State and development prospects of foreign medium-range air defense systems. Tactics Air Force types of aviation

The "Improved Hawk" air defense system was adopted by the US Army in 1972 to replace the "Hawk" complex developed in the late 50s, which is currently available in the armed forces of almost all European countries NATO as well as in Egypt, Israel, Iran, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Japan and other countries. According to Western press reports, the Hawk and Improved Hawk air defense systems were supplied by the United States to 21 capitalist countries, and most of them received the second option.

SAM "Improved Hawk" can hit supersonic air targets at ranges from 1 to 40 km and altitudes of 0.03 - 18 km ( maximum values the range and height of the defeat of the Hawk air defense system are 30 and 12 km, respectively) and is capable of firing in adverse weather conditions and when using interference.

The main firing unit of the "Improved Hawk" complex is a two-platoon (so-called standard) or three-platoon (reinforced) anti-aircraft battery. In this case, the first battery consists of the main and advanced fire platoons, and the second - from the main and two advanced ones.

Both types of fire platoons have one AN / MPQ-46 target illumination radar, three M192 launchers with three MIM-23B anti-aircraft guided missiles on each.

In addition, the main firing platoon includes an AN / MPQ-50 pulse targeting radar, an AN / MPQ-51 radar rangefinder, an information processing center and an AN / TSW-8 battery command post, and an advanced one - an AN / MPQ-48 targeting radar and control post AN / MSW-11.

In the main fire platoon of the reinforced battery, in addition to the pulse targeting radar, there is also an AN / MPQ-48 station.

Each of the batteries of both types includes a technical support unit with three M-501E3 transport charging vehicles and another auxiliary equipment. When deploying batteries at the starting position, an extended cable network is used. The time for transferring the battery from the traveling to the combat position is 45 minutes, and the clotting time is 30 minutes.

A separate anti-aircraft division "Advanced Hawk" of the US Army includes either four standard or three reinforced batteries. As a rule, it is used in its entirety, however, the anti-aircraft battery can independently decide combat mission and separated from its main forces. An independent task of combating low-flying targets is also capable of being solved by an advanced fire platoon. The noted features of organizational and staff structures and combat use anti-aircraft units and units of the "Improved Hawk" air defense system are determined by the composition of the complex's assets, their design and performance characteristics.

"Hawk" (HAWK - short for "constantly homing killer") was created by Raytheon for the US Army. The first controlled launch was in June 1956, when a missile shot down a QF-80 target aircraft. The first division of the US Army, armed with MIM-23A HAWK missiles, took up combat duty in August 1960, since then the system has been bought by more than 20 countries, and is also produced under license in Europe and Japan. Since its inception, the system has been constantly improved to respond to changing means of attack. The missiles first saw combat in the 1973 Middle East War, when Israeli missiles are believed to have shot down at least 20 Egyptian and Syrian aircraft.

The latest model - M1M-23V "Improved Hawk" has new control equipment, a more efficient warhead, an improved engine and minor changes in the fire control system. Maintenance has become easier, because. electronics has become not only smaller, but also much more reliable compared to the 50s. XX century, when the system was created. "Improved Hawk" was adopted by the US Army in the 70s. XX century, many users of the system are refining it to an improved standard.

At present, the battery of the Advanced Hawk anti-aircraft missile system consists of a pulse-type search radar, a new search radar with a constant wavelength, a ranging radar, a battery control center, a high-power target irradiation station with a constant wavelength, three launchers with three missiles each and transporters-loaders of missiles. The launchers are placed on a two-wheeled cart that can be towed by a 2.5-ton truck (6x6) or similar vehicle. A self-propelled version of the HAWK was also created based on the modified M548 tracked carrier chassis, designated M727 SP HAWK, but only Israel and the United States have it, and Israel has already been decommissioned.

The process of firing "Improved Hawk" looks like this. Search pulse radars with a constant wavelength (the second one is looking for low-altitude targets) constantly inspect the space defended by the battery and, if a target is detected and its belonging is determined, its coordinates are transmitted to the target irradiation radar. Reflected from the target electromagnetic energy is received by the antenna guidance system of the missile, the latter is aimed at the target by this signal. The rocket has a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a dual-mode solid-propellant engine.

