georgia, except for Tbilisi and Gori, often did not even have a depot, they were repaired simply in a fenced area or even on the street. By the end of the operation of some systems, trolleybuses acquired such appearance that it was scary to ride in them. During the presidency of Mikheil Saakashvili in the period from 2003 to 2010, electric transport in the cities of Georgia was completely destroyed. In the photo - a trolleybus in Batumi, 2003, by Peter Haseldine. Kathmandu - 2008

One of the most exotic trolleybus systems in the world, in the capital of Nepal, operated on old Chinese low-capacity trolleybuses, photo Stefan Mashkevich.

New Zealand:

Wellington - 2017 (official plan)

The capital of New Zealand has some of the most original trolleybuses in the world. The system is scheduled for closure due to wear and tear of the rolling stock, during the construction of which old electric motors and other parts from decommissioned trolleybuses were used, and organizational difficulties in the work of the carrier, customer and maintenance of the contact network. Photo by Andrew Surgenor

Russia:
Arkhangelsk - 2008
Blagoveshchensk - 2016
Vladikavkaz - 2010
Kurgan - 2015
Syzran - 2009
Mines - 2007

Romania:
Vaslui - 2009
Constanta - 2010
Satu Mare - 2005
Sibiu - 2009
Slatina - 2006
Suceava - 2005
Targovishte - 2005
Iasi - 2006

Many cities in Romania have purchased used trolleybuses from Switzerland and Germany. As they wore out, as well as the wear and tear of Romanian-made trolleybuses, which were initially of poor quality, the operation of trolleybuses ceased in many cities. Pictured is an old Swiss trolleybus in Sibiu, photo by André Knoerr.

North Korea:
Wonsan - 2011
Kim Chaek - 2011
Nampo - 2009

Abandoned trolleybuses stand right at the final stop at the train station in Wonsan, 5 years after the cessation of work, photo by Yuri Anisimov.

Uzbekistan:
Almalyk - 2009
Andijan - 2002
Bukhara - 2005
Jizzakh - 2010
Namangan - 2010
Nukus - 2007
Samarkand - 2005
Tashkent - 2010
Fergana - 2003

Ukraine:
Dobropolye - 2011 - had the status of the most small town with trolleybus traffic
Stakhanov - 2010
Toretsk - 2007
Uglegorsk - 2014 - trolleybus system destroyed as a result of hostilities.

Shot and looted trolleybuses of Uglegorsk, December 2015, photo - one of the so-called news sites of the so-called "republic".

Tajikistan:
Khujand - 2009-2013

Turkmenistan:
Ashgabat - 2012

Several years after the cessation of work, dozens of operational trolleybuses still remain in Ashgabat, photo www.tomkad.livejournal.com

France:
Marseille - 2004 - replaced by tram

Switzerland:
Lugano - 2001

Ecuador:
Quito - 2017 (official plan)

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1. Urban transport, its development abroad

Urban transport - a set of vehicles designed to transport passengers and goods within the city, as well as to the suburban area and back; one of the most important branches of the urban economy, which largely determines the degree of improvement of the city and the convenience of living in it.

Passenger urban transport includes: mass transport plying on predetermined routes - subway, tram, trolley bus, bus, suburban railway trains within the urban area, fixed-route taxis, river trams, ferries, funiculars, escalators; cars and motorized carriages, motorcycles, scooters and bicycles.

Freight urban transport: freight trams and trolleybuses; trucks; horse-drawn carts; siding trains railways.

Urban transport is part of a multifunctional urban economy. The need for mass urban transport arose in the 18th century, when the largest cities in the world reached considerable size, and their further development was hampered by the lack of vehicles providing communication between the main areas of the city.

Urban transport, performing the functions of communication between the main elements of the city, is bound to ensure the transportation of people and goods, save time and energy spent on movement, subject to the safety of traffic and pedestrians.

In modern, especially large cities, various types of urban passenger transport are widely used in passenger transportation. Let us give a description of the main types of urban passenger transport.

The subway is an off-street electric transport, characterized by high carrying capacity and providing fast, safe and comfortable communication. The carrying capacity of the subway can reach 40-50 thousand passengers per hour in one direction. Subways are divided into underground, surface and elevated. Elevating subways can be deep and shallow. Ground subways are arranged only on a separate, isolated canvas with the intersection of other transport lines and streets at different levels. Elevated metro routes run along flyovers or embankments.

In terms of investment, the subway is the most expensive mode of transport, and therefore it is built only in the largest cities with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants in areas with powerful and stable passenger flows. Passenger traffic is the movement of passengers along a certain part of the transport network.

On some lines, automatic train control or speed control is possible. Abroad (in England, Switzerland, the USA and other countries) there is a freight underground (in London, 10.5 km of underground lines connect two post offices with the largest communications enterprises; Chicago freight underground, 100 km long, includes three coal loading stations and 96 lifts for vertical transportation of goods, it is connected with warehouses, commodity depots, railway stations). Moscow, Berlin, Warsaw, Sofia, Zurich and other cities have local systems of underground tunnels for cargo and mail, which significantly reduces the need for ground transport. In some countries, a high-speed subway is being built (sometimes parallel to existing lines for their unloading) for faster communication with remote areas, for example RER in Paris, BART in San Francisco.

Thanks to the subway, the problem of mass high-speed transportation of passengers is being solved, which is beyond the power of street transport.

A tram is a street rail type of transport with a common or separate trackbed, mainly ground-based. The carrying capacity of the tram is in the range of 12-15 thousand passengers per hour. In terms of carrying capacity, this is the second type of urban passenger transport after the subway. The tram is economical in terms of operating costs and an environmentally friendly type of urban transport. However, its maneuverability compared to other street modes of transport is low, malfunctions cause traffic jams and congestion, it creates noise. Therefore, in 1950-1960. the importance of the tram as a mass public transport began to decrease, and in many cities the tram industry began to be curtailed. The tram needs a separate subgrade for movement, which occupies a significant width of the street and creates serious difficulties in organizing the movement of road transport. This is the main reason for the decrease in the density of the tram network in large cities. However, due to the large carrying capacity, the tram will remain the main type of passenger transport for a long time in the industrial zones of large cities with a population of more than 500 thousand people. and throughout the cities with a population of more than 250 thousand people.

