Air reconnaissance equipment. Artillery reconnaissance

Sound measurement is a good remedy intelligence, but its scope is limited. It cannot find those targets not observed from the ground that do not give themselves away by the sounds of shots, for example, batteries that do not fire, headquarters, columns of troops in the rear, and many other deep-lying targets. (262)

In all these cases, aerial reconnaissance means - airplanes and tethered observation balloons - come to the aid of artillery.

Rice. 234 gives a visual representation of the comparative possibilities of ground observation, as well as observation from a balloon and from an airplane. What is not available to one is available to another, what is not available to another is available to a third.

A tethered balloon is essentially an ordinary observation post, but only raised to a great height. In the basket of the balloon, you can get quite comfortable, taking with you all the instruments necessary for shooting and observation.

From the balloon it is possible to see much of what is hidden for a ground-based observer in the folds of the terrain and behind local objects. Before the observer, who is on the balloon, a very wide horizon opens up. From the balloon it is possible to determine not only the direction to the firing battery, but quite accurately and its location.

The balloon is convenient to use in calm weather. At strong wind it sways from side to side and this interferes with observation.

To provide successful work balloon in battle, it is necessary to protect it from enemy aircraft and from long-range artillery fire, (263) for which it is a tempting and relatively easily destroyed target.

The aircraft is the most convenient and reliable air reconnaissance means. With it, you can observe from a very high altitude, you can go deep behind enemy lines and penetrate the secrets of his location. The aircraft has two ways to accomplish this task: reconnaissance by observation and photography. Both the first and second methods essentially solve the same problem: to detect a target that is not visible from ground observation posts and determine its position on a map or tablet. The most accurate solution to this problem is provided by photographic reconnaissance. Therefore, reconnaissance by observation from an aircraft is usually accompanied by photographing the area where targets are detected.

A photograph taken from an aircraft (Fig. 235) makes it possible to find even those targets that, in the current state of camouflage, cannot be detected by observation. And most importantly, having such a photograph, you can determine the position of the target relative to local objects recorded in the photograph, and accurately plot this target on the map, which can only be done approximately when observing.

The photographic films taken from the aircraft are dropped by parachute to the artillery receiving points established for this purpose, from there they are transferred to special photo laboratories for immediate development. After that, they are deciphered, that is, they are carefully studied and all the photographed objects are identified on them - local objects and targets. (264)

However, one cannot think that it is very easy to carry out air flights over the territory occupied by the enemy. The enemy always uses numerous and strong means air defense(air defense), to prevent observation and photography of the target directly from above. But from aircraft you can sometimes successfully observe targets and fly over your location under the protection of your air defense systems.

In the Great Patriotic war All the methods of reconnaissance we have considered have been widely used.

In connection with the development of technology and the latest research in the field of physics in past war other types of reconnaissance appeared on the battlefields, such as observation and photography in infrared rays, as well as target detection using radar equipment.

The use of infrared rays for observation opens great opportunities in this case: a person acquires the ability to see through the clouds, at night, into the fog. Thus, reconnaissance by observation becomes possible even under those conditions in which conventional means for this cannot be used.

As is known from physics, infrared rays in the spectrum of the sun's ray (decomposed into its component parts) occupy a certain place - outside the visible spectrum, next to the red rays; they are depicted as a dark stripe. These invisible rays have the ability to penetrate even through an atmosphere saturated with water vapor (through fog). With the help of a searchlight, infrared rays, imperceptible to the eye, can be directed to any object from which these rays are reflected. To capture invisible reflected rays, an optical device of a special device is used. This device has a lens, an eyepiece and a so-called electron-optical converter with a screen (Fig. 236). After passing through the lens and the transducer, (265) the rays fall on a luminous screen, on which a clear image of the object is obtained. This image is viewed through an eyepiece.

The use of radar facilities makes it possible to use radio waves to detect unobservable targets in the air, on water and on the ground, and to determine their location. You will learn about how such reconnaissance is carried out when reading chapter thirteen.

So, you have become familiar with the many methods of reconnaissance that are used to find targets.

Which of these methods is the best?

