On the automation of fleet management. Ship automated control systems
Modern automated control systems and telecommunications facilities of the Navy
NPO Mars is an active participant in military-technical cooperation
Vladimir MAKLAEV
For almost half a century of history, scientists and employees of NPO "Mars" have developed and put into service three generations of information and control systems (such as "Alley", "Lumberjack", etc.) for surface ships of various projects that are in service with the Navy, and two generations of the automated control system (ACS) of the Navy. At present, for modern surface ships of the Russian Navy, the enterprise has created new generation control systems such as Sigma, Sharp, Trassa, integrated bridge systems, etc.
Besides, in last years NPO "Mars" carries out purposeful and intensive work in cooperation with military science to determine the appearance of integrated systems combat control(ISBU) promising Russian ships. A highly reliable and efficient modern ACS of the Russian Navy is being developed, integrating the functions of command and control of forces and weapons, all types of operational, technical and logistic support. The system interacts on the basis of a single protected information space with the automated control systems of the branches of the Armed Forces, as well as with automated control systems of other troops and military formations of ministries and departments of the Russian Federation in peacetime, a threatened period and wartime.
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NPO "Mars" is an active participant in military-technical cooperation. Today, a number of export samples of the company's products are successfully operated in the navies of the countries of Southeast Asia, BRIC, North Africa and other regions. Their technical and operational characteristics are duly appreciated by the Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation (FSVTS) and foreign customers. So, for the development and manufacture of the Sigma-E-956EM complex, the enterprise team headed by the general director was awarded the first National Prize "Golden Idea".
The company is constantly striving to strengthen and expand its position in the foreign market. Currently, the development and manufacture of the automated combat control system (ASBU) "Lesorub-E" for the aircraft carrier of project 11430, the automated mine action control system (ACS PMD) "Diez-E" for sea minesweepers of various projects, the integrated bridge system (IMS) and combat information and control system (CICS) "Sigma-E" for ships of various projects.
On the basis of samples of automation equipment complexes (KSA) created for the Russian Navy, the enterprise offers for export a number of combat equipment that ensure the creation of integrated monitoring, security and defense systems not only for sea areas, but for the entire maritime space the state of the foreign customer.
The main combat means offered by the enterprise for export are:
1. Coastal Modular Operations Center (BOTS) "83t170-E", which provides automation of the functional activities of the operational staff, officials command posts (CP) and headquarters of all levels of command and control of the Navy to ensure the automated implementation of the processes of command and control of the forces (troops) of the Navy and the types of support for their actions.
2. Coastal modular operating point (OP) "83t611-E", which provides integration into the integrated control system of monitoring tools, coastal, ship and air-based weapons systems, as well as information and technical interaction with government authorities and interested departments.
3. The regional tactical data exchange system is designed to distribute and communicate information on the combat command and control of forces and troops and to ensure information interaction of all elements of the naval command and control system.
4. Ship automated systems providing control of the ship and ship groups (detachments) under the command of the command post of formations (formations), including:
ASBU "Lesorub-E" is designed to control the ship and tactical formation of ships. The main difference from the CICS of the ship lies in the predominance in the ASBU of the tasks of controlling aviation based on an aircraft carrier and ships of a controlled formation. ASBU is an "open" distributed computing system operating in real time. It ensures the unification of the ship's weapons systems into a single integrated complex, a high degree of automation of the activities of the command staff of the ship and a group of ships at the stages of preparation and conduct of combat operations;
BIUS "Sigma-E" is designed to receive, process information from the electronic weapons (REW) of the ship, which has different types of external interfaces, the formation of a generalized tactical situation for displaying automated workstations (AWS) on control panels and solving problems of controlling the combat assets of the ship and tactical group . The number of workstations and tasks to be solved for various ship projects of foreign customers may vary, taking into account the required degree of automation of the activities of officials of the command control complex and the possibility of placing workstation consoles in the command posts and posts of the ship;
The ACS PMD "Diez-E", along with the automation of the processes of combat control of the electronic weapons of the minesweeper ship and the ship's minesweeping group, when performing mine action by solving a number of basic functional tasks, includes subsystems for navigation and navigation, motion control and positioning and information support for the fight for the survivability of the ship .
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In order to ensure the interaction of all the above types of spacecraft with each other and with mobile devices (surface ships and vessels, submarines, aviation in the air), the enterprise in cooperation offers the use of communication systems such as:
Telecommunication networks of the state;
Trunk digital radio relay lines;
Space communication systems;
Radio networks of DV-, HF-, VHF-, microwave bands.
As monitoring tools it is proposed to use:
Over-the-horizon radars;
Two- or three-coordinate radars;
Passive radars;
Stationary hydroacoustic complexes;
Unmanned aerial vehicles;
Manned aircraft of the radar patrol;
Means of electronic intelligence of HF-, VHF-bands;
Video surveillance equipment.
The totality of the proposed KSA, means of communication and monitoring constitutes the "Integrated system for monitoring, protection and defense of the sea coast", which, together with mobile maritime and coastal weapons systems, provides a solution to all problems.
The products developed and offered by the enterprise have proven themselves well in everyday and combat situations. In 2008, the Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy awarded NPO Mars with a Certificate of Merit "For the success achieved in the creation of telecommunication and automated control systems for the Navy, which ensured the successful fulfillment of the tasks set by the Supreme Commander of the Russian Federation."
We are ready to consider proposals for mutually beneficial cooperation, find new reliable partners, and also accept orders for the supply of our products.
A.N. Zolotov, Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Captain 1st Rank; S.K. Svirin, Doctor of Naval Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, Rear Admiral; P.P. Shamaev, Candidate of Military Sciences, Captain 1st Rank; S.V. Kochergin, candidate technical sciences, captain 1st rank
Command and control of fleet forces is understood as an organized process of developing and bringing to command and control of the forces commands and signals that ensure their effective combat use in the interests of achieving the set goals of armed struggle at sea.
Requirements for the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the main properties of management - as a process, i.e. its efficiency, continuity, reliability, flexibility and secrecy - follow, first of all, from the canons of naval strategies and are developed on the basis of the principles of adequacy of control capabilities to the combat capabilities of the forces and weapons of the fleet.
The organizational and material basis that ensures the implementation of the control process is the control system (CS) of the fleet forces, which is a hierarchically linked set of bodies (headquarters, command posts) and control facilities serviced by specially trained personnel (operators). If the first steps in the creation and development of the control system by the forces of the Russian fleet were carried out on the basis of domestic and international experience in practical navigation and naval battles(flagship, signal flags, spyglass, Mars observers, flagship evolutions - as a means of transmitting commands and control signals), then with the advent of a “mass” heterogeneous ocean fleet at the beginning of the 20th century, long-range weapons further development SU by the forces of the fleet without a holistic scientific theory and the search for fundamental technical solutions has become almost impossible.
The creation and development of a modern control system by the forces of the Russian Navy can be conditionally divided into two main stages: the beginning of the 50s - the middle of the 70s, the end of the 70s - to the present. The main factors that served as the initial basis for the theory and practice of creating and developing CS by the Navy at the first stage were:
the orientation of the military doctrines of the leading powers of the world, including the USSR, towards decisive mass application nuclear missile weapons in the interests of achieving the strategic goals of armed struggle;
the transformation of ocean and sea theaters into strategic ones due to the large-scale creation by the leading powers of nuclear ocean fleets and the intensive development of sea-based nuclear missile systems.