The last ten years have become the era of a real tram boom. For example, in the UK, where in the late 1980s there were trams in only one city (Blackpool), trams are now open in five cities: Manchester, Birmingham, Nottingham, Sheffield and Croydon (a suburb of London). Plans to revive tram service are being considered in Liverpool, Edinburgh and London (in the city centre). In France, trams have again taken to the streets of Bordeaux, Lyon, Montpellier, Orleans and other cities, and trams are currently being built in four more cities.

Also, new tram systems were opened in Ireland (Dublin, 2004, before that there were no trams in Ireland), Italy (Messina), Spain (Barcelona, ​​Bilbao) and other countries. However, at the same time, a new competitor to the tram appeared in France, the so-called "tram on tires" (fr. Tramway sur pneus).

Tram on tires, a recently emerged type of urban public transport, combining the properties of a spurbus, trolleybus and tram. At present, tram lines on tires are open in France (Nancy, Caen), China (Tianjin and Shanghai), Italy (Padua, under construction in the mainland of Venice), under construction in Douai (France), planned for construction in the Paris region, USA (Las Vegas). It was proposed to build lines in Kazakhstan (Alma-Ata and Astana), Russia (Noginsk and Yaroslavl).

In addition, there is the concept of light rail transport, LRT (English Light Rail Transit, LRT). Light rail refers to railway systems that are predominantly off-street passenger systems, built to lightweight standards and using more economical engineering solutions compared to railway and "classic" metro. LRT is distinguished from the tram by a higher degree of isolation, and from the metro by the use of lighter rolling stock and lower construction costs due to the minimization of expensive underground work. The boundaries between LRT and trams, as well as between LRT and classical metro or railway, are blurred due to the wide variety of types of rail transport systems.

A trolleybus is a railless type of transport with power supply from an overhead contact network. Its carrying capacity is 8 - 9 thousand passengers per hour. Trolleybuses are inexpensive to operate, simple and reliable, environmentally friendly, and have high dynamic qualities. However, the construction of a contact network requires certain costs, it clutters up the streets and worsens their appearance, communication with the contact network limits maneuverability and does not allow rolling stock to operate with different traffic modes.

It is advisable to use a trolleybus in cities with a population of more than 250 thousand inhabitants on lines with stable passenger flows of at least 2 - 2.5 thousand passengers per hour as both the main and auxiliary means of transport.

Until recently, it seemed that the trolleybus would not have a significant future, however, the global trend to develop electric transport for passenger transportation in cities had a positive effect on the attitude of the authorities of Russian cities to the trolleybus. New lines are being built in the country, new modern trolleybuses are being created that meet international requirements for safety, comfort, and convenience for people with disabilities.

A bus is a trackless street type of transport with an autonomous power supply, which has high maneuverability and does not require the construction of special track devices. The carrying capacity of bus transport is 9-10 thousand passengers per hour. The bus provides an opportunity to easily change the route network in accordance with fluctuations in passenger traffic and organize routes in new residential areas.

The bus is the only mode of transport in small towns and workers' settlements with relatively small passenger traffic and is auxiliary on the supply and delivery routes in large and largest cities.

The advantages of the bus include great maneuverability; autonomy (independence from the operation of other modes of transport); operation on a common road network (does not require specially adapted tracks, which minimizes capital investments); the use of various transportation technologies by regular, express, semi-express; ease of exit-entry of passengers on the sidewalk; easier organization of emergency transportation in any direction.

The disadvantages of the bus are a small carrying capacity, high cost, air pollution with exhaust gases, the difficulty of starting a gasoline or diesel engine in winter, closed storage requirement, high fuel consumption.

Due to the advantages of bus transport over other types and, despite its inherent shortcomings, it has become widespread.

Taxi is an urban transport that is used primarily for emergency trips and during public transport breaks (for example, at night, when transporting passengers with children, sick people, for trips to railway stations, airports and river (sea) ports, for transportation of small consignments of luggage, etc.).

Taxi is not intended for mass commuting. It provides a small flow of passengers around the clock. Medium range trips within the city 38 km. Hiring a taxi can be done at specially allocated parking lots, but more often at the request of a passenger when following a taxi car in the general traffic flow. Calling a taxi through a special dispatch service is widespread.

The desire to reduce the cost of power supply systems and free the streets from contact connections has led to attempts to create a trolleyless electric transport of trolleybuses with battery engines (the so-called electric buses or accubuses) or with electric motors powered by induction current from an underground cable.

Combined (by drive) types of urban transport are of limited use: trolleybus-buses, trolleybus-accubuses and diesel-electric buses. AT big cities multi-seat helicopters and monorails are beginning to be used; new types of off-street transport. It is advisable to use them to connect cities with suburbs, airfields and remote industrial enterprises.

The current stage of development of urban transport is characterized, on the one hand, by the improvement of all types of street transport - buses, trolleybuses and trams, and on the other hand, by the development of off-street modes of transport - the subway.

At the same time, there is a search for more advanced solutions in terms of organizing traffic, increasing the capacity of the city's transport network, creating special transport interchanges, urban express roads, and introducing new modes of transport.

Task 1

The fleet has 50 vehicles with a carrying capacity of 4 tons and 80 vehicles of 6 tons. Determine the average load capacity of vehicles.

Solution:

The average carrying capacity of vehicles is determined by the formula:

,

where A c is the list number of cars; q - carrying capacity of cars.

= 5.2 tons

Task 2

Determine the navigation time, the coefficient of the ship's running time, the coefficient of the use of calendar time, if the ship is out of operation for 160 days a year. The parking time for navigation was 50 days.