It would be a mistake if you, answering this question, chose any one method of reconnaissance and said that it is the best.

It should be noted that none of the listed reconnaissance methods taken separately can provide comprehensive information about the enemy. In a combat situation, all methods must be used artillery reconnaissance, which are applicable in given conditions, and, in addition, those data on the enemy that are obtained by intelligence of other branches of the military must always be taken into account. Only under this condition can one count on the fact that the most important targets for artillery will be found.

Aerial photograph, 1889.

Aerial photography from a French aircraft, 1916.

Aerial reconnaissance (air reconnaissance, aerial reconnaissance) - one of the types of military reconnaissance conducted from the air, with (with the help of) aircraft.

Story

Tactical air reconnaissance conducted in the interests of the command of formations and units of the branches of the armed forces and branches of service in order to provide them with intelligence data necessary for organizing and conducting combat. The main efforts of tactical aerial reconnaissance are concentrated on objects located on the battlefield and in tactical depth.

The main methods of conducting aerial reconnaissance are:

visual observation,
aerial reconnaissance and
reconnaissance by means of electronic means.

The choice of aerial reconnaissance method depends on the task being performed, the type of aircraft and its reconnaissance equipment, enemy counteraction, time of day and meteorological conditions.

visual observation carried out with the naked eye or with the help of optical instruments. It allows you to quickly explore large areas, obtain general data on the grouping and actions of the enemy, on objects, study the terrain and weather, immediately summarize and transfer the obtained intelligence data from the aircraft to the command.

aerial reconnaissance is carried out with the help of day and night aerial cameras (planned, perspective, panoramic). It provides the most complete, reliable and accurate data on enemy troops, objects and terrain.

Air reconnaissance with the help of electronic means is divided into

radio-,
radio engineering,
radar,
television.

For radio intelligence aircraft radio receivers are used, which make it possible to reveal the content of enemy radio transmissions, determine the composition and deployment of his forces, and obtain data on their activities and intentions.

At electronic intelligence receiving-direction-finding devices are used to determine the main technical specifications the operation of the enemy's radiolocation and radiotelecontrol equipment, as well as their location. It can be conducted in any meteorological conditions day and night.

radar reconnaissance carried out with the help of aircraft radars, which make it possible to detect objects that are contrasting in terms of radar, to obtain photographs of radar images of objects and terrain, and to reveal enemy measures for radar camouflage.

Television intelligence It is carried out with the help of television systems, which include aircraft transmitting and ground receiving stations, which make it possible to observe objects and actions of enemy and friendly troops. Many countries are also implementing

Aerial reconnaissance

view military intelligence. It is carried out over the sea and over land by reconnaissance aircraft, by all crews performing combat missions, as well as by unmanned aerial vehicles. The main methods of conducting aerial reconnaissance: visual observation, aerial photographic reconnaissance and reconnaissance using electronic means.

Edwart. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010

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Books

All reconnaissance aircraft of the USSR. "Eyes" of the army and navy, Yakubovich N.V.. The first " military profession"The newborn aviation was aerial reconnaissance. The R-1 reconnaissance aircraft became the first mass aircraft of the USSR. The first combat aircraft, developed under the guidance of A. N. ...
All reconnaissance aircraft of the USSR Eyes of the Army and Navy, Yakubovich N. The first "military profession" of the newborn aviation was aerial reconnaissance. The R-1 reconnaissance aircraft became the first mass airplane of the USSR. The first combat aircraft developed under the leadership of A. N. ...

The experience of wars and armed conflicts shows that both in conditions of growing tension and in the course of armed struggle, one of the critical tasks is to provide the command and staffs of all levels with intelligence data.

One of the most technologically advanced types of reconnaissance is aerial reconnaissance, which is a set of measures to obtain reliable data about the enemy by aviation forces necessary for the preparation and successful conduct of operations (combat actions) of associations, formations and units of all branches of the Armed Forces and military branches.

The history of the training of aerial reconnaissance specialists is inextricably linked with the development of domestic manned and unmanned aircraft.

