1 is part of the solar system. Solar system planets in order

The new words didn't fit in my head. It also happened that the textbook of natural history set before us the goal - to remember the location of the planets of the solar system, and we were already choosing the means to justify it. Among the many options for solving this problem, there are several interesting and efficient ones.

Mnemonic in its purest form

The way out for modern students was invented by the ancient Greeks. No wonder the term "mnemonics" comes from consonant Greek word, meaning in literal translation "the art of remembering." This art gave rise to a whole system of actions aimed at memorizing a large amount of information - "mnemonics".

They are very convenient to use if you just need to memorize a whole list of any names, a list of important addresses or phone numbers, or remember the sequence of objects. In the case of the planets of our system, such a technique is simply irreplaceable.

We play associations or "Ivan gave birth to a girl ..."

Each of us remembers and knows this rhyme since elementary school. This is the mnemonic counter. We are talking about that couplet, thanks to which it becomes easier for a child to remember the cases of the Russian language - “Ivan gave birth to a girl - He ordered to drag the diaper” (respectively - Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental and Prepositional).

Is it possible to do the same with the planets of the solar system? - Undoubtedly. A mnemonic for this astronomical educational program has already been invented quite a large number of. The main thing you need to know: they are all based on associative thinking. It is easier for someone to imagine an object similar in form to a memorized one, for someone it is enough to present a chain of names in the form of a kind of “cipher”. Here are just a few tips on how best to memorize their location, taking into account the distance from the central star.

Funny pictures

The sequence of removal of the planets of our star system from the Sun can be remembered through visual images. First, associate with each planet an image of an object or even a person. Then imagine these pictures one by one, in the sequence in which the planets are located inside the solar system.

Mercury. If you have never seen pictures of this ancient greek god, try to remember the late lead singer of the Queen group - Freddie Mercury, whose last name is consonant with the name of the planet. It is unlikely, of course, that children can know who this uncle is. Then we propose to come up with simple phrases, where the first word would begin with the syllable MEP, and the second with KUR. And they must necessarily describe specific objects, which will then become a “picture” for Mercury (this method can be used as the most extreme option with each of the planets).
Venus. Many have seen the statue of Venus de Milo. If you show it to your children, they can easily remember this "armless aunt." Plus, enlighten the next generation. You can ask them to remember some friend, classmate or relative with that name - all of a sudden there are such in the circle of friends.
Earth. Everything is simple here. Everyone must imagine himself, an inhabitant of the Earth, whose “picture” stands between two planets located in space before and after ours.
Mars. Advertising in this case can become not only a "trade engine", but also scientific knowledge. We think you understand that you need to introduce a popular imported chocolate in the place of the planet.
Jupiter. Try to imagine some landmark of St. Petersburg, for example, Bronze Horseman. Yes, even if the planet starts in Yu, but " northern capital» the locals call Peter. Such an association may not be useful for children, so invent a phrase with them.
Saturn. Such a "handsome" no visual image no need, because everyone knows him as a planet with rings. If there are still difficulties, imagine a sports stadium with a treadmill. Moreover, such an association has already been used by the creators of one animated film on a space theme.
Uranus. The most effective in this case will be the “picture”, in which someone is very happy about some achievement and, as it were, shouts “Hurrah!”. Agree - every child is capable of adding one letter to this exclamation.
Neptune. Show the children the cartoon "The Little Mermaid" - let them remember Ariel's dad - the King with a mighty beard, impressive muscles and a huge trident. And it does not matter that according to the plot, His Majesty is called Triton. Neptune, after all, also had this tool in his arsenal.

And now - once again mentally imagine everything (or all) that reminds you of the planets of the solar system. Flip through these images, like pages in a photo album, from the first "picture", the closest to the Sun, to the last, whose distance from the star is the greatest.

“Look, what kind of POINTS have turned out ...”

Now - to mnemonics, which are based on the "initials" of the planets. Remembering the order of the planets in the solar system is really the easiest thing to do by the first letters. This kind of "art" is ideal for those who do not have such a brightly developed figurative thinking, but everything is in order with its associative form.

by the most vivid examples versification in order to fix in memory the order of the planets can serve as the following:

"The Bear Comes Out for Raspberries - The Lawyer Managed to Escape the Lowlands";
"We All Know: Yulia's Mom Got on Stilts in the Morning."

You can, of course, not add up the rhyme, but simply pick up words that begin with the first letters in the names of each of the planets. Little advice: in order not to confuse Mercury and Mars, starting with the same letter, put the first syllables at the beginning of your words - ME and MA, respectively.

For example: In some places, Golden Cars were seen, Yulili As if Seeing Us.

You can come up with such proposals indefinitely - as long as your imagination is enough. In a word, try, train, remember ...

Article author: Mikhail Sazonov

The earth, like all the planets in our solar system, revolves around the sun. And their moons revolve around the planets.

