What is the role of biology in modern society. The role of biology in the formation of a modern natural-scientific picture of the world, in the practical activities of people

Biology is a system of sciences about living nature. Among the various biological sciences, one of the first, more than two thousand years ago, was the science that studies plants - botany (from the Greek botane - greenery) - and animals - zoology (from the Greek zoon - animal - and logos). Successes in the development of biology over time led to the emergence of its various directions, which you will get acquainted with in high school.

Every organism lives in a specific environmente. Habitat - part of nature that surrounds living organisms, with which they interact. There are many living organisms around us. These are plants, animals,like bacteria. Each of these groups is studied separately.I am a biological science.

The value of biology in life

person. In our time, humanity is particularly acuteissues such as health care,providing food and preserving the diversity of organisms on our planet. Biology, whose research is aimed at solving these and other issues, closely interacts with medicine, agriculture, industry, in particular food and lsoft, etc.

You all know that, when sick, a person uses medicines. Most medicinal substances are obtained from plants or waste products of microorganisms. For example, the lives of hundreds of millions of people have been saved by the use of antibiotics (from the Greek anti - protiv - and bios). They are produced by certain types of fungi and bacteria. Antibiotics kill pathogens of many dangerous diseases in humans and animals.

Biology plays an important role in providing humanity with food.eat. Scientists create new high-yielding plant varieties and animal breeds, which allows you to get more foodania. biologist researchdirected

to preserve and improve soil fertility, which ensures high yields. Living organisms are widely used lare also used in industry. For example, curdled milk, kefir, cheese a person receives due to the activity of certain types of bacteria and fungi.

However, active and often ill-conceived human economic activity has led to significant environmental pollution with substances harmful to all living things, to the destruction of forests, virgin steppes, and water bodies. Over the past centuries, thousands of species of animals, plants and fungi have disappeared, and tens of thousands are on the verge of extinction. But the disappearance of even one kind of organisms means an irretrievable loss for the biological diversity of our planet. Therefore, scientists create lists of plant, animal and fungal species that need protection (the so-called Red Books), as well as

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allocate territories where these species are taken under protection (reserves, national naturesome parks, etc.).

Thus, biology is a science, designed by its research to convince people of the need for a careful attitude to nature, compliance with its laws. Therefore, it is considered the science of the future.

It is difficult to overestimate the role of biology in modern reality, because it studies human life in detail in all its manifestations. Currently, this science combines such important concepts as evolution, cell theory, genetics, homeostasis and energy. Its functions include the study of the development of all living things, namely: the structure of organisms, their behavior, as well as the relationship between themselves and the relationship with the environment.

The value of biology in human lifeIt becomes clear if we draw a parallel between the main problems of an individual's life, for example, health, nutrition, as well as the choice of optimal living conditions. To date, numerous sciences are known that have separated from biology, becoming no less important and independent. These include zoology, botany, microbiology, and virology. Of these, it is difficult to single out the most significant, they all represent a complex of the most valuable fundamental knowledge accumulated by civilization.

Eminent scientists worked in this field of knowledge, such asClaudius Galen, Hippocrates, Carl Linnaeus, Charles Darwin, Alexander Oparin, Ilya Mechnikov and many others. Thanks to their discoveries, especially the study of living organisms, the science of morphology appeared, as well as physiology, which gathered knowledge about the systems of organisms of living beings. Genetics has played an invaluable role in the development of hereditary diseases.

Biology has become a solid foundation in medicine, sociology and ecology. It is important that this science, like any other, is not static, but is constantly updated with new knowledge, which is transformed in the form of new biological theories and laws.

The role of biology in modern society, and especially
but in medicine, priceless. It was with its help that methods of treating bacteriological and rapidly spreading viral diseases were found. Every time we think about the question of what is the role of biology in modern society, we remember that it was thanks to the heroism of medical biologists that the centers of terrible epidemics disappeared from planet Earth: plague, cholera, typhoid fever, anthrax, smallpox and others no less life-threatening diseases.

We can safely say, based on the facts, that the role of biology in modern society is growing continuously. It is impossible to imagine modern life without selection, genetic research, the production of new food products, as well as environmentally friendly energy sources.

