in the Russian armed forces. Service in the armed forces of the Russian Federation

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Appointment and composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The Russian Armed Forces is a state military organization that forms the basis of the country's defense.

They are designed to repulse aggression against the state, armed defense of the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation and its allies, as well as to fulfill the tasks of the state in accordance with international treaties to carry out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations.

The changed foreign policy situation in recent years, the new priorities for ensuring national security have set tasks for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which can be structured in four main areas:

Deter military and military-political threats to the security or interests of the Russian Federation;

Ensuring the economic and political interests of Russia;

Implementation of military operations in peacetime;

The use of military force to ensure the security of the Russian Federation.

The peculiarities of the development of the military-political situation in the world make it possible for the fulfillment of one task to grow into another, since the most problematic military-political situations from the point of view of the security of the Russian Federation are complex and multifaceted.

Today, one of the priority tasks in the development of the Russian Armed Forces is still the preservation of the potential of the strategic deterrence forces. The main goal of the Russian policy in this area is to prevent any kind of forceful pressure and aggression against Russia or its allies, and in the event of its unleashing, the guaranteed protection of its sovereignty, territorial integrity and other vital national interests of the state. This policy of the Russian Federation in the field of strategic deterrence is the core of the entire national security system of the country and is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the current Russian legislation.

In accordance with the main provisions of the military doctrine of Russia, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation can also be used to counter internal sources of military threats and to assist the country's population in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.

The leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation - the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are controlled by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of central military command and control bodies, associations, formations, military units and organizations that are part of the types and types of troops of the Armed Forces, the Logistics of the Armed Forces and special troops that are not related to the types and types of troops (see diagram)

The type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is their component, distinguished by special weapons and designed to fulfill the tasks assigned to them. The types of the Armed Forces include: Ground Forces, Air Forces (Air Forces),. Navy (Navy).

The branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include: Space Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces, Airborne Forces. A branch of service is understood to be a part of a branch of the Armed Forces, which is distinguished by its main armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training, and the ability to perform specific combat missions for interaction with other branches of the armed forces.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation

Special troops serve to provide the types and types of troops and assist them in the performance of combat missions. These include: engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, signal troops, automobile troops, road troops and a number of others.

A military district is a territorial combined-arms association of military units, formations, educational institutions, military institutions of various types and branches of the Armed Forces. A military district, as a rule, covers the territory of several subjects of the Russian Federation.

The Fleet is the highest operational formation of the Navy. Commanders of districts and fleets direct their troops (forces) through headquarters subordinate to them.

Associations are military formations that include several formations or associations of a smaller scale, as well as units and institutions. The formations include the army, flotilla, as well as the military district - a territorial combined arms association and the fleet - a naval association.

Formations are military formations consisting of several units or formations of a smaller composition, usually various types of troops (forces), special troops (services), as well as units (subdivisions) of support and maintenance. Formations include corps, divisions, brigades and other equivalent military formations.

The military unit is an organizationally independent combat and administrative unit in all types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Military units include all regiments, ships of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, individual battalions (divisions, squadrons), as well as individual companies that are not part of battalions and regiments. Regiments, separate battalions, divisions and squadrons are awarded the Battle Banner, and the ships of the Navy - the Naval Flag.

The institutions of the Ministry of Defense include such structures for ensuring the vital activity of the Armed Forces, such as military medical institutions, officers' houses, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest houses, camp sites, etc.

Military educational institutions include military academies, military universities, military institutes and their branches, Suvorov schools, the Nakhimov Naval School, the Moscow Military Music School and cadet corps.

A part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation may be part of the joint Armed Forces or be under joint command in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation (for example, as part of the UN peacekeeping forces or collective peacekeeping forces of the CIS in zones of local military conflicts).

Types and branches of the Armed Forces of Russia

The Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Armed Forces and form the basis of troop groupings in strategic axes. They are designed to ensure national security and protect our country from external aggression on land, as well as to protect the national interests of Russia within the framework of its international obligations to ensure collective security.

The Ground Forces are also the most ancient branch of the Russian Armed Forces. They lead their history from the princely squads of Kievan Rus. At present, the Ground Forces include motorized rifle, tank, missile troops and artillery, Air Defense Forces and other troops.

The motorized rifle troops are the most numerous type of troops, which form the basis of the Ground Forces, the core of their battle formations. They are equipped with powerful weapons to destroy ground and air targets, missile systems, tanks, artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missile systems and installations, and effective means of reconnaissance and control.

Tank troops constitute the main strike force of the Ground Forces, a powerful means of armed struggle, designed to solve the most important tasks in various types of military operations.

Rocket troops and artillery are the main firepower and the most important operational means of the Ground Forces in solving combat missions to defeat enemy groupings.

Air defense troops are one of the main means of defeating the enemy in the air.

The Ground Forces also include formations and units of special troops, military units and rear services. Air Force (Air Force)

The most mobile and maneuverable type of the Armed Forces, designed to ensure the security and protection of Russia's interests on the air borders of the country, strike at enemy air, land and sea groups, its administrative-political and military-economic centers.

Organizationally, the Air Force consists of aviation associations, formations and units. The Air Force includes the Air Defense Forces (Air Defense), which are designed to protect the administrative, industrial and economic centers and regions of the country, groupings of troops, important military and government facilities from air and space strikes. The tasks of air defense also include warning about the immediate preparation and start of an aerospace attack, covering the most important objects of the country, troops and forces, creating favorable conditions for the deployment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the event of the outbreak of hostilities, and a number of others.

In the course of the ongoing reform of the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces, the commands of long-range aviation and military transport aviation were abolished, the air armies of the Supreme High Command of Strategic Purpose and the Supreme High Command of Military Transport Aviation were formed; The Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense was transformed into a Special Purpose Command. The unified organizational structure of the new type consists of:

Bodies of military administration, branches of the Air Defense Forces (anti-aircraft missile troops, radio engineering troops);

Types of aviation (bomber, assault, fighter, reconnaissance, transport, special purpose);

Special troops (units and subunits of electronic warfare; radiation, chemical and biological protection; communications and radio technical support; topographic and geodetic; engineering and airfield; meteorological, etc.);

Military units and institutions of the rear;

Other military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations.

The created Air Force is intended to protect the centers, regions of the country (administrative, industrial and economic), groupings of troops and important objects from enemy air and space strikes, destroy enemy military facilities and the rear of the enemy, ensure combat operations of the Ground Forces and the Naval Fleet.

In peacetime, the Air Force performs the tasks of protecting the state border of Russia in the airspace, notifying about flights / foreign reconnaissance vehicles in the border zone.

The Navy belongs to the branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is designed to ensure the security and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime at the ocean and sea frontiers.

The structure of the Navy is determined by the geographical position of the Russian Federation and consists of four fleets: the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic, as well as the Caspian Flotilla, fleet aviation, squadrons, naval bases, separate formations and units. The fleets also include formations and units of the Marine Corps.

The priority task of the Navy is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of aggression, repulse them, cover the country's facilities, forces and troops from oceanic and sea areas, inflict defeat on the enemy, create conditions for preventing hostilities at the earliest possible stage and making peace. on terms that meet the interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, the task of the Navy is to conduct peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.

To solve the priority task of the Armed Forces and the Navy - to prevent the outbreak of war, as part of the country's strategic nuclear forces, the Navy retained naval strategic nuclear forces, which have (Certain advantages in comparison with the Strategic Missile Forces and strategic aviation. With such a base, nuclear weapons are withdrawn from the territory of their own state, which reduces the threat to the civilian population, and most importantly, submarines become the least vulnerable compared to other nuclear weapons bases.