Since 2006, when it was transferred from the category of planets to dwarf planets, there are 8 planets in our system.

The location of the planets

All of them are located in almost circular orbits and rotate in the direction of rotation of the Sun itself, with the exception of Venus. Venus rotates in the opposite direction - from east to west, unlike the Earth, which rotates from west to east, like most other planets.

However, the moving model of the solar system does not show so many small details. Of other oddities, it is worth noting that Uranus rotates almost lying on its side (the mobile model of the solar system does not show this either), its axis of rotation is tilted by about 90 degrees. They attribute this to a cataclysm that occurred a long time ago and affected the inclination of its axis. It could be a collision with some large cosmic body, which was not lucky enough to fly past the gas giant.

What are the groups of planets

The planetary model of the solar system in dynamics shows us 8 planets, which are divided into 2 types: the planets of the Earth group (these include: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) and the gas giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune).

This model demonstrates well the differences in the sizes of the planets. The planets of the same group combine similar characteristics, ranging from structure to relative size, a detailed model of the solar system in proportions clearly demonstrates this.

Belts of asteroids and icy comets

In addition to the planets, our system contains hundreds of satellites (Jupiter alone has 62), millions of asteroids and billions of comets. Also, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, there is an asteroid belt and the interactive model of the Solar System Flash clearly demonstrates it.

Kuiper belt

The belt remains from the time of the formation of the planetary system, and after the orbit of Neptune, the Kuiper belt extends, in which dozens of icy bodies are still hidden, some of which are even larger than Pluto.

And at a distance of 1-2 light years is the Oort cloud, a truly gigantic sphere encircling the Sun and representing the remnants of building material, which was thrown out after the end of the formation of the planetary system. The Oort Cloud is so big that we can't show you its scale.

It regularly supplies us with long-period comets, which take about 100,000 years to reach the center of the system and please us with their command. However, not all comets from the cloud survive the meeting with the Sun and last year's comet ISON fiasco is a vivid confirmation of this. It is a pity that this model of the flash system does not display such small objects as comets.

It would be wrong to ignore such an important group of celestial bodies, which was singled out as a separate taxonomy relatively recently, after the International Astronomical Union (MAC) in 2006 held its famous session on which the planet Pluto.

History of discovery

And the prehistory began relatively recently, with the introduction of modern telescopes in the early 90s. In general, the beginning of the 90s was marked by a number of major technological breakthroughs.

Firstly, it was at this time that the Edwin Hubble Orbital Telescope was put into operation, which, with its 2.4-meter mirror, placed outside earth's atmosphere opened completely wonderful world inaccessible to ground-based telescopes.

Secondly, qualitative development of computer and various optical systems allowed astronomers not only to build new telescopes, but also to significantly expand the capabilities of old ones. Through the application digital cameras, which completely replaced the film. It became possible to accumulate light and keep records of almost every photon that fell on the photodetector matrix with unattainable accuracy, and computer positioning and modern facilities processing quickly transferred such an advanced science as astronomy to a new stage of development.

alarm bells

Thanks to these successes, it became possible to discover celestial bodies, quite large in size, outside the orbit of Neptune. Those were the first calls. The situation became very aggravated at the beginning of the 2000s precisely then, in 2003-2004, Sedna and Eris were discovered, which, according to preliminary calculations, had the same size as Pluto, and Eris completely exceeded it.

Astronomers are at a dead end: either admit that they discovered the 10th planet, or something is wrong with Pluto. And new discoveries were not long in coming. In 2005, it was discovered that, together with Quaoar, discovered back in June 2002, Ork and Varuna literally filled the trans-Neptunian space, which, beyond the orbit of Pluto, was previously considered almost empty.

International Astronomical Union

The International Astronomical Union, convened in 2006, decided that Pluto, Eris, Haumea and Ceres, which joined them, belong to. Objects that were in orbital resonance with Neptune in a ratio of 2:3 became known as plutinos, and all other Kuiper belt objects - cubivano. Since then, we have only 8 planets left.

The history of the formation of modern astronomical views

Schematic representation of the solar system and spacecraft leaving it

Today, the heliocentric model of the solar system is an indisputable truth. But this was not always the case, but until the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the idea (which was expressed by Aristarchus) that it is not the Sun that revolves around the Earth, but vice versa. It should be remembered that some still think that Galileo created the first model of the solar system. But this is a delusion, Galileo only spoke out in defense of Copernicus.

The model of the solar system according to Copernicus was not to everyone's taste, and many of his followers, such as the monk Giordano Bruno, were burned. But the model according to Ptolemy could not fully explain the observed celestial phenomena and the seeds of doubt, in the minds of people, were already planted. For example, the geocentric model was not able to fully explain the uneven movement of celestial bodies, such as the backward movements of the planets.