Recently, the MIM-23B installations received an additional passive tracking system created by Northrop, which follows the target detected by the radars and displays its image on a television monitor. This increases the survivability of the Hawk battery, because. allows you to intercept the target even in the event of a decrease in the signal level. The system can also distinguish between multiple targets close to each other or targets low on the horizon.

The closest Soviet system to the Hawk is the SA-6 Gainful, which is more mobile but has a shorter range. In the US Army, the Hawk should be replaced by the Rauteon Patriot system.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the "Improved Hawk" air defense system

• Dimensions, m: length 5.12; caliber 0.36; wingspan 1.22;
• Starting weight, kg: about 626;
• Effective Height: 30-11 580m.;
• Range: 40 000m.

On February 12, 1960, a message from a correspondent of the United Press International agency was circulated through information channels around the world, which spoke of the statement by the head of the Research and Improvement Department at the US Army Headquarters, Lieutenant General A. Trudeau, that on January 29, for the first time, a ballistic missile was destroyed in air with another missile. The report also indicated that the Honest John unguided ballistic missile used as a target was intercepted and destroyed by an anti-aircraft missile. MIM-23 A complex "Hawk" during testing at the White Sands test site. In confirmation of this message, a film shot during the test was shown at the US Department of Defense. However, for all the military-technical significance of this achievement, the similar qualities of the Hawk complex and missiles MIM-23 Awere never in demand in their further combat biography.

The tasks that were set in the early 1950s for the developers anti-aircraft missile system"Hawk" ( « hawk”, translated from English -“ hawk ”, but over time a more complex interpretation of this designation appeared“Homing All the way killer"- interceptor, homing in all directions), were quite "mundane". It was in those years, almost immediately after the appearance of the first air defense systems capable of intercepting air targets flying at high and medium altitudes, that it became necessary to increase the effectiveness of the fight against aircraft flying at low altitudes. This was due to the fact that the leadership of the Air Force of the most developed countries began to revise the basic principles for the use of combat aviation. Aircraft began to learn to "dive" below 1 - 2 km - the minimum altitude for the effective use of the first anti-aircraft missiles, to bypass their locations. In the mid-1950s, such methods of overcoming missile systems Air defense was rated as very effective. In turn, the need to create means to counter aircraft using new tactics brought to life the concept of multi-purpose air defense systems - complexes designed to destroy single and group air targets flying at low and medium altitudes, with subsonic and supersonic speeds. One of these air defense systems was the Hawk.

Initially new complex was developed according to the requirements of the US Army as an addition to the long-range Nike-Ajax system already adopted for service. In June 1954, Raytheon began work on a new air defense system (then it was designated SAM-A-18). This company already had experience in creating such complexes - one of them was Lark, which in 1950 for the first time in the United States destroyed an air target. In the development of this direction, in the early 1950s. Raytheon specialists carried out a number of fundamental studies related to the creation of defense systems against low-flying aircraft. One of their results was the development of two new types radar stations impulsive and continuous wave.

The development of an anti-aircraft missile was carried out in the missile department of the Redstone Arsenal of the US Army.

A number of fundamentally new requirements and tasks assigned to the developers of the Hawk led to the need for them to accept a large number technical solutions that have not yet been used in the creation of anti-aircraft missile technology. In particular, Raytheon developed a semi-active radar guidance system for the Hawk system, which made it possible to introduce two detection radars and one target illumination radar into ground equipment. One of the detection stations was an AN / MPQ-35 pulse radar, designed to detect large targets flying at long ranges and altitudes. Another AN / MPQ-34 continuous wave radar made it possible to detect low-altitude targets. The AN / MPQ-33 target illumination station was equipped with two disk antennas and belonged to the category of continuous wave phase-pulse radar.

A number of original features and had a single-stage rocket. Her body was made in the form of a cone slightly tapering towards the tail. In the nose of the rocket, under a radio-transparent fiberglass fairing of an animated form, there was a semi-active antenna radar head homing. The missile's onboard equipment also included an electronic computer that provided continuous calculation of the optimal target interception trajectory, a power supply system and a number of electronic devices, including miniature gyroscopes and accelerometers.

Behind the instrument compartment was a compartment with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 54 kg. Its plastic body had a shape close to spherical. Finished fragments of the warhead were made of steel. Undermining combat equipment could be carried out both at the command of a radio fuse, and from a contact sensor.