In addition to naval strategic nuclear forces, the Navy has general-purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel enemy strikes, defeat strike groups of his fleet and prevent large-scale and deep sea operations, as well as, in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ensure the creation of the necessary conditions for the effective conduct of defensive operations in continental theaters of military operations.

The basis of the general-purpose forces of the Navy is the submarine forces, which form the core of the strike potential of the fleet as the most versatile, mobile and powerful branch of forces capable of effectively fighting any naval adversary. Their main element is nuclear submarines.

Russia is a maritime power: its shores are washed by the waters of many seas and oceans, and the length of the maritime border is twice that of the land. The Navy in modern conditions is capable of ensuring the security and protection of the interests of the country in peacetime and wartime at the oceanic and sea frontiers.

The Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) are a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and are designed to solve the tasks of nuclear deterrence of an attack, from the outside in the interests of the Russian Federation and our allies, to ensure strategic stability in the world.

Organizationally, the Strategic Missile Forces consist of associations and formations. They are armed with silo-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, double-based missiles (mine and railway), as well as missiles with mobile launchers. The Strategic Missile Forces are distinguished by high combat readiness, survivability, autonomy and enormous combat power. They have no analogues in the world.

The Space Forces are a fundamentally new branch of the military. Among the main tasks entrusted to them are the conduct of information and reconnaissance operations in outer space; identification of threats to national security emanating from outer space; destruction of warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy. The priority in solving information problems and developing the Space Forces is to ensure long-term guaranteed access to space through a developed ground-based infrastructure and maintain the necessary grouping of military spacecraft in the strategic space zone to ensure the actions of the Armed Forces in all strategic directions.

The Space Forces include: cosmodromes (Baikonur, Plesetsk, Svobodny); G. S. Titov Main Spacecraft Control Center; formations and parts of missile attack warning, space control and missile defense. The airborne troops (VDV) are a branch of the armed forces and are designed to cover the enemy by air and perform tasks in his rear to disorganize military command, destroy nuclear attack weapons, high-precision weapons, capture and hold important areas and facilities, disrupt the rear and communications.

The main military formations of the Airborne Forces are airborne divisions, brigades and separate units.

Thus, a structure has been formed in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation that is more in line with today's requirements and allows effective interaction between various branches and branches of the Armed Forces.

This topic is relevant because over the past decade, the Russian Armed Forces have gone through a difficult path and, like the country as a whole, have been in the process of active reform, which is associated with fundamental changes in geopolitical conditions in the world and the formation of Russian statehood. In the introductory part of the lesson, this should be emphasized.

When studying the first question of the material, the head of the UCP group must use the provisions of the brochure "Actual Tasks for the Development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", which sets out the main views of the leadership of the Ministry of Defense on the specifics of the development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the foreseeable future. It also reflects a comprehensive vision of the main directions of development of the army and navy.

When studying the second question, it is necessary to focus the attention of the audience on the fact that in the structure of our Armed Forces there are their branches (Space Forces, Strategic Missile Forces, Airborne Forces) and the branches of the troops that are part of the Ground Forces (motorized rifle, tank, missile troops and artillery, air defense forces, aviation).

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., 1993.

2. Actual tasks of development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. // A red star. - 2003, October 11.

3. Memo to the "Warrior of Russia". Publishing house "Rus-Style XXI century", M., 2002.

4. Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly. // A red star. - 2003, May 20 - 21.

5. Fatherland. Honour. Duty. Textbook for public-state training. Issue No. 4. - M., 1998.

Lieutenant colonel
Alexander Gordievsky,
senior editor of the magazine

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (AF of Russia)- the state military organization of the Russian Federation, designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation - Russia, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.

Part Russian Armed Forces includes types of aircraft: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy; separate types of troops - Aerospace Defense Troops, Airborne Troops and Strategic Missile Troops; central bodies of military command; The rear of the Armed Forces, as well as troops that are not included in the types and types of troops (see also MTR of the Russian Federation).

Russian Armed Forces created on May 7, 1992 and at that time had 2,880,000 personnel. This is one of the largest armed forces in the world, the number of their personnel is more than 1,000,000 people. The number of staff is established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2008, a quota of 2,019,629 personnel was established, including 1,134,800 military personnel. The Russian Armed Forces are distinguished by the presence of the world's largest stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, and a well-developed system of their delivery systems.

Command

Supreme Commander

The Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces is the President of Russia. In the event of aggression against Russia or a direct threat of aggression, he introduces martial law on the territory of Russia or in certain areas of it, in order to create conditions for repelling or preventing it, with an immediate report on this to the Federation Council and the State Duma for approval of the corresponding decree.

To resolve the issue of the possibility of using Russian Armed Forces outside the territory of Russia, a corresponding resolution of the Federation Council is required. In peacetime, the head of state exercises general political leadership. armed forces, and in wartime directs the defense of the state and its armed forces to repel aggression.

The President of Russia also forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation; approves the military doctrine of Russia; appoints and dismisses high command Russian Armed Forces. The President, as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, approves the Military Doctrine of Russia, the concept and construction plans armed forces, mobilization plan armed forces, mobilization plans for the economy, civil defense plan and other acts in the field of military development. The head of state also approves the combined arms charters, regulations on the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. The President annually issues decrees on conscription for military service, on the transfer to the reserve of persons of certain ages who have served in Sun, signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation.

Ministry of Defence

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense) is the governing body Russian Armed Forces. The main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Defense include the development and implementation of state policy in the field of defense; legal regulation in the field of defense; organization of application armed forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of Russia; maintaining the necessary readiness armed forces; implementation of construction activities armed forces; ensuring social protection of military personnel, civilian personnel armed forces, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families; development and implementation of state policy in the field of international military cooperation. The Ministry carries out its activities directly and through the governing bodies of military districts, other bodies of military command, territorial bodies, military commissariats.

The Ministry of Defense is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, who is appointed to and dismissed by the President of Russia on the proposal of the Prime Minister of Russia. The minister reports directly to the President of Russia, and on issues referred by the Constitution of Russia, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees to the jurisdiction of the Russian government, - to the chairman of the Russian government. The Minister bears personal responsibility for solving problems and exercising the powers vested in the Russian Ministry of Defense and armed forces and carries out its activities on the basis of unity of command. The ministry has a collegium consisting of the minister, his first deputies and deputies, heads of ministry services, commanders-in-chief of types armed forces.

The current Minister of Defense is Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu.

General base

The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the central body of military control and the main body of operational control armed forces. The General Staff coordinates the activities of the border troops and bodies of the federal security service (FSB), internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Railway Troops, the federal body for special communications and information, civil defense troops, engineering and road construction military formations, the Foreign Service intelligence (SVR) of Russia, federal bodies of state protection, the federal body for providing mobilization training of state authorities to carry out tasks in the field of defense, construction and development armed forces, as well as their applications. The General Staff consists of main directorates, directorates and other structural divisions.

The main tasks of the General Staff include the implementation of strategic planning for the use armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, taking into account their tasks and the military-administrative division of the country; conducting operational and mobilization training armed forces; translation armed forces on the organization and composition of wartime, the organization of strategic and mobilization deployment armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies; coordinating activities to conduct military registration activities in the Russian Federation; organization of intelligence activities for defense and security purposes; planning and organization of communications; topographic and geodetic support armed forces; implementation of measures related to the protection of state secrets; conducting military scientific research.

The current Chief of the General Staff is General of the Army Valery Gerasimov (since November 9, 2012).