The transition to permanent operational activity of the forces of the Navy in the vast waters of the ocean and sea theater of operations necessitated scientific definition and substantiation of such properties of the control system by the forces of the Navy as spatial coverage, maneuverability, combat readiness, economy.
A new quality of content and significantly more stringent requirements were imposed on the efficiency, stability, and reliability of the control system. This entailed the search for new, non-traditional in relation to the period before the Great Patriotic War, practical ways to solve such military-technical problems as:
ensuring high survivability of SU from damaging factors of nuclear weapons;
ensuring high stability of the control system from a variety of interference effects, including electronic interference;
global and all-sphere acquisition of information necessary for making decisions on the use of forces and developing commands and signals for combat control;
ensuring the possibility of processing large flows of information in a short time at all hierarchical levels of management;
a sharp reduction in the time cycles of command and control forces.
The scientific and technical search for rational ways to solve these problems was focused on creating:
the infrastructure of the system of command and control bodies of the Navy on a new qualitative basis;
a modern system of forces and means of illuminating the situation in the oceanic and sea theater of operations;
highly efficient systems and means of communication and data transmission;
systems and means of automating the process of managing the forces of the Navy.
For each of these areas, it was necessary to carry out a whole range of complex scientific and technical developments, which caused the need to connect the general scientific and technical potential of the state. To this end, the National Research University of the Navy conducted a large amount of research and experimental development in terms of determining and substantiating the requirements for the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the properties of the control system by the Navy. At the same time, the results of fundamental research and scientific and technical experiments in the field of radio electronics, cybernetics, aviation and space technology, architecture and construction were also taken into account.
Through the joint efforts of specialists from the National Research University of the Navy, the Academy of Sciences, branch research institutes of the domestic industry, during the period under review, it was possible to achieve significant practical results and scientific and technical groundwork for the creation and development of modern control systems by the Navy.
By the beginning of the 1970s, a backbone network of the main command and control system was created at the central control level of the Navy, in the fleets and in their main formations, based on protected command posts (CP) equipped with control and communication facilities. At the same time, a wide range of scientific, experimental, experimental design and practical work was launched to create and develop the infrastructure of the reserve component of the control system by forces designed to provide effective management strategic forces sea-based and maritime forces general purpose in a general nuclear war. In particular, during the indicated period, naval command and control posts (CP) based on specially converted project 68U cruisers, the control ship “Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov”, air launchers and repeater aircraft based on aircraft of the Il-22, Tu- 142MRTS (Marine reconnaissance and target designation). In addition, the first practical steps on the creation of elements of the ground mobile component of the control system by forces on the basis of field ground launchers in the automotive version and mobile launchers in the railway version.
At the second stage, the developed scientific and technical solutions in the field of creating modern means of reconnaissance and surveillance made it possible to form an integral system of situational illumination in the fleets. In particular, the “Legend” marine space reconnaissance system was created and put into combat operation, which made it possible to ensure global observation coverage of the seas and oceans and prompt delivery of coordinate information on surface targets directly to the strike forces of the Navy. Air regiments and air squadrons of long-range and medium-range reconnaissance aviation based on Tu-95R, Tu-16R, Tu-22R aircraft were formed in the fleets. For a new technical basis The coastal fleet surveillance system was transferred, which was able to increase the control zone of the surface situation from two to several tens of kilometers. By this period, R&D had made significant progress in the field of creating a system for long-range hydroacoustic observation and over-the-horizon radar.
At the third stage, the developed scientific and technical solutions in the field of creating highly efficient means of communication and data transmission made it possible to create an extensive global communication system for the Navy in the 70s, including using artificial satellites Earth (AES) - repeaters of the space communication system "Sail". In addition, serious scientific groundwork has been created for the technical development of communication facilities in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges of radio waves.
A special role in ensuring the fulfillment of the requirements for the process of command and control of naval forces during operations and combat actions was played by the creation and widespread introduction of automation equipment into the activities of the bodies and command posts of the Navy. A prerequisite for the creation and implementation of the first domestic systems and complexes of control automation was the need to increase the efficiency and accuracy of collecting, processing, accumulating, storing significant amounts of operational information on the management of the forces of the Navy, conducting operational-tactical calculations in the interests of planning the combat use of the forces of the fleet. It should be noted that the appearance in the country during this period of electronic computing technology gave a new impetus to work in this area.
In the mid-60s, the cooperation of industrial enterprises with military scientific support of the 24th Research Institute of the Navy was created prototype the first in the Navy "ACS by the forces of the fleet" (AS-4 system). This system was introduced in the Northern and Pacific Fleets, as well as in the General Staff of the Navy and provided automated collection, processing, storage of operational information on the composition of own forces, enemy forces and the state of the environment. The commissioning of the AS-4 system to a large extent made it possible to intensify and facilitate the management activities of the operators and command of the Navy. A great contribution to the introduction and development of promising technology was made by the operators of the Central Control Center of the Navy, the Command Command of the Northern Fleet.
The experience of introducing the first ACS by the Navy made it possible by the end of the 70s to launch a wide range of research and development work to modernize existing control and communication facilities and create fundamentally new automation systems by the Navy, taking into account the latest achievements in electronics and cybernetics.
Among the main factors that had a direct impact on the development and scientific justification of the requirements for the organizational and technical appearance and parameters of the main properties of the CS by the Navy for the period of the mid-70s, should be attributed:
reorientation of the military doctrines of the world's leading powers from "massive nuclear retaliation" to "target selection" through the use of the latest technologies in the development of systems and means of high-precision weapons (WTO);
widespread introduction in the military field of the latest achievements of new information technology - "artificial intelligence";
the massive development by the leading powers of the program for the comprehensive coverage of the waters of the World Ocean - the “transparent ocean”;
development state-of-the-art facilities and methods of electronic warfare.
These factors made it necessary to present such requirements for the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the control system by the Navy as:
ensuring the ability to control the sea-based WTO on the flight path to the targets not only directly from the carriers, but also from the controls more high level;
ensuring the possibility of circulation of information in the control system circuits on a time scale approaching real;
ensuring the possibility of simultaneous integrated control of space, air, ground, surface and underwater spheres in the areas of operational-strategic responsibility of the Navy.
The results of scientific research by Navy specialists testified that the main way to practically achieve the above requirements is to develop a single automated control system by the Navy on a more qualitatively new technological base, which would provide the possibility of real-time integration of all stages of the control process. The main military-technical problems at the stage under consideration were as follows:
finding rational ways to create high-precision automated reconnaissance and surveillance equipment of various bases using the latest methods of digital signal processing;
search for optimal designs of automated networks and information exchange channels;
selection of rational technical solutions for “end-to-end” communication of commands and combat control signals from control bodies top level to directly the forces at sea;
choice of rational ways of practical implementation of ACS software.
During the considered period of joint research, experimental and development work by the teams of the National Research University of the Navy, the Academy of Sciences and a number of leading enterprises of the domestic industry, the following main scientific and practical results were obtained.