Solution:

Navigation time is determined by the formula:

T e \u003d T k - T ne,

where T to - calendar time, days; Tne - the time the ship was out of service during the course, days.

T e \u003d T k - T ne \u003d 365 - 160 \u003d 205 days.

The running time coefficient is determined by the formula:

E x \u003d T dv / T e,

where T dv - the time of the vessel's movement for navigation.

The time of the ship's movement for navigation is found by the formula:

T dv \u003d T e - T st,

where T st - parking time for navigation, days.

T dv \u003d 205 - 50 \u003d 155 days.

Running time ratio:

E x \u003d T dv / T e \u003d 155/205 \u003d 0.796

Task 3

The average fleet of aircraft and helicopters is 25 units. Determine the total flying hours, the average flying hours with the following initial data given in Table. one.

Table 1 Flight hours

Solution:

The total flight time is determined by the formula:

W h \u003d 1 t 1 + 2 t 2 + ... + n t n,

where is the conversion factor; t is the flying time of the physical clock.

W h \u003d 1.0 * 650 + 10.0 * 800 + 10.0 * 730 + 6.0 * 420 \u003d 18470 h

The average flight time is:

W h \u003d W h / P list,

where W h is the total flight hours, P list is the average daily fleet of aircraft and helicopters.

W h \u003d 18470 / 25 \u003d 738.8 h

Bibliography

urban transport passenger traffic

1. Golubkova A.O. Economics of interaction between modes of transport. - In 2 parts. - Part 1. Calculation of indicators by modes of transport: method. instructions for practical exercises / A.O. Golubkov. - Khabarovsk: DVGUPS, 1998. - 23 p.

2. Unified transport system: textbook. / Ed. V.G. Galaburdy. - 2nd ed. with rev. and additional - M.: Transport, 1999. - 303 p.

3. Organization of cargo transportation: textbook. allowance / Ed. V.M. Semenov. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2008. - 304 p.

4. Organization of transportation / V.N. Degtyarenko, V.V. Zimin, A.I. Kostenko. - M.: "Prior Publishing House", 2003. - 448 p.

5. Troitskaya N.A. Unified transport system: textbook. / ON THE. Troitskaya, A.B. Chuburkov. - 3rd ed., erased. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2007. - 240 p.

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URBAN TRANSPORT

5.1. The specifics of servicing passenger traffic
A city is a settlement that has reached a certain number (at least 2 thousand inhabitants) and performs mainly industrial, commercial, cultural, administrative and political functions. Cities can be of district, regional, republican and regional subordination (depending on the administrative division of territories adopted in the country).

Urban and suburban transport is a system consisting of various modes of transport that transport the population of the city and the suburban area, as well as perform a number of works necessary for the normal life of people (for example, garbage collection, snow, street watering, etc.). Elements of the urban transport system are part of a diversified urban economy.

The share of urban passenger traffic in our country is approximately 87%, suburban - 12%, intercity - 1%, and international - 0.002% (in Western Europe the share of urban passenger traffic by public transport is approximately 20% of the total, in the USA - 3%).

The transport system of the city includes vehicles (rolling stock); tracks specially adapted for them (roads, rail tracks, tunnels, flyovers, bridges, overpasses, stations, parking lots); marinas and boat stations; power supply facilities (traction power substations, cable and contact networks, gas stations); repair plants and workshops; places of storage of vehicles (depot, garages); service stations; rental points; communication devices; control rooms, etc.

To improve the quality of passenger service, an indicator of the density of the transport network (the number of kilometers of transport routes per 1 m 2 of the city area) is important, which should provide the passenger with an approach time to the stopping point within 5 minutes, i.e. transport availability.

According to sociologists, more than 80% of the population will soon live in cities. The urban population of Russia in 1998 amounted to 107,311.4 thousand people with total strength 146 693.3 thousand people, which is 73%. True, in some countries (in particular, in the USA) there has been a tendency for the urban population to settle outside the city - in the suburbs, which is associated with poor ecology in many industrial cities. Cities began to "spread": recently the diameter of the urban area of ​​most of the world's largest cities was within 30 - 40 km, now - up to 80 km or more.

The increased size of the territory and the concentration of the population in cities require a wide transport service and the availability of high-speed roads and different modes of transport. American city planners have suggested that a city is viable only when it can be crossed on foot, or it must be redesigned to take into account the possibility of high-speed travel. It has also been observed that no city can grow faster than its transportation.

The "city-transport" system also has a feedback: when the city exhausts all the possibilities of the transport system for the rapid and convenient movement of passengers, it will require an increase in the carrying capacity and speed of transport. The electric tram has changed the face of the city, as the reduction in travel time has allowed for an increase in the area of ​​the city.

The trend of redevelopment of cities for these purposes is manifested in modern urban planning. A typical example is the construction of a high-speed third transport ring in Moscow (there are projects for the fourth and fifth rings); a new bridge across the Volga in Ulyanovsk, connecting two parts of the city; numerous new roads, bridges and tunnels of St. Petersburg and much more.

The flow of passengers on urban transport is about 15 times higher than on the main modes of transport.

In 1315 cities of Russia, a bus service is used, in 27 - a tram, in 46 - a trolleybus, in 41 cities - a tram and a trolleybus, the metro is operated in 6 cities, and a taxi - in 149 cities.

Buses account for more than 50% of the transportation volume and approximately 40% of the passenger turnover.

The share of vehicles operated beyond the standard service life amounted to 40% for buses; trolleybuses - 39.3%; trams - 36.4%; subway cars - 5.6%, which indicates a loss in the quality of passenger service. The loss of quality is also due to the lack of rolling stock. Investments (capital investments) for the purchase of rolling stock amounted to 1,950 million rubles in road transport, 408 million rubles in ground electric transport, and 100 million rubles in the subway. Investments came mainly from local budgets, and foreign investments amounted to only 0.7 million US dollars.

The rate of growth in the number of passenger cars in large cities was 4-5 times higher than the rate of population growth and 3-3.5 times the rate of urban road construction. In the big cities of the world, the fleet of cars reaches 1 - 1.5 million units. In the near future, the number of vehicles in cities will increase by 3-5 times, and their mileage - by 1.5-2 times.