The main significance of biology is that it is the foundation and theoretical basis for many promising sciences, such as genetic engineering and bionics. She owns a great discovery - the decoding of the human genome. Such a direction as biotechnology was also created on the basis of knowledge combined in biology. Currently, it is precisely this nature of technology that makes it possible to create safe drugs for prevention and treatment that do not harm the body. As a result, it is possible to increase not only life expectancy, but also its quality.

The role of biology in modern societyIt also happens that there are areas where her knowledge is simply necessary, for example, the pharmaceutical industry, gerontology, forensics, agriculture, construction, and space exploration.

Question 1. Introduction to biology

1. Biology definition

Biology - life science. It studies life as a special form of motion of matter, the laws of its existence and development. The subject of biology is living organisms, their structure, functions, and their natural communities. The term "biology", proposed in 1802 for the first time by J.B. Lamarck, comes from two Greek words : bios- life and logos- the science. Together with astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology and other sciences that study nature, biology is one of the natural sciences. In the general system of knowledge about the surrounding world, another group of sciences is social or humanitarian (Lat. humanitas- human nature), sciences that study the patterns of development of human society.

2. modern biology

Systematics deals with the classification of living beings.

Row biological sciences studies morphology, i.e., the structure of organisms, others study physiology, i.e., the processes occurring in living organisms and the metabolism between organisms and the environment. The morphological sciences include anatomy, which studies the macroscopic organization of animals and plants, and histology, the science of tissues and the microscopic structure of the body.

Many general biological patterns are the subject of study of cytology, embryology, gerontology, genetics, ecology, Darwinism and other sciences.

3. cell science

Cytology is the science of the cell. Thanks to the use of an electron microscope, the latest chemical and physical research methods, modern cytology studies the structure and vital activity of a cell not only at the microscopic, but also at the submicroscopic, molecular level.

4. Embryology and genetics

Embryology studies the patterns of individual development of organisms, the development of the embryo . Gerontology- the doctrine of the aging of organisms and the struggle for longevity.

Genetics- the science of the laws of variability and heredity. It is the theoretical basis for the selection of microorganisms, cultivated plants and domestic animals.

5. Environmental Sciences

6. Paleontology. Anthropology

Paleontology is the study of extinct organisms, the fossil remains of former life.

Darwinism, or evolutionary doctrine, considers the general laws of the historical development of the organic world.

Anthropology- the science of the origin of man and his races. A correct understanding of the biological evolution of man is impossible without taking into account the laws of development of human society, therefore anthropology is not only a biological, but also a social science.

7. Relationship of biology with other sciences

In all theoretical and practical medical sciences, general biological patterns.

Question 2. Methods of biological sciences

1. Basic biology methods

Main private methods in biology are:

Descriptive,

Comparative,

Historical,

Experimental.

In order to find out the essence of phenomena, it is necessary first of all to collect factual material and describe it. The collection and description of facts was the main method of research in early development of biology, which, however, has not lost its significance at the present time.

Back in the 18th century spread comparative method, allowing by comparison to study the similarities and differences of organisms and their parts. Systematics was based on the principles of this method and one of the largest generalizations was made - the cell theory was created. The comparative method has evolved into historical, but has not lost its significance even now.

2. historical method

historical method finds out the patterns of appearance and development of organisms, the formation of their structure and functions. Science owes the establishment of the historical method in biology Ch. Darwin.

3. experimental method

The experimental method of studying natural phenomena is associated with an active influence on them by setting up experiments (experiments) under precisely taken into account conditions and by changing the course of processes in the direction the researcher needs. This method makes it possible to study phenomena in isolation and achieve their repeatability under the same conditions. The experiment provides not only a deeper insight into the essence of phenomena than other methods, but also a direct mastery of them.

The highest form of experiment is the simulation of the processes under study. Brilliant experimenter I.P. Pavlov said: "Observation collects what nature offers it, while experience takes from nature what it wants."

The complex use of various methods allows you to fully understand the phenomena and objects of nature. The current convergence of biology with chemistry, physics, mathematics, and cybernetics and the use of their methods for solving biological problems have proved to be very fruitful.