By the middle of the 1980s, a combat control command system (CSBU) was created and put into combat operation at the command posts of the Main Command of the Navy, fleets, and their main operational formations, which provided the possibility of flexible control, primarily of naval strategic nuclear forces, as well as the main strike groups general forces.
The leading role in the development and implementation of this system into combat operation was performed by the scientific and technical teams of the 24th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense and NPO Mars. Among the scientists and designers who made the greatest contribution to the development of this system, it should be noted the winner of the State Prize Yu.N. Maklakova, M.G. Volkova, V.L. Lushchik, chief designer, laureate of the State Prize V.V. Alekseychik.
Development common system KSBU in the interests of the country's defense was carried out under the leadership of Academician N.I. Semenikhin and K.N. Trofimov. In the same period, a wide range of research and development work was launched to create global automated reconnaissance and surveillance systems on ocean and sea theaters.
The plans for the implementation of these R & D provided for the possibility of providing the Navy, fleets and directly the strike groups of the fleet with high-precision coordinate-object information about the enemy on a time scale close to real. Among the leading scientists and developers in the field of development and automation of intelligence and surveillance systems, it should be noted the winner of the State Prizes, Academician A.I. Savin, as well as scientists Yu.V. Alekseeva, L.N. Mileiko, chief designers of systems and their components Yu.P. Kuleshova, S.A. Mishchukova, A.I. Voronoi, G.D. Litvinov.
Significant scientific and technical groundwork was made as a result of R&D for the development of infrastructure and integrated automation of the reserve component of the control system by the Navy, which has a high degree of survivability and noise immunity. Practical engineering developments were carried out in terms of creating automated systems for naval and ground command posts based on new design solutions.
By the end of the 80s, an automated air launcher based on the IL-80 aircraft was developed and submitted for state testing. Yu.N. Kalashnikov, Yu.N. Golovko, chief designer Yu.V. Peslik, A.I. Zaparov.
In parallel with the creation of the newest naval command and control posts, work was launched on a wide front to improve and develop an automated communication and data transmission system to submarines and naval NKs. Modern automated communication systems were created to ensure that command and operational information was communicated to the forces of the fleets. A significant contribution to the development of systems and tools was made by N.F. Directorov, Academician V.I. Miroshnikov and many others.
Upon completion of the practical development of complexes for automation of information and settlement AS-4 and KSBU, research institutions of the Navy, together with scientific and industrial enterprises of industry, began to implement an R&D program for the phased creation of a single integrated automated control system by the forces of the Navy "Mars". This program provided:
the choice of development of engineering solutions for the integration of KSA of individual automated control systems into a single integrated automated control system;
significant expansion of special software (SMO) in terms of automating the functions of the control process;
study of world experience and search for practical ways to develop the ACS of the ACS of the Navy based on the latest software and hardware.
Achieved scientific and technical groundwork in the course of implementation the specified program made it possible by the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s to move on to practical work on automating the CS facilities by the Navy on the basis of a new world-standard information technology. It:
creation of local computer networks of high performance on personal computers;
development and implementation of high-level programming languages, the most modern methods of database formation;
development and implementation of “artificial intelligence” methods into the structure of the QS ACS.
The entire volume of scientific and practical work performed on the creation and development of a modern control system by the forces of the Navy gave it the necessary combat properties, which made it possible to effectively control the forces of the fleets and their formations and formations in all possible options for unleashing a war by an aggressor. Enormous work was invested by scientists in the creation of automated tactical control systems.
Creation of ACS of the Navy would be impossible without solving very important problems of their special software. The experience gained in the field of development of automatic control systems and automation equipment has shown that their combat effectiveness depends to a decisive extent on the volume and quality of special mathematical and software (SMPO). An analysis of the accumulated experience in the development of SMPO, its high labor intensity and science intensity required that work on the creation of SMPO be put on a unified scientific, methodological and technological basis through an industrial approach to solving this problem.
In 1976, in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Center for Special Mathematical Support for Automatic Control Systems (since 1988, the Scientific Research Center of the SMO ") was established at the 24th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense, which was entrusted with a wide range of tasks, ranging from the development of directions and programs for the development of special mathematical and software (SMSS) automated control systems, the development of operational and tactical requirements to the practical development of tasks, their implementation and maintenance in operation S. M. Kostin was appointed the first head of the SMO Center. scientific and practical activities Center SMO were aimed at creating a complex of mathematical models of operations of the Navy and a system of bilateral simulation modeling armed struggle at sea and the development and improvement of the SMO for automated control systems and simulators.
AT in practical terms The Center was tasked with:
on the development of SMPO for ACS MVU-B2 and KSBU, models of operations and combat operations of forces, calculation tasks for the Information and Computing Center of the Headquarters of the Fleets;
on the development of QMS for shipboard CICS and operational-tactical simulators, its modeling on universal computers and transfer for implementation by industrial organizations in specialized shipboard computer systems, including: in CICS - the Omnibus series for six projects of third-generation submarines; row "Alley", "Lumberjack" for surface ships; in the operational-tactical simulators "Dialoma", "Singer", "Collimator".
The CMO Center in a short time became the leading organization in the field of methodology and technology, coordinating systems and automation tools. In addition, together with organizations of the USSR Academy of Sciences and industry, the SMO Center worked during this period:
on the creation of a software complex for ballistic support of the NSNF (KBM MOM, NPO Agat);
on the development of basic software properties of information-linguistic support (ILS) of ACS "More" (NPO "Mars"), AS "Jupiter" (IK AN UkrSSR), MVU-B2 (TsNIIKA).
The main results of the research activities of the Center in 1976-1985. were:
software for planning the combat use of NSNF in terms of manufacturing combat information carriers;
information and linguistic support of the ACS “More” of the first stage and the AS “Jupiter” in terms of the creation of dictionaries, classifiers, databases and basic information tasks;
a set of mathematical models of operations (combat actions) of the forces of the Navy in terms of ensuring the operations of the fleet, the combat stability of the RPK SN, the deployment of forces, the fight against submarines, aircraft carrier strike formations, convoys, strike groups of surface ships, as well as the provision of amphibious operations and civil navigation .
The research results were implemented in the systems MVU-B2, FAP of the Navy, AS "Jupiter" and ACS "More" of the first stage.
During these years, scientific schools on mathematical programming, operations research and combat simulation were formed, which were headed by the laureate of the USSR State Prize Sh.K. Vakhitov, G.A. Velichko, I.S. Novikov and S.M. Kostin. The greatest contribution to the achievement of these results was made by N.G. Nikitin, V.A. Pavlovich, V.S. Chernov, V.L. Rodin, S.V. Kochergin and S.I. Cheryomushkin.
In 1986-1995 The main tasks of the Center were:
development of special mathematical and software systems for automation of the control bodies of the NSNF, ACS “More”, AS “Dozor-M”;
the formation of a scientific and methodological apparatus for the system design of local computer networks (LAN) software based on modern information technologies;
creation of systems for simulation modeling of operations (combat actions) of the Navy forces;
the use of complexes of means for automating the command and control bodies of the Navy (based on personal computers/PCs) to automate the processes of planning the combat use of the Navy forces;
creation of prototypes of graphic stations on modeling stands;
ensuring the scientific, methodological, methodological and technological compatibility of the SMPO KSA of the Navy control bodies.