Oversaturation of cities with cars creates a real transport crisis, disrupts the ecological system and adversely affects people's lives (for more details, see sections 5.3 and 5.4).

Urban transport is classified according to the type of traction (electric, internal combustion engines, diesel engines, human muscle energy, etc.); in relation to the employment of the city territory (street, off-street, on a separate canvas, etc.); speed (high-speed, ultra-high-speed, etc.); route organization technologies (regular, semi-express, express); carrying capacity (low, small, medium, high).

The city's need for transport is determined by social needs: labor and cultural movements of people, visits to recreation areas, the volume of freight links between enterprises, bases and warehouses, communication with suburbs and suburban settlements.

The volume of transportation of passenger urban transport depends on various factors, primarily on the number of inhabitants, the nature of their settlement, the transport mobility of the population, planning structure cities, the relative position of residential and industrial zones, terrain conditions, age composition, etc.

A characteristic indicator that determines the need for transport services is the so-called transport undervisibility of the population - the number of trips per year per inhabitant (Table 5.1).
Table 5.1

This indicator is associated not only with the factors listed above that affect the volume of traffic, but also with the social and cultural significance cities, the historical development of the transport system, and most importantly, the solvency of the population, which, in turn, depends on the welfare of the state as a whole.

A feature of the formation of passenger traffic in the city are two pronounced "peaks" - in the morning (delivery of passengers to work) and in the evening (delivery of passengers to places of rest and residence, Fig. 5.1). Labor trips account for more than half of all movements and are the most important due to their compulsion, concentration in time (start of work or classes in educational institutions - 7 a.m. and no later than 10 a.m.), frequency (5, 6, 7 times a week) and regularity . It is important to provide residents with socially significant (polyclinics, hospitals, prefectures, courts, city halls) and cultural (theaters, cinema, concerts) trips.

The probability of using transport, characterized by a usage coefficient (equal from 0 to 1), is related to the category of trip and the average trip distance, which depends primarily on the built-up area of ​​the city (Table 5.2).

From Table. 5.2 it can be seen that work trips require the availability of transport even with small travel distances, therefore, when designing city transport support systems, one should, first of all, focus on their number and characteristics of demand. Unfortunately, the noted low solvency of our population and the insufficient quality of service in individual cities force people to walk, even over relatively long distances.

Table 5.2

The urban transport system includes freight traffic that ensures the life of the city, for example, the transportation of trade, construction, industrial goods, garbage collection, snow removal. Special mobility is typical for construction cargo. When freight transport moves in the general flow, the speed of the general flow and the capacity of the streets are reduced. In this regard, in many cities of the world, including Russian ones, on certain streets, freight traffic is prohibited or limited at certain hours of the day (for example, in the central parts of the city, on Sundays and holidays). A separate range of goods, especially large-sized heavy ones, are transported at night, during a period of traffic decline. Transportation of transit cargo is prohibited, letting them through specially built bypass routes.

Freight traffic in the city can be carried out not only by road, but also by rail, river, freight trolleybuses and buses, cable cars. In the suburbs, passenger-and-freight buses are used.

Many fears, with a certain isolation of immunicipal transport, on some, in particular, the central streets of the city, use new passenger transport systems or other technologies (see Section 5.4).

The need for mass services for the population arose in the 18th century, when cities reached a significant size and their further development began to be constrained by the lack of means of transportation.

The entire history of the development of mass urban transport can be divided into four periods according to the nature of the traction used and the type of track devices:

1. 
   the last quarter of the 18th - the middle of the 19th century. Horse traction ("ruler") was used for small towns; in St. Petersburg - since 1854 (the first in Russia and the second in the world). A double-decker open-top wagon reached a speed of 10 km / h (for comparison, the speed of a pedestrian is 4-5 km / h);

3) the end of the 19th - the first quarter of the 20th century. There was a significant growth of cities and the use of rail electric transport began: trams, subways, monorails. For single transportation began to use the car;

4) the first quarter of the 20th century. - Until now. The rapid growth of cities, the widespread use of road transport, new types of high-speed off-street transport. There was a need to connect cities with suburbs.

Rice. 5.2. Double-decker horse carriage

The backlog of Russia in the construction of new types of transport (metro) was caused, among other reasons, by the unwillingness of the Belgian Konok Society - the owner of passenger urban transport in Russia - to lose its income and capital expenditures invested in the construction of horse-traps. In this regard, the Belgian society attracted the clergy to convince homeowners of the dangers of underground construction, which is not pleasing to God.

Bus is the most widely used maneuverable form of land transport. It first appeared in Russia in 1924.

The transport crisis, which developed in many countries of the world, was caused by the neglect of public urban transport, up to its partial or complete elimination, and violent, unlimited motorization. They staked on individual transport, which provided the greatest personal comfort. This is especially true for provincial cities in the United States. However, high rates of motorization have created a huge threat to the city, occupying a significant part of its territory with transport infrastructure, reducing the speed of movement, and worsening the ecological situation.

The history of the development of modern types of urban transport began with rail electric transport.

The first electric tram(trial operation) was launched in St. Petersburg by engineer F.A. Pirotsky in 1874. The electric tram has been used in Germany since 1881, in Moscow since 1903, in St. Petersburg since 1909. Before the 1917 revolution, trams ran in 41 cities of Russia. Until 1924, the tram was the only mass mode of transport in Russia.

trolleybus in Russia began to be operated since 1933.

First in Russia subway appeared in 1935 in Moscow. By 1990, the number of cities in the world with a subway reached 73, with a third of them built after 1970.

moving pavement was first demonstrated at the World Exhibition in Chicago in 1893. The beginning of its operation can be considered 1964 (Paris).

First freight monorail Russia with horse-drawn traction was built near Moscow by mechanic I.K. Elmanov. Near St. Petersburg, an engineer of the Russian Technical Society I.V. Romanov in 1889 demonstrated an electrified road on a monorail. In the first models, a tram body was used.