Story

The first republican military department appeared in the RSFSR ( cm.Red Army), later - during the collapse of the USSR (July 14, 1990). However, due to the rejection by the majority of people's deputies of the RSFSR of the idea of ​​independent Sun the department was called not the Ministry of Defense, but the State Committee of the RSFSR for Public Security and Cooperation with the USSR Ministry of Defense and the KGB of the USSR. After the coup attempt in Vilnius on January 13, 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia Boris Yeltsin took the initiative to create a republican army, and on January 31 the State Committee for Public Security was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Defense and Security, headed by General of the Army Konstantin Kobets . During 1991, the Committee was repeatedly modified and renamed. From August 19 (the day of the coup attempt in Moscow) to September 9, the Ministry of Defense of the RSFSR temporarily functioned.

At the same time, Yeltsin made an attempt to create the National Guard of the RSFSR, even began accepting volunteers. Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades of 3-5 thousand people, with a total number of no more than 100 thousand. It was supposed to deploy units of the National Guard in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), in Leningrad (two brigades) and in a number of other important cities and regions. Regulations were prepared on the structure, composition, recruitment methods, and tasks of the National Guard. By the end of September, about 15,000 people had signed up for the National Guard in Moscow, most of them military personnel of the USSR Armed Forces. In the end, a draft decree "On the temporary situation on the Russian guard" fell on Yeltsin's table, but it was never signed.

After the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords on December 21, the member states of the newly created CIS signed a protocol on the temporary assignment to the last Minister of Defense of the USSR, Air Marshal Shaposhnikov, command of the armed forces on their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On February 14, 1992, he formally became the Supreme Commander of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, and the USSR Ministry of Defense was transformed into the Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS. On March 16, 1992, Yeltsin's decree created in the operational subordination of the Main Command of the Allied Armed Forces, as well as the Ministry of Defense, which was headed by the president himself. On May 7, a decree was signed on the creation armed forces, and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander. General of the Army Grachev became the first minister of defense, and he was the first in the Russian Federation to be awarded this title.

Armed forces in the 1990s

Part Armed Forces of the Russian Federation included departments, associations, formations, military units, institutions, military educational institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Armed Forces of the USSR, located on the territory of Russia at the time of May 1992, as well as troops (forces) under Russian jurisdiction on the territory of the Transcaucasian Military District, Western , Northern and Northwestern Groups of Forces, the Black Sea Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla, the 14th Guards Army, formations, military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations on the territory of Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total number of 2.88 million people .

As part of the reform armed forces The concept of the Mobile Forces was developed in the General Staff. The mobile forces were supposed to be 5 separate motorized rifle brigades, staffed according to wartime states (95-100%) with a single staff and weapons. Thus, it was planned to get rid of the cumbersome mobilization mechanism, and in the future to transfer Sun entirely on a contract basis. However, by the end of 1993, only three such brigades were formed: the 74th, 131st and 136th, while it was not possible either to reduce the brigades to a single state (even battalions in the same brigade differed in the state), or to equip them according to wartime states. The understaffing of the units was so significant that at the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996), Grachev asked Boris Yeltsin to sanction limited mobilization, which was refused, and the United Group of Forces in Chechnya had to be formed from units from all military districts. The first Chechen war also revealed serious shortcomings in command and control.

After Chechnya, Igor Rodionov was appointed the new Minister of Defense, in 1997 - Igor Sergeev. A new attempt was made to create fully equipped units with a single staff. As a result, by 1998 Russian Armed Forces 4 categories of parts and connections appeared:

• constant readiness (staffing - 95-100% of the wartime staff);
• reduced staff (staffing - up to 70%);
• storage bases for weapons and military equipment (staffing - 5-10%);
• cropped (staffing - 5-10%).

However, the translation Sun for a contract recruitment method was not possible due to insufficient funding, while this issue became painful in Russian society against the backdrop of losses in the First Chechen War. At the same time, it was only possible to slightly increase the share of “contract workers” in Armed Forces. By this time, the number Sun was reduced by more than two times - to 1,212,000 people.

In the Second Chechen War (1999-2006), the United Group of Forces was formed from units of constant readiness of the ground forces, as well as the Airborne Forces. At the same time, only one tactical battalion group stood out from these units (only one motorized rifle brigade from the Siberian Military District fought in full strength) - this was done in order to quickly compensate for losses in the war due to the personnel remaining in the places of permanent deployment of their parts. Since the end of 1999, the share of "contract workers" in Chechnya began to grow, reaching 45% in 2003.

Armed forces in the 2000s

In 2001, the Ministry of Defense was headed by Sergei Ivanov. After the end of the active phase of hostilities in Chechnya, it was decided to return to the Grachevsky plans for transferring troops to contract recruitment: permanent readiness units were to be transferred to a contract basis, and the rest of the units and formations, BKhVT, CBR and institutions should be left on an urgent basis. In 2003, the corresponding Federal Target Program was launched. The first part transferred to the “contract” within its framework was the airborne regiment as part of the 76th Pskov Airborne Division, and since 2005, other units and formations of constant readiness began to be transferred to a contract basis. However, this program was also unsuccessful due to weak salaries, conditions of service and the lack of social infrastructure in the places of service of military personnel under the contract.

In 2005, work also began on optimizing the management system Armed Forces. According to the idea of ​​the Chief of the General Staff Yuri Baluyevsky, it was planned to create three regional commands, to which units of all types and branches of the military would be subordinate. On the basis of the Moscow Military District, LenVO, the Baltic and Northern Fleets, as well as the former Moscow Military District of the Air Force and Air Defense, the Western Regional Command was to be created; on the basis of a part of the PUrVO, the North Caucasus Military District and the Caspian Flotilla - Yuzhnoye; based on part of the PUrVO, Siberian Military District, Far Eastern Military District and the Pacific Fleet - Vostochnoye. All units of central subordination in the regions were to be reassigned to the regional commands. At the same time, it was planned to abolish the Main Commands of the types and types of troops. The implementation of these plans was, however, postponed to 2010-2015 due to failures in the program to transfer troops to a contract basis, to which the bulk of the funds were urgently transferred.

However, under Serdyukov, who replaced Ivanov in 2007, the idea of ​​creating regional commands quickly returned. It was decided to start from the East. A staff was developed for command and a place of deployment was determined - Ulan-Ude. In January 2008, the Eastern Regional Command was created, but in March-April it showed its ineffectiveness at the joint command and control staff of the Siberian Military District and the Far East Military District, and was disbanded in May.

In 2006, the Russian State Armaments Development Program for 2007-2015 was launched.

Armed forces after the Five Day War

Participation in the armed conflict in South Ossetia and its wide media coverage revealed the main shortcomings armed forces: complex control system and low mobility. Troop control during combat operations was carried out "along the chain" of the General Staff - Headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District - Headquarters of the 58th Army, and only then did orders and directives reach directly to the units. The low ability to maneuver forces over long distances was explained by the cumbersome organizational and staffing structure of units and formations: only parts of the Airborne Forces were transferred to the region by air. Already in September-October 2008, the transition was announced armed forces to a "new look" and a new radical military reform. New reform armed forces is designed to increase their mobility and combat effectiveness, the coordination of actions of different types and types Sun.

In the course of the military reform, the military-administrative structure of the Armed Forces was completely reorganized. Instead of six military districts, four were formed, while all formations, formations and units of the Air Force, Navy and Airborne Forces were reassigned to the headquarters of the districts. The command and control system of the Ground Forces was simplified due to the exclusion of the divisional level. Organizational changes in the troops were accompanied by a sharp increase in the growth rate of military spending, which increased from less than 1 trillion rubles in 2008 to 2.15 trillion rubles in 2013. This, as well as a number of other measures, made it possible to speed up the rearmament of the troops, significantly increase the intensity of combat training, and increase the salaries of servicemen.

Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Armed forces consist of three branches of the Armed Forces, three branches of service, the Logistics of the Armed Forces, the Quartering and Arrangement Service of the Ministry of Defense, and troops that are not part of the branches of the Armed Forces. Territorially, the Armed Forces are divided between 4 military districts:

• (Blue) Western Military District - headquarters in St. Petersburg;
• (Brown) Southern Military District - headquarters in Rostov-on-Don;
• (Green) Central Military District - headquarters in Yekaterinburg;
• (Yellow) Eastern Military District - headquarters in Khabarovsk.

Types of armed forces

Ground troops

Ground Forces, SV- the most numerous type in terms of combat composition armed forces. Ground forces are designed to conduct an offensive in order to defeat the enemy grouping, capture and hold his territories, regions and lines, deliver fire strikes to a great depth, and repel enemy incursions and large airborne assault forces. The ground forces of the Russian Federation, in turn, include the types of troops:

• Motorized Rifle Troops, MSV- the most numerous branch of the ground forces, is a mobile infantry equipped with infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. They consist of motorized rifle formations, units and subunits, which include motorized rifle, artillery, tank and other units and subunits.
• Tank troops, TV- the main strike force of the ground forces, maneuverable, highly mobile and resistant to the effects of nuclear weapons, troops designed to carry out deep breakthroughs and develop operational success, are able to overcome water obstacles on the move in fords and at crossing facilities. Tank troops consist of tank, motorized rifle (mechanized, motorized infantry), missile, artillery and other subunits and units.
• Rocket troops and artillery, RVIA designed for fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy. They are armed with cannon and rocket artillery. They consist of formations of units and subunits of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, as well as artillery reconnaissance, command and control.
• Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces- a branch of the ground forces, designed to protect the ground forces from enemy air attack means, to defeat them, as well as to prohibit his air reconnaissance. Air Defense Forces are armed with mobile, towed and portable anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft gun systems.
• Special troops and services- a set of troops and services of the ground forces, designed to perform highly specialized operations to ensure combat and daily activities armed forces. The special forces consist of radiation, chemical and biological defense troops (RCB protection troops), engineering troops, signal troops, electronic warfare troops, railway, automobile troops, etc.

Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Chirkin, Chief of the General Staff - Lieutenant General Sergei Istrakov.

Air Force

Air Force, Air Force- a branch of the Armed Forces designed to conduct reconnaissance of enemy groupings, ensure the gain of dominance (deterrence) in the air, protect important military-economic regions and facilities of the country and groupings of troops from air strikes, warn of an air attack, defeat objects that form the basis of military and the military and economic potential of the enemy, air support for ground and naval forces, airborne landings, transportation of troops and materiel by air. The Russian Air Force includes:

• Long-range aviation- the main striking weapon of the Air Force, designed to defeat (including nuclear) groupings of troops, aviation, naval forces of the enemy and destroy its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers in strategic and operational depth. It can also be involved in aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
• Front-line aviation- the main striking force of the Air Force, solves problems in combined arms, joint and independent operations, is designed to destroy enemy troops and objects in operational depth in the air, on land and at sea. It can be used for aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
• Army Aviation Designed for aviation support of the Ground Forces by destroying ground armored mobile targets of the enemy at the forefront and in tactical depth, as well as to ensure combined arms combat and increase the mobility of troops. Army aviation units and subunits perform fire, airborne transport, reconnaissance and special combat missions.
• Military transport aviation- one of the types of military aviation, which is part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It provides air transportation of troops, military equipment and cargo, as well as airborne landings. Performs sudden tasks in peacetime in the event of both natural and man-made emergencies, and conflict situations in a particular region that pose a threat to the security of the state. The main purpose of military transport aviation is to ensure the strategic mobility of the Russian Armed Forces, and in peacetime - to ensure the vital activity of troops in various regions.
• Special aviation designed to solve a wide range of tasks: early warning and control, electronic warfare, reconnaissance and target designation, providing control and communications, refueling aircraft in the air, conducting radiation, chemical and engineering reconnaissance, evacuating the wounded and sick, searching and rescuing flight crews and etc.
• Anti-aircraft missile troops, ZRV designed to protect important administrative and economic regions and objects of Russia from air attacks.
• Radio engineering troops, RTV designed to conduct radar reconnaissance, issue information for radar support of anti-aircraft missile forces and aviation units, as well as to control the use of airspace.

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Lieutenant General Viktor Bondarev

Navy

Navy- a type of armed forces designed to conduct search and rescue operations, protect the economic interests of Russia, conduct combat operations in the sea and ocean theaters of military operations. The navy is capable of inflicting conventional and nuclear strikes on the enemy's sea and coastal forces, disrupting its sea communications, landing amphibious assault forces, etc. The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea and Caspian flotilla. The Navy includes:

• submarine force- the main striking force of the fleet. Submarine forces are capable of secretly entering the ocean, approaching the enemy and inflicting a sudden and powerful blow on him by conventional and nuclear means. In the submarine forces, multi-purpose / torpedo ships and missile cruisers are distinguished.
• surface forces provide covert access to the ocean and the deployment of submarine forces, their return. Surface forces are capable of transporting and covering landings, laying and removing minefields, disrupting enemy communications and protecting their own.
• Naval aviation- the aviation component of the Navy. Allocate strategic, tactical, deck and coastal aviation. Naval aviation is designed to deliver bombing and missile strikes against enemy ships and coastal forces, conduct radar reconnaissance, search for submarines and destroy them.
• Coastal troops designed to protect naval bases and naval bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands and straits from attack by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships. Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.
• Formations and units of special forces of the Navy- formations, units and subunits of the Navy, designed to conduct special events on the territory of enemy naval bases and in coastal areas, and conduct reconnaissance.

Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the Russian Armed Forces - Admiral Viktor Chirkov, Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy - Admiral Alexander Tatarinov.

Independent branches of the military

Aerospace Defense Troops

Aerospace Defense Troops- an independent branch of the military, designed to communicate information about the warning of a missile attack, the missile defense of Moscow, the creation, deployment, maintenance and management of an orbital group of spacecraft for military, dual, socio-economic and scientific purposes. Complexes and systems of the Space Forces solve tasks of a nationwide strategic scale not only in the interests of the Armed Forces and other power structures, but also of most ministries and departments, the economy, and the social sphere. The structure of the Space Forces includes:

• The First State Test Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" (until 2007 the Second State Test Cosmodrome "Svobodny" also functioned, until 2008 - the Fifth State Test Cosmodrome "Baikonur", which later became only a civilian cosmodrome)
• Launch of military spacecraft
• Launch of dual-purpose spacecraft
• G. S. Titov Main Test Space Center
• Office for the introduction of cash settlement services
• Military educational institutions and support units (The main educational institution is the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy)

Commander of the Space Forces - Lieutenant General Oleg Ostapenko, Chief of the General Staff - Major General Vladimir Derkach. On December 1, 2011, a new branch of the military took up combat duty - the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO).

Strategic Rocket Forces

Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN)- type of army Armed Forces, the main component of Russia's strategic nuclear forces. The Strategic Missile Forces are intended for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potential of the enemy. The Strategic Missile Forces are armed with ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.

• three missile armies (headquarters in the cities of Vladimir, Orenburg, Omsk)
• 4th State Central Interspecific Test Site Kapustin Yar (which also includes the former 10th Test Site Sary-Shagan in Kazakhstan)
• 4th Central Research Institute (Yubileiny, Moscow Region)
• educational institutions (Peter the Great Military Academy in Moscow, military institute in the city of Serpukhov)
• arsenals and central repair plants, storage bases for weapons and military equipment

Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces - Colonel General Sergey Viktorovich Karakaev.

