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The book is mainly of a reference and fact-finding nature and is written based on the results of reviews and analysis of numerous literary and Internet sources. It introduces the reader to the current terminology and classification in the field of unmanned aircraft, with current trends in the production of unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as with the state of the market for unmanned aerial systems.

3.1. The history of the development of unmanned aircraft in the army of the USSR and Russia (based on materials)

Sections of this page:

3.1. The history of the development of unmanned aircraft in the army and Russia (based on materials)

Back in the 70s and 80s, the USSR was one of the leaders in the production of UAVs. About 950 copies of the Tu-143 alone were produced. And in 1988 he performed an unmanned space flight spaceship"Buran".

UAV reconnaissance La-17R began to be developed in 1959. Developer - OKB Lavochkin. It was based on the previously developed radio-controlled unmanned target aircraft LA-17. These targets were launched from a bomber. In practice, they were disposable, because. the resource of the RD-900 engine was 40 minutes.

The development and testing of the reconnaissance UAV La-17R (Fig. 3.1) was completed in 1963. They showed that the machine, flying at an altitude of up to 900 m, is capable of carrying out photo reconnaissance of objects located at a distance of 50-60 km from the starting position, and from a height 7000 m - objects at a distance of up to 200 km. The flight speed was 680 - 885 km / h.

Geometric features:

- wingspan 7.5 m;

– length 8.98 m;

– height 2.98 m.

The weight of the empty apparatus was 3100 kg.

In 1963 serial factory #475 produced 20 Jla-17P reconnaissance aircraft. The vehicle was in service until the early 1970s; there are no known cases of its use in a combat situation.

The La-17R UAV was created according to a normal aerodynamic configuration and is an all-metal medium wing with a rectangular wing and empennage. The fuselage of the aircraft consisted of three compartments. The bow housed an electric generator driven by a small two-bladed fan rotated by an oncoming air flow, and reconnaissance equipment. The central compartment was a fuel tank, in the ends of which spherical air cylinders were built. In the tail compartment there were units of electrical and radio equipment and an AP-118 autopilot (later AP-122), which regulates the air supply from the cylinders to the pneumatic actuators of the rudders and ailerons. The engine was located in the engine nacelle under the central fuselage compartment. The UAV was equipped with a sustainer engine RD-9BKR. In addition, two powder boosters were mounted under the wing near the sides of the fuselage, which were automatically dropped after the start (Fig. 3.2).

For pre-flight preparation and launch of the Jla-17P, the SUTR-1 launcher, created on the basis of the gun carriage, was used anti-aircraft gun S-60 (Fig. 3.3). The installation could be towed by a KrAZ-255 tractor. The launch was carried out using two PRD-98 solid-propellant launch boosters.

At the final stage of the flight, the sustainer engine was turned off, and the machine made a landing using a parachute on a selected area of ​​the terrain.

"Hawk" - supersonic long-range unmanned reconnaissance aircraft

In the late 50s, in connection with the growing threat of a nuclear strike from the United States, the leadership of the USSR decided to create a system of long-range unmanned photo and radio reconnaissance under the code "Hawk" (Council of Ministers Resolution P900-376 of 16.08.1960).

The Tupolev Design Bureau was assigned responsibility for solving this problem. The design bureau was instructed to design a long-range unmanned reconnaissance aircraft based on the experimental Tu-121 unmanned aircraft created. The UAV was supposed to be equipped with photo and radio reconnaissance equipment, systems for driving to a given point and rescuing the received reconnaissance materials. Additionally, the design bureau was instructed to work out the possibility of reusable use of the entire unmanned aircraft. The new unmanned reconnaissance aircraft received the designation "Aircraft I123K (Tu-123)" or DBR-1 (long-range unmanned reconnaissance aircraft) in the design bureau.

Tu-123 is an all-metal monoplane of a normal aerodynamic configuration with a delta wing (Fig. 3.4). The wing of the "Hawk" did not have mechanization and any steering surfaces, its internal volumes were not used. Antennas for radio control equipment were attached to the bottom-rear on the wing consoles. The tail unit consisted of three all-moving steering surfaces, oriented at an angle of 120 ° to each other and mounted on special influxes, which housed water-cooled electric steering machines. The fuselage consisted of six sections. In the bow housed reconnaissance equipment weighing 2800 kg. The bow was made salvageable (by parachute). It was connected to the tail section with four pneumatic locks.

Before the launch of the UAV, a pre-calculated flight program was entered into the autopilot. After the launch, the scout flew in automatic mode. At the final stage of the flight, the aircraft was controlled, as a rule, in manual mode. This made it possible to more accurately bring the device to the landing area. Above the chosen place, radio commands were given to turn off the main engine and release the braking parachute.