At different stages of history, there were many theories of the structure of our world. All of them were depicted in the form of drawings, diagrams, models. However, time and the achievements of scientific and technological progress put everything in its place. And heliocentric mathematical model The solar system is already an axiom.

The movement of the planets is now on the monitor screen

Plunging into astronomy as a science, it can be difficult for an unprepared person to imagine all aspects of the cosmic world order. For this, modeling is ideal. The online solar system model appeared thanks to the development of computer technology.

Our planetary system. Developed by graphics experts computer model The solar system with the input of dates, which is available to everyone. It is an interactive application that displays the movement of the planets around the Sun. In addition, it shows how the largest satellites revolve around the planets. We can also see between Mars and Jupiter and the zodiac constellations.

How to use the schema

The movement of the planets and their satellites correspond to their real daily and annual cycle. The model also takes into account relative angular velocities and the initial conditions for the motion of space objects relative to each other. Therefore, at each moment of time, their relative position corresponds to the real one.

An interactive model of the solar system allows you to navigate in time using a calendar, which is depicted as an outer circle. The arrow on it points to the current date. The speed of the passage of time can be changed by moving the slider in the upper left corner. It is also possible to turn on the display of the phases of the moon, with the dynamics of the lunar phases displayed in the lower left corner.

Some Assumptions

What solar system in which we live? The answer will be as follows: this is our central star, the Sun and all the cosmic bodies that revolve around it. These are large and small planets, as well as their satellites, comets, asteroids, gases and cosmic dust.

The name of the solar system was given by the name of its star. In a broad sense, "solar" is often understood as any star system.

How did the solar system originate?

According to scientists, the solar system was formed from a giant interstellar cloud of dust and gases due to gravitational collapse in a separate part of it. As a result, a protostar formed in the center, then turned into a star - the Sun, and a protoplanetary disk huge size, from which all the components of the solar system listed above were subsequently formed. The process is believed to have begun about 4.6 billion years ago. This hypothesis has been called the nebular one. Thanks to Emmanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace, who proposed it back in the 18th century, it eventually became generally accepted, but over the course of many decades it was refined, new data was introduced into it, taking into account knowledge modern sciences. Thus, it is assumed that due to the increase and intensification of collisions of particles with each other, the temperature of the object increased, and after it reached a value of several thousand kelvins, the protostar acquired a glow. When the temperature indicator reached millions of kelvins, a thermonuclear fusion reaction began in the center of the future Sun - the conversion of hydrogen into helium. It turned into a star.

The sun and its features

Our luminary scientists refer to the type of yellow dwarfs (G2V) according to the spectral classification. This is the closest star to us, its light reaches the surface of the planet in just 8.31 seconds. From Earth, the radiation appears to have a yellow tint, although in reality it is almost white.

The main components of our luminary are helium and hydrogen. In addition, thanks to spectral analysis, it was found that iron, neon, chromium, calcium, carbon, magnesium, sulfur, silicon, and nitrogen are present on the Sun. Thanks to the thermonuclear reaction continuously going on in its depths, all life on Earth receives the necessary energy. sunlight- an integral part of photosynthesis, as a result of which oxygen is formed. Without sunlight, it would be impossible, therefore, an atmosphere suitable for a protein life form could not form.

Mercury

This is the closest planet to our sun. Together with the Earth, Venus and Mars, it belongs to the planets of the so-called terrestrial group. Mercury got its name from high speed movement, which, according to myths, was distinguished by the fleet-footed ancient god. The Mercury year is 88 days.

The planet is small, its radius is only 2439.7, and it is smaller in size than some of the large satellites of the giant planets, Ganymede and Titan. However, unlike them, Mercury is quite heavy (3.3 10 23 kg), and its density is only slightly behind the earth's. This is due to the presence of a heavy dense core of iron in the planet.

There is no change of seasons on the planet. Its desert surface resembles that of the Moon. It is also covered with craters, but even less habitable. So, on the day side of Mercury the temperature reaches +510 °C, and on the night side -210 °C. These are the sharpest drops in the entire solar system. The planet's atmosphere is very thin and rarefied.

Venus

This planet, named after the ancient Greek goddess of love, is more similar to the Earth than others in the solar system in terms of its physical parameters - mass, density, size, volume. For a long time they were considered twin planets, but over time it turned out that their differences are huge. So, Venus has no satellites at all. Its atmosphere is carbon dioxide by almost 98%, and the pressure on the planet's surface exceeds the earth's by 92 times! Clouds above the surface of the planet, consisting of sulfuric acid vapor, never dissipate, and the temperature here reaches +434 °C. On the planet go acid rain, thunderstorms are raging. There is high volcanic activity here. Life, in our understanding, cannot exist on Venus; moreover, descent spacecraft cannot withstand such an atmosphere for a long time.