Airborne Troops

Airborne Troops (VDV)- an independent branch of the armed forces, which includes airborne formations: airborne and airborne assault divisions and brigades, as well as individual units. Airborne Forces are designed for operational landing and combat operations behind enemy lines.

The Airborne Forces have 4 divisions: 7th (Novorossiysk), 76th (Pskov), 98th (Ivanovo and Kostroma), 106th (Tula), Training Center (Omsk), Ryazan Higher School, 38th communications regiment, 45th recon. regiment, 31st brigade (Ulyanovsk). In addition, in the military districts (subordinate to the district or the army) there are airborne (or air assault) brigades, which administratively belong to the Airborne Forces, but are operationally subordinate to the commander of the military district.

Commander of the Airborne Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Shamanov.

Armament and military equipment

Traditionally, starting from the middle of the 20th century, foreign military equipment and weapons were almost completely absent in the USSR Armed Forces. A rare exception was the production of the socialist countries 152-mm self-propelled guns vz.77). In the USSR, a completely self-sufficient military production was created, which was capable of producing for the needs of armed forces any weapons and equipment. During the years of the Cold War, its gradual accumulation took place, and by 1990 the volume of armaments in the USSR Armed Forces reached unprecedented levels: only in the ground forces there were about 63 thousand tanks, 86 thousand infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 42 thousand artillery barrels. A significant part of these reserves went into Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other republics.

At present, the T-64, T-72, T-80, T-90 tanks are in service with the ground forces; infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3; airborne combat vehicles BMD-1, BMD-2, BMD-3, BMD-4M; armored personnel carriers BTR-70, BTR-80; armored vehicles GAZ-2975 "Tiger", Italian Iveco LMV; self-propelled and towed cannon artillery; multiple launch rocket systems BM-21, 9K57, 9K58, TOS-1; tactical missile systems Tochka and Iskander; air defense systems Buk, Tor, Pantsir-S1, S-300, S-400.

The Air Force is armed with MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27, Su-30, Su-35 fighters; front-line bombers Su-24 and Su-34; Su-25 attack aircraft; long-range and strategic missile bombers Tu-22M3, Tu-95, Tu-160. An-22, An-70, An-72, An-124, Il-76 aircraft are used in military transport aviation. Special aircraft are used: the Il-78 air tanker, Il-80 and Il-96-300PU air command posts, A-50 early warning aircraft. The Air Force is also armed with combat helicopters Mi-8, Mi-24 of various modifications, Mi-35M, Mi-28N, Ka-50, Ka-52; as well as anti-aircraft missile systems S-300 and S-400. The Su-35S and T-50 multirole fighters (factory index) are being prepared for adoption.

The Navy has one project 1143.5 aircraft-carrying cruiser, project 1144 and project 1164 missile cruisers, project 1155 and project 956 large anti-submarine destroyers, project 20380 and project 1124 corvettes, sea and base minesweepers, project 775 landing ships. the submarine forces include multi-purpose torpedo ships of project 971, project 945, project 671, project 877; project 949 missile submarines, project 667BDRM, 667BDR, 941 strategic missile cruisers, as well as project 955 SSBNs.

Nuclear weapon

Russia has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and the second largest grouping of strategic nuclear weapons carriers after the United States. By the beginning of 2011, the strategic nuclear forces had 611 "deployed" strategic carriers capable of carrying 2,679 nuclear warheads. In arsenals in long-term storage in 2009, there were about 16,000 warheads. The deployed strategic nuclear forces are distributed in the so-called nuclear triad: intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and strategic bombers are used to deliver it. The first element of the triad is concentrated in the Strategic Missile Forces, where the R-36M, UR-100N, RT-2PM, RT-2PM2 and RS-24 missile systems are in service. The naval strategic forces are represented by R-29R, R-29RM, R-29RMU2 missiles, which are carried by strategic missile submarines of projects 667BDR "Kalmar", 667BDRM "Delfin". The R-30 iRPKSN missile of project 955 "Borey" was put into service. Strategic aviation is represented by Tu-95MS and Tu-160 aircraft armed with Kh-55 cruise missiles.

Non-strategic nuclear forces are represented by tactical missiles, artillery shells, guided and free-fall bombs, torpedoes, and depth charges.

Funding and provision

Financing armed forces is carried out from the federal budget of Russia under the item of expenditure "National Defense".

Russia's first military budget in 1992 was 715 trillion non-denominated rubles, which was equal to 21.5% of total spending. It was the second largest expenditure item of the republican budget, second only to the financing of the national economy (803.89 trillion rubles). In 1993, only 3,115.508 billion non-denominated rubles (3.1 billion in nominal terms at current prices) were allocated for national defense, which accounted for 17.70% of total spending. In 1994, 40.67 trillion rubles were allocated (28.14% of total expenditures), in 1995 - 48.58 trillion (19.57% of total expenditures), in 1996 - 80.19 trillion (18.40 % of total expenses), in 1997 - 104.31 trillion (19.69% of total expenses), in 1998 - 81.77 billion denominated rubles (16.39% of total expenses).

As part of the appropriations under section 02 "National Defense", which finances most of the expenses of the Russian Ministry of Defense in 2013, budgetary funds are provided for solving key issues of the Armed Forces, including further re-equipment with new models of weapons, military and special equipment, social protection and provision of housing for military personnel, solving other problems. In the bill, expenditures under section 02 "National Defense" for 2013 are provided in the amount of 2,141.2 billion rubles and exceed the volumes of 2012 by 276.35 billion rubles, or 14.8% in nominal terms. National defense spending in 2014 and 2015 is provided for in the amount of 2,501.4 billion rubles and 3,078.0 billion rubles, respectively. The growth of budget allocations compared to the previous year is envisaged in the amount of 360.2 billion rubles (17.6%) and 576.6 billion rubles (23.1%). In accordance with the draft law, in the planned period, the growth in the share of national defense spending in total federal budget expenditures will be 16.0% in 2013 (14.5% in 2012), 17.6% in 2014 and 17.6% in 2015. - 19.7%. The share of planned spending on national defense in relation to GDP in 2013 will be 3.2%, in 2014 - 3.4% and in 2015 - 3.7%, which is higher than the parameters of 2012 (3.0%) .

Military service

military service in Russian Armed Forces provided both by contract and by conscription. The minimum age of a serviceman is 18 years (for cadets of military educational institutions it may be less at the time of enrollment), the maximum age is 65 years.

Acquisition

Army, aviation and navy officers serve only under contract. The officer corps is trained mainly in higher military educational institutions, after which the cadets are awarded the military rank of "lieutenant". The first contract with cadets - for the entire period of study and for 5 years of military service - is, as a rule, concluded in the second year of study. Citizens who are in the reserve, including those who have received the rank of "lieutenant" and are assigned to the reserve after training at military departments (faculties of military training, cycles, military training centers) at civilian universities.

Private and junior officers are recruited both by conscription and by contract. All male citizens of the Russian Federation liable for military service between the ages of 18 and 27 are subject to conscription. The term of service on conscription is one calendar year. Conscription campaigns are carried out twice a year: spring - from April 1 to July 15, autumn - from October 1 to December 31. After 6 months of service, any soldier can submit a report on the conclusion of the first contract with him - for 3 years. The age limit for the conclusion of the first contract is 40 years.

The overwhelming majority of military personnel are men, in addition, about 50 thousand women are serving in the military: 3 thousand in officer positions (including 28 colonels), 11 thousand ensigns and about 35 thousand in private and sergeant positions. At the same time, 1.5% of female officers (~45 people) serve in primary command positions in the troops, the rest - in staff positions.