Together with organizations of the Academy of Sciences and Industry during this period, the following main areas of research were mastered:
on the creation of a ballistic support system for planning the combat use of NSNF (State Missile Center of the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering named after Academician V.P. Makeev, NPO “Agat”);
on equipping a special mathematical LAN of the Navy command and control bodies (NPO Algorithm, CJSC Programmprom, NPO Mars, NPO Kometa, NPO Cybernetics);
on the creation of a computer security system and the protection of software and information from unauthorized access (SPBGTU NPO "Mars", ASI "Confident", JSC "Nienschanz-Protection").
During the period of research activities of the Center in 1986-1995. were:
a system of software and mathematical tools for detailed planning of the combat use of NSNF was developed;
substantiated local area network of the naval combat command and control group consisting of 20 automated workstations (AWPs);
a set of application packages for AWS for the daily organization of the Navy's command and control bodies has been developed;
a simulation system for modeling (IMS) of operations (combat actions) of the Navy forces was created on the basis of a single computer and personal computer system;
a set of software tools for certifying the quality of the SMPO KSA of the Navy control bodies was defined.
The results of the research were implemented in the ACS “More” of the second stage, AS “Dozor-M”, KAIS “Inford-VMF-1”, ISM “Azov”. The most prominent scientists working in this direction were G.D. Litvinov and V.V. Zemlyanukhin, I.N. Zadvornov, V.S. Potekhin, Yu.P. Gushchin, A.M. Zubakha, V.I. Sedov.
All work on the mathematical support of automated control systems and automation tools was and is of a pronounced scientific and applied nature, brought to implementation by delivery to the customer or implementation in the developed systems. More than 30 methods and mathematical models of operations, 56 packages of application programs for operator workstations have been transferred to combat operation. Transferred for trial operation: ISM "Azov", a computer network for the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet based on a PC, LAIS, Len, Naval Base. At present, the work of the Scientific Research Center of the SMO is aimed at automating the activities of the command and control bodies of the Navy on the basis of personal computer networks and modern methods of new information technology.
Military-technical problems of creating and developing a modern system of command and control of the forces of the Navy and ways to solve them
A.N. Zolotov, Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Captain 1st Rank; S.K. Svirin, Doctor of Naval Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, Rear Admiral; P.P. Shamaev, Candidate of Military Sciences, Captain 1st Rank; S.V. Kochergin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Captain 1st Rank
Command and control of fleet forces is understood as an organized process of developing and bringing to command and control of the forces commands and signals that ensure their effective combat use in the interests of achieving the set goals of armed struggle at sea.
Requirements for the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the main properties of management - as a process, i.e. its efficiency, continuity, reliability, flexibility and secrecy - stem primarily from the canons of naval strategies and are developed on the basis of the principles of adequacy of control capabilities to the combat capabilities of the forces and weapons of the fleet.
The organizational and material basis that ensures the implementation of the control process is the control system (CS) of the fleet forces, which is a hierarchically linked set of bodies (headquarters, command posts) and control facilities serviced by specially trained personnel (operators). If the first steps in the creation and development of the control system by the forces of the Russian fleet were carried out on the basis of domestic and international experience in practical navigation and naval battles (flagship, signal flags, spyglass, mars observers, evolution of the flagship as a means of transmitting commands and control signals), then with With the appearance at the beginning of the 20th century of a “mass” heterogeneous ocean fleet, long-range weapons, the further development of the control system by the forces of the fleet without a holistic scientific theory and the search for fundamental technical solutions became practically impossible.
The creation and development of a modern control system by the forces of the Russian Navy can be conditionally divided into two main stages: the beginning of the 50s - the middle of the 70s, the end of the 70s - to the present. The main factors that served as the initial basis for the theory and practice of creating and developing CS by the Navy at the first stage were:
the orientation of the military doctrines of the leading powers of the world, including the USSR, towards the resolute mass use of nuclear missile weapons in the interests of achieving the strategic goals of armed struggle;
the transformation of ocean and sea theaters into strategic ones due to the large-scale creation by the leading powers of nuclear ocean fleets and the intensive development of sea-based nuclear missile systems.
The transition to permanent operational activity of the Navy forces in the vast waters of ocean and sea theaters has necessitated the scientific determination and justification of such properties of the naval forces as spatial coverage, maneuverability, combat readiness, and economy.
A new quality of content and significantly more stringent requirements were imposed on the efficiency, stability, and reliability of the control system. This entailed the search for new, non-traditional in relation to the period before the Great Patriotic War, practical ways to solve such military-technical problems as:
ensuring high survivability of SU from damaging factors of nuclear weapons;
ensuring high stability of the control system from a variety of interference effects, including electronic interference;
global and all-sphere acquisition of information necessary for making decisions on the use of forces and developing commands and signals for combat control;
ensuring the possibility of processing large flows of information in a short time at all hierarchical levels of management;
a sharp reduction in the time cycles of command and control forces.
The scientific and technical search for rational ways to solve these problems was focused on creating:
the infrastructure of the system of command and control bodies of the Navy on a new qualitative basis;
a modern system of forces and means of illuminating the situation in the oceanic and sea theater of operations;
highly efficient systems and means of communication and data transmission;
systems and means of automating the process of managing the forces of the Navy.
In each of these areas, it was necessary to carry out a whole range of complex scientific and technical developments, which necessitated the involvement of the general scientific and technical potential of the state. To this end, the National Research University of the Navy conducted a large amount of research and experimental development in terms of determining and substantiating the requirements for the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the properties of the control system by the Navy. At the same time, the results of fundamental research and scientific and technical experiments in the field of radio electronics, cybernetics, aviation and space technology, architecture and construction were also taken into account.
Through the joint efforts of specialists from the National Research University of the Navy, the Academy of Sciences, branch research institutes of the domestic industry, during the period under review, significant practical results and scientific and technical groundwork were achieved in the creation and development of modern control systems by the Navy.
By the beginning of the 1970s, a backbone network of the main command and control system was created at the central control level of the Navy, in the fleets and in their main formations, based on protected command posts (CP) equipped with control and communication facilities. At the same time, a wide front of scientific, experimental, developmental and practical work was launched to create and develop the infrastructure of the reserve component of the control system by forces, designed to ensure the effective management of sea-based strategic forces and general-purpose naval forces in a general nuclear war. In particular, during the indicated period, naval command and control posts (CP) based on specially converted project 68U cruisers, the control ship “Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov”, air launchers and repeater aircraft based on aircraft of the Il-22, Tu- 142MRTS (Marine reconnaissance and target designation). In addition, the first practical steps have been taken to create elements of the ground mobile component of the control system by forces based on field ground launchers in the automotive version and mobile launchers in the railway version.
At the second stage, the developed scientific and technical solutions in the field of creating modern means of reconnaissance and surveillance made it possible to form an integral system of situational illumination in the fleets. In particular, the “Legend” marine space reconnaissance system was created and put into combat operation, which made it possible to ensure global observation coverage of the seas and oceans and prompt delivery of coordinate information on surface targets directly to the strike forces of the Navy. Air regiments and air squadrons of long-range and medium-range reconnaissance aviation based on Tu-95R, Tu-16R, Tu-22R aircraft were formed in the fleets. The coastal fleet surveillance system was transferred to a new technical basis, which was able to increase the control zone of the surface situation from two to several tens of kilometers. By this period, R&D had made significant progress in the field of creating a system for long-range hydroacoustic observation and over-the-horizon radar.
