Project on technology on the topic of nanotechnology. Information project on physics on the topic: "nanotechnology

Markin Kirill Petrovich

The field of science and technology called nanotechnology is relatively recent. The prospects for this science are grandiose. The very particle "nano" means one billionth of a value. For example, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. These dimensions are similar to those of molecules and atoms. The exact definition of nanotechnologies is as follows: nanotechnologies are technologies that manipulate matter at the level of atoms and molecules (which is why nanotechnologies are also called molecular technology). The impetus for the development of nanotechnology was a lecture by Richard Feynman, in which he scientifically proves that from the point of view of physics there are no obstacles to creating things directly from atoms. To designate a means of efficient manipulation of atoms, the concept of an assembler was introduced - a molecular nanomachine that can build any molecular structure. An example of a natural assembler is a ribosome that synthesizes protein in living organisms. Obviously, nanotechnology is not just a separate part of knowledge, it is a large-scale, comprehensive area of research related to the fundamental sciences. It can be said that almost any subject that is studied at school will in one way or another be connected with the technologies of the future. The most obvious is the connection of "nano" with physics, chemistry and biology. Apparently, it is these sciences that will receive the greatest impetus for development in connection with the approaching nanotechnical revolution.

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"Secondary school No. 2 named after. A.A. Arakantsev Semikarakorsk

Introduction…………………………………………………………………..
1. Nanotechnologies in the modern world………………………………...
1.1 The history of the emergence of nanotechnology…………………………...
1.2 Nanotechnologies in different spheres of human activity….
1.2.1 Nanotechnologies in space……………………………………………
1.2.2 Nanotechnologies in medicine……………………………………….
1.2.3 Nanotechnologies in the food industry…………………...
1.2.4 Nanotechnologies in military affairs…………………………………..
Conclusion………………………………………………………………..
Bibliography……………………………..................................... ....

Introduction.

At present, few people know what nanotechnology is, although the future lies behind this science.

Objective:

Learn what nanotechnology is;

Find out the application of this science in various industries;

Find out if nanotechnology can be dangerous to humans.

Already today we can enjoy the benefits and new opportunitiesnano technologies in:

medicine, including aerospace;
pharmacology;
geriatrics;
protecting the health of the nation in the context of the growing environmental crisis and man-made disasters;
global computer networks and information communications based on new physical principles;
ultra-long-distance communication systems;
automotive, tractor and aviation equipment;
road safety;
information security systems;
solving environmental problems of megacities;
agriculture;
solving the problems of drinking water supply and wastewater treatment;
fundamentally new navigation systems;
renewal of natural mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials.

We decided to focus on the application of nanotechnology in medicine, the food industry, the military and space, as these areas aroused our interest.

1. Nanotechnology in the modern world.

1.1 The history of the emergence of nanotechnology.

Science "Nanotechnologies I" arose because of the revolutionary changes in computer science!

In 1947, the transistor was invented, after which the era of the heyday of semiconductor technology began, in which the size of the created silicon devices was constantly decreasing.The term "nanotechnology"In 1974, the Japanese Noryo Taniguchi proposed to describe the process of building new objects and materials by manipulating individual atoms. The name comes from the word "nanometer" - one billionth of a meter (10-9 m).

In the modern sound, nanotechnology is a technology for manufacturing supermicroscopic structures from smallest particles matter, uniting all technical processes directly related to atoms and molecules.

Modern nanotechnology has a rather deep historical trace. Archaeological finds testify to the existence of colloidal formulations in the ancient world, for example, "Chinese ink" in Ancient Egypt. The famous Damascus steel was made due to the presence of nanotubes in it.

The father of the idea of nanotechnology can be conditionally considered the Greek philosopher Democritus around 400 BC. era, he first used the word "atom", which in Greek means "unbreakable", to describe the smallest particle of matter.

Here is an example development path:

1905 Swiss physicist Albert Einstein published a paper in which he proved that the size of a sugar molecule is approximately 1 nanometer.
1931 German physicists Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska created an electron microscope, which for the first time made it possible to study nano-objects.
1934 The American theoretical physicist, Nobel Prize winner Eugene Wigner theoretically substantiated the possibility of creating an ultrafine metal with a fairly small number of conduction electrons.
1951 John von Neumann singled out the principles of self-copying machines, scientists generally confirmed their possibility.
In 1953, Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA, which showed how living things communicate the instructions that govern their construction.
1959 The American physicist Richard Feynman was the first to publish a paper evaluating the prospects for miniaturization. Nobel laureate R. Feynman wrote a phrase that is now perceived as a prophecy: "As far as I can see, the principles of physics do not prohibit manipulation of individual atoms." This idea was voiced when the beginning of the post-industrial era was not yet recognized; in those years there were no integrated circuits, no microprocessors, no personal computers.
1974 Japanese physicist Norio Taniguchi coined the word "nanotechnology" to refer to mechanisms smaller than one micron in size. The Greek word "nanos" means roughly "old man".
1981 Gleiter first drew attention to the possibility of creating materials with unique properties, the structure of which is represented by crystallites of the nanoscale range.

On March 27, 1981, CBS radio news quoted a NASA scientist as saying that engineers would be able to build self-replicating robots within twenty years, for use in space or on Earth. These machines would build copies of themselves, and the copies could be instructed to create useful products.
1982 G. Bining and G. Rohrer create the first scanning tunneling microscope.
1985 American physicists Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smaley created a technology that allows you to accurately measure objects with a diameter of one nanometer.
1986 Nanotechnology has become known to the general public. American scientist Eric Drexler published the book Engines of Creation: The Coming of the Era of Nanotechnology, in which he predicted that nanotechnology would soon begin to develop actively.
1991, Houston (USA), Department of Chemistry, Rice University. In his laboratory, Dr. R. Smalley (Nobel Prize winner in 1996) used a laser to vaporize graphite under vacuum, the gas phase of which consisted of fairly large crasters: each with 60 carbon atoms. A cluster of 60 atoms is more stable, since it has an increased free energy. This cluster is a structural formation similar to a soccer ball and proposed to call this molecule a fullerene.
1991, Sumio Ijima, an employee of the NEC laboratory in Japan, first discovered carbon nanotubes, which had previously been predicted a few months earlier by the Russian physicist L. Chernozatonsky and the American J. Mintmir.
1995 At the Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry named after L.Ya. Karpov developed a sensor based on a film nanocomposite that detects various substances in the atmosphere (ammonia, alcohol, water vapor).
1997 Richard E. Smalley, 1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry, Professor of Chemistry and Physics, predicted the assembly of atoms by the year 2000 and predicted the appearance of the first commercial nanoproducts by the same time. This prediction came true within the predicted time frame.
1998 the dependences of the electrical properties of nanotubes on geometrical parameters were experimentally confirmed.
1998 The Dutch physicist Seez Dekker created the transistor based on nanotechnology.
1998 The pace of development of nanotechnology began to increase sharply. Japan has identified nanotechnology as a likely technology category for the 21st century.
1999 American physicists James Tour and Mark Reed determined that a single molecule is capable of behaving in the same way as molecular chains.
year 2000. The Hewlett-Packard research team has created a switch molecule or minimicrodiode using the latest nanotechnological self-assembly methods.

year 2000. Beginning of the era of hybrid nanoelectronics.
2002 S. Dekker combined a nanotube with DNA, obtaining a single nanomechanism.
2003 Japanese scientists have become the first in the world to create a solid-state device that implements one of the two main elements needed to create a quantum computer. 2004. The "world's first" quantum computer was presented

On September 7, 2006, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the concept of the Federal target program development of nanotechnologies for 2007-2010.

In this way Having formed historically, to the present moment, nanotechnology, having conquered the theoretical field of social consciousness, continues to penetrate into its everyday layer.

However, nanotechnology should not be reduced only to a local revolutionary breakthrough in these areas (electronics, information technology). A number of exceptionally important results have already been obtained in nanotechnology, allowing us to hope for significant progress in the development of many other areas of science and technology (medicine and biology, chemistry, ecology, energy, mechanics, etc.). For example, in the transition to the nanometer range (ie, to objects with characteristic lengths of about 10 nm), many of the most important properties of substances and materials change significantly. We are talking about such important characteristics as electrical conductivity, optical refractive index, magnetic properties, strength, heat resistance, etc. Based on materials With new types are already being created with new properties solar panels, energy converters, environmentally friendly products, etc.It is possible that the production of cheap, energy-saving and environmentally friendly materials will be the most important consequence of the introduction of nanotechnology.Highly sensitive biological sensors (sensors) and other devices have already been created that make it possible to talk about the emergence of a new science of nanobiotechnology and have great prospects for practical application. Nanotechnology offers new opportunities for micromachining materials and creating on this basis new production processes and new products, which should have a revolutionary impact on the economic and social life of future generations.

1.2. Nanotechnologies in various spheres of human life

The penetration of nanotechnology into the spheres of human activity can be represented as a tree of nanotechnology. The application has the form of a tree, the branches of which represent the main applications, and the branches from the large branches represent the differentiation within the main applications at a given point in time.