This planet is clearly visible in the night sky. This is the third brightest object for an earthly observer, it shines with white light and surpasses all stars in brightness. The distance to the Sun is 108 million km. It completes a revolution around the Sun in 224 Earth days, and around its own axis - in 243.

Earth and Mars

These are the last planets of the so-called terrestrial group, the representatives of which are characterized by the presence of a solid surface. In their structure, the core, mantle and crust are distinguished (only Mercury does not have it).

Mars has a mass equal to 10% of the mass of the Earth, which, in turn, is 5.9726 10 24 kg. Its diameter is 6780 km, almost half that of our planet. Mars is the seventh largest planet in the solar system. Unlike Earth, which has 71% of its surface covered by oceans, Mars is completely dry land. Water has been preserved under the surface of the planet in the form of a massive ice sheet. Its surface has a reddish hue due to the high content of iron oxide in the form of maghemite.

The atmosphere of Mars is very rarefied, and the pressure on the surface of the planet is 160 times less than we are used to. On the surface of the planet there are impact craters, volcanoes, depressions, deserts and valleys, and at the poles there are ice caps, just like on Earth.

The Martian day is slightly longer than the Earth day, and the year is 668.6 days. Unlike the Earth, which has one moon, the planet has two satellites. irregular shape- Phobos and Deimos. Both of them, like the Moon to the Earth, are constantly turned to Mars by the same side. Phobos is gradually approaching the surface of its planet, moving in a spiral, and is likely to eventually fall on it or fall apart. Deimos, on the other hand, is gradually moving away from Mars and may leave its orbit in the distant future.

Between the orbits of Mars and the next planet, Jupiter, there is an asteroid belt consisting of small celestial bodies.

Jupiter and Saturn

What planet is the largest? There are four gas giants in the solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Nai big sizes of which Jupiter has. Its atmosphere, like that of the Sun, is predominantly hydrogen. The fifth planet, named after the god of thunder, has an average radius of 69,911 km and a mass exceeding that of the earth by 318 times. The planet's magnetic field is 12 times stronger than Earth's. Its surface is hidden under opaque clouds. So far, scientists find it difficult to say exactly what processes can occur under this dense veil. It is assumed that on the surface of Jupiter there is a boiling hydrogen ocean. Astronomers consider this planet a "failed star" due to some similarity in their parameters.

Jupiter has 39 satellites, 4 of which - Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto - were discovered by Galileo.

Saturn is somewhat smaller than Jupiter, it is the second largest among the planets. This is the sixth, next planet, also consisting of hydrogen with helium impurities, a small amount of ammonia, methane, water. Hurricanes rage here, the speed of which can reach 1800 km / h! Saturn's magnetic field is not as strong as Jupiter's, but stronger than Earth's. Both Jupiter and Saturn are somewhat flattened at the poles due to rotation. Saturn is 95 times heavier than earth, but its density is less than that of water. It is the least dense celestial body in our system.

A year on Saturn lasts 29.4 Earth days, a day is 10 hours 42 minutes. (Jupiter has a year - 11.86 Earth, a day - 9 hours 56 minutes). It has a system of rings consisting of solid particles of various sizes. Presumably, these may be the remains of the collapsed satellite of the planet. In total, Saturn has 62 satellites.

Uranus and Neptune are the last planets

The seventh planet of the solar system is Uranus. It is 2.9 billion km away from the Sun. Uranus is the third largest among the planets of the solar system (average radius - 25,362 km) and the fourth largest (exceeds the earth by 14.6 times). A year here lasts 84 Earth hours, a day - 17.5 hours. In the atmosphere of this planet, in addition to hydrogen and helium, a significant volume is occupied by methane. Therefore, for an earthly observer, Uranus has a pale blue color.

Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system. The temperature of its atmosphere is unique: -224 °C. Why is Uranus more low temperature than on planets that are farther from the Sun, scientists do not know.

This planet has 27 moons. Uranus has thin, flat rings.

Neptune, the eighth planet from the Sun, ranks fourth in size (average radius - 24,622 km) and third in mass (17 Earth). For a gas giant, it is relatively small (only four times more earth). Its atmosphere is also mainly composed of hydrogen, helium and methane. Gas clouds in its upper layers move at a record speed, the highest in the solar system - 2000 km / h! Some scientists believe that under the surface of the planet, under the thickness of frozen gases and water, hidden, in turn, by the atmosphere, a solid stone core can hide.

These two planets are close in composition, and therefore they are sometimes classified as a separate category - ice giants.

Minor planets

Small planets are called celestial bodies, which also move around the Sun in their own orbits, but differ from other planets in insignificant sizes. Previously, only asteroids were considered to be among them, but with recently, namely, since 2006, Pluto, which was previously included in the list of planets of the solar system and was the last, tenth, belongs to them. This is due to changes in terminology. Thus, the minor planets now include not only asteroids, but also dwarf planets - Eris, Ceres, Makemake. They were named plutoids after Pluto. The orbits of all known dwarf planets are beyond the orbit of Neptune, in the so-called Kuiper belt, which is much wider and more massive than the asteroid belt. Although their nature, as scientists believe, is the same: it is the "unused" material left after the formation of the solar system. Some scientists have suggested that the asteroid belt is the debris of the ninth planet, Phaeton, which died as a result of a global catastrophe.