A distinction is made between the current mobilization reserve (the number to be called up in the current year), the organized mobilization reserve (the number of those who previously served in the Armed Forces and are enlisted in the reserve) and the potential mobilization reserve (the number of people who can be drafted into the troops (forces) in case of mobilization). In 2009, the potential mobilization reserve amounted to 31 million people (for comparison: in the USA - 56 million people, in China - 208 million people). In 2010, the organized mobilized reserve (reserve) amounted to 20 million people. According to some domestic demographers, the number of 18-year-olds (the current mobilization reserve) will be reduced by 4 times by 2050 and will amount to 328 thousand people. Making a calculation based on the data of this article, the potential mobilization reserve of Russia in 2050 will be 14 million people, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Number of members

In 2011, the number of personnel Russian Armed Forces was about 1 million people. The million army was the result of a gradual long-term reduction from 2,880 thousand in the armed forces in 1992 (-65.3%). By 2008, almost half of the personnel were officers, ensigns and midshipmen. During the military reform of 2008, the positions of warrant officers and midshipmen were reduced, and about 170 thousand officer positions were also eliminated, whereby the share of officers in the states was about 15%[ source not specified 562 days], but later, by decree of the President, the established number of officers was increased to 220 thousand people.

In staffing Sun includes ordinary and junior command staff (sergeants and foremen) and officers serving in military units and central, district and local military authorities in military positions provided for by the staff of certain units, in commandant's offices, military commissariats, military missions abroad, as well as cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers. Outside the state there are servicemen transferred to the disposal of commanders and chiefs due to the temporary absence of vacant positions or the impossibility of dismissing a serviceman.

Cash allowance

The monetary allowance of military personnel is regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2011 N 306-FZ "On the monetary allowance of military personnel and the provision of certain payments to them." The salaries for military positions and salaries for military ranks are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 5, 2011 No. 992 "On the establishment of salaries for the monetary maintenance of military personnel serving under a contract."

The monetary allowance of military personnel consists of salary salaries (salary according to military position and salary according to military rank), incentive and compensatory (additional) payments. Additional payments include:

• for seniority
• for excellent qualification
• for work with information constituting a state secret
• for special conditions of military service
• for the performance of tasks directly related to the risk to life and health in peacetime
• for special achievements in service

In addition to six monthly additional payments, annual bonuses are provided for conscientious and efficient performance of official duties; the established coefficient to the salary of military personnel serving in areas with adverse climatic or environmental conditions, outside the territory of Russia, and so on.

Military training

In 2010, more than 2 thousand events were held with practical actions of formations and military units. This is 30% more than in 2009.

The largest of them was the operational-strategic exercise "Vostok-2010". Up to 20 thousand military personnel, 4 thousand units of military equipment, up to 70 aircraft and 30 ships took part in it.

In 2011, it is planned to hold about 3,000 practical events. The most important of them is the Center-2011 operational-strategic exercise.

The most important event in the Armed Forces in 2012 and the end of the summer training period were the strategic command and staff exercises "Kavkaz-2012".

Food for military personnel

To date, the diet of military personnel Russian Armed Forces is organized according to the principle of building food rations and is built "on a system of natural rationing, the structural basis of which is a physiologically based set of products for the corresponding contingents of military personnel, adequate to their energy consumption and professional activities." According to Vladimir Isakov, head of the logistics of the Russian armed forces, “... today, the diet of a Russian soldier and sailor has more meat, fish, eggs, butter, sausages and cheeses. For example, the daily norm of meat for each serviceman, according to the norm of combined arms rations, has increased by 50 g and now stands at 250 g. Coffee appeared for the first time, and the norms for issuing juices (up to 100 g), milk and butter were also increased ... ".

By decision of the Minister of Defense of Russia, 2008 was declared the year of improving the nutrition of the personnel of the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

The role of the armed forces in politics and society

According to the Federal Law "On Defense" armed forces form the basis of the defense of the state and are the main element in ensuring its security. Armed forces in Russia they are not an independent political entity, they do not take part in the struggle for power and the formation of state policy. At the same time, it is noted that a distinctive feature of the Russian system of state power is the decisive role of the President in the relationship between power and armed forces, whose order actually outputs Sun from under the report and control of both the legislative and executive authorities, with the formal presence of parliamentary oversight. In the recent history of Russia, there were cases when armed forces directly intervened in the political process and played a key role in it: during the coup attempt in 1991 and during the constitutional crisis of 1993. Among the most famous political and state figures of Russia in the past, active military personnel were V.V. Putin, the former governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Alexander Lebed, the former plenipotentiary representative of the President in the Siberian Federal District Anatoly Kvashnin, the governor of the Moscow region Boris Gromov and many others. Vladimir Shamanov, who headed the Ulyanovsk region in 2000-2004, continued his military service after resigning as governor.

Armed forces are one of the largest objects of budget financing. In 2011, about 1.5 trillion rubles were allocated for the purposes of national defense, which amounted to more than 14% of all budget expenditures. For comparison, this is three times more spending on education, four times more on healthcare, 7.5 times more on housing and communal services, or more than 100 times more on environmental protection. However, military personnel, civil servants Armed Forces, workers in defense production, employees of military scientific organizations make up a significant proportion of the economically active population of Russia.

Russian military installations abroad

Current

• Russian military installations in the CIS
• On the territory of the city of Tartus in Syria, there is a MTO point of Russia.
• Military bases on the territory of partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Planned to open

• According to some Russian media, in a few years Russia will have bases for its warships on the island of Socotra (Yemen) and Tripoli (Libya) (due to the change of power in these states, plans will most likely not be implemented).

Closed

• In 2001, the Russian government decided to close military bases in Cam Ranh (Vietnam) and Lourdes (Cuba) due to changes in the geopolitical situation in the world.
• In 2007, the Georgian government decided to close Russian military bases in its country.

Problems

In 2011, 51 conscript soldiers, 29 contract soldiers, 25 ensigns and 14 officers committed suicide (for comparison, in the US Army in 2010, 156 military personnel committed suicide, in 2011 - 165 military personnel and in 2012 - 177 servicemen). The most suicidal year for the Russian Armed Forces was 2008, when 292 people in the army and 213 in the navy committed suicide.

There is a direct relationship between suicide and the loss of social status - what is called the "King Lear complex". Thus, a high suicide rate among retired officers, young soldiers, people taken into custody, recent pensioners

Corruption

Employees of the Military Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee of Russia are conducting pre-investigation checks on the fact of the activities of not only the central office of Slavyanka, but also its regional divisions. Most of these inspections develop into investigations into embezzlement of budgetary funds. So, the other day, military investigators near Moscow opened a criminal case on the fact of the theft of about 40,000,000 rubles received by the Solnechnogorsky branch of Slavyanka OJSC. This money was supposed to be used to repair the buildings of the Ministry of Defense, but it turned out to be stolen and “cashed out”.

Problems of realization of freedom of conscience

The establishment of the institution of military priests can be considered a violation of freedom of conscience and religion.

The events of the last weeks of the past year, connected with the dismissal of a number of officials and officials of the Russian Ministry of Defense, are still in the center of public attention. Political figures, up to the first persons of the state, also had to respond to sensational revelations in the military department. However the logic of reasoning of other high-ranking dignitaries is as follows: yes - they were stealing, yes - they did not cope. For which they were fired. But in general, military reform was carried out in the right direction..

Most of the positive assessments of the reforms of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation come from people who have little knowledge of military affairs and defense construction. They operate with data that they receive from the same high-ranking officials of the Ministry of Defense. And therefore mistakes made are often presented as successes, shortcomings are presented as advantages.