Today (2000 - 2010) there is the following picture:

biological sciences involve the development of gene tag technology, surfaces for implants, antimicrobial surfaces, targeted drugs, tissue engineering, oncological therapy.
simple fibers suggest the development of paper technology, cheap building materials, lightweight boards, auto parts, heavy-duty materials.
Nano clips involve the production of new fabrics, glass coatings, "smart" sands, paper, carbon fibers.
corrosion protection by means of nano-additives to copper, aluminum, magnesium, steel.
Catalysts have applications in agriculture, deodorization, and food production.
Easily cleanable materials are used in everyday life, architecture, the dairy and food industries, the transport industry, and sanitation. This is the production of self-cleaning glasses, hospital equipment and tools, anti-mold coating, easy-cleaning ceramics.
Biocoatings are used in sports equipment and bearings.
Optics as a sphere of application of nanotechnology includes such areas as electrochromics, the production of optical lenses. These are new photochromic optics, easy-to-clean optics and coated optics.
Ceramics in the field of nanotechnology makes it possible to obtain electroluminescence and photoluminescence, printing pastes, pigments, nanopowders, microparticles, membranes.
Computer technology and electronics as a sphere of application of nanotechnology will develop electronics, nanosensors, household (embedded) microcomputers, visualization tools and energy converters. Further it is the development of global networks, wireless communications, quantum and DNA computers.
Nanomedicine, as a sphere of application of nanotechnology, is nanomaterials for prosthetics, "smart" prostheses, nanocapsules, diagnostic nanoprobes, implants, DNA reconstructors and analyzers, "smart" and precision instruments, directional pharmaceuticals.
Space as a sphere of application of nanotechnology will open the prospect for mechanoelectric converters solar energy, nanomaterials for space applications.
Ecology as a sphere of application of nanotechnology is the restoration of the ozone layer, weather control.

1.2.1 Nanotechnology in space

A revolution is raging in space. Satellites and nanodevices up to 20 kilograms began to be created.

A system of microsatellites has been created, it is less vulnerable to attempts to destroy it. It is one thing to shoot down a colossus in orbit weighing several hundred kilograms, or even tons, immediately putting out of action all space communications or intelligence, and another when there is a whole swarm of microsatellites in orbit. The failure of one of them in this case will not disrupt the operation of the system as a whole. Accordingly, the requirements for the reliability of the operation of each satellite can be reduced.

Young scientists believe that the key problems of microminiaturization of satellites include, among other things, the creation of new technologies in the field of optics, communication systems, methods for transmitting, receiving and processing large amounts of information. We are talking about nanotechnologies and nanomaterials, which make it possible to reduce the mass and dimensions of devices launched into space by two orders of magnitude. For example, the strength of nanonickel is 6 times higher than that of conventional nickel, which makes it possible, when used in rocket engines, to reduce the mass of the nozzle by 20-30%.Reducing the mass of space technology solves many problems: it prolongs the spacecraft's stay in space, allows it to fly farther and carry more of any useful equipment for research. At the same time, the problem of energy supply is being solved. Miniature devices will soon be used to study many phenomena, for example, the impact of solar rays on processes on the Earth and in near-Earth space.

Today, space is not exotic, and exploration of it is not only a matter of prestige. First of all, this is a matter of national security and national competitiveness of our state. It is the development of supercomplex nanosystems that can become a national advantage of the country. Like nanotechnology, nanomaterials will give us the opportunity to talk seriously about manned flights to various planets. solar system. It is the use of nanomaterials and nanomechanisms that can make manned flights to Mars and exploration of the Moon's surface a reality.Another extremely popular direction in the development of microsatellites is the creation of remote sensing of the Earth (ERS). A market for consumers of information began to form with a resolution of satellite images of 1 m in the radar range and less than 1 m in the optical range (first of all, such data are used in cartography).

1.2.2 Nanotechnology in medicine

Recent advances in nanotechnology, according to scientists, can be very useful in the fight against cancer. An anti-cancer drug has been developed directly to the target - in the cells affected malignant tumor. A new system based on a material known as biosilicon. Nanosilicone has a porous structure (ten atoms in diameter) into which drugs, proteins and radionuclides are conveniently introduced. Having reached the goal, the biosilicon begins to disintegrate, and the medicines delivered by it are taken to work. Moreover, according to the developers, the new system allows you to adjust the dosage of the drug.

Over the past years, employees of the Center for Biological Nanotechnology have been working on the creation of microsensors that will be used to detect cancer cells in the body and fight this terrible disease.

A new technique for recognizing cancer cells is based on the implantation of tiny spherical reservoirs made of synthetic polymers called dendrimers (from the Greek dendron - tree) into the human body. These polymers have been synthesized in the last decade and have a fundamentally new, non-solid structure that resembles the structure of corals or wood. Such polymers are called hyperbranched or cascaded. Those in which branching is regular are called dendrimers. In diameter, each such sphere, or nanosensor, reaches only 5 nanometers - 5 billionths of a meter, which makes it possible to place billions of such nanosensors in a small area of \u200b\u200bspace.

Once inside the body, these tiny sensors will penetrate the lymphocytes, the white blood cells that provide the body's defense response against infection and other pathogens. When the immune response of lymphoid cells to a certain disease or environmental condition - a cold or exposure to radiation, for example - the protein structure of the cell changes. Each nanosensor, coated with special chemicals, will begin to glow with such changes.

To see this glow, scientists are going to create a special device that scans the retina. The laser of such a device should detect the glow of lymphocytes when they pass one by one through the narrow capillaries of the fundus. If there are enough labeled sensors in the lymphocytes, a 15-second scan would be needed to detect damage to the cell, the scientists say.

Here, the greatest impact of nanotechnology is expected, since it affects the very basis of the existence of society - man. Nanotechnology reaches such a dimensional level of the physical world, at which the distinction between living and non-living becomes unsteady - these are molecular machines. Even a virus can partly be considered a living system, since it contains information about its construction. But the ribosome, although it consists of the same atoms as the whole organic matter, does not contain such information and therefore is only an organic molecular machine. Nanotechnology in its developed form involves the construction of nanorobots, molecular machines of inorganic atomic composition, these machines will be able to build their copies, having information about such a construction. Therefore, the line between living and non-living begins to blur. To date, only one primitive walking DNA robot has been created.

Nanomedicine is represented by the following possibilities:

1. Labs on a chip, targeted drug delivery in the body.

2. DNA - chips (creation of individual drugs).

3. Artificial enzymes and antibodies.

4. Artificial organs, artificial functional polymers (substitutes for organic tissues). This direction is closely connected with the idea of artificial life and in the future leads to the creation of robots with artificial consciousness and capable of self-healing at the molecular level. This is due to the expansion of the concept of life beyond the organic

5. Nanorobots-surgeons (biomechanisms that carry out changes and required medical actions, recognition and destruction of cancer cells). This is the most radical application of nanotechnology in medicine will be the creation of molecular nanorobots that can destroy infections and cancerous tumors, repair damaged DNA, tissues and organs, duplicate entire life support systems of the body, change the properties of the body.

Considering a single atom as a brick or "detail", nanotechnologies are looking for practical ways to construct materials with desired characteristics from these details. Many companies already know how to assemble atoms and molecules into certain structures.

In the future, any molecules will be assembled like a children's designer. For this, it is planned to use nanorobots (nanobots). Any chemically stable structure that can be described can, in fact, be built.. Since a nanobot can be programmed to build any structure, in particular to build another nanobot, they will be very cheap. Working in huge groups, nanobots will be able to create any objects with low cost and high accuracy. In medicine, the problem of using nanotechnologies lies in the need to change the structure of the cell at the molecular level, i.e. to carry out "molecular surgery" with the help of nanobots. It is expected the creation of molecular robotic doctors that can "live" inside the human body, eliminating all damage that occurs, or preventing the occurrence of such.By manipulating individual atoms and molecules, nanobots will be able to repair cells. The predicted time for the creation of robotic doctors is the first half of the 21st century.

Despite the current state of affairs, nanotechnologies, as a cardinal solution to the problem of aging, are more than promising.

This is due to the fact that nanotechnologies have great potential for commercial applications in many industries, and, accordingly, in addition to serious government funding, research in this direction is being carried out by many large corporations.

It is quite possible that after being improved to ensure "eternal youth", nanobots will no longer be needed or they will be produced by the cell itself.

To achieve these goals, humanity needs to solve three main questions:

1. Design and build molecular robots that can repair molecules.
2. Design and create nanocomputers that will control nanomachines.
3. Create Full description of all molecules in the human body, in other words, to create a map of the human body at the atomic level.

The main difficulty with nanotechnology is the problem of creating the first nanobot. There are several promising directions.