Pluto is known to be composed primarily of ice and solid rocks. The main component of its ice sheet is nitrogen. Its poles are covered with eternal snows.

This is the order of the planets of the solar system, according to modern ideas.

Parade of planets. Types of parades

This is very interesting phenomenon for those interested in astronomy. It is customary to call a parade of planets such a position in the solar system, when some of them, continuously moving along their orbits, for a short time occupy a certain position for an earthly observer, as if lining up along one line.

The visible parade of planets in astronomy is a special position of the five brightest planets of the solar system for people who see them from Earth - Mercury, Venus, Mars, as well as two giants - Jupiter and Saturn. At this time, the distance between them is relatively small and they are clearly visible in a small sector of the sky.

There are two types of parades. A big one is its appearance when five celestial bodies line up in one line. Small - when there are only four of them. These phenomena can be visible or invisible from different areas. the globe. At the same time, a large parade is quite rare - once every few decades. The small one can be observed once every few years, and the so-called mini-parade, in which only three planets participate, is almost every year.

Interesting facts about our planetary system

Venus, the only one of all the major planets in the solar system, rotates around its axis in the opposite direction to its rotation around the sun.

The highest mountain on big planets Solar system - Olympus (21.2 km, diameter - 540 km), an extinct volcano on Mars. Not so long ago, on the largest asteroid in our star system, Vesta, a peak was discovered that somewhat exceeds Olympus in terms of parameters. Perhaps it is the highest in the solar system.

Jupiter's four Galilean moons are the largest in the solar system.

In addition to Saturn, all gas giants, some asteroids and Saturn's moon Rhea have rings.

What system of stars is closest to us? The solar system is closest to the star system of the triple star Alpha Centauri (4.36 light years). It is assumed that planets similar to Earth can exist in it.

To kids about planets

How to explain to children what the solar system is? Her model, which can be made with the kids, will help here. To create planets, you can use plasticine or ready-made plastic (rubber) balls, as shown below. At the same time, it is necessary to observe the ratio between the sizes of the “planets”, so that the model of the solar system really helps to form the correct ideas about space in children.

You will also need toothpicks that will hold our heavenly bodies, and as a background, you can use a dark sheet of cardboard with small dots imitating stars painted on with paint. With the help of such interactive toy it will be easier for children to understand what the solar system is.

The future of the solar system

The article described in detail what the solar system is. Despite its seeming stability, our Sun, like everything in nature, is evolving, but this process, by our standards, is very long. The supply of hydrogen fuel in its bowels is huge, but not infinite. So, according to the hypotheses of scientists, it will end in 6.4 billion years. As it burns out, the solar core will become denser and hotter, and the outer shell of the star will become wider and wider. The luminosity of the star will also increase. It is assumed that in 3.5 billion years, because of this, the climate on Earth will be similar to Venusian, and life on it in the usual sense for us will no longer be possible. There will be no water left at all, under the action high temperatures it will escape into outer space. Subsequently, according to scientists, the Earth will be absorbed by the Sun and dissolved in its depths.

The outlook is not very bright. However, progress does not stand still, and, perhaps, by that time, new technologies will allow mankind to master other planets, over which other suns shine. After all, how many "solar" systems in the world, scientists do not yet know. There are probably countless of them, and among them it is quite possible to find one suitable for human habitation. Which "solar" system will become our new home is not so important. Human civilization will be preserved, and another page will begin in its history...

The solar system is a system of planets, which includes its center - the Sun, as well as other objects of the Cosmos. They revolve around the sun. More recently, 9 objects of the Cosmos that revolve around the Sun were called “planet”. Now scientists have established that beyond the boundaries of the solar system there are planets that revolve around stars.

In 2006, the Union of Astronomers declared that the planets of the solar system are spherical cosmic objects revolving around the sun. On the scale of the solar system, the Earth appears to be extremely small. In addition to the Earth, eight planets revolve around the Sun in their individual orbits. All of them are larger than the Earth. They rotate in the plane of the ecliptic.

Planets in the solar system: types

Location of the terrestrial group in relation to the Sun

The first planet is Mercury, followed by Venus; next comes our Earth and finally Mars.
The terrestrial planets do not have many satellites or moons. Of these four planets, only Earth and Mars have moons.

The planets that belong to the terrestrial group are highly dense, composed of metal or stone. Basically, they are small and rotate around their own axis. Their rotation speed is also low.

gas giants

These are the four space objects that are at the greatest distance from the Sun: Jupiter is at number 5, followed by Saturn, then Uranus and Neptune.