Question 3. Stages of development of biology

1. evolution of biology

The development of every science is in a certain depending on the production method, the social system, the needs of practice, the general level of science and technology. The first information about living organisms began to accumulate even primitive man. Living organisms brought him food, material for clothing and housing. Already at that time, it became necessary to know the properties of plants and animals, their habitats and growth, the timing of the ripening of fruits and seeds, and the behavior of animals. So gradually, not out of idle curiosity, but as a result of urgent daily needs, information about living organisms was accumulated. The domestication of animals and the beginning of the cultivation of plants required deeper knowledge about living organisms.

Initially, the accumulated experience was transmitted orally from one generation to another. The appearance of writing contributed to better preservation and transmission of knowledge.

Information became fuller and richer. However, for a long time, due to the low level of development of social production, biological science did not yet exist.

2. The study of biology in antiquity

Significant factual material about living organisms was collected by the great physician of Greece Hippocrates(460-377 BC). He owns the first information about the structure of animals and humans, a description of the bones, muscles, tendons, brain and spinal cord. Hippocrates taught: "It is essential that every physician understand nature."

Natural science and philosophy of the ancient world in the most concentrated form are presented in the works Aristotle(384-322 BC). He described more than 500 species of animals and made the first attempt to classify them. Aristotle interested in the structure and way of life of animals. They laid the foundations of zoology. Aristotle had a great influence on the further development of natural science and philosophy. Works Aristotle in the field of studying and systematizing knowledge about plants continued Theophrastus ( 372–287 BC e.). He is called the "father of botany". Ancient science owes the expansion of knowledge about the structure of the human body to the Roman doctor Galena(139–200 AD) who dissected monkeys and pigs. His works influenced natural science and medicine for a number of centuries. Roman poet and philosopher Titus Lucretius Car who lived in the 1st c. BC e., in the poem "On the Nature of Things" opposed religion and expressed the idea of the natural origin and development of life.

3. The decline of science in the Middle Ages

As a result of the development of productive forces and production relations, the slave-owning society was replaced by feudalism, covering the period Middle Ages. In this dark era, the dominance of the church with its mysticism and reactionary ideology was established. Science experienced a decline, became, in the words K. Marx, "the maid of theology". The Church canonized and declared the unshakable truth of the composition Aristotle, Galena, distorting them in many ways. It was argued that in natural science, all problems have already been solved by scientists of antiquity, so there is no need to study wildlife. “The wisdom of the world is foolishness before God,” the church taught. The Bible was declared the book of "divine revelation". All explanations of natural phenomena were not supposed to contradict either the Bible or the writings of the ancients. The Church severely punished all progressive thinkers and researchers, so the accumulation of knowledge in the Middle Ages was very slow.

4. The Renaissance and the development of science

An important frontier in the development of science was Renaissance(XIV-XVI centuries). This period is associated with the emergence of a new social class - the bourgeoisie. The developing productive forces demanded specific knowledge. This led to the isolation of a number of natural sciences. In the XV-XVIII centuries. Botany, zoology, anatomy, and physiology stood out and developed intensively. However, the developing natural science it was still necessary to defend their right to exist, to wage a fierce struggle against the church. The fires of the Inquisition still continued to burn. Miguel Servet(1511–1553), who opened the pulmonary circulation, was declared a heretic and burned at the stake.

5. The teachings of F. Engels

A characteristic feature of the natural sciences of that time was isolated study of objects of nature.“It was necessary to investigate objects before it was possible to proceed to the study of processes,” wrote F. Engels. An isolated study of natural objects gave rise to ideas about its immutability, including the immutability of species. “There are as many species as the creator created them,” he believed. C. Linnaeus. “But what especially characterizes the period under consideration is the development of a kind of general worldview, the center of which is the idea of the absolute immutability of nature,” wrote F. Engels. This period in the development of natural science he called metaphysical.

However, as indicated F. Engels, even then the first gaps begin to appear in metaphysical ideas. In 1755 appeared "General Natural History and Theory of the Sky" by I. Kant(1724-1804), in which he developed the hypothesis of the natural origin of the Earth. After 50 years, this hypothesis received a mathematical justification in the work P.S. Laplace(1749–1827).

In the fight against idealistic ideas, the French materialists of the 18th century played a large positive role. – J. La Mettrie(1709–1751), D. Diderot(1713–1784) and others.