Pre-flight preparation and launch of the DBR-1 were carried out on the SURD-1 launcher, which could be towed by the MA3-537 tractor (Fig. 3.5). Before launch, the aircraft rose to the starting position at an angle of 12 degrees to the horizon. The main engine was turned on and brought to the maximum, and then to the afterburner mode of operation. At the same time, the aircraft was held on the installation with a single special bolt. Next, the commander of the starting crew made the launch. At the same time, both powder accelerators fired, and the apparatus, cutting off the special bolt, left the installation. A few seconds after the launch, the spent boosters fired back.

During landing, after the release of the drag parachute, the bow was separated from the aircraft, its landing legs and the main parachute were released, ensuring the safe landing of this compartment. The tail section of the aircraft descended to the ground on a braking parachute at a high vertical speed and, upon impact with the ground, was deformed so that it could not be reused.

State tests of the Tu-123 were completed in December 1963. In 1964, the DBR-1 "Yastreb" system was adopted by the Soviet Army Air Force. Serial production of the Tu-123 UAV and other elements of the system continued in Voronezh until 1972, in total 52 copies of the unmanned reconnaissance aircraft were built. Flights of the "Hawk" in order to test and maintain the practical skills of pilots and specialists were carried out, as a rule, only on large Soviet training grounds (Transbaikalia, Far East, middle Asia). The route was laid over sparsely populated regions of the USSR. The system was in service with the reconnaissance units of the Air Force until 1979.

The main characteristics of the Tu-123:

– wingspan: 8.41m;

- length: 27.84 m;

– height: 4.78 m;

- maximum takeoff weight: 35610 kg;

- cruising speed: 2700 km / h;

- ceiling: 22800 m;

- maximum range: 1400 km;

- engine type: KR-15, turbojet with afterburner;

- engine thrust 10000 kgf.

Using the experience of the Tu-123, at the end of the 60s, the Tupolev Design Bureau developed and tested its fully rescued version of the Tu-139 Yastreb-2 (DBR-2).

AT further work The Tupolev design bureau on unmanned aerial vehicles developed in line with the creation of tactical and operational subsonic fully salvable reconnaissance reusable aircraft. In the 1970s, the operational-tactical Tu-141 "Swift" (VR-2) and the tactical reconnaissance complex Tu-143 "Reis" (VR-3) were tested, put into series and transferred to the troops.

The development of the operational-tactical complex Tu-141 (VR-2 "Strizh") (Fig. 3.6) and the tactical complex Tu-143 (VR-3, "Reis") in the Tupolev Design Bureau began almost simultaneously. Many technical solutions for both complexes were very close, the differences mainly related to the range of the systems. The VR-2 "Strizh" unmanned operational-tactical reconnaissance complex was intended for reconnaissance operations to a depth of several hundred kilometers from the front line, tactical complex VR-3 "Reis" - a few dozen.

During the development process, it was decided to abandon the supersonic mode and limit the speed to 1000 km / h on the entire reconnaissance flight route. In the final version, in terms of ideological construction, the Strizh complex and its elements basically repeated their smaller counterpart, the Reis complex and differed from it in an expanded composition of airborne and reconnaissance equipment, the size of a reconnaissance aircraft and a new ground-based complex of maintenance and combat operations.

The first prototype aircraft "141" flew in December 1974. The serial construction of the aircraft "141" was launched in 1979 at the Kharkov Aviation Plant (former No. 135), in total, until the end of the series in 1989, the plant produced 152 copies of the aircraft "141". The release of this product was also organized at the aircraft plant in Kumertau (Bashkiria). After the completion of factory and state tests, the Strizh complex was adopted by the Soviet Army. Basically, the complexes arrived in units stationed on the western borders of the USSR, and after the collapse of the latter most of of which was owned by new independent states, in particular the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

The aircraft "141" was an all-metal low-wing, made according to the "tailless" scheme with front horizontal tail. The aircraft was controlled using two-section elevons on a delta wing and a rudder. Fuselage - round shape with a diameter in the cylindrical part of 950 mm, turning into an oval one in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmotor installation. The engine was arranged at an angle of 4.5 ° to the axis of the aircraft. The landing gear was carried out tricycle, heel type, produced on landing.

Tu-141 according to the composition of reconnaissance equipment (aerial cameras, infrared intelligence system) was able to perform relevant types reconnaissance at any time of the day. The composition of the navigation and flight complex ensured the normal operation of the reconnaissance aircraft and its equipment at large distances from the launch site. For the complex, options for equipping the Tu-141 UAV with laser and radiation reconnaissance were considered.

Ground handling and launch of the reconnaissance aircraft were carried out with the help of special ground mobile equipment, which provided effective use unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, the rapid transfer of the main elements of the complex under its own power over long distances while maintaining the required level of combat capability (Fig. 3.7).