The rest of the rocket fuselage was made of steel by deep drawing and was the body of the propulsion system. The XM-22E8 solid-propellant engine, developed by Aerojet, had two modes for a short time, it developed high thrust at launch and in the accelerating section, and for a long time in the cruising section it produced low thrust sufficient to maintain the calculated supersonic speed. A similar scheme of engine operation became possible due to the use of two solid propellant charges placed in one chamber.

The rocket was made according to the tailless aerodynamic scheme with a cruciform wing of small elongation. The four wing consoles were trapezoidal in plan. The sweep of the consoles along the leading edge was 80 degrees. The wing was attached to the rocket body with a bolted connection. Along the trailing edges of the consoles there were elevons hinged to the protrusions of the end ribs and to the stiffening ring located in the tail section of the hull. The power cylinders of the elevon drive system were mounted on the same ring.

The design of each of the consoles consisted of a skin made of aluminum alloy sheets and internal elements, which were two stiffeners, two fillers of a honeycomb structure made of foil and machined fittings. As noted by the developers, only three rivets were used in the construction of the console. During the manufacture of the console, all its elements, after cleaning, washing and applying glue, were mounted in a special assembly fixture. After the assembly was completed, the console was placed in an oven, where the glue was polymerized.

The use of a similar set of progressive for the mid-1950s. solutions made it possible to reduce the launch weight of the Hawk to 580 kg - more than two times less than that of the Nike-Ajax rocket. At the same time, the missile could intercept targets at ranges from 2 to 32 km (for high-flying targets) and from 3.5 to 16 km (for low-flying targets). Target engagement heights ranged from 30 m to 12 km, and maximum speed rocket flight corresponded to the numbers M = 2.5–2.7.

anti-aircraft guided missileMIM-23A:

1 - radio-transparent fairing of a semi-active radar homing head, 2 - fairing, 3 - wing console, 4 - elevon, 5 - solid propellant nozzle; 6 - tail fairing, 7 - control hydraulic connector hatch cover, 8 - maintenance hatch cover, 9 - instrument compartment, 10 - combat equipment compartment, 11 - solid propellant rocket engine body, 12 - console mounting bolt, 13 - front wing mount, 14 - screw telescopic joint of compartments

The first experimental sample of the Hawk XM-3 rocket was made in the summer of 1955, and in August a throwing launch was carried out at the White Sands test site, which demonstrated the high energy characteristics of the rocket. In the following months, launches began under more complex programs, and already after a dozen and a half flight tests, on June 22, 1956, prototype"Hawk" hit the first aerial target - unmanned jet fighter QF-80, flying at subsonic speed at an altitude of 3300 m.

Such a successful course of tests led to a significant acceleration of their pace. So, in 1956, 21 launches were completed, in 1957 - 27 launches, in 1958 - 48 launches. From time to time, the developers of the new system reported in newspapers and magazines about the results achieved during the tests. Thus, the intercepts of the QF-80 target aircraft flying at an altitude of less than 30 m, as well as the XQ-5 target flying at a speed corresponding to the number M = 2 at an altitude of 10.7 km, became most famous.

However, already at the stage of the final development of the system, a number of changes had to be made to it. However, they were not connected with the revealed design flaws, but with the decision of the military leadership. So, in accordance with the initial requirements, the Hawk complex was to be used both from stationary and from mobile positions, similarly different options Nike. But in March 1959, the Joint Chiefs of Staff decided to use the Hawk complex to solve the problems of military air defense. As a result, the developers were required to quickly and easily transport all elements of the complex on transport aircraft, helicopters or vehicles with trailers. This meant that all Hawk components had to have the smallest possible dimensions and weight, as well as elements of control equipment that could be replaced in the shortest possible time. The complex also had to work in a wide range of temperature and natural conditions, without the use of special measures to protect against rain, hail or sandstorms.

During 1959–1960 these issues have been resolved. And not only with the help of redesigning the structure, but also largely due to the fact that during the production of the rocket the quality of its manufacture was carefully controlled and all components passed ground tests. This has become especially relevant in connection with the requirement to increase the mobility of the complex and, accordingly, the need for high reliability with increased shock and vibration loads.