6. The need for a new approach to the study of nature

During the period of rapid development of industry and the growth of cities, which required a sharp increase in agricultural products, the need arose for the scientific management of agriculture. It was necessary to reveal the patterns of life of organisms, the history of their development. To solve these problems, a new approach to the study of nature was needed. Ideas about the universal connection of phenomena, the variability of nature, and the evolution of the organic world are beginning to penetrate into science.

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences K.F. wolf(1733-1794), studying the embryonic development of animals, found out that individual development is associated with neoplasm and transformation of parts of the embryo. According to F. Engels, Wolf made in 1759 the first attack on the theory of constancy of species. In 1809 J.B. Lamarck(1744–1829) came up with the first theory of evolution. However, the factual material to substantiate the theory of evolution was still not enough. Lamarck failed to discover the basic patterns of development of the organic world, and his theory was not recognized by his contemporaries.

7. The emergence of new sciences

In the first half of the XIX century. new sciences arose - paleontology, comparative anatomy of animals and plants, histology and embryology. The knowledge accumulated by natural science in the first half of the 19th century provided a solid foundation for Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory. His work " Origin of Species"(1859) marked a turning point in the development of biology: it began a new era in the history of natural science. A fierce ideological struggle arises around the teachings of Darwin, but the idea of evolutionary development is quickly gaining universal recognition. Second half of the 19th century characterized by the fruitful penetration of the ideas of Darwinism into all areas of biology.

8. The collapse of science into separate branches

For the biology of the twentieth century. two process. First, as a result of the accumulation of vast factual material, the former unified sciences begin to disintegrate into separate branches. Thus, entomology, helminthology, protozoology, and many other branches have emerged from zoology; from physiology, endocrinology, the physiology of higher nervous activity, etc. Secondly, it is planned tendency to converge biology with other sciences: biochemistry, biophysics, biogeochemistry, etc. appeared. The emergence of frontier sciences indicates the dialectical unity of the diverse forms of existence and development of matter, helps to overcome metaphysical disunity in the study of the forms of its existence. In recent decades, in connection with the rapid development of technology and the latest achievements in a number of areas of natural science, molecular biology, bionics, radiobiology, and space biology have arisen.

Molecular biology- the field of modern natural science. Using the theoretical foundations and experimental methods of chemistry and molecular physics, it makes it possible to study biological systems at the molecular level.

Bionics studies the functions and structure of organisms in order to use the same principles in the creation of new technology. If up to now biology has been one of the theoretical foundations of medicine and agriculture, now it is also becoming one of the foundations of the technology of the future.

Appearance radiobiology- the study of the effect of ionizing radiation on living organisms - is associated with the discovery of the biological effect of X-rays and gamma rays, especially after the discovery of natural sources of radioactivity and the creation of artificial sources of ionizing radiation.

Until recently, biology remained purely earthly a science that studies life forms only on our planet. However, the successes of modern technology, which made it possible to create aircraft capable of overcoming Earth's gravity and entering outer space, posed a number of new tasks for biology, which are the subject of space biology. Together with biologists, mathematicians, cybernetics, physicists, chemists and specialists in other fields of natural science take part in solving the problems of today.

It is difficult to overestimate the role of biology in modern reality, because it studies in detail human life in all its manifestations. Currently, this science combines such important concepts as evolution, cell theory, genetics, homeostasis and energy. Its functions include the study of the development of all living things, namely: the structure of organisms, their behavior, as well as the relationship between themselves and the relationship with the environment.

The importance of biology in human life becomes clear if we draw a parallel between the main problems of an individual's life, for example, health, nutrition, as well as the choice of optimal living conditions. To date, numerous sciences are known that have separated from biology, becoming no less important and independent. These include zoology, botany, microbiology, and virology. Of these, it is difficult to single out the most significant, they all represent a complex of the most valuable fundamental knowledge accumulated by civilization.

Outstanding scientists worked in this field of knowledge, such as Claudius Galen, Hippocrates, Carl Linnaeus, Charles Darwin, Alexander Oparin, Ilya Mechnikov and many others. Thanks to their discoveries, especially the study of living organisms, the science of morphology appeared, as well as physiology, which gathered knowledge about the systems of organisms of living beings. Genetics has played an invaluable role in the development of hereditary diseases.

The role of biology in modern society, and especially in medicine, is priceless. It was with its help that methods of treating bacteriological and rapidly spreading viral diseases were found. Every time we think about the question of what is the role of biology in modern society, we remember that it was thanks to the heroism of medical biologists that the centers of terrible epidemics disappeared from planet Earth: plague, cholera, typhoid fever, anthrax, smallpox and others no less life-threatening diseases.