During transportation, part of the wing panels deviated to a vertical position, which reduced the dimensions of the aircraft. The launch of the reconnaissance aircraft was carried out with the help of a powerful starting solid-propellant booster, mounted under the rear fuselage. The landing of the reconnaissance aircraft after completing the mission was carried out using a parachute system (braking and landing parachutes) (Fig. 3.8).

The main characteristics of the Tu-141:

– wingspan: 3.875 m;

- length: 14.33 m;

– height: 2.435 m;

- maximum takeoff weight: 5370 kg;

- maximum speed: 1110 km / h;

– maximum range: 400 km;

– maximum operational flight altitude: 6000 m;

- engine type: turbojet KR-17A with a thrust of 2000 kgf.

On August 30, 1968, Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 670-241 was issued on the development of a new unmanned tactical reconnaissance complex "Flight" (VR-3) and the unmanned reconnaissance aircraft "143" (Tu-143) included in it. In addition to autonomy, mobility and other tactical and technical requirements, a number of items were added to the terms of reference for new generation complexes, the implementation of which forced developers to seriously reconsider design, production and testing issues. unmanned systems and its constituent elements. In particular, the aircraft had to be reusable, fly both at low and high altitudes in the range of 50-5000 m, as well as over mountainous areas. High demands were placed on the flight and navigation complex, which was supposed to provide a fairly accurate exit of the reconnaissance aircraft to the reconnaissance area and to the landing area 500x500 m in size, where the landing was made after the mission was completed. The short time allocated for the preparation and launch of a reconnaissance aircraft required the development of a new set of onboard equipment based on a modern element base, as well as the creation of an engine with a high degree reliability.

The tactical reconnaissance complex "Reis" was developed and tested in as soon as possible. In December 1970, the first successful flight of the Tu-143 UAV took place. The tests ended in 1976, after which the Reis complex was adopted by the Soviet Army. Serial production of the complex began during the state tests. In 1973, an experimental batch of 10 Tu-143 UAVs was put into serial production at the aircraft factory in Kumertau (Bashkiria), and soon full-scale production of the complex began. In total, before the end of the series in 1989, 950 Tu-143 reconnaissance UAVs were produced.

The design of the Tu-143 UAV largely repeated the design of the Tu-141. The fuselage was divided into four compartments: F-1, F-2, F-3 and F-4. The forward compartment of the F-1, which was a removable structure, was completely replaceable (a container with photographic equipment or a container with television equipment), and also provided for the replacement of individual blocks. The compartment was made of fiberglass and had a photo hatch for the lenses of the corresponding equipment. Compartment F-2 served to accommodate the onboard control equipment and power supply system. The F-3 compartment served to accommodate a fuel tank, inside which an air duct passed from the air intake to the engine, a fuel pump, a fuel accumulator, an anti-g device and a hydraulic pump. A TRZ-117 propulsion engine with a gearbox was installed inside the compartment. The F-4 fuselage compartment was an engine nacelle, in the upper part turning into a parachute container and vertical tail. The landing parachute was in the parachute container, and the braking parachute was in its drop spinner. Under the fuselage was a starting solid-propellant booster of the SPRD-251 type. The landing gear consisted of a heel-type tricycle landing gear, which was released during landing. The front support was retracted into the F-2 compartment, the two main supports - inside the wing consoles. Forward horizontal speed was extinguished with the help of a brake parachute, vertical landing - with the help of a landing parachute and a brake solid propellant engine, which was triggered by touching the wing probes of the brake system.

Organizationally, the units equipped with the Reis complex consisted of squadrons, each of which was armed with 12 Tu-143 reconnaissance UAVs, four launchers, and there were also means of training, launching, landing and evacuation of scouts, a command post, communication centers , a point for processing and decoding intelligence information, a technical and operational part, where reconnaissance aircraft of subsequent launches were stored. The fixed assets of the complex were mobile and transferred with the help of regular Vehicle squadrons (Fig. 3.9-3.12).

The new complex was quickly mastered by the troops and was highly appreciated as a reliable, highly effective means of tactical reconnaissance. The Reis complex convincingly showed significant advantages in comparison with manned tactical reconnaissance vehicles equipped with similar equipment. An important advantage of the Tu-143 reconnaissance UAV as a carrier of reconnaissance equipment was the presence of a navigation and flight complex, which provided a more accurate exit to the reconnaissance site in comparison with the manned tactical reconnaissance aircraft of the Air Force of that period (MiG-21R, Yak-28R). This was especially important when solving problems in several reconnaissance areas in one flight and when they were close to each other in different directions. Strict stabilization of the reconnaissance UAV Tu-143 in the reconnaissance areas, necessary temperature regime in the instrument compartment in flight conditions provided optimal operating conditions for reconnaissance equipment and obtaining high-quality information. The aerial photography equipment installed on the reconnaissance aircraft made it possible to recognize objects on the ground with dimensions of 20 cm and more from a height of 500 m and at a speed of 950 km / h. The complex has proven itself well in conditions of use in highlands during launches and landings at sites at altitudes up to 2000 m above sea level and when flying over mountain ranges up to 5000 m high. When used in mountainous areas, the Reis complex became practically invulnerable to enemy air defense systems, which made it an excellent means of conducting combat operations in conditions of the mountainous regions of the Caucasian and Asian theaters of military operations, as well as over the mountainous regions of Europe. The Reis complex was exported to Czechoslovakia, Romania and Syria, where it took part in hostilities during the Lebanese conflict in the early 80s. In Czechoslovakia, the Reis complexes arrived in 1984, two squadrons were formed there.