In August 1959, the Hawk was adopted by the US Army, and a year later, by the Corps. marines. The timeliness of obtaining new weapons became even more obvious after the Americans conducted an experiment in October 1959. It consisted in the fact that the B-58 Hustler supersonic bomber with a full bomb load, having risen in the eastern United States in the area of ​​Fort Wharton, flew across the entire North America to Edwards Base. The aircraft flew about 2300 km at an altitude of 100–150 meters from average speed 1100 km / h and made a "successful bombing". At the same time, along the entire route, the B-58 remained undetected. technical means American air defense.

Shortly after the completion of experiments with the B-58, it was decided to intercept targets flying at ballistic trajectories. In preparation for them, in January 1960, 14 rocket launches were carried out at the White Sands test site, which demonstrated their fairly high reliability. The first test took place on January 29. As noted in the American media, the speed of approach of the missile and the target was about 900 m / s, and the interception occurred at a distance of 6 km from the launch point of the anti-aircraft missile. In the following months, during military tests of the Hawk, anti-aircraft missiles hit an unguided tactical ballistic missile"Little John" and a guided tactical ballistic missile "Kapral".

The adoption of the Hawk anti-aircraft missile system into service in the United States was a signal to other states about the acquisition of this system. Among them were France, Italy, Germany, Holland and Belgium, which announced this back in 1958. In 1960, Raytheon signed agreements with companies from these states on the joint production of missiles and other elements of the complex in Europe. In the future, we provided for the supply of Hawk components manufactured in Europe to Spain, Greece, Denmark, Sweden, Israel and Japan. In 1968, Japan began co-production of the Hawk. In general, by the beginning of the 1970s. SAM "Hawk" was in service with the armies of over twenty countries.

By that time, the first results of their combat use had also been obtained. The first theater of operations in which the Hawk was deployed was Vietnam, where this complex appeared in the fall of 1965. However, its use was limited to turning on the detection radar, since the DRV aircraft practically did not appear in its coverage area. The very first plane shot down in a combat situation by Hawk missiles was an Israeli fighter, which was destroyed by mistake in 1967 by an Israeli crew.

Since then, the Hawk's combat score has begun to grow steadily. And by the beginning of the 1970s. the first results of work on its modernization appeared, which allowed the Hawk to become one of the most common air defense systems in the world in the 1970s and 1980s.

The main performance characteristics of the rocketMIM-23 ASAM "Hawk"

the ability to intercept high-speed targets at low altitudes;

high noise immunity of the radar irradiation and the ability to homing to the source of interference;

good performance (tp) of the system after target detection;

high mobility.

Weaknesses of the U-Hawk air defense system

the need for stable tracking of the target for a considerable time before the intake and at the entrance of the entire time of the rocket's flight;

high required speed of target approach to the radar (Vr) -45km/s;

reduction in the combat capabilities of the battery in conditions of rain, snowfall, fog as a result of a decrease in the range of the 3 cm radar range;

reducing the effectiveness of fire when the target performs an anti-missile maneuver using active and passive interference.

The main performance characteristics of air defense systems of medium and long range are given in the table.

Military means of air defense

The air defense of the formations and units of the ground forces of the armies of the NATO countries is carried out by the standard air defense systems of these formations and units in cooperation with the depleted air defense system. It is organized according to the principle of zonal coverage of the area on which the combat formations of combined arms, artillery and tank subunits and units are developing, due to the massive use of short-range air defense systems and anti-aircraft artillery.

SAM short range. The main types of short-range air defense systems are:

Self-propelled: "Us. Chaparel, Roland, Rapier-2000, Indigo, Crotal, Javelin, Avenger, ADATS, Fog-M.

portable: "Stinger", "Blowpipe".

Considering all the variety of short-range air defense systems presented at the European theater of operations, we will only touch on the characteristic features of one or another air defense system, but each air defense system, in addition to combining similar technical solutions inherent in all short-range air defense systems, but also has characteristic features, a special approach to the implementation of the task of preventing a breakthrough of enemy aircraft at low and extremely low altitudes.

SAM "Chaparel" - mounted on the basis of a floating armored personnel carrier and includes a four-shot launcher, missiles, an optical sight, launch control devices and a radio station. Target designation is carried out from a small-sized FAAR radar with a range of up to 20 km, as well as from the nearest division of the U-Hawk air defense system. PU aiming at the target and aiming is carried out using an optical device with a visually visible target.