We can safely say, based on the facts, that the role of biology in modern society is growing continuously. It is impossible to imagine modern life without selection, genetic research, production of new food products, as well as environmentally friendly energy sources.

The role of biology in modern society lies in the fact that there are areas where its knowledge is simply necessary, for example, the pharmaceutical industry, gerontology, forensics, agriculture, construction, and space exploration.

The unstable ecological situation on Earth requires a rethinking of production activities, and the importance of biology in human life is moving to a new level. Every year we are witnessing large-scale catastrophes that affect both the poorest states and highly developed ones. In many ways, they are caused by the growth of the world's population, the unreasonable use of energy sources, as well as the existing economic and social contradictions in modern society.

The present clearly indicates to us that the very further existence of civilization is possible only if there is harmony in the environment. Only the observance of biological laws, as well as the widespread use of progressive biotechnologies based on ecological thinking, will ensure a natural safe coexistence for all the inhabitants of the planet without exception.

The role of biology in modern society is expressed in the fact that it has now been transformed into a real force. Thanks to her knowledge, the prosperity of our planet is possible. That is why the answer to the question of what is the role of biology in modern society can be this - this is the cherished key to harmony between nature and man.

Term "biology" It is formed from two Greek words "bios" - life and "logos" - knowledge, teaching, science. Hence the classical definition of biology as a science that studies life in all its manifestations.

Biology explores the diversity of existing and extinct living beings, their structure, functions, origin, evolution, distribution and individual development, relationships with each other, between communities and with inanimate nature.

Biology considers the general and particular patterns inherent in life in all its manifestations and properties: metabolism, reproduction, heredity, variability, adaptability, growth, development, irritability, mobility, etc.

Research methods in biology

Observation- the easiest and most affordable method. For example, one can observe seasonal changes in nature, in the life of plants and animals, animal behavior, etc.
Description biological objects (oral or written description).
Comparison- finding similarities and differences between organisms, used in taxonomy.
experimental method(in laboratory or natural conditions) - biological research using various instruments and methods of physics, chemistry.
Microscopy– study of the structure of cells and cellular structures using light and electron microscopes. Light microscopes allow you to see the shape and size of cells, individual organelles. Electronic - small structures of individual organelles.
Biochemical method- study of the chemical composition of cells and tissues of living organisms.
cytogenetic- a method of studying chromosomes under a microscope. You can detect genomic mutations (for example, Down syndrome), chromosomal mutations (changes in the shape and size of chromosomes).
Ultracentrifugation- isolation of individual cellular structures (organelles) and their further study.
historical method– comparison of the obtained facts with the previously obtained results.
Modeling– creation of various models of processes, structures, ecosystems, etc. in order to predict changes.
hybridological method- the method of crossing, the main method for studying the patterns of heredity.
genealogical method- a method of compiling pedigrees, used to determine the type of inheritance of a trait.
twin method- a method that allows you to determine the proportion of the influence of environmental factors on the development of traits. Applies to identical twins.

Communication of biology with other sciences.

The diversity of living nature is so great that modern biology must be presented as a complex of sciences. Biology underlies such sciences as medicine, ecology, genetics, selection, botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology, microbiology, embryology and others. Biology, together with other sciences, has formed such sciences as biophysics, biochemistry, bionics, geobotany, zoogeography, etc. In connection with the rapid development of science and technology, new areas of study of living organisms appear, new sciences related to biology appear. This once again proves that the living world is multifaceted and complex, and it is closely related to inanimate nature.

Basic biological sciences - objects of their study

Anatomy is the external and internal structure of organisms.
Physiology - the processes of life.
Medicine - human diseases, their causes and methods of their treatment.
Ecology - the relationship of organisms in nature, the patterns of processes in ecosystems.
Genetics - the laws of heredity and variability.
Cytology is the science of cells (structure, life, etc.).
Biochemistry - biochemical processes in living organisms.
Biophysics - physical phenomena in living organisms.
Breeding is the creation of new and improvement of existing varieties, breeds, strains.
Paleontology is the fossil remains of ancient organisms.
Embryology is the development of the embryo.