Jupiter and Saturn are impressive planets, made up of compounds of hydrogen and helium. The density of gas planets is low. revolve with high speed, have satellites and are surrounded by asteroid rings.
“Ice giants”, which include Uranus and Neptune, are smaller, their atmospheres contain methane, carbon monoxide.

Gas giants have a strong gravitational field, so they can attract many space objects, unlike the terrestrial group.

According to scientists, asteroid rings are the remains of moons altered by the gravitational field of the planets.

dwarf planet

Dwarfs are space objects, the size of which does not reach the planet, but exceeds the dimensions of the asteroid. There are many such objects in the solar system. They are concentrated in the Kuiper belt region. The satellites of the gas giants are dwarf planets that have left their orbit.

Planets of the solar system: the process of emergence

According to the hypothesis of cosmic nebulae, stars are born in clouds of dust and gas, in nebulae.
Due to the force of attraction, substances are combined. Under the influence of the concentrated force of gravity, the center of the nebula is compressed and stars are formed. Dust and gases are transformed into rings. The rings rotate under the influence of gravity, and planetasimals form in whirlpools, which increase and attract cosmetic objects to themselves.

Under the influence of the force of gravity, the planetazimals are compressed and acquire a spherical shape. Spheres can combine and gradually turn into protoplanets.

There are eight planets within the solar system. They revolve around the sun. Their location is:
The nearest “neighbor” of the Sun is Mercury, followed by Venus, then the Earth, then Mars and Jupiter, further from the Sun are Saturn, Uranus and the last one, Neptune.

The solar system is a group of planets revolving in certain orbits around a bright star - the Sun. This luminary is the main source of heat and light in the solar system.

It is believed that our system of planets was formed as a result of the explosion of one or more stars and this happened about 4.5 billion years ago. At first, the solar system was a collection of gas and dust particles, however, over time and under the influence of its own mass, the Sun and other planets arose.

Planets of the solar system

In the center of the solar system is the Sun, around which eight planets move in their orbits: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Until 2006, Pluto also belongs to this group of planets, it was considered the 9th planet from the Sun, however, due to its considerable distance from the Sun and its small size, it was excluded from this list and called a dwarf planet. Rather, it is one of several dwarf planets in the Kuiper Belt.

All the above planets are usually divided into two large groups: terrestrial group and gas giants.

The terrestrial group includes such planets as: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. They are distinguished by their small size and rocky surface, and in addition, they are located closer than the others to the Sun.

The gas giants include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are characterized by large sizes and the presence of rings, which are ice dust and rocky pieces. These planets are made up mostly of gas.

Mercury

This planet is one of the smallest in the solar system, its diameter is 4,879 km. In addition, it is closest to the Sun. This neighborhood predetermined a significant temperature difference. average temperature on Mercury in the daytime is +350 degrees Celsius, and at night - -170 degrees.

Mercury is the first planet from the Sun.
There are no seasons on Mercury. The tilt of the planet's axis is almost perpendicular to the plane of the planet's orbit around the Sun.
The temperature on the surface of Mercury is not the highest, although the planet is located closest to the Sun. He lost first place to Venus.
The first research apparatus the one who visited Mercury was Mariner 10. It conducted a number of demonstration flybys in 1974.
A day on Mercury lasts 59 Earth days, and a year is only 88 days.
On Mercury, the most dramatic temperature changes are observed, which reach 610 ° C. During the day, the temperature can reach 430 ° C, and at night -180 ° C.
The force of gravity on the surface of the planet is only 38% of the Earth's. This means that on Mercury you could jump three times as high, and it would be easier to lift heavy objects.
The first telescope observations of Mercury were made by Galileo Galilei in the early 17th century.
Mercury has no natural satellites.
The first official map of the surface of Mercury was published only in 2009, thanks to data obtained from the Mariner 10 and Messenger spacecraft.

Venus

This planet is the second from the Sun. In size, it is close to the diameter of the Earth, the diameter is 12,104 km. In all other respects, Venus is significantly different from our planet. A day here lasts 243 Earth days, and a year - 255 days. The atmosphere of Venus is 95% carbon dioxide, which creates on its surface Greenhouse effect. This leads to the fact that the average temperature on the planet is 475 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere also includes 5% nitrogen and 0.1% oxygen.

Venus is the second planet from the Sun in the solar system.
Venus is the most hot planet in the solar system, although it is the second planet from the sun. Surface temperature can reach 475°C.
The first spacecraft, sent to explore Venus, was sent from Earth on February 12, 1961 and was called Venera-1.
Venus is one of two planets that has a different direction of rotation than most planets in the solar system.
The orbit of the planet around the Sun is very close to circular.
The day and night temperatures of the surface of Venus are practically the same due to the large thermal inertia of the atmosphere.
Venus makes one revolution around the Sun in 225 Earth days, and one revolution around its axis in 243 Earth days, that is, one day on Venus lasts more than one year.
The first telescope observations of Venus were made by Galileo Galilei in the early 17th century.
Venus has no natural satellites.
Venus is the third brightest object in the sky, after the Sun and Moon.