Strengths:

high mobility;

all-perspective;

short reaction time;

the possibility of hitting a target on Npred. 50 m

Weak sides:

bad weather;

small upper limit of the affected area;

the possibility of firing in the presence of visual visibility of the target and a favorable background environment;

rocket launch is impractical towards the sun in the direction of ± 20º;

susceptibility to thermal interference TSN missiles;

Decreased firing efficiency due to significant errors in visual determination of the parameters of the affected area.

SAM "Roland-2" - the complex uses a command system for guiding a missile to the CC using the “three points” method with radar tracking of the target and IR tracking of the missile. The range of the radar detection is 15-18 km.

Strengths:

high mobility;

all-weather;

all-perspective;

hitting a target at extremely low altitudes (>= 15 m)

marching fire.

Weak sides:

significant "inertia" of the missile control system;

short range and upper limit of the affected area;

susceptibility to radar detection and guidance interference;

The target detection radar has a limitation on Vmin rad. Approach (50 m/s)

SAM "Rapier" - guidance system - radio command for radar tracking of the target and missile. The missile is aimed at the target by the radar beam with radio correction. In conditions of electronic warfare and with sufficient visibility, target tracking can be carried out manually by the operator using an optical sight and a rocket - an automatic body device along its tracer.

Strengths:

autonomy;

high maneuverability;

short reaction time;

two channels for tracking the target and the missile;

shooting on the move.

Weak sides:

height and range restrictions;

susceptibility to radar detection and guidance radars;

exposure to interference from radio command lines;

the operation of the complex is determined by the open source software;

dependence of the range of the optical and telesystem on the state of the atmosphere and its transparency;

inertia of the guidance system.

MANPADS "Stinger" - the missile is guided to the target using an infrared seeker with visual tracking of the target. By cooling the seeker to -17.3ºC, its threshold sensitivity and noise immunity increase, which makes it possible to direct the missile not only at the source of infrared radiation, but also at the source of radiation in the visible region of the spectrum (ultraviolet waves).

Strengths:

the ability to fire with PPS and ZPS;

the possibility of hitting a target at transonic speeds;

the complex is equipped with "friend or foe" and night vision equipment;

high noise immunity.

Weak sides:

firing only at a visual target and in a favorable background environment;

susceptibility of GOS to interference from PICS and LTC (IPP-26);

a significant reduction in the probability of hitting the target, the boundaries of the affected area in an unfavorable background environment (snow, fog, drizzle).

MANPADS "Blowpipe" - radio compass guidance system. After the missile is launched and initially brought to the line of sight of the target, an automatic system is used, the main element of which is an infrared device that receives signals from missile tracers. The range of this system is limited by the output power of the tracers and the sensitivity of the infrared sensor, so after 1.5-2 sec. The IR device is turned off and the guidance system switches to manual control, in which the guidance of the missile defense system is carried out by a radio compass system while visually tracking the target and the missile using an optical sight. Using the guidance block controller, the operator achieves alignment of the image of the target and the missile in the field of view of the optical sight.

MANPADS "Javelin" (based on Blowpipe) - unlike the Blowpipe air defense system, which has a manual method of aiming missiles at a target, a semi-automatic radio command guidance system was chosen for the Javelin complex. With this method, the operator monitors only the air target, keeping it in the center of the field of view of the optical device, and the missile is automatically accompanied by a television device.

ZRPK "ADATS" - SAM in transport and launch containers, launchers for 8 missiles, 25 mm anti-aircraft automatic cannon, 12.7 mm machine gun.

Detection and tracking radar, thermal imaging and television target tracking devices, laser guidance device R. nats., laser rangefinder.

And its main purpose is to defeat air attack weapons (Enemy AOS) in flight in close cooperation with anti-aircraft missile forces(ZRV) and anti-aircraft artillery (ZA). With a limited composition, units and subunits of the IA can be used to carry out missions to destroy enemy ground (sea) targets, as well as to conduct aerial reconnaissance.