In Wuppertal (Germany), since 1901, a 15 km long monorail began to operate, which is still in operation, with 10 km passing over the mouth of the Wupper River, the rest - over the streets of the city. Train traffic interval - 3 min 30 s; 18 stations on the road; average speed- 28 km / h; maximum speed - 60 km / h; distance between stations - 780 m.

In the mid 30s. 20th century at the Severyanin station near Moscow, an experimental monorail overpass was built with a length of 474 m and slopes of up to 15 ° with an air train of 1/10 of its natural size, which moved with the help of a pusher electric propeller drive with two 2.5 kW engines at a speed of up to 120 km / h.

Until 1950, the monorail was not widely distributed, then several projects appeared.

Funicular(from lat. funiculus - thin rope, rope) - a cable-drawn railroad for transportation over short distances along steep slopes - was proposed as a passenger transport in 1825, and introduced in 1854 in Italy and Austria.

The modern urban transport system is characterized, firstly, by the integrated use of various modes of transport with the advantage of automobile transport; secondly, the development of high-speed off-street modes of transport, effective for long distances; thirdly, the growing conflict between mass and individual transport.

The main indicators characterizing the work of a particular type of urban transport should be considered the carrying capacity and speed.

The composition and brief description of the unified urban transport system are presented in Table. 5.3.

electrified railways are used to connect the suburbs with the city, as well as urban transport. They are distinguished by high throughput, high speeds, low cost, and environmental friendliness.

The disadvantages include large initial investment and employment of the city. In connection with the latter drawback, the construction of railways in the built-up parts of the city is most often carried out on flyovers. An example is the section of the city railway on Kalanchevskaya Square in Moscow or on Alexanderplatz Square in Berlin.

For more wide application For this type of transport in the city, it is necessary to connect the railway tracks with the tracks of other types of transport, primarily the metro, - their carrying capacity is quite close. This option provides significant convenience to the population of the city and suburbs.

Metropolitan built in cities with a population of more than one million people. Otherwise, the construction of the subway is unprofitable, since capital investments in it are the largest of all urban modes of transport.

Table 5.3

The subway is an off-street electric transport completely isolated from general traffic due to the construction of its facilities in tunnels, on flyovers or on a separate piece of land without access for pedestrians and vehicles. There are underground, elevated and ground (called light) metro. So, in Moscow and Tokyo 80 - 90 % all ways - underground; in London, Paris, New York - 50 - 60%.

Underground metro lines can be deep (more than 12 m) or shallow (6-12 m) from the ground. Distances between stations are from 0.5 to 2 km.

The cost of building 1 km of a deep underground is $70 million, a shallow one is $30–40 million, and on flyovers is $15–17 million.

An example of a deep foundation is the St. Petersburg metro, which is associated with the peculiarity of the soils of the city.

Advantages of the subway: high carrying capacity, speed of delivery, especially at significant distances of transportation, comfort of movement of passengers and unoccupied territory of the city (with its underground location).

On some subway lines, automatic train operation is possible. In several cities of the world (Moscow, London, Chicago, Berlin, etc.) there are small sections of the freight subway to solve the issues of ensuring the life of the city (such as the transportation of mail, coal for old quarters).

In a number of countries there is a high-speed subway, for example, in Paris, in San Francisco. Usually, the high-speed subway runs on pneumatic tires, which significantly reduces the noise level and the section of the tunnel, increases speed and allows you to overcome steeper slopes.

In Moscow, it is planned to build a so-called mini-metro, in which the diameter of the tunnel will be reduced by 1 m, the length of the cars will be 8 m shorter than currently used (12 instead of 20 m), there will be 6 cars; carrying capacity will be 15 - 20 thousand passengers per hour. The mini-metro takes into account the specifics of the city center zone, the need for transport, it is able to provide communication and transportation to the city center, which will allow it to unload. The estimated length of the mini-metro is 2.78 km (from the Kyiv station to the Moscow City business complex). The stations will be built every 500 m. The lobby of the Moscow City station will be located under the flyover of the third transport ring and will be connected by special passages with ground transport stops.

The Moscow metro is considered the fastest, has 162 stations and a length of 264 km (5th place after Tokyo, Paris, London and New York). In an hour, up to 60 thousand people pass on the busiest stage. The speed of movement, taking into account stops, is 41 km / h. The operation of 1 km of the metro costs 2 million dollars. Tram used in cities with a population of 500 thousand or more with a stable passenger flow of more than 9 thousand passengers per hour. It can be the primary or secondary mode of transport.

The characteristic features of the tram are good carrying capacity, which allows serving large stable passenger flows, as well as low cost, lower power consumption, and environmental friendliness.

However, the tram has such disadvantages as limited maneuverability (binding to the track), large initial investment, complexity of structures, impossibility of overtaking in case of technical malfunctions, noise, unsafe exit of passengers on the roadway. Due to the presence of tram tracks, the capacity of the streets is also reduced. The shortcomings inherent in the tram create certain difficulties for the life of the city, in connection with which the tram began to be replaced, primarily on the central streets of large cities, with new modes of transport - buses and trolleybuses. In Paris, they completely abandoned the tram in 1937, in London - in 1952. However, a number of countries, including Germany, Austria,

Italy, Sweden, Finland, etc., left the trams. The energy crisis and the ecological problems of cities are leading to the return of the tram due to its advantages, but changing the conditions for its operation to more progressive ones.

The new operating conditions of the tram include the removal of tram tracks to a track isolated from other traffic flows and pedestrians, the improvement of the rolling stock (including noise reduction due to design changes), the increase in the comfort of transportation (in particular, using air suspension), the increase in speed, the device underground lines at the intersection of streets in large cities, for example, an underground tram under the central square of Vienna (Fig. 5.3).