The main characteristics of the Tu-143:

– wingspan: 2.24 m;

- length: 8.06 m;

– height: 1.545 m;

- maximum takeoff weight: 1230 kg;

– cruising speed: 950 km/h;

– maximum range: 80 km;

- maximum operational flight altitude: 1000 m;

– maximum flight duration: 0.25 h;

- engine type: turbojet TRZ-117;

- engine thrust: 640 kgf.

At the end of the 70s, after the Reis complex entered the troops, the question arose of modernizing it in order to increase its efficiency. The Tupolev Design Bureau was tasked with equipping the reconnaissance aircraft with new means and types of reconnaissance equipment that had higher resolution characteristics, introduction of systems that enable reconnaissance activities in night conditions. Requirements were put forward to improve flight and tactical data, in particular, in terms of flight range. As for the ground complex, it was necessary to reduce the composition of the maintenance personnel, the number of technical means and simplify the operation process. The tactical and technical requirements for the complex were approved by the customer in February 1983. Until 1987, the design bureau was engaged in the design and construction of prototypes of a reconnaissance UAV, which received the code "243" (Tu-243) aircraft from the design bureau.

The Tu-243 experimental UAV made its first flight in July 1987. An experimental batch of Tu-243 aircraft passed state tests and the new complex was put into serial production in 1994 at the plant in Kumertau instead of the "Reis" complex (Fig. 3.13). Adopted in 1999. The work carried out as part of the creation of a new unmanned reconnaissance complex "Reis-D" made it possible to increase the efficiency of the complex by more than 2.5 times.

The airframe design of the Tu-243 UAV did not undergo any special changes compared to the Tu-143. Retaining basically the overall aerodynamic layout, aircraft systems, the power plant of the Tu-143 UAV, the developers completely updated the composition of reconnaissance equipment, introduced a new navigation and flight complex NPK-243, made on a more modern element base, re-arranged the placement of UAV equipment, increased the fuel reserve, etc.

Reconnaissance equipment, completed in two versions, allows you to conduct operations at any time of the day. In the first configuration, a panoramic aerial camera of the PA-402 type and the Aist-M television reconnaissance system with real-time information transmission via the Trassa-M radio link are installed on board, in the second variant - PA-402 and the Zima infrared reconnaissance system -M" with the transfer of information on the "Route-M". In addition to transmission to the ground via a radio link, information is recorded on media located on board the UAV. New, more productive reconnaissance equipment, combined with improved characteristics of the carrier aircraft, made it possible to increase the reconnaissance area in one sortie to 2100 square meters. km. As in the case of the Reis complex, it is possible to use radiation reconnaissance equipment at the new complex. To facilitate the search for the Tu-243 UAV, after landing on the ground, a "Marker" type radio beacon is installed on it.

Rice. 3.13. UAV Tu-243 "Reis-D"

The main characteristics of the Tu-243:

– wingspan: 2.25 m;

- length: 8.29 m;

– height: 1.576 m;

– maximum takeoff weight: 1400 kg;

– cruising speed: 940 km/h;

– maximum range: 160 km;

– minimum operational flight altitude: 50 m;

- maximum operational flight altitude: 5000 m;

- engine type: turbojet TRZ-117A;

- engine thrust: 640 kgf.

One of recent works in the field of creating unmanned aerial vehicles in the Tupolev Design Bureau was the design of the multi-purpose UAV Tu-300. In the early 1990s, several prototypes of these operational-tactical remotely piloted strike vehicles were built. The Tu-300 was designed not just as a reconnaissance UAV, but also as a carrier of missile or bomb weapons. The device was tested and demonstrated at various exhibitions in the 1990s, but its further fate is not known (Fig. 3.14).

In addition to the Tu-300 UAV itself, the operational-tactical reconnaissance complex of the Stroy-F front-line link also includes transport and launcher, paragraph remote control and an intelligence decryption point - all this is mounted on ZIL-131 vehicles. Solid propellant boosters are used for takeoff. Used for landing vehicles. parachute system.

The main characteristics of the Tu-300:

– weight of the empty apparatus: 3000 kg;

– maximum speed: 950 km/h;

– cruising speed: 500-600 km/h;

– ceiling: 6000 m;

- maximum range: 200-300 km;

– minimum operational flight altitude: 500 m;

– engine type: turbojet engine.