Earth

Our planet is located at a distance of 150 million km from the Sun, and this allows us to create on its surface a temperature suitable for the existence of water in liquid form, and, therefore, for the emergence of life.

Its surface is 70% covered with water, and it is the only one of the planets that has such an amount of liquid. It is believed that many thousands of years ago, the steam contained in the atmosphere created the temperature on the Earth's surface necessary for the formation of water in liquid form, and solar radiation contributed to photosynthesis and the birth of life on the planet.

Earth is the third planet from the sun in the solar system.a;
One natural satellite revolves around our planet - the Moon;
Earth is the only planet not named after a divine being;
The Earth's density is the largest of all the planets in the solar system;
The speed of the Earth's rotation is gradually slowing down;
The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1 astronomical unit (a conventional measure of length in astronomy), which is approximately 150 million km;
The earth has magnetic field sufficient strength to protect living organisms on its surface from harmful solar radiation;
The first artificial satellite The Earth under the name PS-1 (The simplest satellite - 1) was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on the Sputnik launch vehicle on October 4, 1957;
In orbit around the Earth, compared with other planets, there is the largest number of spacecraft;
Earth is the largest terrestrial planet in the solar system;

Mars

This planet is the fourth in a row from the Sun and is 1.5 times more distant from it than the Earth. The diameter of Mars is smaller than Earth's and is 6,779 km. The average air temperature on the planet ranges from -155 degrees to +20 degrees at the equator. The magnetic field on Mars is much weaker than that of the Earth, and the atmosphere is quite rarefied, which allows unhindered solar radiation affect the surface. In this regard, if there is life on Mars, it is not on the surface.

When surveyed with the help of rovers, it was found that there are many mountains on Mars, as well as dried riverbeds and glaciers. The surface of the planet is covered with red sand. Iron oxide gives Mars its color.

Mars is located on the fourth orbit from the Sun;
The Red Planet hosts the tallest volcano in the solar system;
Of the 40 exploration missions sent to Mars, only 18 were successful;
Mars has the largest dust storms in the solar system;
In 30-50 million years, a system of rings will be located around Mars, like that of Saturn;
Fragments of Mars have been found on Earth;
The sun from the surface of Mars looks half as large as from the surface of the Earth;
Mars is the only planet in the solar system that has polar ice caps;
Two revolve around Mars natural satellite- Deimos and Phobos;
Mars has no magnetic field;

Jupiter

This planet is the largest in the solar system and has a diameter of 139,822 km, which is 19 times larger than the earth. A day on Jupiter lasts 10 hours, and a year is approximately 12 Earth years. Jupiter is mainly composed of xenon, argon, and krypton. If it were 60 times larger, it could become a star due to a spontaneous thermonuclear reaction.

The average temperature on the planet is -150 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere is made up of hydrogen and helium. There is no oxygen or water on its surface. There is an assumption that there is ice in the atmosphere of Jupiter.

Jupiter is located in the fifth orbit from the Sun;
In the earth's sky, Jupiter is the fourth brightest object, after the Sun, Moon and Venus;
Jupiter has the shortest day of all the planets in the solar system;
In Jupiter's atmosphere, one of the longest and most powerful storms in the solar system, better known as the Great Red Spot, rages;
Jupiter's moon, Ganymede, is the most big moon in the solar system;
Around Jupiter is a thin system of rings;
Jupiter was visited by 8 research vehicles;
Jupiter has a strong magnetic field;
If Jupiter were 80 times more massive, it would become a star;
There are 67 natural satellites revolving around Jupiter. This is the largest figure in the solar system;

Saturn

This planet is the second largest in the solar system. Its diameter is 116,464 km. It is most similar in composition to the Sun. A year on this planet lasts quite a long time, almost 30 Earth years, and a day is 10.5 hours. The average surface temperature is -180 degrees.

Its atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen and a small amount of helium. Thunderstorms and auroras often occur in its upper layers.

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun;
In the atmosphere of Saturn, the most strong winds in the solar system;
Saturn is one of the least dense planets in the solar system;
Around the planet is the largest ring system in the solar system;
One day on the planet lasts almost one Earth year and is equal to 378 Earth days;
Saturn was visited by 4 research spacecraft;
Saturn together with Jupiter make up approximately 92% of the entire planetary mass of the solar system;
One year on the planet lasts 29.5 Earth years;
There are 62 known natural satellites revolving around the planet;
Currently, the automatic interplanetary station Cassini is engaged in the study of Saturn and its rings;

Uranus

Uranus, computer artwork.