One of them is to improve the scanning tunneling microscope or atomic force microscope and achieve positional accuracy and gripping power.
Another path to the creation of the first nanobot leads through chemical synthesis. Perhaps designing and synthesizing ingenious chemical components that would be capable of self-assembly in solution.
And another way leads through biochemistry. Ribosomes (inside the cell) are specialized nanobots, and we can use them to create more versatile robots.

These nanobots will be able to slow down the aging process, treat individual cells and interact with individual neurons.

Research works have begun relatively recently, but the pace of discoveries in this area is extremely high, many believe this is the future of medicine.

1.2.3 Nanotechnology in the food industry

Nanofood (nanofood) is a new, obscure and unsightly term. Food for nanohumans? Very small portions? Food made in nanofactories? Of course not. But still it is a curious trend in the food industry. It turns out that nanoeating is a whole set of scientific ideas that are already on the way to implementation and application in industry. First, nanotechnology can provide food processors unique opportunities for total real-time monitoring of the quality and safety of products directly in the production process. We are talking about diagnostic machines using various nanosensors or so-called quantum dots that can quickly and reliably detect the smallest chemical contaminants or dangerous biological agents in products. And food production, and its transportation, and storage methods can receive their share of useful innovations from the nanotechnology industry. According to scientists, the first mass-produced machines of this kind will appear on mass food production in the next four years. But more radical ideas are also on the agenda. Are you ready to swallow nanoparticles you can't see? But what if nanoparticles are purposefully used to deliver beneficial substances and drugs to precisely selected parts of the body? What if such nanocapsules can be introduced into food products? So far, no one has used nanofood, but preliminary developments are already underway. Experts say that edible nanoparticles can be made from silicon, ceramics or polymers. And of course - organic matter. And if everything is clear with regard to the safety of the so-called "soft" particles, similar in structure and composition to biological materials, then "hard" particles composed of inorganic substances are a big white spot at the intersection of two territories - nanotechnology and biology. Scientists still cannot say which routes such particles will travel in the body, and where they will stop as a result. This remains to be seen. But some experts are already drawing futuristic pictures of the benefits of nano-eaters. In addition to delivering valuable nutrients to the right cells. The idea is as follows: everyone buys the same drink, but then the consumer will be able to control the nanoparticles himself so that the taste, color, aroma and concentration of the drink will change before his eyes.

1.2.4 Nanotechnology in the military

The military use of nanotechnologies opens up a qualitatively new level of military-technical dominance in the world. The main directions in the creation of new weapons based on nanotechnology can be considered:

1. Creation of new powerful miniature explosive devices.

2. Destruction of macrodevices from the nanolevel.

3. Espionage and suppression of pain using neurotechnologies.

4. Biological weapons and nanodevices for genetic guidance.

5. Nanoequipment for soldiers.

6. Protection against chemical and biological weapons.

7. Nanodevices in military equipment control systems.

8. Nanocoatings for military equipment.

Nanotechnology will allow the production of powerful explosives. The size of explosives can be reduced tenfold. An attack by guided missiles with nano-explosives on nuclear fuel reprocessing plants could deprive the country of the physical ability to produce weapons-grade plutonium. The introduction of small-sized robotic devices in electronic technology can disrupt the operation of electrical circuits and mechanics with the help of. The failure of control centers and command posts cannot be prevented unless the nanodevices are isolated. Robots for disassembling materials at the atomic level will become a powerful weapon that turns into dust the armor of tanks, the concrete structures of pillboxes, nuclear reactor cases and the bodies of soldiers. But this is still only a prospect for developed form nanotechnology. In the meantime, research is being carried out in the field of neural technologies, the development of which will lead to the emergence of military nanodevices that carry out espionage, or intercept control over the functions of the human body, using the connection with the help of nanodevices to the nervous system. NASA laboratories have already created operating samples of equipment for intercepting internal speech. Photonic components on nanostructures capable of receiving and processing huge amounts of information will become the basis of space monitoring, ground surveillance and espionage systems. With the help of nanodevices embedded in the brain, it is possible to obtain "artificial" (technical) vision with an expanded spectrum of perception, in comparison with biological vision. A pain suppression system for soldiers implanted in the body and brain, neurochips are being developed.

The next application of nanotechnology in the military sphere is genetic guidance nanodevices. A genetically guided nanodevice can be programmed to perform certain destructive actions, depending on the genetic structure of the DNA of the cell in which it finds itself. As a condition for activating the device, a unique section of the genetic code of a particular person or a template for actions on a group of people is set. Distinguishing a normal epidemic from ethnic cleansing would be virtually impossible without nanobot detection tools. Nanodevices will work only against a given type of people and under strictly defined conditions. Once in the body, the nanodevice will not manifest itself in any way until the activation command. The next application of nanotechnology is the equipment and equipment of soldiers. It is proposed to make a kind of hybrid out of a person, uniforms and weapons, the elements of which will be so closely interconnected that a fully equipped soldier of the future can be called a separate organism.

Nanotechnology has given a breakthrough in the manufacture of armor and body armor.

Military equipment is supposed to be equipped with a special "electromechanical paint" that will change color and prevent corrosion. Nano-paint will be able to "tighten" minor damage to the body of the machine and will consist of a large number of nano-mechanisms that will allow all of the above functions to be performed. With the help of a system of optical matrices, which will be separate nanomachines in "paint", the researchers want to achieve the effect of invisibility of a car or aircraft.

Nanotechnology will bring changes in the military sphere. New qualitatively transformed and uncontrolled arms race. The control over nanotechnology can be really carried out only in a global civilization. Nanotechnology will allow the full mechanization of field warfare, excluding the presence of modernized soldiers.

Thus, the main conclusion about the result of the penetration of nanotechnology into the field of weapons is the prospect of the formation of a global society capable of controlling nanotechnology and the arms race. This trend of universalism is determined by the rationality of technogenic civilization and expresses its interests and values.

Conclusion

Having clarified the concept of nanotechnology, outlining its prospects and dwelling on possible dangers and threats, I would like to draw a conclusion. I believe that nanotechnology is a young science, the results of the development of which can change the world around us beyond recognition. And what these changes will be - useful, incomparably facilitating life, or harmful, threatening humanity - depends on the mutual understanding and rationality of people. And mutual understanding and reasonableness directly depend on the level of humanity, which implies the responsibility of a person for his actions. Therefore, the most important need in the last years before the inevitable nanotechnological "boom" is the education of philanthropy. Only reasonable and humane people can turn nanotechnologies into a stepping stone to understanding the Universe and their place in this Universe.

Bibliography

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Kimmel P. Creating an application in Delphi./P. Kimel - M: Williams, 2003. - 114p.
Kobayashi N. Introduction to nanotechnology / N. Kobayashi. - M.: Binom, 2005 - 134s
Chaplygin A. Nanotechnologies in electronics / A. Chaplygin. - 2005 M.: technosphere
http:// www.delphi.com
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Introduction
1.History of the development of nanotechnology
2.Nanotechnology in medicine
3.Voronezh region at the forefront of nanoresearch
3.1 Universities of the Voronezh region and their developments in the field of nanotechnology
3.2 Nanotechnology industry in the Voronezh region
3.3 Nanoproducts for the mass consumer
Conclusion
Literature
"There's plenty of room down there"
— Richard Feynman

Introduction
The field of science and technology called nanotechnology, as well as the corresponding terminology, appeared relatively recently. However, its prospects are so grandiose for our civilization that it is necessary to widely disseminate the basic idea of nanotechnology, especially among young people.
While the word "nanotechnology" is relatively new, nanoscale devices and structures are not new. In fact, they have existed on Earth for as long as life itself has existed. The abalone mollusk grows a very strong, iridescent shell from the inside, sticking together strong chalk nanoparticles with a special mixture of proteins and carbohydrates. Cracks appearing on the outside cannot propagate in the sink due to the nanostructured bricks. Shells are a natural demonstration that structures formed from nanoparticles can be much stronger than a material that is homogeneous in volume.
It is not known exactly when humans first began to take advantage of nanoscale materials. There is evidence that in the fourth century AD, Roman glassmakers made glass containing metal nanoparticles. An item from this era called the Lycurgus cup is in the British Museum. The bowl depicting the death of King Lycurgus is made of soda lime glass containing silver and gold nanoparticles. The color of the bowl changes from green to dark red when a light source is placed in it. The huge variety of beautiful colors of stained glass windows in medieval temples is explained by the presence of metal nanoparticles in the glass.
The rapid development of nanotechnologies at the world level speaks of their great importance in the development of civilization. Nanotechnology will radically change all spheres of human life. On their basis, goods and products can be created, the use of which will revolutionize entire sectors of the economy.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the development of nanotechnologies! This means that it is necessary to study everything related to nanotechnology already on school level. And even if the basic level of studying physics in high school provides only 2 hours a week, and every interested student understands that this is not enough - interest in the problem posed does not weaken.