Rice. 3.14. UAV Tu-300 "Korshun"

Created in the Yakovlev Design Bureau. The UAV is part of the Stroy-P complex. In 1982-1991 two types of UAVs were designed and built for this complex. The first device - product 60C made its first flight on July 17, 1983. It was equipped with a Samara P-020 engine. During the tests, 25 launches were performed, of which 20 were recognized as successful. All electronics were developed by the Research Institute "Kulon", the starting device - OKB "Horizont". The second UAV - "Pchela-1T" (product 61) - and became a prototype for mass production. The first flight was made on April 26, 1986. The test program ended in September 1989 after 68 launches (52 successful). It is known that the tests of the complex were accompanied by great difficulties (in particular, for a long time failed to achieve stable operation of the flight control system).

The aircraft is a high-wing aircraft with an annular tail. Chassis - four non-removable racks. The pusher screw is located in the annular tail. The airframe is mainly made of composite materials.

Rice. 3.15. UAV "Bee-IT"

The payload of the Pchela-1T is a TV camera with a zoom lens (capture angle is from 3 to 30 degrees), for the Pchela-1IK UAV is an infrared camera. The transfer of intelligence information is carried out in real time. The flight of the device can be programmed on the ground or directly controlled by the operator. The options for using "Bees" are diverse. This UAV can suppress radio stations within a radius of 15 km. It can also be used as a target.

In the standard version, the Stroy-P complex includes 10 UAVs, one control station / launcher, one transport truck and one operational truck. Service staff - 8 people. The "Bee" takes off from the BMD (airborne combat vehicle) along the guide, with the help of accelerators (Fig. 3.16). Landing is carried out using a parachute system, the impact on the ground is extinguished using a spring landing gear. The UAV has a modular fuselage design, which allows you to instantly change damaged parts, restoring the device's performance.

The complex was used Russian army during both Chechen wars in 1994-1996. and 1999-2001

Rice. 3.16. UAV "Bee-IT" on the launcher

The main characteristics of the UAV "Pchela-1T" (based on materials):

– wingspan: 3.25 m;

- length: 2.78 m;

– height: 1.1m;

– maximum takeoff weight: 138 kg;

– maximum speed: 180 km/h;

– cruising speed: 110 km/h;

– maximum range: 60 km;

– minimum operational flight altitude: 100 m;

– maximum operational flight altitude: 2500 m;

- maximum flight duration: 2 hours;

– operating temperature range: -30..+50 °С;

– engine type: piston, Samara P-020;

– engine power: 32 hp

The developer of the 9M62 apparatus (BLA-05) and subsequent modifications (BLA-07, BLA-08) as part of the Tipchak reconnaissance complex is the Rybinsk Federal State Unitary Enterprise Design Bureau Luch (a division of the Vega Radio Engineering Concern). intelligence service.

UAV 9M62 is made according to the scheme of a two-beam monoplane with a pusher propeller. The design of the airframe is collapsible for ease of transportation. The special equipment includes a two-spectrum broadband video camera, which allows shooting in television and infrared modes.

The complex "Tipchak" includes:

- 6 UAVs launched with a pneumatic catapult;

– 4 vehicles based on KAMAZ:

1) antenna machine: transmitting commands, receiving information and determining the coordinates of the UAV by the radar method, ensures the simultaneous operation of 2 UAVs;

2) operator machine: complex control, information processing, binding to a digital map of the area, selection of reconnaissance objects and transmission of final information to the troops;

3) transport and launch vehicle: transportation of 6 UAVs and provision of their launch with a pneumatic catapult;

4) technical support vehicle: search for landed UAVs, transportation of a stock of consumables.

UAV landing system: parachute.

The main characteristics of the 9M62 UAV of the Tipchak complex:

– wingspan: 3.4 m;

- length: 2.4 m;

– maximum takeoff weight: 50 kg;

– maximum speed: 200 km/h;

– minimum speed: 90 km/h;

– minimum operational flight altitude: 200 m;

- maximum operational flight altitude: 3000 m;

– reconnaissance radius: 70 km;

- flight duration: 3 hours;

– engine type: piston;

– engine power: 13 hp

Rice. 3.16. The first prototype of the UAV complex "Tipchak"

Rice. 3.17. Loading UAV complex "Tipchak" on the launch pad

Financial difficulties in the mid-90s forced the Design Bureau to freeze the development of the Tu-300.

Current state

It was also reported that the Tupolev company is developing a project for a medium-range unmanned aerial vehicle (BAK SD) based on the Tu-300.

Design

Tu-300 is a single-engine unmanned aircraft with a canard aerodynamic configuration. The lifting force is provided by a delta wing of small elongation. In the forward part of the fuselage, reconnaissance and auxiliary equipment, communications equipment and a computer complex are located.