This is how achievement myths were born. It is not easy to verify them, since the only uncompromising expert on the effectiveness of military-strategic, military-economic and military-technical measures carried out in the state is war. Fortunately, we have the opportunity to deal with the "mythology" of the new look, without resorting to the results of such a bloody examination. Because an unbiased analysis of the new look is a chance to correct the mistakes made.

Why did they break spears

Myth one - on the successful improvement of the organization of the Armed Forces. First of all, this refers to the transition from a five-level to a three-level organizational structure.

This legend is verified by simple arithmetic. In the recent past, the Russian army had not even five, but nine levels of military hierarchy, this is:
- grouping of troops in the theater of operations (TVD)
- front (in peacetime - military district)
- combined arms army or army corps
motorized rifle division or brigade
- regiment
- battalion
- company
- platoon
- department.

As a result of the transition to a new look, we have:
- grouping of troops in the theater
- a grouping of troops in a strategic direction, closed to the operational-strategic command (OSK)
- army
- brigade
- battalion
- company
- platoon
- department.

There are eight instances in total. "Savings" occurred only at the regimental level - it allegedly disappeared. But this is only at first glance. New operational formations appeared under the command of USC - the Air Force and Air Defense Commands. And they, in turn, consist of aerospace defense brigades, which include nothing more than regiments (anti-aircraft missile, radio engineering). Here is the loss. It turns out that the new organizational structure has the same number of levels of the military hierarchy (and, at the same time, administrative instances) as the liquidated old one. And it was worth breaking spears?!

One of the arguments in favor of the transition from divisional to brigade structure was the experience of advanced countries. However, here too the reformers got it wrong. In the US armed forces, as there were divisions (mechanized, armored, infantry, etc.), they remained. The divisional structure also forms the backbone of the ground forces of the People's Liberation Army of China.

If we recall that war presupposes an armed clash with the enemy, then the combat potentials of the opposing military formations must be mutually comparable. In other words, the brigade is at war with the brigade of the opposing side, and not with its division or army. But this just doesn't work. For some reason, the normative zone of defense (offensive) of our "compact" land brigade turned out to be equal to the zone of application of the "non-compact" mechanized division - 20 km along the front.

In the event of a military conflict with an enemy whose armed forces structure coincides with the American one, converge in this lane:
from the Russian side:
- two motorized rifle battalions
- two tank battalions
- two artillery battalions
- one reactive battery

from the side of the enemy:
- two heavy brigades
- two brigade groups
- one brigade of army aviation
- one artillery brigade.

TOTAL:
- against 170 enemy tanks, we will put up 84 tanks;
- against 394 of his infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers - 263 of his own;
- 16 thousand soldiers and officers of a mechanized division will meet on the battlefield with 4.5 thousand soldiers and officers of a motorized rifle brigade of the Russian Ground Forces.

And to add to the above, we will not put up anything against 118 army aviation helicopters, regularly located in the division of the American army (including 24 strike ones), due to their categorical absence in the state of the brigade of a new look. Let's add to this the little things:
- threefold superiority of the alleged enemy in artillery pieces and mortars;
- sixfold superiority in multiple launch rocket systems, etc.

Despite these figures, some military leaders have taken to hanging pasta on the sense organs of Russian citizens. Some compare the effectiveness of our new brigade with our old division. Others - with similar compounds of the alleged adversary. And (oh, a miracle!) The results of the comparison fully justify the brigade-battalion structure of the troops. It's like the old joke that a Soviet person's salary is small but good.

But the most popular "trump card" in favor of the transition from a division to a brigade was the supposedly higher combat readiness, mobility and compactness of the latter. You can't argue here. However, if such criteria as compactness and mobility are put at the forefront, then it would be worth it to fight in platoons or individual crews. A single infantry fighting vehicle or tank is much more compact and faster than a compound. However, then it is not clear: why in the most highly mobile branch of the armed forces, which are rightfully considered the Airborne Forces, they did not abandon the "clumsy" divisions? The divisions have survived in the Strategic Missile Forces and the Navy.

Along with the level "savings", it is presented as an achievement that the Russian Armed Forces have become three-service. In this they allegedly compare favorably with the Soviet ones, which included five types: SV, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Forces of the country, Strategic Missile Forces. Let us remind the forgetful reformers that, along with the three services (SV, Air Force, Navy), the RF Armed Forces of the new look include three independent branches of the military (RVSN, Airborne Forces, Aerospace Defense Troops).

What is the difference between a branch of troops and a type? A change in the sign of the main command to command and a reduction in the military rank and salary of the commander and some officials of his apparatus. That, in fact, is all. Therefore, with a certain "rounding" of concepts, we can consider the modern RF Armed Forces to be six types.

Jackets at the forefront

The second myth was the declared optimization of the command and control system. Several aspects should be considered here. First of all, it is a mirror reflection of the considered organizational structure, since the number of management units corresponds to the number of floors of the organizational vertical. And there, as was shown above, there are no significant progressive innovations.

In addition, the "optimization" of staffing in the command and control bodies of some military formations is unlikely to improve the quality and efficiency of decision-making and planning of military operations, setting tasks for subordinates and monitoring their implementation. Let's back it up with numbers.

The Stryker Mechanized Brigade of the US Armed Forces has 124 employees. The management of our motorized rifle brigade of a new look - 87 people. The first thing that causes bewilderment is that this number of managers includes 25 civilian personnel. And in the state of wartime. Given the fact that these functionaries are located within a 15-kilometer zone from the front line and within reach of practically all enemy weapons, what is their status in the domestic legal field and within the framework of international humanitarian law?

For information: in the wartime states, neither the rifle brigade of 1944, nor the motorized rifle brigade of 1999 provided for a single civilian cage. They are not in the mechanized brigade of the American army.

The indicated “savings” on the personnel of the command body of the brigade of a new look with respect to the formation of our overseas opponents of a similar status could be justified by the highest degree of automation of command and control processes and better organized communications in the Russian army. But such a hypothesis is unrealistic even to admit. And not only in the Ground Forces, but also in the most high-tech branches of the Armed Forces.

Let us recall how the Air Force aviation was controlled during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict in August 2008. A mobile phone and a strong word of the commander-in-chief, addressed directly to the pilot, bypassing the entire chain of command, ignoring the system of command posts. With such an organization of management, neither headquarters nor combat crews are really needed ...

The next aspect is that any control system is more effective, the simpler and clearer it is designed.. But, afraid to admit and correct the mistakes made, all new solutions were “softly built in” into the old multi-layered management structure. The created structure became more and more cumbersome and sophisticated. Especially from these "rationalizations" suffered troops and forces fighting in the aerospace sphere.

At one of the military-scientific conferences, the Commander of the Aerospace Defense Troops, touching upon the problems of command and control of the air defense troops on duty, rightly noted that, being responsible for the implementation of a set of combat duty tasks in this area in the airspace of the entire state, he leads only the formations deployed in the central part of Russia . The rest of the air defense troops and forces (VKO) are subordinate to other persons: directly - to the commander-in-chief of the Air Force, operationally - to the commander of military districts (OSK). Plural power and anarchy are equally destructive. All this breeds irresponsibility.. If a case similar to the flight of Matthias Rust were repeated today, it would not even be easy to find candidates for the “switchmen”.

In addition, the Armed Forces have been living without documents regulating their combat activities for more than a decade and a half. The random vector of reform causes the same shyness in the documentary base. A whole generation of officers grew up on temporary instructions, combat manuals and manuals, countless clarifications and additions to them. But this is the legal foundation for the management activities of the commander and headquarters. It is easy to imagine how the work on writing the relevant projects was organized.