The main purpose of the fighter aviation regiment is to carry out combat missions air defense the most important objects and regions of the country, fighter aviation cover for ground forces (naval forces), as well as providing combat operations of units and units of other branches with aviation. In addition, the IAP is involved in the destruction of electronic reconnaissance aircraft, primarily from the reconnaissance and strike complexes (RUK), air command posts, specialized electronic warfare aircraft and enemy airborne assault forces in the air.

AT Peaceful time A fighter aviation regiment, part of the assigned forces, is on combat duty in the air defense system to protect the airspace over the territory of the Russian Federation and is preparing to perform combat missions in accordance with its intended purpose.

The main form of combat use of fighter aviation units and subunits is air combat.

The main combat missions performed by the IAP include:

Covering the most important objects, regions of the country and groupings of troops (naval forces) from enemy air attacks and air reconnaissance;

Destruction of an air enemy in air battles for air supremacy;

Ensuring combat operations of units and subunits of other branches of aviation;

Destruction of electronic intelligence aircraft, air command posts of aircraft (helicopters) - jammers;

Fighting airborne assault enemy in the air

The IAP can be involved in aerial reconnaissance either with a limited staff, or conduct it along with the performance of the main combat missions.

If necessary, in certain periods of conducting b / actions, the fighter aviation regiment tasks can be set to destroy enemy ground (sea) targets in the area of ​​inaccessibility of fighters.

Combat capabilities of fighter planes.

The MiG-31, Su-27, MiG-29 fighter planes in service with fighter aviation regiments, having high b / capabilities, are able to detect the enemy at a long range with the help of their electronic systems, track several air targets simultaneously and hit them from any direction in everything range of altitudes and flight speeds.

The main factors determining the b / efficiency of fighters are speed, maneuver, fire. They are in close relationship, should be in the optimal ratio.

The appearance of all-aspect missiles with TGS allows you to attack on a collision course in close combat. One of the main characteristics affecting the outcome of close air combat is the turning radius, which for fourth-generation aircraft is ≥500 m.

In modern close group air combat, it is no longer necessary for a fighter to enter a given hemisphere of the target. Now missile launches are distributed over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bspace around the enemy aircraft. Missile launches in the range of heading angles of 120-60º are 48%, and in the range of -180-120º - 31%. The average duration of the battle has decreased, which requires an increase angular velocity and reducing the turning radius.

COMBAT ACTIONS OF AVIATION REGIMENTS OF STRIKING AVIATION

Purpose and tasks of FBA and SA

Front-line bomber and attack aircraft constitute the main strike force front-line aviation and are capable of striking to a depth of 250-400 km.

The main purpose of front-line bomber aviation is the destruction of objects in the operational depth of the enemy, i.e. at a depth of 300-400 km from the front line. It can also operate in tactical and immediate operational depth, solving air support missions. ground forces. The main tasks of bomber aviation will be:

Destruction of funds mass destruction and means of their delivery;

Defeat enemy reserves;

Defeat the means of command and control of enemy troops;

Assistance in the landing of their troops;

Obstruction of enemy maneuvers;

Based on the purpose, the main objects of strikes for front-line bomber aviation should be considered:

Airfields and aircraft on them;

Rocket launchers in positions;

Reserves in areas of concentration and on the march;

Nodes of railway stations, large bridges, crossings, sea and river ports;

Warehouses and supply bases;

Control posts and radar posts.

Assault aviation is the main means of air support for the Ground Forces. Air support for ground forces is one of the main tasks of bomber and attack aviation.

The main purpose of attack aviation is the destruction of ground-based small and mobile objects on the battlefield and in tactical depth. The objects of its actions can be located in the nearest operational depth of up to 300 km. from the front line.

Methods of b / actions and b / orders of subdivisions (parts) of the FBA and SHA.
When solving their tasks, subdivisions and units of the FBA and SA, depending on the conditions, can use the following main methods of conducting b / actions:

Simultaneous strike on predetermined targets;

Sequential strikes against predetermined targets;

Call actions;

Independent search.

Simultaneous strikes (group strikes) must be used when it is required to create a high density of a missile and bomb strike. The blow is delivered by the whole squad or for the most part forces. In this case, they create Better conditions to ensure and overcome the enemy's air defense system.

Sequential strikes (single) are delivered when there is not enough strength to simultaneously complete tasks, as well as when it is necessary to have a long impact on enemy targets and prevent restoration work.