1. Today, the concept of nanotechnology is firmly entering our lives, and as early as 1959, the famous American theoretical physicist Richard Feynman said that there is an “astounding complex world small forms, and someday (for example, in the year 2000) people will be surprised that before 1960 no one took the research of this world seriously.
The grandfather of nanotechnology can be considered the Greek philosopher Democritus. 2400 years ago, he first used the word "atom" to describe the smallest particle of matter.
1905 - Swiss physicist Albert Einstein published a paper in which he proved that the size of a sugar molecule is approximately 1 nanometer.
1931 - German physicists Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska created an electron microscope, which for the first time made it possible to study nano-objects.
1959 - American physicist Richard Feynman first published a paper evaluating the prospects for miniaturization. The basic principles of nanotechnology were outlined in his legendary lecture “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, delivered by him at the California Institute of Technology. Feynman has scientifically proven that, from the point of view of the fundamental laws of physics, there are no obstacles to creating things directly from atoms. Then his words seemed fantastic for only one reason: there was no technology yet that would allow one to operate on individual atoms (that is, to identify an atom, take it and put it in another place). To stimulate interest in the field, Feynman offered a $1,000 prize to the first person to write a page from a book on a pinhead, which, by the way, came to fruition as early as 1964.
1968 - Alfred Cho and John Arthur, scientific staff American company Bell, developed the theoretical foundations of surface nanomachining.
1974 - Japanese physicist Norio Taniguchi introduced the word "nanotechnology" into scientific circulation, suggesting that mechanisms less than 1 micron in size should be called so.
1981 - German physicists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer created a scanning tunneling microscope - a device that allows you to influence matter at the atomic level. Four years later they received the Nobel Prize.
1985 - American physicists Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley develop technology to accurately measure objects as small as one nanometer in diameter.
1986 - An atomic force microscope was created, which, unlike a tunnel microscope, allows interaction with any materials, not just conductive ones.
1986 - Nanotechnology became known to the general public. American futurist Eric Drexler published a book in which he predicted that nanotechnology would soon begin to develop rapidly.
1989 - Donald Aigler, an employee of IBM, laid out the name of his company with xenon atoms.
1998 - Dutch physicist Seez Dekker created the nanotransistor.
2000 - The US administration announced the "National Nanotechnology Initiative" (National Nanotechnology Initiative). Then $500 million was allocated from the US federal budget. In 2002, the amount of appropriations was increased to $604 million. In 2003, the Initiative requested $710 million, and in 2004 the US government decided to increase funding for scientific research in this area to $3.7 billion over four years. Overall, global investment in nano in 2004 was about $12 billion.
2004 - The US Administration supported the "National Nanomedicine Initiative" as part of the National Nanotechnology Initiative.
Such a chronology of events could not fail to interest me, and in the presented report I tried to present the facts and events that interested me from the point of view of an indifferent schoolboy who understands that the future belongs to new technologies.

2. The rapid development of nanotechnologies is also caused by the needs of society in the rapid processing of huge amounts of information.
Today, progress in the field of nanotechnology is associated with the development of nanomaterials for the aerospace, automotive, and electronic industries.
But gradually, medicine is mentioned more and more often as a promising field of application of nanotechnology. This is due to the fact that modern technology allows you to work with matter on a scale that until recently seemed fantastic - micrometer, and even nanometer. It is these dimensions that are characteristic of the main biological structures - cells, their constituent parts (organelles) and molecules.

Today we can talk about the emergence of a new direction - nanomedicine. For the first time, the idea of using microscopic devices (robots-manipulators) in medicine was expressed in 1959 by R. Feynman. Manipulators open up the widest possibilities for resuscitation of diseased cells of the body, including the human one, which is already considered by some visionary scientists as an opportunity to finally gain immortality. However, there is also a very negative possibility of further development of nanotechnologies: in particular, if the control of the manipulator is in the hands of selected people, the power of these people over everyone else will be unlimited.
Today, we are still quite far from the microrobot described by Feynman, capable of circulatory system get inside the heart and perform an operation on the valve there. But over the past few years, his proposals have come closer to reality. Modern applications of nanotechnology in medicine can be divided into several groups:
. Nanostructured materials, including surfaces with nanorelief, membranes with nanoholes;
. Nanoparticles (including fullerenes and dendrimers);
. Micro- and nanocapsules;
. Nanotechnological sensors and analyzers;
. Medical applications of scanning probe microscopes;
. Nanotools and nanomanipulators;
. Micro- and nanodevices of varying degrees of autonomy.
The brightest and simplest example of the use of nanotechnology in medicine and cosmetics is an ordinary soap solution that has a washing and disinfecting effect. Nanoparticles are formed in it, micelles are particles of the dispersed Zola phase (colloidal solution), surrounded by a layer of molecules or ions of the dispersed medium. Soap is a miracle of nanotechnology that was already such when no one suspected the existence of nanoparticles. However, this nanomaterial is not the main one for the development of modern nanotechnologies in healthcare and cosmetology.

Another ancient application of nanotechnology in cosmetology was the fact that the dyes used by the Australian Aborigines to apply bright war paints, as well as the hair dye of ancient Greek beauties, also contained nanoparticles, providing a very long-lasting coloring effect. Now let's talk about the development of nanotechnology.

At the first stage of development of nanotechnology, preference was given to probe microscopy devices. These devices are like the eyes and hands of a nanotechnologist. In the 21st century, nanotechnology will enter all areas of human life. This is a new word in science, new opportunities, a new quality and standard of living. The rapid development of nanotechnologies at the world level is their great significance in the development of civilization. Nanotechnologies and nanoengineering are by far the most promising direction in the development of Russian and foreign science. Nanomaterials have caused a real breakthrough in many industries and penetrate into all spheres of our lives.
On their basis, goods and products can be created, the use of which will modernize entire sectors of the economy. Among the objects that we will be able to see in the near future are nanosensors for identifying toxic waste from the chemical and biotech industries, drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, pathogens, as well as nanoparticle filters and other cleaning devices designed to remove or neutralize them. . Another example of promising nanosystems in the near future is electric backbone cables based on carbon nanotubes, which will conduct high voltage current better than copper wires and at the same time weigh five to six times less.
Nanomaterials will make it possible to repeatedly reduce the cost of automotive catalytic converters that clean exhaust from harmful impurities, since they can be used to reduce the consumption of platinum and other valuable metals used in these devices by 15-20 times. There is every reason to believe that nanomaterials will find wide application in the oil refining industry and newest areas bioindustries like genomics and proteomics.

Looking into the distant future, one can assume that nanotechnologies can provide a person with physical immortality due to the fact that nanomedicine can endlessly regenerate dying cells. Speaking of medicine… It will change unrecognizably. First, nanoparticles can be used in medicine for precise drug delivery and control of the rate of chemical reactions. Nanocapsules with identification labels will be able to deliver drugs directly to the specified cells and microorganisms, will be able to monitor and display the patient's condition, monitor metabolism, and much more. This will make it possible to more effectively fight cancer, viral and genetic diseases. Imagine that you have caught the flu (and you don't even know that you have caught it yet). The system of artificially enhanced immunity will immediately react, tens of thousands of nanorobots will begin to recognize (in accordance with their internal database) the influenza virus, and in a matter of minutes you will not have a single virus in your blood! Or you have early atherosclerosis, artificial cells begin to clean your blood vessels by mechanical and chemical means. Secondly, it is possible to create nanorobot doctors capable of “living” inside the human body, eliminating all damage that occurs or preventing their occurrence. Consistently checking and, if necessary, “correcting” molecules, cell by cell, organ by organ, nanomachines will restore health to any patient, and then simply prevent any diseases and pathologies, including genetic ones. Theoretically, this will allow a person to live for hundreds, maybe thousands of years. Thirdly, it will be possible to quickly analyze and modify the genetic code, simple design of amino acids and proteins, and the creation of new types of drugs, prostheses, and implants. In this area, a number of researchers are already testing various nanomaterials for compatibility with living tissues and cells.

Today, we can only fantasize about nanorobots, but, nevertheless, we already have significant progress in this area. So, nanoparticles of certain substances can serve as "nanorobots". For example, silver. It has been established that silver nanoparticles are thousands of times more effective in fighting bacteria and viruses than silver ions.
As the experiment showed, negligible concentrations of nanoparticles destroyed all known microorganisms (including the AIDS virus) without being consumed. In addition, unlike antibiotics that kill not only harmful viruses, but also cells affected by them, the effect of nanoparticles is very selective: they act only on viruses, the cell is not damaged! The fact is that the shell of microorganisms consists of special proteins, which, when damaged by nanoparticles, cease to supply the bacterium with oxygen. The unfortunate microorganism can no longer oxidize its "fuel" - glucose - and dies, left without an energy source. Viruses, which do not have any shell at all, also get their own when they encounter a nanoparticle. But human and animal cells have more “high-tech” walls, and nanoparticles are not afraid of them. At the moment, studies are underway on the possibilities of using silver nanoparticles in pharmaceutical preparations.