Training is carried out in the interests of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in the specialty - the use and operation of means and systems of special monitoring and its specializations: operation ground facilities air reconnaissance, operation of ground facilities and systems of complexes with unmanned aerial vehicles, operation of complexes with unmanned aerial vehicles, technical operation unmanned aircraft and engines, technical operation of radio-electronic equipment of complexes with unmanned aerial vehicles.

Military specialists in the application and operation of means and systems of special monitoring are highly professional (qualified) erudite engineers with fundamental knowledge in the field of remote sensing of the earth and digital processing of image information, who own the methodology scientific research, a technique for obtaining, processing and analyzing special monitoring data using technical means and manned and unmanned aircraft systems capable of effectively operating modern complexes collection and processing of aerospace reconnaissance data as part of a single system automated control Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The professional activity of specialists is aimed at research natural resources and man-made objects by aerospace means, including the use of complexes with UAVs.

The graduate is intended to serve in the air intelligence data processing units of aviation military formations Air Force, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation in the officer positions of an engineer and head of the intelligence information processing group. In addition, a graduate with a specialization related to the use of complexes with UAVs is intended to serve in UAV units in officer positions: operator (observation), operator (decoder), head of intelligence of the group. The faculty includes 2 departments:
Department of 41 ground systems of air reconnaissance complexes.
Department of 42 robotic complexes and air-based systems;

The faculty has established close ties with leading universities, research and production and industry organizations, including the intelligence service of the Aerospace Forces, the Directorate (construction and development of the UAV system) of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Sozvezdie concern, the radio engineering concern VEGA , Research Institute of Precision Instruments, Energia Rocket and Space Corporation.

The permanent and variable composition of the faculty actively participates in the activities of the military scientific society of the academy, in experimental design and research work assigned by the Military Scientific Committee of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the intelligence service of the Aerospace Forces, in international and all-Russian scientific and practical conferences, in exhibitions and salons of scientific and technical creativity "Archimedes", "Expopriority", "Interpolitech", " High tech”, “Innovation Day of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation”, and takes prizes.

In the course of studying military professional disciplines, cadets in practice master weapons and military equipment operated in information processing departments, aerial photography service units, as well as UAV companies and detachments, in particular, an automobile mobile aerial photographic laboratory, modern complexes for automation of intelligence information processing, complexes with short-range UAVs, short and medium range.

They hone their skills in digital data processing using modern technological platforms of object-oriented modeling.

They participate in inventive and rationalization work, grant activities aimed at creating prototypes of robotic systems for studying the features of image formation in various parts of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.

They learn to use air-based robotic complexes, decipher images using a unified training complex in a virtual information environment for modeling the situation.

Velikanov Alexey Viktorovich, Head of the 4th Faculty of Unmanned Aviation, VUNTS VVS "Air Force Academy named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin, candidate technical sciences, professor, corresponding member Russian Academy transport, Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation.

In 1987 he graduated from the Voronezh Higher Military Aviation Engineering School. From August 1987 to September 1989 he served in military unit 21265 as commander of an electrogas platoon in Kirovograd.

From September 1989 to December 1996 he served as a course officer of the Voronezh VVAIU. In December 1996, he entered the full-time postgraduate course at the school, in December 1999 he successfully completed it.

From December 1999 to December 2009, he served as a teacher, associate professor, deputy head of the department, head of the automotive training department.

Is the leader scientific school and the author of more than 200 scientific, educational and educational works (including: 1 textbook, 16 teaching aids and 46 patents of the Russian Federation for inventions), completed 28 research projects, prepared more than forty graduate students and three candidates of science.

For the achieved indicators in technical creativity Velikanov A.V. in 2005 he was awarded the title of laureate of the Mikhail Lomonosov Prize. He is the best inventor of the university. Repeatedly took part in the Victory Parade on Red Square in Moscow.

The main goal of SA is to cause maximum damage. given objects and groupings of enemy troops that pose the greatest danger to our troops. The main purpose of the SHA is the destruction of ground-based small-sized and mobile objects on the battlefield and in tactical depth. The objects of its actions can also be located in the nearest operational depth up to 300 km from the front line.