The target load (electronic equipment or missile and bomb weapons) is placed in the fuselage compartment and on external hardpoints. With a take-off weight of 4 tons, the device can take on board up to a ton of target load.

At exhibitions, the device was demonstrated with a suspended container of small-sized cargoes of KMGU. This suggests that one of the strike assets of the UAV being developed will be small-sized high-explosive fragmentation and cumulative fragmentation bombs. The used holder BD3-U allows you to place a wide range of guided and unguided aviation munitions on the aircraft.

The chassis of the drone is not provided. The launch is made from a transport and launch container from an automobile chassis, using 2 solid fuel boosters. Landing is carried out using a parachute system located in the tail compartment.

Notes

Links

• Tu-300 Corner of the sky
• Tu-300 General catalog of modern aviation.
• Russian "drone" Tu-300 is planned to be upgraded to improve the efficiency of aerial reconnaissance
• Tupolev will develop a medium-range strike drone Lenta.ru

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military department Soviet Union new developments in the field of armaments were always treated with prejudice, and only the successful use of UAVs by Israel in 1982 in combat conditions forced the USSR Ministry of Defense to reconsider its views and instruct the Kulon Research Institute to conduct design work to create a strike UAV. There was already experience in creating UAVs in the USSR - the Tupolev Design Bureau created reconnaissance UAVs T-141 and T-143.

However, initially, in 1982, the work on the creation of a strike UAV was entrusted to the Sukhoi Design Bureau. And only after 12 months they decide to entrust the development of a new project to the Tupolev Design Bureau, which already had experience in the successful development of UAVs.

The work was carried out by the designers of the Tupolev plant "Experience".

The work ends in 1990 with the successful creation of a prototype, which is called the Tu-300 Korshun-U RPV, and in 1991 it first takes to the skies. The reconnaissance version of the UAV is named "Filin".

OKB "Tupolev" actively began to conduct various tests of UAVs. But in connection with the well-known changes and the almost complete cessation of funding, further developments were carried out on pure enthusiasm.

For the first time, the Tu-300 "Filin" was presented at the international Moscow Aerospace Show in 1993. It presented the Filin-1 UAV with equipment for reconnaissance and radar station. The device can be equipped with various equipment - cameras, IR equipment, side and all-round radar stations.

RPV "Filin" has a starting weight of about 3 tons and can fly at a speed of about 950 km/h.

"Filin-2" is used as a repeater capable of working for 120 minutes, planning in the air at speeds up to 600 kilometers per hour.

All Tu-300 UAVs are equipped with a marching turbojet engine and solid-propellant accelerators for starting acceleration.

For landing, the domestic Tu-300 uses a parachute system. All optional equipment- a launcher, a remote control point for devices, a point for processing and decoding intelligence data - made on an army truck ZIL-131.

The equipment can simultaneously control 2 Tu-300 "Filin-1" and 2 Tu-300 "Filin-2".

Basic data Tu-300 "Korshun-U"

The Tu-300 was created as a single-engine aircraft according to the "duck" aerodynamic configuration. The triangular wing of a small elongation, during the flight creates a constant lift. The head part of the UAV houses the computing equipment and communication facilities.

The entire load military weapons or reconnaissance equipment - located in the fuselage compartment and external suspensions. The total weight of all loads is up to 1000 kilograms.

During demonstrations at various exhibitions, the Tu-300 was equipped with a container for small-sized cargo. It follows from this that the combat load will be small-sized bombs, possibly cumulative fragmentation and high-explosive fragmentation.

The BDZ holder beam will allow the use of many guided and unguided aircraft weapons.

The parachute system is located in the tail section of the UAV.

The future of domestic UAVs

The Tupolev Design Bureau, also known as the Tupolev company, officially resumed all work on the creation of a strike and reconnaissance UAV in 2007. The basis of modern developments will be the design development of the Tu-300 project. It is expected that the device will be of medium range.

It will participate in all domestic tenders for the creation of UAVs of various configurations.

Main characteristics:

Modifications "Filin-1" and "Filin-2";

Takeoff weight - 4000 kilograms;

Propulsion system: one turbojet engine;

Maximum speed - up to 950 km / h;

Application range - up to 300 kilometers;

High-rise ceiling - 6 thousand meters;

Minimum ceiling - 50 meters;

The events of 1973 in the Middle East determined the priority function of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). During the military conflict, their use became an integral part of Israeli intelligence, which allowed aviation and artillery forces to deliver a crushing blow to the enemy just a few minutes after the appearance of drones over Arab military formations. Thus, Israel was the first to use such devices directly on the battlefield.