For example, the Helios company produces the Witch Doctor toothpaste with silver nanoparticles, which effectively protects against various infections. Also, small concentrations of nanoparticles are added to some creams from a series of “elite” cosmetics to prevent their deterioration during use. Silver nanoparticle additives are used as an anti-allergic preservative in creams, shampoos, makeup cosmetics, etc. When used, an anti-inflammatory and healing effect is also observed.
Nanoparticles are able to retain their bactericidal properties for a long time after being applied to many hard surfaces (glass, wood, paper, ceramics, metal oxides, etc.). This makes it possible to create highly effective long-lasting disinfectant aerosols for home use. Unlike bleach and other chemical disinfectants, nanoparticle-based aerosols are non-toxic and do not harm the health of humans and animals.

According to Scientific American magazine, postage stamp-sized medical devices will appear in the near future. It will be enough to put them on the wound. This device will independently conduct a blood test, determine which medications to use, and inject them into the blood. It should be noted that the emergence of high technologies, due to their high cost, has introduced a number of new problems to healthcare, including moral and ethical ones related to the availability and accessibility of medical services for the general population. Nevertheless, no matter how much the scientific and technical basis of medicine develops, the main factors in the healing of the patient have always been and will remain the professional training, ethical and human qualities of the doctor.

3. Russian scientists have made and continue to make their contribution to the overall development of nanotechnology. One of the leading regions of Russia in nano-research is the Voronezh region. Today, it has a certain potential in the field of nanoindustry - these are research developments of universities in the Voronezh region and a number of innovative projects and technological developments of industrial enterprises. The sectoral priorities of the region are concentrated in the energy and fuel industries, instrument making and electronics, and the aerospace industry.

3.1 The Voronezh region has a high industrial potential, and a third of the population of Voronezh has a higher education. The city is considered to be the intellectual center of the Central Chernozem region. The leading universities of the region - Voronezh State University, Voronezh State Technical University and a number of others - successfully carry out research and development in the field of nanomaterials and nanoelectronics. Voronezh enterprises also have innovative projects and technological developments, where the greatest attention is paid to promising work on thermoelectricity and the creation of an element base based on whisker-like silicon nanocrystals, as well as on other related topics. Thus, CJSC Voronezh Engineering and Technology Center together with Voronezh State Technical University are successfully engaged in R&D to develop a highly efficient nanocomposite solar cell. The Sodruzhestvo technopark is implementing the project “Development of technological equipment for the production of a fullerene-containing mixture, nanofibers and nanotubes”. Nanoindustry development centers are being created with the participation of high-tech enterprises and universities of the region. Among these centers, we can single out: the Fonon Center on the basis of OJSC NPO RIF Corporation and Industrial Nanotechnologies on the basis of Cosmos-Oil-Gas LLC.

Industrial enterprises in the field of nanotechnologies pay the most attention to developments in the following areas: thermoelectricity, development of an element base based on whisker-like silicon nanocrystals, etc. Small innovative enterprises specializing in the development of nanotechnologies are being created.
Based on the developments of the VSU, LLC Corrosion Protection LLC was created, which promotes new technology coating of zinc nanostructures. JSC "Rikon" is also working in this direction, having created fundamentally new capacitors using fullerenes.

ZAO Voronezh Engineering and Technology Center, together with Voronezh State Technical University, is engaged in R&D to develop a highly efficient nanocomposite solar cell. The Sodruzhestvo technopark is implementing the project “Development of technological equipment for the production of a fullerene-containing mixture, nanofibers and nanotubes”.

Chemists from the Voronezh State Agrarian University have invented a durable household water filter, which they claim has no analogues in the world. The basis of the filter, on the creation of which the employees of VGAU and the company "Akva" worked, is based on nanotechnologies. According to the project manager, head of the laboratory of chemistry of the Faculty of Technology and Commodity Science Ivan Gorelov, the synthesis of the filter material is made from nanoparticles of silicon dioxide, carbon and silver. They are preliminarily prepared as raw materials, then combined in strict proportions, dried to make granules, and fired at a temperature of 1000ºС without oxygen.

According to scientists, the uniqueness of the new filter, in addition to the use of nanoparticles, lies in the fact that it removes man-made impurities - primarily iron compounds, petroleum products, as well as heavy metal ions (lead, mercury, zinc, cadmium, copper). The natural mineral composition of the water remains unchanged.
The nanocomposite, which is supplied with the filter of our design, has universal properties. In a dry state, it is able to absorb benzene, toluene, hexane, acetone vapors, as well as smoke. Therefore, it can be used, for example, in emergency protective devices for the protection of rescue personnel and for the protection of workers in the paint and varnish industry.
Customers from Europe and Asia have already shown interest in the filters. An industrial line for their production on the basis of VGAU will be put into operation in early 2013. Nanoindustry development centers are being created with the participation of high-tech enterprises and universities of the region.

3.2 Currently, there are 14 enterprises and organizations operating in the nanotechnology industry in the region: Voronezhsintezkauchuk OJSC, NPO RIF Corporation OJSC, VZPP-S OJSC, KBKhA OJSC, Sozvezdie Concern OJSC, Voronezh State University, Voronezh State Technical University, Komnet LLC, Vodmashoborudovaniye Plant OJSC, etc. About 20 industrial projects in the field of nanoindustry are already being implemented in the region. And only Voronezh State University has about 30 projects at the development stage.
The main areas of application of R&D of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are the following areas:
. Nanotechnologies in power engineering and fuel industry. Enterprises and organizations of the Voronezh region are implementing projects aimed at industrial production polysilicon for solar cells, thermoelectric materials to improve the energy efficiency of machines and mechanisms, nano-modification of types of fuel and liquids present on the market.
. Nanotechnologies in instrument making and electronics. Developments in the field of nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are aimed at the development and production of scanning electron and atomic force microscopes, microcircuits, printed circuit boards, loop cables.
. Nanotechnologies in the aerospace industry. Within the framework of this industry in the Voronezh region, enterprises and organizations in the field of nanotechnology are conducting experimental tests and preparing the production of heat-resistant and other nanomodified composites, fundamentally new materials for rocket science and the aircraft industry.
. Nanotechnologies in mechanical engineering. In the designated industry, enterprises and organizations of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are working on the production of systems for the creation of nanomaterials.
. Nanotechnologies in medicine. Enterprises and organizations of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are implementing projects aimed at creating new methods for treating and diagnosing patients. A significant proportion of promising projects is aimed at creating technologies for import substitution of foreign medicines.
. Nanotechnologies in the building materials industry. In the construction industry in recent years, there has been practically no introduction of new technologies. Meanwhile, enterprises and organizations of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region have a significant potential for developments designed to significantly improve the quality of construction in the region and the Russian Federation.
. Nanotechnologies in the food industry. Actual developments of enterprises and organizations of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are water purification technologies, modification of food products to improve their nutritional properties.

3.3 In the Voronezh region, nanoproducts are being actively introduced, which qualitatively improve the health status of Voronezh residents. An example is the products of Nano Hightech, in particular, a hexagon made of nanoceramics. Nanoceramics is a unique material that synthesizes several main components: Volcanic rocks, Kym-Gan Stone, natural Germanium, Titanium, Pozzolan and Barodon, crushed to nanoscale units. Thanks to this, the Nano High-Tech Hanguk Nano Medical Company has produced a unique product - Nanoceramics (NC). The resulting raw material goes through the process of pressing, molding and firing at a temperature of 1300 ° C in an electric furnace. The fired and polished hexagons are then manually formed into dense mosaic fields, which are used in the production of equipment. This hexagon is designed to relieve pain, eliminate unpleasant odors and structure fluids.

As the manufacturer assures us, he:
. activates microcirculation processes,
. restores disturbed energy exchange,
. has bactericidal properties,
. accelerates the healing process of wounds, abrasions, bruises, burns,
. preserves the freshness of products for a long time, eliminates unpleasant odors (when placing the Hexagon in the refrigerator, closet or shoes),
. helps to increase soil fertility (when watering with charged water or placing the Hexagon in the soil),
. affects the structure of liquids,
. relieves pain and inflammation.
Of course, there are not so many products designed for the mass consumer, but progress does not stand still, and we can safely assume that in the next 5-10 years we will be able to see new consumer products.