The main objects of strikes for attack aircraft will be armored objects at the forefront (tanks, artillery installations, armored vehicles), motorized infantry, command posts, rocket launchers, anti-aircraft weapons, communication facilities, ground elements of high-precision weapons systems.

In carrying out its tasks, the SHA operates from low and extremely low altitudes.

destruction of means of mass destruction;

destruction of enemy reserves;

destruction of command and control equipment

facilitating the landing of their troops

obstruction of enemy maneuvers.

17. Types and methods of conducting aerial reconnaissance

Air reconnaissance, depending on the scale, tasks, and also on whose interests it is carried out, is divided into three types:

strategic;

operational;

tactical.

Strategic aerial reconnaissance is organized by the commanders-in-chief of the services of the Armed Forces or the Supreme Commander-in-Chief in the interests of the war as a whole or in the interests of operations carried out by a group of fronts, to the depth of the entire theater of operations. It is carried out by strategic reconnaissance aircraft, aircraft and space reconnaissance equipment.

Operational aerial reconnaissance is organized by the front command, carried out to the depth of front, air and sea operations by front-line reconnaissance aircraft.

Tactical aerial reconnaissance is organized by the army command in the tactical depth of the enemy in the interests of formations of various branches of the armed forces in order to obtain the necessary data for organizing a battle.

For reconnaissance, FA reconnaissance aircraft, as well as tactical unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, are used. In the interests of aviation combat operations, preliminary aerial reconnaissance is carried out (with a lack of data to make a decision on the execution of tasks), additional reconnaissance (to clarify the position of objects, their air defense, radiation situation and weather on the route and in the area of combat operations), control (during or after air strike to determine its results).

visual observation;

aerial photography;

aerial reconnaissance with the help of electronic means.

Visual observation: allows you to view large areas, and is indispensable when searching or additional reconnaissance of low-observable nuclear missile systems, control and air defense equipment and other moving objects. Disadvantages: reduced visual observation capabilities with increasing height and speed of reconnaissance aircraft, with an increase in the degree of complexity of objects, as well as the subjectivity of information.

Aerial photography: has advantages in objectivity and documentary, detail and reliability. It makes it possible to capture the most complex objects on photographic film, to obtain fairly complete data on the groupings of enemy troops, its defensive structures, large railway junctions, airfields and positions of rocket launchers, and to identify even the most insignificant changes in such large objects. However, the possibilities of aerial photography depend on the weather and the time of day. Even under simple weather conditions, the quality of the photo image is determined by the state of the atmosphere, while at night photography is possible only with artificial lighting of objects.

Aerial reconnaissance with the help of electronic means: it consists in obtaining information about the enemy with the help of electronic means. It is subdivided into:

radio intelligence,

radio engineering,

radar,

radiothermal (thermal imaging),

thermal (infrared),

laser

television.

Radio reconnaissance - obtaining information about the enemy by radio search, interception of his radio transmissions.

Electronic intelligence (RTR) - obtaining information about the type and purpose of the enemy's operating REM (radar, radio navigation, radio telecontrol). Conducted with the help of special radio stations. Detection of enemy RES, determination of their type and purpose is carried out according to the parameters of the signals emitted by them.

Radar reconnaissance (RLR) - obtaining information about enemy objects (targets), including determining their coordinates or movement parameters using radar stations. RLR detects objects (targets) on the ground, in the air, on water in any meteorological conditions, day and night, determines the type and intensity of enemy radar interference, detects the epicenters of nuclear explosions.

Aerial thermal reconnaissance is carried out with the help of heat direction finders and allows you to open heat-contrasting objects: military equipment, aircraft at airfields, airfield runways and other objects.

Laser reconnaissance is the detection, recognition and determination of the coordinates of objects (targets) using devices operating on the principle of using laser radiation energy. Laser rangefinders are used for conducting laser reconnaissance.

Television reconnaissance is the acquisition of information about the enemy with the help of television reconnaissance equipment. Television transmitting cameras are installed on aircraft.

Reconnaissance aviation in the performance of combat missions uses the following methods of combat operations:

reconnaissance by single aircraft (pairs);

reconnaissance by simultaneous departure of the entire composition.