When the industrial zones are remote from residential areas, it is possible to build a high-speed tram, the routes of which will pass partly underground or on a separate track like a railway track, as, for example, in Volgograd. The advantages of a light rail are not only in speed and increased carrying capacity, but also in the ability to organize traffic on the basis of existing tram tracks and its facilities.

Abroad (for example, in the USA), with a decline in passenger traffic on subway lines, it is planned to launch a light rail. The distances between stops are usually about 1 km, the speed is up to 35 km/h.

Rice. 5.3. underground tram station

One of the "old" types of urban transport is monorail off-street transport. There are currently more than 40 monorails in operation around the world. A monorail project is currently being considered in Moscow to connect the city with Sheremetyevo Airport

Monorail transport is used to connect large residential areas with. remote industrial zones, suburbs, airports, recreation areas, satellite cities.

Rice. 5.4. Monorails: a - hinged; b - suspended

The efficiency of monorail transport is achieved if there is a passenger flow of at least 7-10 thousand passengers per hour in one direction.

By design features, monorail roads are divided into mounted and suspended (Fig. 5.4).

At the hinged structure, the rolling stock (car) is located on top, on the running track, and moves, relying on it with rubber, steel or rubber-coated running and guide wheels.

In a suspended structure, the rolling stock is suspended from bogies moving along the running track.

The common advantages of both designs include a high degree of safety of this type of transport (there was not a single fatality on the Wuppertal road in Germany), a fairly high carrying capacity (about 50 thousand people per hour with 30 trains with a capacity of 270 people). are the complexity of the design of turnouts and the violation of the architectural ensemble of the city.The hinged structure has a simpler arrangement of the track beam and low supports, however, the design of the car is more complicated; its stability is less, since the center of gravity is higher than the track; the weight of the car is greater, since the wheels are located inside, reducing useful volume; the track beam is not protected from atmospheric precipitation, which worsens the adhesion of the wheels to the rolling surface.

The suspended structure is free from the disadvantages of the mounted one, but the car can sway in strong winds, therefore the design of the track device (beams, supports) is more complex, but the rolling stock engine is 1.5–2 times less powerful than the mounted one.

The cost of building a monorail is less than the cost of building other off-street modes of transport, operating costs are 20% lower than those of a tram.

According to many scientists, the monorail in its “pure form” will not be distributed, but its idea is laid in the creation of new automated systems with cabins of relatively large capacity.

The most advanced system is the Alveg mounted monorail (the name is made up of the initials of the inventor Alex Lehnert Wenner Green), put into operation in 1957 and operating in Turin (Italy), Cologne (Germany), Tokyo (Japan). In this system, the distances between the supports are 20–30 m, the height above the ground is 4.5 m, the capacity of the train is up to 315 passengers, and there are more than 80 seats. The cars are supported on the beam by 12 running vertical and 24 horizontal guide wheels with pneumatic tires. The electrical supply rail is located on the side.

Suspension system "Safezh" (air metro) was put into operation in 1960 near Orleans in France. It runs on pneumatic rubber tires, which ensures high elasticity and fire safety when high speeds. The distances between the supports are 30 - 60 m. On one of the supports there can be a two-track road. The system operates on direct current with a voltage of 750 V and a power of 100 kW; develops speed up to 80-120 km/h; has a carrying capacity of up to 25 thousand passengers per hour (during peak hours it can carry up to 50 thousand passengers per hour in one direction); capacity of one trailer - 123 passengers; seats - 56. The car has three doors for the convenience of passengers and reducing the time of entry and exit.

Suspension system "Skyway" ("Sky Road"), built in Houston (USA), by design is an open track beam with asymmetrical suspension of the car. The monorail in Los Angeles has a triangular beam (Goodell's system). In this system, the poles are located on the side of the street without interfering with traffic. The supports have a height of 9 m with a distance between them of 18 m. The system operates on pneumatic tires. The capacity of one carriage is 110 passengers; seats - 60. Speed ​​- up to 100 km/h. The same road was built in the Tokyo Zoo, where the car accommodates 31 passengers, seats - 22. Speed ​​-60 km / h. In 1964, the Tokyo-Haneda (Japan) 15 km cableway was put into operation. In 1979, at the international exhibition in Hamburg (Germany), a section of a monorail was demonstrated, operating on the principle of electromagnetic suspension with a linear electric drive.

Trolleybus - this is an electric groundless rail transport, which appeared thanks to the design idea to combine the advantages of a tram and a bus.

The advantages of a trolleybus are greater maneuverability (compared to a tram), ease of boarding and disembarking passengers, low noise, environmental friendliness, cheaper operation (compared to a bus), improved operating conditions in winter period. A trolleybus is more spacious than a bus and does not require closed storage areas.

The disadvantages include some complexity of the two-wire contact network and traction substations, the need for a smooth road surface for reliable current collection from the contact network and minimizing line intersections to maintain the speed of movement and the reliability of fixing pantographs.

The trolleybus is used in cities mainly as an auxiliary transport. AT resort towns long-distance lines can also be organized to preserve the ecological cleanliness of the region. A characteristic example is the Simferopol-Alushta-Yalta line in the Crimea, 100 km long.

The great advantage of the tram and trolley bus is the ease of operation. vehicle allowing the use of women's labor.

moving pavement(passenger conveyor) is a device for moving pedestrians, which is usually a belt or a traction chain with plates. The working canvas is a steel-rubber or rubber-rope belt with a width of 600 to 2500 mm, moving on rollers at a speed of up to 1 m / s (3.6 km / h), or coupled plate-links with corrugation, also moving on rollers. A moving sidewalk with a tape 1 m wide and 1500 m long has a capacity of 8-10 thousand people per hour (Japan). It refers to mass transportation systems that speed up pedestrian traffic.

This type of transport can be considered as an alternative in the central business districts of the city, where mass transport is prohibited, and a person is forced to travel significant distances for a pedestrian (up to 3.5 km). A moving sidewalk is also used in local areas, for example, in the airport area, at metro interchange stations, in large retail premises, in exhibition centers, on approaches to stadiums, etc. In Japan, for example, it is used in the territories of industrial enterprises to deliver workers from the checkpoint to remote workshops. A variation of the moving sidewalk is the escalator (the angle of inclination is over 15°).