Conclusion
As has been repeatedly stated, nanotechnology opens up great prospects for the development of new materials, the improvement of communications, the development of biotechnology, microelectronics, energy and weapons. Among the most likely scientific breakthroughs, experts name an increase in computer performance, the restoration of human organs using newly recreated tissue, the production of new materials directly from given atoms and molecules, and the emergence of new discoveries in chemistry and physics that can have a revolutionary impact on the development of civilization.
It is assumed that nanotechnology will solve energy problems through the use of more efficient lighting, fuel cells, hydrogen batteries, solar cells, distribution of energy sources, decentralization of production and energy storage through a qualitative upgrade of the electric power system.
The most important thing is that the concept of "nanotechnology" should not become a loophole behind which dishonest scientists, entrepreneurs, firms and officials will hide.
Only modest advances in nanotechnology are currently on the market, such as self-cleaning coatings, "smart clothes" and packaging that keeps food fresher longer. However, scientists predict the triumphant march of nanotechnology in the near future, relying on the fact of its gradual penetration into all industries.
As already mentioned, the possibilities of using nanotechnology are inexhaustible: from microscopic computers that kill cancer cells, and ending with automotive engines that do not pollute the environment, but great prospects most often bring with them great dangers. Take, for example, the achievements in the field of atomic energy and the sad consequences Chernobyl accident or the tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Scientists all over the world today must clearly realize that such “unsuccessful” experiments or negligence in the future can turn into a tragedy that threatens the existence of all mankind and the planet as a whole.
In this regard, it becomes clear why, from the very appearance of nanotechnology, its development has been hampered by fears, some of which clearly belong to the category of science fiction, but some, however, are not completely unfounded.
In the near future, it is planned to create "smart" materials with memory, self-healing materials, nanorobots that exist inside the human body and ensure its normal functioning, the exploration of distant regions of space by nanorobots, etc.
The first predictions of the development of nanotechnology, which were perceived as a fantastic movie, are justified, and ahead of time.
Thus, the use of nanotechnologies in biophysics is going through the very initial stage of its development. But, despite this, it is already clear today that it is the introduction of nanotechnological and biophysical methods into “classical” biology that will make it possible to achieve the most incredible and amazing results. Many researchers even believe that the biological species of Homo sapiens will be almost completely replaced by a new biological species over the next century. This person will represent the most complex synthesis of genetic modifications and implantation of technological systems. Electronic components placed directly in the human body will provide continuous communication with networks like the Internet. But so far, these are only predictions of a possible future, perhaps more distant than we would like, but, nevertheless, fascinating with its fantastic possibilities.
My first attempt to get acquainted with nanotechnologies and nanoideas took place. She confirmed me in the thought of further study of the material in this area. I am sure that, becoming a student, I will not only not lose interest in the problem posed, but will also make every effort to analyze the problem from new heights of knowledge. After all, the belief that the prospects of nanotechnologies are grandiose for our civilization, for our future is not just a certainty ... This is faith in science, in its triumph! The technology race sets the pace of life, and in order to be a successful modern person, you need to not just keep up with the times, but get ahead of it!

Literature:
1. Alferov Zh.I., Aseev A.L., Gaponov S.V., Koptev P.S., et al., “Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies” // Microsystem Engineering. 2003.
2. Balabanov V., “Nanotechnologies. Science of the future. 2009.
3. V. A. Karasev, “ Genetic code: new Horizons". 2003.
4. Pool Ch., Owens F., "Nanotechnologies" // M. Technosphere. 2004.
5. Rybalkina M., "Nanotechnologies for everyone". 2005.
6. V. V. Svetukhin, I. V. Razumovskaya, et al., “Introduction to nanotechnology. Physics.” 2008.
7. Tretyakov Yu.D., “Nanotechnologies. ABC for everyone. 2008.
8. Feynman R.P., "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," Engineering and Science (California Institute of Technology), February 1960, pp. 22-36. Russian translation published in Chemistry and Life, No. 12. 2002.
9. Journal "Russian Nanotechnologies", V.5, No. 1-2. 2010.
10. Newspaper "Industrial News", No. 1. 2010.

Ministry of General and Vocational Education Rostov region

state budgetary professional educational institution of the Rostov region

"Tarasov multidisciplinary technical school"

Educational project

on the topic: "The impact of nanotechnology on the development of the future"

Work manager:

Barsova T.N.

Technology teacher

p. Tarasovsky

2017

Content

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………3

The emergence of nanotechnology……………………………………………….4

Nanotechnologies in Russia………………………………………………………5

Scope of nanotechnology………………………………………….7

The future of nanotechnology, problems and prospects………………………9

Analysis…………………...12

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...13

List of literature used…………………………………………….14

Introduction

Our age of modern nanotechnology does not stand still, so new discoveries are made every day.

The relevance of this topic is due to the importance of nanotechnology in our lives and world society and the impact of nanotechnology on the development of the future.

Nanotechnologies are the key concept of the beginning of the 21st century, a symbol of a new, scientific and technological revolution. These are the "highest" technologies, for the development of which the leading economic powers are spending billions of dollars today.

According to the forecasts of scientists, nanotechnologies in the 21st century will make the same revolution in the manipulation of matter, which computers made in the 20th century in the manipulation of information.

Among the most likely scientific breakthroughs, experts cite a significant increase in computer performance, the restoration of human organs using newly recreated tissue, the obtaining of new materials created directly from given atoms and molecules, as well as new discoveries in chemistry and physics.

Goals and tasks of the work:

To reveal the concept of nanotechnology, to study the directions of science.

Explore the history of nanotechnology

Analyze the use of object and material properties

To study the main tasks of nanotechnology

To study the application of nanotechnology in human life

Conduct an analysis of the positive and negative impacts of this technology when used in construction, engineering, energy, nuclear and electrical industries.

Emergence of nanotechnology

The first mention of methods that will later be called nanotechnology is associated with the speech of Richard Feynman"There's a lot of room down there", made by him in 1959, in which he suggested that it was possible to mechanically move single atoms, using a manipulator of the appropriate size, at least such a process would not contradict the physical laws known today.

Nanotechnology is the technology of objects whose dimensions are about 10 -9 m (atoms, molecules). Nanotechnology processes obey the laws of quantum mechanics.

Tasks of nanotechnology

The most important task of nanotechnology is the design, creation, synthesis of materials and objects with predetermined properties. Establishing the dependence of physical and chemical properties on the size of a nanoparticle or the number of atoms in it is one of the main tasks of nanotechnology.

The next stage of nanotechnology is the purposeful creation of not materials, but finished products with fundamentally new qualitative characteristics and purpose.

Nanotechnology in Russia

Today, Russia is not the undisputed leader in the field of nanotechnology. The share of the Russian "nano" in the world market is still very small and amounts to only 0.07 percent. This is due to many reasons. First of all, insufficient financing of this area, lack of qualified specialists.

The palm belongs to two countries: the USA and Japan. This is not surprising, since Japan was the first to actively invest in the development of this field of science, then the United States joined the race for world leadership in the field of nanotechnology, followed by European countries. China, which has recently been hitting the world in various fields, is also gaining momentum. Russia has recently joined this "race". The next step was the signing on April 24, 2007 by the President of the Russian Federation of the presidential initiative "Nanoindustry Development Strategy".

The modernization of the Russian economy is impossible without the rise of domestic science. Today, for most people, "nanotechnology" is the same abstraction as nuclear technology in the 30s of the last century. However, nanotechnology is already becoming key direction development of modern industry and science.

July 19, 2007 for "implementation public policy in the field of nanotechnologies, development of innovative infrastructure in the field of nanotechnologies, implementation of projects for the creation of promising nanotechnologies and nanoindustry”, the state corporation “Rosnano” was established.

In November 2007, the Government of the Russian Federation allocated 130 billion rubles for the activities of the Corporation, which were contributed to the authorized capital of Rosnano.

Today, the corporation employs some of the best specialists in the country, who should establish mutually beneficial cooperation between science, business and the state.

On October 8, 2008, the "Nanotechnological Society of Russia" was created, whose tasks include "education Russian society in the field of nanotechnologies and the formation of a favorable public opinion in favor of the country's nanotechnological development”.

To implement the priority areas of science on March 18, 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced the construction of the Russian "silicon valley" in Skolkovo. The head of state noted that this complex will be created to work in the field of five priority areas of modernization - energy, information technology, telecommunications, biomedical technology, nuclear technology.

Scope of nanotechnology

Nanomaterials in construction

Nanomaterials for construction, autonomous energy sources based on powerful solar batteries, nanofilters for water and air purification.

Adding nanoparticles (including carbon nanotubes) to concrete makes it several times stronger.

To protect buildings from fire, nanotechnologies offer both new non-combustible materials (for example, cable insulation containing clay nanoparticles) and smart networks of ultra-sensitive fire nanosensors.

As for home appliances - refrigerators, televisions, plumbing, lighting fixtures, kitchen equipment - here the field of applications for nanotechnology is inexhaustible.

Nanomaterials in industry

Currently, nanomaterials are the least toxic and most biocompatible with a living cell (human, plant, animal). Produced nanomaterials are used in any industry:

fuel (fuel catalysts, octane increase);

cosmetic (enrichment with microelements, bactericidal properties);

textile, shoe (bactericidal and healing properties of clothes and shoes);

paint and varnish (bactericidal varnishes and paints, special coatings);

leather (antifungal treatment of the skin);

medical (medical preparations of a new generation, nanovitamin complexes of microelements);

in the agro-industrial complex (nanofertilizers, feed additives, product storage), etc.