During Vietnam War UAVs have also been of great importance to the United States. They were mainly used for reconnaissance of the location of partisans, airfields and positions. anti-aircraft missile systems(ZRK). With the help of drones, objects in the cities of Hanoi and Haiphong were photographed, which had a powerful air defense(air defense). The Americans were also able to detect the presence Soviet weapons in North Vietnam: SA-2 missiles, MiG-21 aircraft, helicopters. This form of reconnaissance ultimately allowed the US to avoid heavy losses among its airmen.

In the USSR, reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles entered service in the 1960s, but the peak of popularity of domestic UAVs came only at the beginning of the 1980s. Soviet counterparts were in no way inferior to foreign modifications and were much cheaper. In the second half of the 20th century, a whole fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles for various purposes was built in the USSR: from the supersonic long-range reconnaissance aircraft Tu-123, which covered almost the entire European theater of operations, to the multi-purpose tactical La-17. The scale of the introduction of UAVs in the Armed Forces of the USSR is evidenced by one fact: in the period from 1976 to 1989, 950 Tu-143 jet vehicles were produced. Not a single drone in the world had a similar series.

At one time in the Soviet Union, UAV sets were armed with 30 military units. The book “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: History, Application, Proliferation Threat and Development Prospects” contains data on the ability of just one device (aerodynamic or aerostatic), equipped with radio interference equipment, to completely paralyze the entire communication system of a NATO motorized infantry or tank brigade. At the same time, the massive use of drones could disable the control systems of entire armies and even enemy army groups.

In the early 1980s, a new stage in the development of unmanned aerial vehicles began, which was confirmed by the war in Lebanon. The Israeli Scout UAV and Mastiff small-sized remotely piloted aircraft carried out reconnaissance and surveillance of Syrian airfields, air defense systems, and troop movements that have been in this country since 1976. According to information received from the UAV, a distraction group of Israeli aircraft, before the strike of the main forces, caused the activation of the radar stations of the Syrian air defense systems, which were hit with homing anti-radar missiles. And those funds that could not be destroyed were suppressed by interference. The success of Israeli aviation was impressive: Syria lost 86 combat aircraft and 18 SAM batteries.

The successful use of reconnaissance UAVs by Israel in Lebanon prompted the military leadership of the Soviet Army to develop a new generation of apparatus. First, the work on the project, codenamed "Kite", was entrusted to the Design Bureau. Sukhoi, and a year later the development was transferred to the MMZ "Experience" Design Bureau. Tupolev. The first flight of the Soviet tactical strike aircraft Tu-300 "Korshun-U", which was intended to conduct aerial reconnaissance and destruction of detected ground targets, committed in 1991. Its feature was the possibility of using an additional suspension various kinds aviation weapons. Modifications were also developed for conducting electronic intelligence ("Filin-1") and relaying radio signals ("Filin-2").

The Tu-300 was made according to the "duck" scheme with a triangular folding wing. The bow housed special radio and optoelectronic equipment. Additionally, the fuselage cargo compartment and the external suspension unit could be used to set the target load. AT different options the device could be equipped with such equipment: infrared, laser, television and radiation equipment, a registration system, panoramic and personnel aerial cameras, a side-looking radar station, and an electronic intelligence station. The UAV was also equipped with a sustainer turbojet engine (TRD) and starting solid fuel boosters. A parachute system was used to land the Kite. All machines of the complex - a transport-launcher, a remote control point and an intelligence decryption point - were mounted on ZIL-131 vehicles.

As for the performance characteristics of the Tu-300, it had a launch weight of about 3,000 kg, a flight speed of up to 950 km/h, a range of 200-300 km, and a minimum flight altitude of 50 m. Filin-2" made it possible to receive and transmit information within two hours when flying at a speed of 500-600 km / h at an altitude of 500-6000 m.

With the beginning of "perestroika", the position of Soviet UAVs deteriorated significantly. By the end of the 1980s, the number of military units armed with drones was reduced to 13 and continued to decrease. In 1996, the last UAV squadron was liquidated in Russia. In addition, they stopped Scientific research in this industry, the complexes that passed the tests were not put into series, and Soviet developments were sold abroad. Unfortunately, the Tu-300 project was also frozen at that time.

The situation began to change in better side just a decade later. In 2007, local media reported that OKB im. Tupolev resumes work on "Kite". At the first stage, it is supposed to leave the purpose of the drone unchanged, that is, the possibility of destroying detected targets, the airframe scheme, the main design solutions and ground equipment. At the same time, the UAV will receive new engines with significantly improved performance, modern radio equipment and avionics. It was also reported that OKB them. Tupolev is developing a project for a medium-range unmanned aerial vehicle based on the Tu-300.