The advantage of a moving sidewalk is absolute safety; minimum noise; continuity of traffic, eliminating waiting times for passengers; environmental cleanliness (powered by electricity); full automation movement process.

A moving sidewalk has constant or variable speeds, usually not exceeding 12-15 km/h. Over time, the question arose of increasing speeds, but at the same time the problem of safe boarding and disembarking of passengers arose.

Several solutions to this problem have been proposed, such as moving the passenger from the center of a low-speed rotating platform to a constant-speed sidewalk, or using multiple parallel belts having different linear speeds that increase from belt to belt. However, the experiment on the use of such systems was not very successful. The best option was a 5-shaped moving sidewalk (Fig. 5.5), which allows you to gradually increase the speed to 16 km / h at distances of more than 125 m. The passenger enters the platform, the speed of which is 3 km / h, then the sidewalk is “stretched” in this way that on the march its width decreases to 0.6 m, due to which the speed increases, and at the places of landing and disembarkation, the tape expands to 3.6 m and the speed decreases. Such a system was exhibited in Paris at an exhibition in 1973.

Rice. 5.5. Moving pavement 5-shaped type:

1 - fixed platform; 2 - pavement reinforcement (in a simplified saw); 3 - pavement slabs

Bus in Russia carries out about half of all passenger transportation. In cities with a population of up to 100 thousand people, this type of mass passenger transport, as a rule, is the only one. In the presence of railways, subways and trams, it works as an auxiliary for transporting passengers to these modes of transport. The bus is of great importance for suburban and intercity communication.

The advantages of the bus include great maneuverability; autonomy (independence from the operation of other modes of transport); operation on a common road network (does not require specially adapted tracks, which minimizes capital investments); use of various transportation technologies - regular, express, semi-express; ease of exit-entry of passengers on the sidewalk; easier organization of emergency transportation in any direction.

The disadvantages of the bus are a small carrying capacity, high cost, air pollution with exhaust gases, the difficulty of starting a gasoline or diesel engine in winter, the requirement for closed storage, and high fuel consumption.

The advantages of the bus as a mode of transport make its use indispensable in any city. If the subway is available, the bus can be the second transport in the city, since the distances between stops are 350 - 500 m (the distances between subway stops are 1 - 2 km), its operation does not depend on the availability of electricity, it is possible to change traffic routes. The bus can be used as an "ambulance" in case of adverse situations in the life of the city (power outage due to a break, accidents, etc., which leads to a stop of electrified modes of transport), if necessary, delivery and removal a large number passengers to areas of mass recreation, sporting events, etc.

The sizes of buses are very diverse, which is associated with the areas of its use. In some areas of the city, the bus can operate as the only mode of transport, bringing the flow of passengers from new microdistricts to the main modes of transport with a large carrying capacity. It can also transport employees of individual institutions and enterprises to their place of work, and is widely used for tourists and sightseers.

Abroad, especially in those cities where there are only two modes of transport - the subway and the bus (for example, in London), high-speed bus transport is used on certain streets with the allocation of a special lane, entry into which is prohibited to the rest of the traffic flow. In Boston (USA), a special tunnel was built for the movement of buses. In some foreign cities the bus has priority traffic on the "green wave".

Buses are widely used in cities for tourist and excursion services for the population and transportation of schoolchildren. Tourist and sightseeing buses are subject to increased requirements: comfort, heating, ventilation, artificial lighting of each seat, comfortable seats (like aircraft), the presence of a wardrobe, buffet, toilet, visibility, and most importantly - complete traffic safety (for example, windows with thermal processed glass), etc.

At present, gas-cylinder engines have been used in city buses to improve the environment and reduce costs.

Taxi- this is urban transport, which is used primarily for emergency trips and during public transport break hours (for example, at night, when transporting passengers with children, sick people, for trips to railway stations, airports and river (sea) ports, for transportation of small consignments of luggage, etc.).

Taxi is not intended for mass commuting. It provides a small flow of passengers around the clock. The average travel distance within the city is 3 - 8 km. Hiring a taxi can be done at specially allocated parking lots, but more often at the request of a passenger when following a taxi car in the general traffic flow. It is widespread, especially abroad, to call a taxi through a special dispatch service.

Funiculars and cable cars are used in cities with mountainous terrain to connect city areas with each other, with recreation areas and sports complexes. This type of transport is common in the cities of the Caucasus (for example, in Tbilisi, Yerevan, etc.), Switzerland, Austria.

The carrying capacity of funiculars and cable cars is small, but they are convenient for cities with mountainous terrain and are auxiliary transport of local (limited) value.

Funicular(Fig. 5.6) is a type of electric rail urban transport in which the cars move with the help of a rope attached to them, sliding on rollers located between the rails. The track width is approximately 1 m. The motors for pulling the rope are located on stationary drive stations. To improve traffic safety, there are special braking devices. The funicular cars and boarding and disembarking platforms have a stepped arrangement of cabins due to large slopes.

Rice. 5.6. Funicular

The road can be single or double track. To increase the carrying capacity of a single-track road, a junction is made approximately in the middle of the track, where cars going in different directions meet, as, for example, in Dresden (Germany), Khost (Russia). The funicular operates in areas with mountainous terrain, resort areas, mountains, inside industrial facilities.

Cable cars can have individual seats for passengers or cabins for several people. There are roads with one traction rope, to which cabs are suspended (the rope moves along with the cabs), and with two: one is traction, the other is carrying, to which cabs are suspended on rollers or rollers, moving along a fixed carrier rope.

The movement is carried out by a separate traction rope, for the drive of which a drive station with electric motors is built at the top, and at the other end of the road - a tension station to regulate the tension of the rope.