At the third stage, the developed scientific and technical solutions in the field of creating highly efficient means of communication and data transmission made it possible to create an extensive global communication system for the Navy in the 70s, including the use of artificial Earth satellites (AES) - repeaters of the Parus space communication system . In addition, serious scientific groundwork has been created for the technical development of communication facilities in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges of radio waves.
A special role in ensuring the fulfillment of the requirements for the process of command and control of naval forces during operations and combat actions was played by the creation and widespread introduction of automation equipment into the activities of the bodies and command posts of the Navy. A prerequisite for the creation and implementation of the first domestic systems and complexes of control automation was the need to increase the efficiency and accuracy of collecting, processing, accumulating, storing significant amounts of operational information on the management of the forces of the Navy, conducting operational-tactical calculations in the interests of planning the combat use of the forces of the fleet. It should be noted that the appearance in the country during this period of electronic computing technology gave a new impetus to work in this area.
In the mid-60s, the cooperation of industrial enterprises with military scientific support of the 24th Research Institute of the Navy created a prototype of the first in the Navy "Automated control system for the forces of the fleet" (AS-4 system). This system was introduced in the Northern and Pacific Fleets, as well as in the General Staff of the Navy and provided automated collection, processing, storage of operational information on the composition of own forces, enemy forces and the state of the environment. The commissioning of the AS-4 system to a large extent made it possible to intensify and facilitate the management activities of the operators and command of the Navy. A great contribution to the introduction and development of promising technology was made by the operators of the Central Control Center of the Navy, the Command Command of the Northern Fleet.
The experience of introducing the first ACS by the Navy made it possible by the end of the 70s to launch a wide range of research and development work to modernize existing control and communication facilities and create fundamentally new automation systems by the Navy, taking into account the latest achievements in electronics and cybernetics.
Among the main factors that had a direct impact on the development and scientific justification of the requirements for the organizational and technical appearance and parameters of the main properties of the CS by the Navy for the period of the mid-70s, should be attributed:
reorientation of the military doctrines of the world's leading powers from "massive nuclear retaliation" to "target selection" through the use of the latest technologies in the development of systems and means of high-precision weapons (WTO);
widespread introduction in the military field of the latest achievements of a new information technology - "artificial intelligence";
the massive development by the leading powers of the program for the comprehensive coverage of the waters of the World Ocean - the "transparent ocean";
development of modern means and methods of electronic warfare.
These factors made it necessary to present such requirements for the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the control system by the Navy as:
providing the ability to control the sea-based WTO on the flight path to the targets not only directly from the carriers, but also from higher-level controls;
ensuring the possibility of circulation of information in the control system circuits on a time scale approaching real;
ensuring the possibility of simultaneous integrated control of space, air, ground, surface and underwater spheres in the areas of operational-strategic responsibility of the Navy.
The results of scientific research by Navy specialists testified that the main way to practically achieve the above requirements is to develop a single automated control system by the Navy on a more qualitatively new technological base, which would provide the possibility of real-time integration of all stages of the control process. The main military-technical problems at the stage under consideration were as follows:
finding rational ways to create high-precision automated reconnaissance and surveillance equipment of various bases using the latest methods of digital signal processing;
search for optimal designs of automated networks and information exchange channels;
selection of rational technical solutions for “end-to-end” communication of commands and combat control signals from upper-level control bodies to directly the forces at sea;
choice of rational ways of practical implementation of ACS software.
During the considered period of joint research, experimental and development work by the teams of the National Research University of the Navy, the Academy of Sciences and a number of leading enterprises of the domestic industry, the following main scientific and practical results were obtained.
By the middle of the 1980s, a combat control command system (CSBU) was created and put into combat operation at the command posts of the Main Command of the Navy, fleets, and their main operational formations, which provided the possibility of flexible control, primarily of naval strategic nuclear forces, as well as the main strike groups general forces.
The leading role in the development and implementation of this system into combat operation was performed by the scientific and technical teams of the 24th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense and NPO Mars. Among the scientists and designers who made the greatest contribution to the development of this system, it should be noted the winner of the State Prize Yu.N. Maklakova, M.G. Volkova, V.L. Lushchik, chief designer, laureate of the State Prize V.V. Alekseychik.
The development of a common system of KSBU in the interests of the country's defense was carried out under the leadership of Academician N.I. Semenikhin and K.N. Trofimov. In the same period, a wide range of research and development work was launched to create global automated reconnaissance and surveillance systems on ocean and sea theaters.
The plans for the implementation of these R & D provided for the possibility of providing the Navy, fleets and directly the strike groups of the fleet with high-precision coordinate-object information about the enemy on a time scale close to real. Among the leading scientists and developers in the field of development and automation of intelligence and surveillance systems, it should be noted the winner of the State Prizes, Academician A.I. Savin, as well as scientists Yu.V. Alekseeva, L.N. Mileiko, chief designers of systems and their components Yu.P. Kuleshova, S.A. Mishchukova, A.I. Voronoi, G.D. Litvinov.
Significant scientific and technical groundwork was made as a result of R&D for the development of infrastructure and integrated automation of the reserve component of the control system by the Navy, which has a high degree of survivability and noise immunity. Practical engineering developments were carried out in terms of creating automated systems for naval and ground command posts based on new design solutions.
By the end of the 80s, an automated air launcher based on the IL-80 aircraft was developed and submitted for state testing. Yu.N. Kalashnikov, Yu.N. Golovko, chief designer Yu.V. Peslik, A.I. Zaparov.
In parallel with the creation of the newest naval command and control posts, work was launched on a wide front to improve and develop an automated communication and data transmission system to submarines and naval NKs. Modern automated communication systems were created to ensure that command and operational information was communicated to the forces of the fleets. A significant contribution to the development of systems and tools was made by N.F. Directorov, Academician V.I. Miroshnikov and many others.
Upon completion of the practical development of complexes for automation of information and settlement AS-4 and KSBU, research institutions of the Navy, together with scientific and industrial enterprises of industry, began to implement an R&D program for the phased creation of a single integrated automated control system by the forces of the Navy "Mars". This program included:
the choice of development of engineering solutions for the integration of KSA of individual automated control systems into a single integrated automated control system;
significant expansion of special software (SMO) in terms of automating the functions of the control process;
study of world experience and search for practical ways to develop the ACS of the ACS of the Navy based on the latest software and hardware.
The scientific and technical groundwork achieved in the course of the implementation of this program made it possible by the end of the 80s - the beginning of the 90s to move on to practical work on automating the control system facilities by the Navy based on a new world-standard information technology. It:
creation of local computer networks of high performance on personal computers;
development and implementation of high-level programming languages, the most modern methods of database formation;
development and implementation of “artificial intelligence” methods into the structure of the QS ACS.