Uranus is the third largest planet in the solar system and the seventh from the Sun. It has a diameter of 50,724 km. It is also called the "ice planet", as the temperature on its surface is -224 degrees. A day on Uranus lasts 17 hours, and a year is 84 Earth years. At the same time, summer lasts as long as winter - 42 years. Such a natural phenomenon is due to the fact that the axis of that planet is located at an angle of 90 degrees to the orbit, and it turns out that Uranus, as it were, "lies on its side."

Uranus is located in the seventh orbit from the Sun;
The first to know about the existence of Uranus was William Herschel in 1781;
Only one spacecraft has visited Uranus, Voyager 2 in 1982;
Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system;
The plane of the equator of Uranus is inclined to the plane of its orbit almost at a right angle - that is, the planet rotates retrograde, "lying on its side slightly upside down";
The moons of Uranus bear names taken from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, not from Greek or Roman mythology;
A day on Uranus lasts about 17 Earth hours;
There are 13 known rings around Uranus;
One year on Uranus lasts 84 Earth years;
There are 27 known natural satellites revolving around Uranus;

Neptune

Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. In its composition and size, it is similar to its neighbor Uranus. The diameter of this planet is 49,244 km. A day on Neptune lasts 16 hours, and a year is equal to 164 Earth years. Neptune belongs to the ice giants and for a long time it was believed that no events occurred on its icy surface. weather phenomena. However, it has recently been found that Neptune has raging eddies and wind speeds the highest of the planets in the solar system. It reaches 700 km / h.

Neptune has 14 moons, the most famous of which is Triton. It is known that it has its own atmosphere.

Neptune also has rings. This planet has 6.

Neptune is the most distant planet in the solar system and occupies the eighth orbit from the Sun;
Mathematicians were the first to know about the existence of Neptune;
There are 14 moons circling Neptune;
The orbit of Nepputna is removed from the Sun by an average of 30 AU;
One day on Neptune lasts 16 Earth hours;
Neptune has only been visited by one spacecraft, Voyager 2;
Around Neptune there is a system of rings;
Neptune has the second highest gravity after Jupiter;
One year on Neptune lasts 164 Earth years;
The atmosphere on Neptune is extremely active;

Jupiter is considered the largest planet in the solar system.
There are 5 dwarf planets in the solar system, one of which was reclassified as Pluto.
There are very few asteroids in the solar system.
Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system.
About 99% of the space (by volume) is occupied by the Sun in the solar system.
One of the most beautiful and original places in the solar system is the satellite of Saturn. There you can see a huge concentration of ethane and liquid methane.
Our solar system has a tail that resembles a four-leaf clover.
The sun follows a continuous 11-year cycle.
There are 8 planets in the solar system.
The solar system is fully formed thanks to a large gas and dust cloud.
Spacecraft flew to all the planets of the solar system.
Venus is the only planet in the solar system that rotates counterclockwise on its axis.
Uranus has 27 moons.
The largest mountain is on Mars.
A huge mass of objects in the solar system fell on the Sun.
The solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy.
The sun is the central object of the solar system.
The solar system is often divided into regions.
The sun is a key component of the solar system.
The solar system was formed about 4.5 billion years ago.
Pluto is the most distant planet in the solar system.
Two regions in the solar system are filled with small bodies.
The solar system is built contrary to all the laws of the universe.
If we compare the solar system and space, then it is just a grain of sand in it.
Over the past few centuries, the solar system has lost 2 planets: Vulcan and Pluto.
Researchers claim that the solar system was created artificially.
The only satellite in the solar system that has a dense atmosphere and whose surface cannot be seen due to cloud cover is Titan.
The region of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune is called the Kuiper Belt.
The Oort cloud is a region of the solar system that serves as the source of a comet and a long period of revolution.
Every object in the solar system is held there by gravity.
The leading theory of the solar system proposes the emergence of planets and satellites from a huge cloud.
The solar system is considered the most secret particle of the Universe.
There is a huge asteroid belt in the solar system.
On Mars, you can see the eruption of the largest volcano in the solar system, which is called Olympus.
Pluto is considered to be the outskirts of the solar system.
Jupiter has a large ocean of liquid water.
The Moon is the largest satellite in the solar system.
The largest asteroid in the solar system is Pallas.
The brightest planet in the solar system is Venus.
The majority of the solar system is made up of hydrogen.
Earth is an equal member of the solar system.
The sun heats up slowly.
Oddly enough, the largest reserves of water in the solar system are in the sun.
The plane of the equator of each planet in the solar system diverges from the plane of the orbit.
The satellite of Mars with the name Phobos is an anomaly of the solar system.
The solar system can amaze with its diversity and scale.
The planets of the solar system are influenced by the sun.
The outer shell of the solar system is considered the haven of satellites and gas giants.
A huge number of planetary satellites of the solar system are dead.
The largest asteroid, with a diameter of 950 km, is called Ceres.