Air Transport for urban communication is of very limited importance. Its main purpose is to connect the central areas of the city with airfields, which are located at considerable distances from the city, which creates some inconvenience for passengers and increases the total travel time. In addition, in resort areas, air transport can deliver passengers from the central airport to their destination. This type of transport is also used to deliver the working population living in the city to their place of work on a rotational basis in the oil fields, in the northern regions, etc.

The advantages of air transport lie in the increased speed of delivering passengers to hard-to-reach places, as well as the need for small landing sites, since these transportations are carried out by helicopters.

The main types of helicopters have a passenger capacity from 3 to 80 passengers.

In the future, it is possible to expand the use of helicopters to serve the urban population, provided that noise is eliminated and the safety of their flights is improved.

Bike has long been used as a recreational vehicle. However, in many European countries (for example, in Germany, Holland, Estonia), Scandinavian and other states, the centers of old cities of which have narrow streets that impede the movement of urban land transport, they began to use a bicycle as an individual type of urban transport. The countries of the Asian continent, due to the underdevelopment of various modes of transport and overcrowding of cities, widely use various options for bicycles as personal and public transport for the transport of passengers and small consignments.

Using different modes of transport, a person moves less, which leads to various diseases, therefore, since the 70s. 20th century got a bike new life in many countries (Table 5.4). Its role in the fight against hypodynamia is great 1 .

For the safe use of a bicycle as a full-fledged transport in many cities of the world, special bicycle lanes are allocated on the sidewalks (usually marked with a special color), which even pedestrians are not allowed to use, and specially equipped parking lots are made, especially in crowded places, including near shopping enterprises, educational institutions, in squares, etc.

Table 5.4

1 Hypodynamia (from Greek hipo - under, below and kinesis - strength) - insufficient muscle activity leading to a decrease in heart rate! and respiration, vascular tone, as well as weakness, loss of appetite.

Water transport used in cities as a seasonal, has a small specific gravity and is used as a walking route, as well as to connect the city with suburbs and recreation areas or parts of the city located on opposite sides of the river.

The use of high-speed vessels such as "Meteor" and "Rocket"

Wherever you go, in most cases you can not do without public transport. This mode of transportation is not only the most convenient, but also the cheapest. It should be understood that each country has its own rules and nuances of using this type of transport. Therefore, it is worth familiarizing yourself with them in advance so as not to get into an unpleasant situation. Using the example of the most popular tourist cities in the world, we will try to understand the peculiarities of traveling by bus, tram and metro.

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The Czech capital offers guests a wide range of means of transportation around the city. There are underground and surface railway facilities, buses and even funiculars. Due to the fact that Prague belongs to compact settlements, only three metro lines have been laid underground, marked with different colors. It is this type of transport that is the most popular not only among the guests of the capital, but also among the local population. After all, you can get from one end of Prague to the other in just a few minutes! Accordingly, you can have time to see more attractions.

Corresponding to this is the convenient schedule of the Czech subway, the wagons of which are ready to ride tourists through long tunnels until midnight. You can buy a ticket at any station. Bus routes are no less popular. You can buy a ticket for this type of transport at any kiosk and even a hotel. Buses, like trams, run on schedule every 30 minutes, which guarantees your mobility. But the funicular runs every 15 minutes in only one direction - towards the Petřín hill.

Cities in Germany

In Germany, there is a more practical system of movement. Travel documents here can be bought both for 1 trip and for an unlimited number of trips for a certain amount of time. It is very practical and saves money. It's interesting that settlements divided into several zones - the central and suburbs, which are marked with different colors. But you can travel around all with a single ticket. Shuttle trams and buses run around the clock.

As an alternative means of transportation, tourists are offered the metro, which combines a network of underground and surface trains. Trains run until 1 am.

Amsterdam

The most popular mode of transport here is the tram. The city has as many as 16 railway lines that penetrate into the most remote areas of the Dutch capital. You can buy a ticket both when boarding at the conductor, and in any public place. And you can follow the schedule using electronic scoreboards, which are located everywhere. If you have not been to Amsterdam before, it will be useful to find out that you can get inside the car by pressing a special button that opens the doors. And in the dark, you can move around with the help of night buses, which stop only on demand.

Stockholm

Stockholm has a similar interchange system. The metro is divided into three branches, which originate from the central railway station. Local stations can claim to be works of art in their own right, each one artistically designed. After visiting them, an impression is comparable to a visit to an art gallery. As an alternative urban transport, buses are proposed that will take tourists to anywhere in the city. Be aware that you will not be allowed on board without a ticket, so make sure to purchase a travel document in time, which can apply to both one or several trips.

Oslo

The Norwegian capital is pleased to offer four options for the movement of tourists at once. In addition to the already familiar underground and surface facilities, guests of the city can appreciate the advantages of ferries. With their help, you can get to one of the nearby islands. You can buy tickets for all types of transport at the box office or a special kiosk. They give the right to use the services both one-time and for a certain period of time. By the way, buses are divided into day and night. In the latter, it will not be possible to pass on a regular travel pass.

Austria and Poland

In the capitals of these neighboring states, there is an extensive network of metro, buses and trams. And if in Vienna it is the underground type of transportation that is considered the most popular, the branches of which lie under all districts of the city, then in Poland preference is given to ground trips. If in Austria it is allowed to purchase a single document for all types of trips, then in Warsaw you will have to separately buy a ticket for each type of transport. It is also common that bus trips are divided into night and day, and travel documents make it possible to make a certain number of trips.

London

In London, the easiest way for tourists to travel is by trams or double-decker buses that have already become legends of the island nation. Transport operates around the clock, and you can pay for the service using a special Oyster electronic card, which must first be replenished using the terminal. You can also ride on the subway, but be careful: the railway lines are divided into several zones and lines, and each has its own document.

Paris

Enjoying a huge tourist attraction, Paris offers many tourists a wide choice of public transport. There are buses, trams, metro, and even trains.
You can buy a ticket almost everywhere - from a newsstand to information centers and stops, and depending on its type, you will get the opportunity to make a one-time trip or ride for several days. Accordingly, this also affects the cost.