The entire volume of scientific and practical work performed on the creation and development of a modern control system by the forces of the Navy gave it the necessary combat properties, which made it possible to effectively control the forces of the fleets and their formations and formations in all possible options for unleashing a war by an aggressor. Enormous work was invested by scientists in the creation of automated tactical control systems.
Creation of ACS of the Navy would be impossible without solving very important problems of their special software. The experience gained in the field of development of automatic control systems and automation equipment has shown that their combat effectiveness depends to a decisive extent on the volume and quality of special mathematical and software (SMPO). An analysis of the accumulated experience in the development of SMPO, its high labor intensity and science intensity required that work on the creation of SMPO be put on a unified scientific, methodological and technological basis through an industrial approach to solving this problem.
In 1976, in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Center for Special Mathematical Support for Automated Control Systems (since 1988, the Scientific Research Center of the SMO') was established at the 24th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense, which was entrusted with a wide range of tasks, ranging from the development of directions and programs for the development of special mathematical and software (SMSS) automated control systems, the development of operational and tactical requirements to the practical development of tasks, their implementation and maintenance in operation. S.M. was appointed the first head of the CMO Center. Kostin. The main efforts of the scientific and practical activities of the SMO Center were aimed at creating a complex of mathematical models of naval operations and a system for bilateral simulation of warfare at sea and developing and improving SMO for automated control systems and simulators.
In practical terms, the Center was tasked with:
on the development of SMPO for ACS MVU-B2 and KSBU, models of operations and combat operations of forces, calculation tasks for the Information and Computing Center of the Headquarters of the Fleets;
on the development of QMS for shipboard CICS and operational-tactical simulators, its modeling on universal computers and transfer for implementation by industrial organizations in specialized shipboard computer systems, including: in CICS - the Omnibus series for six projects of third-generation submarines; row "Alley", "Lumberjack" for surface ships; in the operational-tactical simulators "Dialoma", "Singer", "Collimator".
The CMO Center in a short time became the leading organization in the field of methodology and technology, coordinating systems and automation tools. In addition, together with organizations of the USSR Academy of Sciences and industry, the SMO Center worked during this period:
on the creation of a software complex for ballistic support of the NSNF (KBM MOM, NPO Agat);
on the development of basic software properties of information-linguistic support (ILS) of ACS "More" (NPO "Mars"), AS "Jupiter" (IK AN UkrSSR), MVU-B2 (TsNIIKA).
The main results of the research activities of the Center in 1976-1985. were:
software for planning the combat use of NSNF in terms of manufacturing combat information carriers;
information and linguistic support of the ACS “More” of the first stage and the AS “Jupiter” in terms of the creation of dictionaries, classifiers, databases and basic information tasks;
a set of mathematical models of operations (combat actions) of the forces of the Navy in terms of ensuring the operations of the fleet, the combat stability of the RPK SN, the deployment of forces, the fight against submarines, aircraft carrier strike formations, convoys, strike groups of surface ships, as well as the provision of amphibious operations and civil navigation .
The research results were implemented in the systems MVU-B2, FAP of the Navy, AS "Jupiter" and ACS "More" of the first stage.
During these years, scientific schools on mathematical programming, operations research and combat simulation were formed, which were headed by the laureate of the USSR State Prize Sh.K. Vakhitov, G.A. Velichko, I.S. Novikov and S.M. Kostin. The greatest contribution to the achievement of these results was made by N.G. Nikitin, V.A. Pavlovich, V.S. Chernov, V.L. Rodin, S.V. Kochergin and S.I. Cheryomushkin.
In 1986-1995 The main tasks of the Center were:
development of special mathematical and software systems for automation of the control bodies of the NSNF, ACS “More”, AS “Dozor-M”;
formation of a scientific and methodological apparatus for system design of software for local computer networks (LAN) based on modern information technologies;
creation of systems for simulation modeling of operations (combat actions) of the Navy forces;
the use of complexes of means for automating the command and control bodies of the Navy (based on personal computers/PCs) to automate the processes of planning the combat use of the Navy forces;
creation of prototypes of graphic stations on modeling stands;
ensuring the scientific, methodological, methodological and technological compatibility of the SMPO KSA of the Navy control bodies.
Together with organizations of the Academy of Sciences and Industry during this period, the following main areas of research were mastered:
on the creation of a ballistic support system for planning the combat use of NSNF (State Missile Center of the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering named after Academician V.P. Makeev, NPO “Agat”);
on equipping a special mathematical LAN of the Navy command and control bodies (NPO Algorithm, CJSC Programmprom, NPO Mars, NPO Kometa, NPO Cybernetics);
on the creation of a computer security system and the protection of software and information from unauthorized access (SPBGTU NPO "Mars", ASI "Confident", JSC "Nienschanz-Protection").
During the period of research activities of the Center in 1986-1995. were:
a system of software and mathematical tools for detailed planning of the combat use of NSNF was developed;
substantiated local area network of the naval combat command and control group consisting of 20 automated workstations (AWPs);
a set of application packages for AWS for the daily organization of the Navy's command and control bodies has been developed;
a simulation system for modeling (IMS) of operations (combat actions) of the Navy forces was created on the basis of a single computer and personal computer system;
a set of software tools for certifying the quality of the SMPO KSA of the Navy control bodies was defined.
The results of the research were implemented in the ACS “More” of the second stage, AS “Dozor-M”, KAIS “Inford-VMF-1”, ISM “Azov”. The most prominent scientists working in this direction were G.D. Litvinov and V.V. Zemlyanukhin, I.N. Zadvornov, V.S. Potekhin, Yu.P. Gushchin, A.M. Zubakha, V.I. Sedov.
All work on the mathematical support of automated control systems and automation tools was and is of a pronounced scientific and applied nature, brought to implementation by delivery to the customer or implementation in the developed systems. More than 30 methods and mathematical models of operations, 56 packages of application programs for operator workstations have been transferred to combat operation. Transferred for trial operation: ISM "Azov", a computer network for the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet based on a PC, LAIS, Len, Naval Base. At present, the work of the Scientific Research Center of the SMO is aimed at automating the activities of the command and control bodies of the Navy on the basis of personal computer networks and modern methods of new information technology.
Vladimir MAKLAEV
For 50 years of production activity, scientists, designers, engineers and technicians of the enterprise have created and transferred to the Russian Navy and the Navy of foreign states dozens of various automated control systems, hundreds of CSAs have been manufactured and delivered to customer facilities, most of which are currently being effectively operated.
Over the half-century history of the Federal Research and Production Center of OAO NPO Mars, four generations of information and control systems have been developed and put into service for all aircraft carriers and surface ships of various projects (types, classes) in service with the Russian Navy and the Navy of foreign states, and two generations of coastal ACS forces of the Navy.
In 2010, the enterprise completed the development of the third generation of the system - an integrated automated control system (IACS) for the Navy and is deploying serial production of the KSA system. By 2015, it is planned to complete equipping headquarters and command posts of the Navy at all levels and purposes with these KSA. The enterprise has the production and human resources to ensure the implementation of this task.