Nanomedicine and chemical industry

A direction in modern medicine based on the use of the unique properties of nanomaterials and nanoobjects for tracking, designing and changing human biological systems at the nanomolecular level.

DNA nanotechnologies - use the specific bases of DNA molecules and nucleic acids to create well-defined structures on their basis.

Industrial synthesis of molecules of drugs and pharmacological preparations clearly certain form(bis-peptides).

Military nanotechnology.

Perhaps the very first fact of the use of nanotechnology for military purposes should be considered the study of a sample of Damascus steel (known for its highest strength). After etching the surface of a metal sample in hydrochloric acid, the researchers found filamentous objects of nanometer transverse dimensions.

Upon a detailed study of the surface, it turned out that these are multilayer carbon nanotubes, moreover, they are filled inside with cementite - iron carbide Fe 3 C, which has a very high hardness.

The creation of various kinds of protective equipment is one of the areas of military research in the field of nanotechnology.

The Future of Nanotechnology: Problems and Prospects

Nanotechnologies and nanodevices are a natural step towards improvement technical systems. Currently, only modest advances in nanotechnology are sold on the market, such as self-cleaning coatings and packaging that allow longer storage fresh food nutrition. However, scientists predict a triumphant march of nanotechnology in the near future.

According to the forecasts of the American association National Science Foundation, the volume of the market for goods and services in the world with the use of nanotechnology in the next 10-15 years may grow to 1 trillion. dollars:

In the field of healthcare - nanotechnology can increase life expectancy, expand the physical capabilities of a person;

In the pharmaceutical industry, about half of all products will depend on nanotechnology;

AT chemical industry nanostructured catalysts are already being used in gasoline production and other chemical processes;

In the transport industry, nanotechnologies and nanomaterials will make it possible to create lighter, more reliable and safer cars;

In agriculture and in the field of environmental protection, the application of nanotechnology can increase crop yields, provide more economical ways to filter water. This will reduce environmental pollution and save significant resources.

It is assumed that nanotechnology will solve energy problems through the use of more efficient lighting, fuel cells, hydrogen batteries, solar cells, distribution of energy sources and decentralization of production.

Scientists argue that research in nanotechnology and other areas must be stopped before it harms humanity.

Fears of nanotechnologies began to appear in 1986 after the publication of Drexler's "Machines of Creation", where he not only painted a utopian picture of the nanotechnological future, but also touched upon the "reverse side" of this coin.

One of the problems that seemed to him the most serious, he called the "problem of gray goo." Its danger is that nanorobots that have gone out of control as a result of accidental or intentional damage to control systems can begin to copy themselves indefinitely, consuming building material everything in its path, including forests, factories, pets and people. The calculation shows that, theoretically, such a nanorobot with its offspring will be able to process the entire biomass of the Earth in a matter of hours.

Today, the following questions are also acute:

Is it capable education system to train enough qualified specialists in the field of nanotechnology?

Could the cost reduction of products thanks to nanotechnology make them easily accessible to terrorists?

What will be the effect of inhaling some of the substances that are currently being formed on a molecular scale?

What happens if the environment is released a large number nanomaterials ranging from computer chips to aircraft paint? Will nanomaterials cause allergies?

Will the invasion of nanoparticles into our bodies lead to unpredictable consequences?

These and other questions facing researchers today are indeed very relevant and important. In the nanotechnology race, scientists must take full responsibility for the life and health of other people, so as not to turn out to be carefree fanatics, without bothering to think about possible tragic consequences and catastrophes.

Analysis positive and negative impacts

Benefit:

Nanotechnology will help create a new generation of drugs. Many incurable diseases will be defeated.

On the basis of nanotechnologies, new models of weapons and new defense systems will be created, which will improve the country's defense capability.

Thanks to the development of nanotechnology, there will be a revolution in computer technology.

Nanotechnologies will solve energy problems, their implementation will allow more efficient use of traditional and open the way to new energy sources.

Harm:

Nanotechnologies will cause new diseases, from which even new "nanodrugs" will not save.

New weapons based on nanotechnology can fall into the hands of terrorists, leading to chaos and war.

The development of nanosensors, nanosensors and other systems for displaying and transmitting information will ultimately put an end to privacy.

The development of the nanomaterials production industry will lead to even more serious environmental pollution.

Conclusion

1. Nanotechnology is a symbol of the future, the most important industry, without which it is unthinkable further development civilization.

2. The possibilities of using nanotechnology are practically inexhaustible - from microscopic computers that kill cancer cells to car engines that do not pollute the environment.

3. Currently, nanotechnology is a very broad area of research, which includes a number of areas of physics, chemistry, biology, electronics, medicine and other sciences.

4. Nanotechnologies are in their infancy today, fraught with great potential. In the future, scientists will have to solve many issues related to nanoscience and comprehend its deepest secrets. But, despite this, nanotechnology is already having a very serious impact on the life of modern man.

5. Great prospects carry great dangers. In this regard, a person should be very careful about the unprecedented possibilities of nanotechnology, directing his research to peaceful purposes. Otherwise, he may endanger his own existence.

Bibliography

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Balabanov, V.I. Nanotechnologies. Science of the future. /IN AND. Balabanov. - M.: Eksmo, 2008. - 256 p.

Balluzek F.V., Sente L. "Nanotechnologies" - M.: 2011 -132 p.

Razumovskaya I.V. "Nanotechnology" // - M.: 2010-154 p.

Rybalkina, M. Nanotechnologies for everyone. /M. Rybalkin. - M.: Nanotechnology News Network, 2010. - 444 p.

Tretyakov Yu.D. (Ed.). Moscow: FIZMATLIT, 2008. “Nanotechnologies. ABC for everyone"

Poole, C. Nanotechnology. / Ch. Pool, F. Owen. - M.: Technosfera, 2006. - 260 p.

Distinctive feature of nanotechnology Historical background Nanorobots Scope of nanorobots (currently) Fundamentals Atomic force microscopy Nanoparticles Self-assembly of nanoparticles Advanced sciences Nanotechnology industry Nanotechnology in medicine Nanotechnology patents and investments US Science Foundation and its investments in nanotechnology

What is the difference between nanotechnology and the rest? Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field of fundamental and applied science and technology that deals with a combination of theoretical justification, practical methods of research, analysis and synthesis, as well as methods for the production and use of products with a given atomic structure by controlled manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. The frequently used definition of nanotechnology as a set of methods for working with objects smaller than 100 nanometers does not accurately describe both the object and the difference between nanotechnology and traditional technologies and scientific disciplines. are inapplicable, and microscopic phenomena, negligibly weak on the usual scales, become much more significant: the properties and interactions of individual atoms and molecules or aggregates of molecules, quantum effects.

Historical background Many sources, primarily in English, associate the first mention of methods that would later be called nanotechnology with the famous speech of Richard Feynman, made by him in 1959 at the California Institute of Technology at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society. Richard Feynman suggested that it would be possible to mechanically move single atoms, using a manipulator of the appropriate size, at least such a process would not contradict the physical laws known today. He suggested doing this manipulator in the following way. It is necessary to build a mechanism that would create its own copy, only an order of magnitude smaller. The created smaller mechanism must again create its copy, again an order of magnitude smaller, and so on until the dimensions of the mechanism are commensurate with the dimensions of the order of one atom. At the same time, it will be necessary to make changes in the structure of this mechanism, since the forces of gravity acting in the macrocosm will have less and less influence, and the forces of intermolecular interactions and van der Waals forces will increasingly affect the operation of the mechanism. The last stage of the resulting mechanism will assemble its copy from individual atoms. In principle, the number of such copies is unlimited, it will be possible to create any number of such machines in a short time. These machines will be able to assemble macrothings in the same way, by atom-by-atom assembly. This will make things an order of magnitude cheaper, such robots (nanorobots) will need to be given only the required number of molecules and energy, and write a program to assemble the necessary items. Until now, no one has been able to refute this possibility, but no one has yet managed to create such mechanisms. The fundamental disadvantage of such a robot is the impossibility of creating a mechanism from a single atom. The term "nanotechnology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974. He called this term the production of products with a size of several nanometers. Central location in his research, mathematical calculations were played, with the help of which it was possible to analyze the operation of a device with dimensions of several nanometers.

Nanorobots Nanorobots, or nanobots, are robots comparable in size to a molecule (less than 10 nm), which have the functions of movement, processing and transmission of information, and execution of programs. At the moment (2009), real nanorobots have not been created. Some scientists claim that some components of nanorobots have already been created. Nanobots capable of creating copies of themselves, that is, self-reproducing, are called replicators. The possibility of creating nanorobots was considered in his book "Machines of Creation" by the American scientist Eric Drexler. The idea of nanorobots is widely used in modern science fiction. Other definitions describe a nanorobot as a machine capable of accurately interacting with nanoscale objects or capable of manipulating objects at the nanoscale. As a result, even large devices, such as an atomic force microscope, can be considered nanorobots, since it manipulates objects at the nanoscale. In addition, even ordinary robots that can move with nanoscale precision can be considered nanorobots. Nanorobots are mostly in the research and development stage, however, some primitive prototypes of molecular machines have already been created. For example, a sensor having a switch of about 1.5 nm capable of counting individual molecules in chemical samples. First useful application nanomachines, if they appear, are planned in medical technology, where they can be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. They can also detect toxic chemical substances in environment and measure their concentration. Recently, Rice University demonstrated nanodevices for use in regulating the chemical processes in modern cars.