Attacks on call from their command posts or senior commanders are carried out, as a rule, against newly discovered targets (rocket launchers in positions, troops on the march, etc.). This method is most often used for air support of the Ground Forces units.

Independent search is used when there is no exact information about the location of the impact objects. An independent search is carried out by a limited composition of forces (usually up to a link). If necessary, these forces can be increased.

The following attack methods are used to defeat and destroy ground objects of the FBA and SHA:

From a dive;

From level flight;

With a pitch.

A dive attack is used to destroy small moving and stationary targets. This method has the highest hit accuracy.

An attack from a pitch and a horizontal position is used to destroy areal and linear objects.

In difficult weather conditions, bombing and shooting at ground targets is carried out from low altitudes of 150-220 m from horizontal flight or with small dive angles. When conducting b / actions in simple weather conditions, strikes are delivered from a dive from medium heights. Attacks are carried out on the move using vigorous anti-missile and anti-aircraft maneuvers. It is advisable to strike targets from different directions, taking into account the position of the Sun.

Exploration of the radiation situation and weather;

Determining the results of missile and air strikes.

To perform these tasks, the reconnaissance aircraft has off-board reconnaissance equipment, as well as equipment for processing the results of observation, documenting and transmitting reports to the ground command post.

Types and methods of conducting aerial reconnaissance.

Air reconnaissance, depending on the scale, tasks, and also on whose interests it is carried out, is divided into three types:

strategic;

operational;

Tactical.

strategic aerial reconnaissance organized by the commanders-in-chief of the species Armed Forces or the Supreme Commander in the interests of the war as a whole or in the interests of operations carried out by a group of fronts, to the depth of the entire theater of operations.

Operational aerial reconnaissance is organized by front-line command and carried out to the depth of front-line, air and sea operations by front-line reconnaissance aircraft.

Tactical aerial reconnaissance is organized by the army command in the tactical depth of the enemy in the interests of formations of various branches of the armed forces in order to obtain the necessary data for organizing a battle.

In the interests of aviation operations, preliminary aerial reconnaissance is carried out (with insufficient data to make a decision on the execution of tasks), additional reconnaissance (to clarify the position of objects, their air defense, radiation situation and weather on the route and in the area of ​​operations), control (during or after an air strike to determine its results).

Reconnaissance aviation uses the following methods of aerial reconnaissance:

Visual observation;

Aerial photography;

Air reconnaissance with the help of electronic means.

visual observation allows you to view large areas, and is indispensable for the search and additional reconnaissance of low-observable nuclear missile systems, control and air defense systems and other moving objects. Data can be transmitted by radio immediately after the detection of targets.

aerial photography allows you to capture the most complex objects on film, to obtain fairly complete data on the groupings of enemy troops, its defensive structures, large railway junctions, airfields and positions rocket launchers, reveal even the most insignificant changes in such large objects.

Aircraft carriers.

Command posts and radar posts, command and control centers, as well as state administration centers.

Let's consider the b / capabilities of the Tu-160, Tu-95MS, Tu-22MZ aircraft.

Tu-160 aircraft.

The Tu-160 aircraft is a multi-mode strategic missile-carrying bomber and is designed to destroy ground and sea targets from low and medium altitudes at subsonic speeds and from high altitudes at supersonic speeds using strategic cruise missiles, short-range guided missiles and aircraft bombs.

The aircraft is equipped with an in-flight refueling system of the "hose-cone" type (in the non-operating position, the rod is retracted into the forward fuselage in front of the cockpit). The crew consists of 4 people and is placed in ejection seats.

The armament of the aircraft, consisting of long-range, medium-range and short-range aviation cruise missiles, aerial bombs and mines, is located in the fuselage in 2 weapons compartments. The total load of weapons is 22500 kg.

Missile weapons option may include:

Two drum launchers, each of which can carry 6 guided cruise missiles, with a launch range of up to 3000 km. (X-55 missiles);

Two drum launchers for short-range guided missiles (X-15 missiles).

The bomb variant may include thermonuclear and conventional bombs (caliber 250, 500, 1500, 3000), guided bombs, mines and other weapons.

The combat potential of the aircraft is commensurate with the potential of 2 Tu-95MS aircraft or 2 Tu-22MZ air squadrons and is equated to an underwater missile salvo nuclear boat with ballistic missiles.