As a result of the introduction of IASU complexes into operation, users (the Russian Navy and the Navy of foreign states) receive:
Single information space based on data integration general use and their descriptions by types of functional activities at all levels of management;
Joint awareness services (in accordance with access rights) about all types of situations and the implementation on this basis of distributed planning for the use of forces (troops);
Guaranteed information security means of identification, authentication and authorization of user access to the resources of a single information space;
Information support of the processes of functional activity of the operational, command and technical staff of all management bodies;
Integration into the IACS of the Navy of all types of existing and new types of surface ships, submarines, naval aviation and coastal missile systems;
High-speed and reliable exchange of all types of information over modern digital networks and communication channels.
As part of ensuring integration into the IACS of the Navy, the formation and maintenance of a single information field (SIS) of the ship and the integration of the SIS of the ship into a single information space of the Navy, the enterprise developed, manufactured and installed on ships of projects 20380, 21630, 11540, 02668, 11661, etc. . modern complexes of automation tools of a new generation, including solving tasks:
Information support for the processes of preparation and decision-making by the ship's officials, setting tasks and communicating commands;
Ensuring information and logical interaction of shipborne complexes V and VT in the interests of the effective use of combat contours;
Automation of the activities of officials of the command control complex at the command posts and combat posts of the ship, etc.
Based on samples of automation equipment complexes created for the Russian Navy, the enterprise, within the framework of military-technical cooperation, offers for export a number of military equipment that ensure the creation of integrated systems for monitoring, protecting and defending maritime areas and the entire maritime space of a state of a foreign customer. The main combat means offered by the enterprise for export are:
1. Coastal Modular Operations Center (BOTS) "83t170-E";
2. Coastal modular operating point (OP) "83t611-E";
3. Regional tactical data exchange system;
4. Ship automated systems (Sigma-E combat information and control system, Lesorub-E automated combat control system and Diez-E automated mine action control system).
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As part of complex automation systems with the participation of enterprises of the Russian Federation, it is planned to manufacture and supply promising radar stations, stationary sonar systems, unmanned aircraft, means of electronic intelligence and video surveillance using modern systems connections.
Other areas of the enterprise's activities related to testing, development, manufacture and installation of products at user sites with subsequent technical support for the entire period of operation have also been developed.
The high operational and reliability characteristics of the control systems supplied to the Russian Navy have allowed NPO Mars to become a leading enterprise in the military-scientific and scientific-technical fields. Much attention is paid to the issues innovative development. In order to further improve the efficiency of management on the principles of "network-centric warfare" and combat operations in a single information and functional space, the enterprise developed the concept of innovative development, in accordance with which, at the expense of federal and own funds, it is planned to master new technologies for the development and testing of software technical means necessary to create integrated systems for the Navy and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as a whole.
The result of this activity was the attraction of investments for the implementation innovative projects modernization and re-equipment of the technological base of the enterprise and its provision with the following federal target programs (FTP):
- "Development of the military-industrial complex for 2007-2010";
- "Development of civil marine technology for 2009-2016";
- "Development of electronic component base and radio electronics for 2008-2015";
- "Development of the military-industrial complex for 2011-2020".
Successful solution of the tasks of innovative development allows creating competitive products in the domestic and foreign markets, significantly expanding the scope of the company's products, which gives grounds for the employees of NPO Mars to look confidently into the future.
We are ready to consider proposals for mutually beneficial cooperation with Russian and foreign companies, find new reliable partners, and also accept orders for the supply of our products.
MILITARY THOUGHT No. 10.2005 (pp. 18-22)
CREATION EXPERIENCEAndAPPLICATIONS IN THE NAVY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES MANAGEMENT
Captain 2nd rank S.Yu. KONDAKOV
Captain 1st rank, retired N.G. NIKITIN
PRESENT state of automation management activities command and officials of the Navy is characterized by the multifaceted use of modern information technologies (basic, functional, communication), implemented using computer and communication tools. The Navy has come a long way in the development and implementation of information technologies in the activities of military command and control bodies (MCAs). Time can be divided into three periods namely:
1958-1975 - commissioning of autonomous universal computers at fleet facilities, the formation of information and computer centers at the General Staff of the Navy and fleet headquarters;
1975-1990 - creation and adoption of the first automated information and settlement systems, local automated information systems, combat control systems, automated data exchange systems between stationary control objects, an automated subsystem for data exchange with submarines and surface ships at sea, etc.;
With1990 to present - the period of mass introduction of automated workplaces connected into local computer networks into the management activities of officials of the military administration, the deployment of integrated automation of naval management processes by integrating existing and developing automated systems (complexes of automation tools), automated systems based on unified complexes of automation tools, combined by automated telecommunications and communication systems.
The leading role in the development and implementation of information management technologies in the military command and control bodies of the Navy half a century ago was assigned to Computing Center No. 2 of the USSR Ministry of Defense (currently 24th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation). Over its half-century history, the staff of the Institute carried out a large and complex work to create and improve the scientific and methodological apparatus for solving system-technical, mathematical, informational and organizational issues of designing automated control systems for the Navy and implementing them. in practice of work of the OVU of the Navy. Particular attention should be paid to the development, implementation and maintenance of special mathematical, software and information-linguistic support in the complexes of the Navy's automation equipment in the interests of automating the processes of controlling the forces, weapons and technical means of the fleet.
On the first stage fundamental research was carried out to identify areas and set priorities for automating the management activities of the command and officials of the military command. They were carried out as part of complex research work (co-executors of the Naval Academy, National Research University of the Navy and headquarters of the fleets).
The study and analysis of the practice of management activities in the fleets and in the central command and control bodies of the Navy made it possible to identify in this process the main components to be automated, namely: providing the command and officers of the military command with information about the operational situation in the oceanic and maritime theaters of military operations, the state and actions of their forces, naval forces of the probable enemy and the environment; development, decision-making, development of plans for the implementation of tasks and the formation of proposals for their implementation; organizing the fulfillment of assigned tasks in accordance with the developed action plans for the forces; setting tasks for controlled forces, issuing commands, instructions and orders; monitoring the implementation of plans, measures, actions of forces; correction of plans, the course of actions of forces and measures; reporting and informing the higher command about the fulfillment of the assigned tasks.
To solve the problems of automating control processes in 24 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense, the Naval Academy and the National Research University of the Navy, work was launched in the following areas: the development of information and calculation tasks for implementation on universal computers implemented at the facilities of the Navy (at the headquarters of the fleets and the General Staff of the Navy); preparation of information and linguistic support for solving information and calculation problems on autonomous computers and in advanced automated systems; a comprehensive, thorough study of the methodology and technology for creating information and computational problems; substantiation and development of methods and models for interfacing universal and specialized computers with communication channels and information sources (radio engineering means).
Researchers of the Institute and other NRUs Navy in close connection with the operational staff of the General Staff of the Navy and the headquarters of the fleets in as soon as possible developed a range of information and calculation problems and mathematical models on the collection and processing of information on the operational situation in the oceanic and maritime theaters of military operations (including the space, electronic, radiation, bacteriological and chemical situation, nuclear and chemical strikes), on the elements of the rear, special and technical support of the forces; on accounting for tactical and technical characteristics, combat potentials and standards for the use of forces, weapons and technical means of the Navy and the Navy of foreign states; for the collection, processing and evaluation of physical-geographical, climatic and weather conditions in areas of operations (combat operations), as well as other factors affecting the performance of combat missions; on automation of control processes for missile submarines special purpose; to assess the situation and develop proposals for the plan and decision of the commanders (commanders) to conduct operations (combat actions).