Scope of application Early diagnosis of cancer and targeted delivery of drugs to cancer cells Biomedical instrumentation Surgery Pharmacokinetics Monitoring of diabetic patients Production of a device from individual molecules by means of molecular assembly by nanorobots according to its drawings Military use as a means of surveillance and espionage, as well as weapons Space research and development ( for example, von Neumann probes capable of carrying a Gauss cannon in low Earth orbit)

Atomic force microscopy One of the methods used to study nanoobjects is atomic force microscopy. Using an atomic force microscope (AFM), one can not only see individual atoms, but also selectively influence them, in particular, move atoms over the surface. Scientists have already managed to create two-dimensional nanostructures on the surface using this method. For example, at the IBM research center, by sequentially moving xenon atoms on the surface of a nickel single crystal, employees were able to lay out three letters of the company's logo using 35 xenon atoms. When performing such manipulations, a number of technical difficulties arise. In particular, it is necessary to create ultrahigh vacuum conditions, it is necessary to cool the substrate and the microscope to ultralow temperatures (4–10 K), the substrate surface must be atomically clean and atomically smooth, for which special preparation methods are used. The substrate is cooled to reduce the surface diffusion of deposited atoms.

Nanoparticles Modern trend to miniaturization showed that a substance can have completely new properties, if you take a very small particle of this substance. Particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 (over 100 nanometers, nanoparticles can be called conventionally) nanometers are usually called "nanoparticles". For example, it turned out that nanoparticles of some materials have very good catalytic and adsorption properties. Other materials show amazing optical properties, such as ultra-thin films of organic materials used to make solar cells. Such batteries, although they have a relatively low quantum efficiency, are cheaper and can be mechanically flexible. It is possible to achieve the interaction of artificial nanoparticles with natural objects of nanoscale proteins, nucleic acids and others. Thoroughly purified, nanoparticles can self-align into certain structures. Such a structure contains strictly ordered nanoparticles and also often exhibits unusual properties. Nano-objects are divided into 3 main classes: three-dimensional particles obtained by the explosion of conductors, plasma synthesis, thin film recovery, etc., two-dimensional film objects obtained by molecular deposition, CVD, ALD, ion deposition, etc., one-dimensional whisker objects, these objects are obtained by the method molecular layering, the introduction of substances into cylindrical micropores, etc. There are also nanocomposites, materials obtained by introducing nanoparticles into any matrices. At the moment, only the microlithography method has been widely used, which makes it possible to obtain flat island objects with a size of 50 nm or more on the surface of matrices; it is used in electronics.

Self-organization of nanoparticles One of the most important issues facing nanotechnology is how to force molecules to group in a certain way, self-organize, in order to eventually obtain new materials or devices. The branch of chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, deals with this problem. It does not study individual molecules, but the interactions between molecules, which, organized in a certain way, can give rise to new substances. It is encouraging that in nature such systems really exist and such processes are carried out. Thus, biopolymers are known that can organize themselves into special structures. One example is proteins that can not only fold into a globular shape, but also form structural complexes that include several protein molecules (proteins). Already now there is a synthesis method that uses the specific properties of the DNA molecule. Complementary DNA is taken, a molecule A or B is connected to one of the ends. We have 2 substances: -- --A and ----B, where ---- is a conditional image of a single DNA molecule. Now, if you mix these 2 substances, hydrogen bonds form between the two single strands of DNA, which will attract molecules A and B to each other. Let's conditionally depict the resulting connection: ====AB. The DNA molecule can be easily removed after the end of the process.

Sciences that have emerged thanks to nanotechnology Nanomedicine (tracking, fixing, designing and controlling human biological systems at the molecular level, using nanodevices and nanostructures) Nanoelectronics (a field of electronics that develops the physical and technological foundations for creating integrated electronic circuits with characteristic topological dimensions of elements less than 100 nm .) Nanoengineering ( scientific and practical activity design, manufacture and application of nanoscale objects or structures, as well as objects or structures created by nanotechnologies.) Nanoionics (properties, phenomena, effects, mechanisms of processes and applications associated with fast ion transport in solid-state nanosystems.) Nanorobotics (applied science engaged in the development of automated technical systems (robots) in the field of nanotechnology.) Nanochemistry (a science that studies the properties of various nanostructures, as well as the development of new ways to obtain, study and modify them)

Nanotechnologies in Russia The State Corporation "Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies" (RUSNANO) was established by Federal Law 139-FZ on July 19, 2007 to "implement the state policy in the field of nanotechnologies, develop innovative infrastructure in the field of nanotechnologies, implement projects to create promising nanotechnologies and nanoindustry." The Corporation solves this problem by acting as a co-investor in nanotechnology projects with significant economic or social potential. Financial participation of the corporation in the early stages of projects reduces the risks of its partners - private investors. The Corporation participates in the creation of nanotechnology infrastructure facilities, such as community centers, business incubators and early investment funds. RUSNANO chooses priority areas investments based on long-term development forecasts, which are developed by leading Russian and international experts. The Government of the Russian Federation allocated 130 billion rubles for the activities of the Corporation, which were contributed to the authorized capital of RUSNANO in November 2007. In June 2008, temporarily free funds were placed on accounts in 8 commercial banks in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The governing bodies are the supervisory board, the board and the general director. In September 2008 CEO Anatoly Borisovich Chubais has been appointed to the Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies.

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is a field of applied science and technology that studies the properties of objects and develops devices with dimensions of the order of 10-9 m or 10 nm. Nanotechnologies are technologies for manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular level in order to create nanostructures, nanodevices and materials with special properties. The peculiarity of nanotechnologies lies in the fact that the processes under consideration and the actions performed occur in the nanometer range of spatial scales. In this range of sizes, the "raw materials" are individual atoms, molecules, molecular systems. 1 nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter, or one millionth of a millimeter. What is "NANO"?

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Richard Feynman was at the forefront of nanotechnology and proposed many different formulations. The term "nanotechnology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974. In the 1980s, the term was used by Eric K. Drexler, especially in his book "Machines of Creation: The Age of Nanotechnology Is Coming", which was published in 1986 Richard Feynman Eric K. Drexler

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Nanotechnology is now being actively pursued in about 50 countries. The USA, Japan, South Korea, Germany are in the lead. Russia occupies a place in the second ten. But in terms of the number of publications on nanothemes, we are in the honorable 8th place.

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Nanotechnology in Russia

Studying the properties of metals as nanoparticles Creation of biochips and the thinnest films Creation of manipulators of the smallest dimensions

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Nanotechnologies that we use in life:

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The use of nanotechnology in medicine

The Americans have created a material that mimics real bone tissue. Using the method of self-assembly of fibers that mimic natural collagen, they “planted” hydroxyapatite nanocrystals on them. And only then, this “putty” was glued to a person’s own bone cells - such material can replace bone defects after injuries or operations.

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Nanotechnology and fashion

For the first time, nanotechnology began to be used in the production of fashionable clothes about a year ago. Since that time, some of the fashion designers began to collaborate with scientists to produce models of the so-called "functional clothing". It will differ from the usual one not only in appearance, but also in the properties of the fabric from which it is made.

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Does not require washing It is impossible to get sick in it Does not let in harmful gases and protects from modern ecology 1 sq. a meter of fabric costs about 10 thousand. $

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Computer in a thermos cup

Design student Jason Farsai came up with the Yuno computer built into a thermos coffee mug. The software part of this mug-computer will consist of widgets showing the weather, traffic conditions, stock quotes, e-mail, etc.

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Nokia and experts from the University of Cambridge recently showed an interesting novelty - stretchable mobile phone Morph, made using nanotechnology.

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Satellites are also based on nanotechnology

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Nanobots and computers

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Nanotechnologists are joking

Nanotoilet won the prize at the 49th International Micrography Contest for what seems to be the most eccentric activity of 2005. In total, more than 40 works participated in the competition, but the project from SII NanoTechnology turned out to be the most unusual. The jury has never seen such use of nanotechnology!

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Conclusion: The impact of nanotechnologies on life promises to be universal, as a result of which the economy will change and all aspects of life, work, and social relations will be affected. The use of innovative materials of the 21st century will make it possible to turn the most unthinkable projects into reality. With the help of nanotechnology, we can save time, get more benefits at a lower price, constantly improve the level and quality of life. The stumbling block of modern nanotechnology is the impossibility of mass production of high-tech products. Results demonstrating the potential of nanotechnology have already been achieved, but mass production technologies do not yet exist.

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