Knowledge in the field of biology a person can apply:

for the prevention and treatment of diseases
in first aid victims of accidents;
in crop production, animal husbandry
in environmental protection activities that contribute to the solution of global environmental problems (knowledge about the relationships of organisms in nature, about factors that adversely affect the state of the environment, etc.). BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

Signs and properties of living things:

1. Cell structure. The cell is a single structural and functional unit, as well as a unit of development for almost all living organisms on Earth. Viruses are an exception, but even in them the properties of a living thing are manifested only when they are in a cell. Outside the cell, they do not show signs of life.

2. The unity of the chemical composition. Living things are made up of the same chemical elements as non-living things, but in living things, 90% of the mass comes from four elements: C, O, N, H, which are involved in the formation of complex organic molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids.

3. The exchange of matter and energy is the main property of living things. It is carried out as a result of two interrelated processes: the synthesis of organic substances in the body (due to external energy sources of light and food) and the process of decomposition of complex organic substances with the release of energy, which is then consumed by the body. Metabolism ensures the constancy of the chemical composition in continuously changing environmental conditions.

4. Openness. All living organisms are open systems, i.e., systems that are stable only if they receive energy and matter continuously from the environment.

5. Self-reproduction (reproduction). The ability to self-reproduce is the most important property of all living organisms. It is based on information about the structure and functions of any living organism, embedded in nucleic acids and ensuring the specificity of the structure and life of a living organism.

6. Self-regulation. Thanks to the mechanisms of self-regulation, the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body is maintained, i.e. the constancy of the chemical composition and the intensity of the course of physiological processes are maintained - homeostasis.

7. Development and growth. In the process of individual development (ontogenesis), the individual properties of the organism (development) are gradually and consistently manifested and its growth (increase in size) is carried out. In addition, all living systems evolve - change in the course of historical development (phylogenesis).

8. Irritability. Any living organism is able to respond to external and internal influences.

9. Heredity. All living organisms are capable of preserving and transmitting the main features to their offspring.

10. Variability. All living organisms are capable of changing and acquiring new features.

The main levels of organization of wildlife

All wildlife is a collection of biological systems. Important properties of living systems are multi-level and hierarchical organization. Parts of biological systems are themselves systems of interconnected parts. At any level, each biological system is unique and different from other systems.

Based on the features of the manifestation of the properties of living things, scientists have identified several levels of organization of wildlife:

1. Molecular level - represented by molecules of organic substances (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.) located in cells. At the molecular level, one can study the properties and structures of biological molecules, their role in the cell, in the life of the organism, and so on. For example, doubling the DNA molecule, the structure of proteins, and so on.

2. Cellular level – represented by cells. At the level of cells, the properties and signs of the living begin to appear. At the cellular level, it is possible to study the structure and functions of cells and cellular structures, the processes occurring in them. For example, the movement of the cytoplasm, cell division, protein biosynthesis in ribosomes, and so on.

3. Organo-tissue level – represented by tissues and organs of multicellular organisms. At this level, you can explore the structure and functions of tissues and organs, the processes going on in them. For example, the contraction of the heart, the movement of water and salts through the vessels, and so on.

4. Organism level – represented by unicellular and multicellular organisms. At this level, the organism as a whole is studied: its structure and vital activity, mechanisms of self-regulation of processes, adaptation to living conditions, and so on.

5. Population-species level- represented by populations consisting of individuals of the same species living together for a long time in some territory. The life of one individual is genetically determined, and the population under favorable conditions can exist indefinitely. Since at this level the driving forces of evolution begin to act - the struggle for existence, natural selection, etc. At the population-species level, they study the dynamics of the number of individuals, the sex and age composition of the population, evolutionary changes in the population, and so on.

6. Ecosystem level- represented by populations of different species living together in a certain area. At this level, the relationship between organisms and the environment, the conditions that determine the productivity and stability of ecosystems, changes in ecosystems, and so on are studied.

7. biospheric level- the highest form of organization of living matter, uniting all ecosystems of the planet. At this level, processes are studied on the scale of the entire planet - the cycles of matter and energy in nature, global environmental problems, climate change on the Earth, etc. At present, the study of human influence on the state of the biosphere is of paramount importance in order to prevent a global environmental crisis.

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The role of biology in modern society

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