Information and calculation tasks that received positive ratings users and passed trial operation, for wide use were included in the "Library of Methods of the Navy" at the 24th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense. Already by 1968, it contained more than 100 full-fledged information and calculation problems in relation to computers being introduced at naval facilities. These scientific and methodological materials were widely used in daily activities by officials of the General Staff of the Navy and headquarters of the fleets in the early planning of operations (combat actions of forces), in the organization and direct control of combat service and combat duty forces, as well as in operational training events (command and staff exercises ). In order to ensure the effective use of the "Library of Methods Navy" and to facilitate the work of the operational staff of the governing bodies in 24 Central Research Institutes of the Ministry of Defense were created a system for automated distribution of initial data and a unified system for the automation of calculations (EUAR).
Simultaneously at this stage in 24 Central Research Institute The Ministry of Defense carried out work on the creation of a unified information and linguistic support (supporting the solution of the above tasks) for the automated control systems of the Navy. At the same time, the main attention was paid to the development information languages presentation of the contents of military and administrative documents, as well as recording data in computer storage devices. Syntax, semantics, classifiers and coding dictionaries, methods of formalizing documents, key phrases for formalizing the contents of operational and intelligence reports were developed - such as formulary, questionnaire, tabular and others, which are still used today. Work began on the creation of a "single information data field of the Navy" - a prototype of a modern unified information resource ensuring the solution of the tasks of the “Library of Methods of the Navy”. Proposals were substantiated for the development of standard software for the implementation of information tasks in a computer, which later became the basis for automated information retrieval systems of documentary and factographic types, as well as modern database management systems.
A revolutionary turn in the field of application of information technologies in management was the introduction (since January 1975) in the headquarters of the fleets and PP of the Navy of the automated system MVU-B2 (MVU-B2M) and the first in the fleet in relation to the BESM-type computer of the unique multifunctional operational factual information system (OFFICE). This system is a joint domestic development of specialists from the Central Research Institute of Integrated Automation (Moscow) and the 24th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense (B.T. Schreiber, S. Weinstein, L.L. Buber, N.G. Nikitin, Yu.G. Khrabrov).
The OFFICE software performed the functions of tools for creating information systems, as well as information retrieval systems of factographic and documentary types. In addition, with its help, the following was carried out: formation and support in the current state and compliance with documentary and factual databases; processing of incoming documents (messages and requests) formalized by the mentioned methods in Russian (for requests); search and issue to operators in the required form (table, text, questionnaire) of information about the real situation on display devices from databases according to the specified attributes and in form on visual display devices (screens and tablets) of the MVU-B2 system; search and issue of information in ESAR for solving computational problems from the "Library of Methods Navy", why based on OFFICE in the MVU-B2 system created and maintained up to date a database on the forces, weapons and means of the Navy and the Navy of a potential enemy, hydrometeorological conditions in the ocean and sea theaters of military operations, coastal facilities, command posts and control systems, combat potentials and standards for the use of forces and weapons; provision and control of user access to databases; differentiation of access to various sections of databases and specific records about objects and their elements; administration of the information processing process and control of the functioning of its components.
The OFFICE software was presented as a set of separate procedures of various levels, which were automatically integrated to perform tasks set out in messages or requests. OFFICE was designed as a "multi-language system" capable of processing and issuing factual information in several languages. This was achieved through the use of a unified coding system for dictionary terms.
With the help of OFFICE, the classic version of the functioning was already implemented in the MVU-B2 system information and settlement system(Fig.), which implements management information technologies.
With the introduction of the MVU-B2 system, its modifications (the MVU-B2M system), an automated subsystem for exchanging data with submarines and surface ships at sea at naval facilities, second phase application of information management technologies. During this period, at the 24th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense, Center for the development of special mathematical and software for automated systems of the Navy, ensuring the implementation of information technologies in the fleet's command and control department. As a result of the joint activities of the specialists of the center, the Naval Academy, the National Research University of the Navy, the General Staff of the Navy, the headquarters of the fleets and industry, during this period, the automation of the processes of processing information about the operational situation in the oceanic and sea theaters of military operations is carried out in the General Staff of the Navy, the headquarters of the fleets, the headquarters of the flotilla heterogeneous forces and naval bases. At the same time, the automation of the formation and submission to the command of urgent time reports (operational and intelligence reports, documents on the composition and status of the combat readiness forces of naval formations, documents on the composition and status of weapons in warehouses and arsenals of the fleet) is being carried out, "machine-to-machine" exchange of information between automated systems of objects management of various levels, as well as automated completion of command and control background information to the ships at sea. At the same time, an automated set of tasks for planning and monitoring combat service and combat duty is being developed and introduced into the practice of the operational staff of the central command post of the Navy and the command posts of the fleets. In addition to the already existing tasks and methods, sets of tasks are being developed to substantiate options for the combat use of forces in maritime operations (combat actions), various types of operational, logistic and technical support, planning and combat use reconnaissance, communications, electronic warfare, air defense forces in fleet operations (combat actions). At the same time, a set of tasks to automate the control processes and ensure the combat stability of strategic missile submarines is being comprehensively improved.
In addition, the command of the Navy makes a decision to create the Central (at the 24th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense) and regional (at the General Staff of the Navy, fleet headquarters) funds of algorithms and programs. Developed target programcreation of special mathematical and software provision forautomated systemsNavy until 2020.
A notable feature of this period was the development by the specialists of the Institute (Vice Admiral V.C. Babiy, captains of the 1st rank: T.S. Chervatyuk, B.P. Bichaev, Yu.P. Gushchin) concepts for creating a mathematical model for simulating bilateral combat operations in the interests of evaluating the effectiveness of decisions taken by the command to conduct operations (combat actions), as well as for conducting operational-tactical training of officials of military command and control bodies. Subsequently, this mathematical model was developed in several modifications (responsible executors A.B. Chevalyuk, A.V. Ulanov, I.S. Kudinova), successfully passed tests at the Naval Academy, the operational management of the General Staff of the Navy, the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces and is currently successfully used at operational training events, constantly improved based on user suggestions.
Since 1990, a comprehensive automation of naval command and control processes has begun on the basis of existing complexes of automation tools, newly developed automated control systems through the mass introduction of personal computers and local area networks, and modern automated telecommunications and communications systems. Today, this work is carried out as part of the creation unified integrated automated control system (IACS) of the Navy. Management information technologies and the unified information resource (single information space) created in the IACS of the Navy are the main components of the design of functional systems and subsystems of the Navy.
24 The Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense developed a methodology for substantiating the composition and content of information technologies and the required information resource for the implementation of functional systems and subsystems in the IACS of the Navy. It is based on a system analysis of the functional, system and technical architectures of the designed functional system (subsystem) and the automated control system as a whole. At the same time, work is underway to create a unique software package that can be adapted in the language of a high-level operator to implement functional technologies. Together with industry, modern basic information technologies are being introduced in automated systems, and first of all: Email, Web-technology (including the creation, maintenance and maintenance of databases and information repositories), a geographic information system of an information security system, the organization of solving functional problems.
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