It is believed that the updated "Kite" will be the answer to the American tactical reconnaissance complex for long-term patrols of the Predator type. The strike version of the UAV will be capable of hitting enemy air defense elements and other objects: command posts, airfields, points of the command and control system of troops and weapons. The combat load, which can weigh 900-1000 kg, includes aerial bombs and missiles of various classes. By the way, on the Israeli analogue of the Hermes 1500, the installation of a combat load is not provided. In conclusion, we note that the American and Israeli drones made their first flights only in the mid-1990s, which is several years later than the first flight of the Korshun. And if it were not for the social changes in the USSR, then this gap not only remained, but, obviously, continued to increase.

Operational-tactical reconnaissance UAV Tu-300 "Korshun" ("300", "Stroy-F").

Developer: OKB Tupolev
Country: USSR
First flight: 1991

The Tu-300 UAV, or Korshun-U by codification, is a Soviet and Russian strike tactical unmanned aerial vehicle developed by engineers from the Tupolev Design Bureau. The main purpose is associated with conducting aerial reconnaissance activities and the detection and destruction of ground targets and objects. The first flight prototype realized in 1991. Two upgraded versions have also been developed:
- "Filin-1" is intended for conducting electronic intelligence;
- "Filin-2" - for relaying radio signals.

In 1982, in the Soviet Union, the Air Force proposed to start developing a strike tactical UAV (code designation "Korshun"). Initially, the design bureau was entrusted to implement the project. P.O. Sukhoi, but after the first work, a year later, the project was redirected to the MMZ "Experience" under the leadership of the OKB. A.N. Tupolev. The decision was made due to the vast experience in creating successful unmanned vehicles, in particular the reconnaissance Tu-141 and Tu-143. The designers indexed the project as "300" with the designation "Kite-U". It should be noted that they immediately thought about using the previous models as the base ones, but then they revised the decision and proceeded to the development of the unique Tu-300 drone.

The ground equipment providing the developed UAV was unified with the same in the Tu-141 and Tu-243. In the early 90s, the first prototype flying copy was designed. Flight tests began in 1991. This aircraft was quite actively promoted at MAKS (International Aviation Space Salon), which was held in Zhukovsky. But due to subsequent events and the lack of sufficient financial support, the Tu-300 tactical strike UAV project had to be frozen.

The Tu-300 is an unmanned single-engine aircraft with a canard aerodynamic design. A triangular wing with a slight elongation is responsible for the lifting force. Mechanized communication facilities and an electronic computer system, as well as auxiliary and reconnaissance equipment, are installed in the forward fuselage.

The main load, missile and bomb weapons or electronic equipment, is installed on the external fuselage hardpoints and in the fuselage compartment. In addition to its own weight of four tons, an aerial unmanned vehicle can take on board up to about one ton of specialized payload.

At various exhibitions and airshows, the UAV was demonstrated with the presence of a suspended small-sized cargo container (KMGU). Thanks to this, the unmanned Tu-300 can be armed with strike weapons such as cumulative fragmentation and high-explosive fragmentation bombs. A wide range of unguided and guided aircraft munitions can be placed on an air vehicle thanks to the BDZ-U holder used.

Since the use unmanned vehicle the chassis is not provided, the launch is carried out from the launch transport container installed on the automobile chassis. Two solid-fuel boosters are responsible for launching into the air. And for the safe landing of the Tu-300, the parachute system inherent in almost all UAVs, located in the tail compartment, is responsible.

At the international air shows MAKS-95 and MAKS-97 ANTK them. A.N. Tupoleva presented an experimental sample and model of the new reusable UAV Tu-300 Korshun, which is being developed under the leadership of chief designer L. Kulikov. In the bow there is a special radio and optoelectronic equipment. Additionally, the fuselage cargo compartment and the external suspension unit can be used to accommodate the target load. Judging by the fact that at the MAKS-95 exhibition the model was “equipped” with a hanging container of the KMGU type for the Tu-300, the role of a strike weapon for hitting ground targets is also provided.

Modification: Tu-300
Height, m:
Weight, kg: 3000
Engine type: 1 x turbojet engine
Thrust, kgf: 1 x
Cruising speed, km/h: 950
Practical range, km: 200-300
Practical ceiling, m: 6000
Minimum flight altitude, m: 50

UAV reconnaissance Tu-300 "Kite".

UAV reconnaissance Tu-300 "Kite".

UAV reconnaissance Tu-300 "Kite".

UAV reconnaissance Tu-300 "Kite".

UAV reconnaissance Tu-300 "Kite".

UAV reconnaissance Tu-300 "Kite".

UAV Tu-300. Scheme.

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List of sources:
S.Ganin, A.Karpenko, V.Kolnogorov, G.Petrov. Unmanned aerial vehicles.
Aviation and astronautics. Rigmant V.G. Under the signs "ANT" and "Tu".
Aviation and Time. Alfred Matusevich. Reactive unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.
Wings of the Motherland. Anatoly Lipatov. First of all - the planes, but the pilots ...
Website AVIA.PRO - Tupolev Tu-300.