At a meeting in October 2011, one of the senior officials of the General Staff admonished the assembled scientists: “ Work through the charters American, French, German, English. Think and you will have thoughts... ". And this is in the victorious army, which defeated Napoleon and Hitler, which had the most advanced tactics, operational art and war strategy! The thoughts of those present, of course, did not appear with this approach ...

Among other things, infinitely confusing system of military concepts. Some effective civil manager (apparently from the peasantry) needed to introduce air bases of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd categories instead of the historical names of the Air Force military formations. Reminds fruit and vegetable storehouses of the recent past. Was it not under this impression that one aviation general, after being transferred to the reserve, headed the Tver Agricultural Academy? And perhaps soon the spring plowing of the land will be called a field battle, the harvest of root crops will turn into an offensive operation, and successive farmers will be awarded the next ranks?

The misunderstanding of the difference between the command and control body of a military formation and the military formation itself has led to absurd tautologies. For example, the person in charge of the operations of an Air Force operational formation is now called the "Commander of the Air Force and Air Defense Command." Who and why needed to break what is familiar and working, into something alien and dead?

Personnel repression

Fable number three: personnel policy was reasonably implemented. Let us recall the latest "achievements" of the leaders of the military department in this field of activity. Within two years, about 200,000 officers and ensigns were dismissed from the Armed Forces. Moreover, in the first place, personnel repressions (and how else to call it) were subjected to specialists of the middle command, staff and engineering levels.

The current majors and lieutenant colonels in the 90s were 17-year-old boys. The state convinced young people that they were in demand, and gave legal guarantees of the statutory procedure for military service - from taking the oath to dismissal upon reaching the age limit. It is unlikely that at least one of the current mature and experienced officers would choose the profession of "defending the Motherland", knowing that in 15 years he would be thrown out of the ranks of the Armed Forces. And those who remained to serve found themselves in a completely different legal field, which did not correspond to the situation in which they decided to devote their lives to military service to the state.

But it's not even about the broken fates of tens of thousands of servicemen loyal to Russia. These deceived people will convince their children, nephews and grandchildren that it is not worth believing in the state and devoting your life to military service, that the state will first lure, and then certainly wipe their feet on them. The processes taking place in the army gave the most negative result, which is called demoralization. Moreover, there are a number of reasons to consider it not accidental, but deeply thought out.

How can it be explained that thousands of officers who have reasons for legal dismissal from the ranks of the Armed Forces are “at disposal” for several years?
- they partially receive monetary allowance, but at the same time they have the right not to perform any official duties;
- they occupy full-time cells as part of units and subunits and therefore (as military personnel) do not have the right to receive a pension or get a job;
- they are waiting for the allocation of apartments, which (as it turns out) have long been stolen by officials of the defense department.

Military courts are full of lawsuits from military personnel whose rights are infringed(various underpayments, insecurity by type of allowance, abuse, misinterpretation of laws, etc.). Many of them had the feeling that they and the Ministry of Defense were on opposite sides of the trenches and were waging an uncompromising struggle with each other. When was this?

extra science

Fourth fable: the system of training military personnel was reorganized and the mechanism of military scientific research was streamlined. Nowhere are mistakes so costly as in matters of education, training and placement of specialists. Human resources are the key to the viability of any organization. The way the Ministry of Defense has shown concern for preserving and increasing the golden fund of the Armed Forces undermines the foundations of national security.

For several years, the recruitment of cadets to military schools and students to military academies was suspended. This is explained by excess. But those who today command regiments and brigades know that there is a real personnel failure in the troops. Instead of a surplus, there is a shortage of junior and middle-level officers. As a result, inexperienced officers who have not seen the training grounds and who have not had time to take part in serious military exercises are appointed to higher positions.

A number of graduates of military schools, due to the lack of positions for professional purposes, were asked to make a shameful choice - to take a sergeant's position or quit the Armed Forces. Isn't such resentment a ticking time bomb? Would a young man with a broken officer's fate be a patriot of such a state?

Probably, there were really more military educational institutions in the country than necessary. In terms of reform, 40 of them have been reduced and 10 enlarged military educational and scientific centers have been created. However, no one has heard clear justifications for their required number and profile. But for some reason, the most sensitive blow of the reformers fell on high-tech universities.. Schools with a world brand were destroyed - the Air Force Engineering Academy named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky, the Air Force Academy named after Yu.A. Gagarin. The intrigues around the only university in the world that trains complex specialists of the Aerospace Defense region, the Military Academy of Aerospace Defense named after Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov, do not stop. Is it possible to call such high-precision hits an accident?

Irreparable damage has been done to the scientific and pedagogical staff. The teaching staff of military academies and schools has been reduced by 7 (!) times. These are not bus drivers or even lawyers who can be quickly recruited or trained as needed. A teacher of a military educational institution is a piece product that combines invaluable military experience, knowledge and culture. Among those left behind are doctors and candidates of sciences. They are not only skilled methodologists, but also bearers of the glorious traditions of the school. And this potential is easily dispersed in summer cottages, security companies, civilian universities ... It will take decades to grow a replacement for them. Is this not an anti-state policy?

In the surviving military educational institutions of the Russian Defense Ministry, the staff categories for those who train the younger generation of defenders of the Motherland have been sharply reduced. Today the teacher (both at the military school and at the military academy) is a major. Where will he come from? If from the troops, then from the position of company commander (or approximately equal). To prepare a cadet (future lieutenant), he will probably be an authoritative teacher.

But captains, majors and lieutenant colonels, officers from the positions of commanders of battalions, divisions, squadrons, their deputies, chiefs of staff enter the military academy. The position of destination of a graduate of the military academy is the deputy commander of the regiment. And the range of service levels for which she prepares is up to the deputy division commander. What will an officer teach him in the field of tactics, operational art, management, comprehensive support for military operations, who himself has not taken a sip of dashing in these positions?

Academic two-year education has replaced three-year education relatively recently. And the difference was immediately felt: the level of theoretical and practical preparedness of officers to perform duties according to their assigned position decreased. The general military outlook narrowed.

But the "reformers" were not embarrassed. Their plans were steeper - to move from an academic two-year education to a ten-month retraining course. This means that instead of an educated, erudite, cultured, trained professional, a system manager, we will have a narrowly focused artisan, somehow coping with the functional duties of his position.

The training of military personnel and the organization of scientific research have practically been taken out of the competence of the main staffs and commands. Military command and control bodies only indirectly influence the scientific and educational complex. The Ministry of Education and Science became the customer of its products. Civilian officials, who are entrusted with the functions of determining the required number and profile of military specialists, developing state educational standards, long-term planning of scientific research, the problems of military security and military art, are as distant and alien as problems of global warming or artificial insemination of rabbits are to regiment commanders.

The scientific and teaching staff must be replenished from somewhere. For decades, the role of such an "incubator" of young talents in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was performed by postgraduate courses created at universities and research institutes. But in order for an officer to be ready to formulate a scientific problem and independently (under the guidance of an experienced scientist) write a qualifying work (candidate's thesis), a certain initial level of knowledge is necessary. The bar for this minimum is quite high, and only a few graduates of military academies, after three (especially two) years of study, could be admitted to postgraduate studies.

Correspondence applicants for a scientific degree, who approved the topic of their dissertation, worked on the job, but had the same starting platform - academic education. The upcoming transfer of military academies to ten-month student training courses means that the training of military scientists and qualified teachers in the country is curtailed once and for all.

housing chaos

Fifth myth: the Ministry of Defense showed unprecedented concern for servicemen who are not provided with housing. Let's start with the fact that any comparison of the recently dismissed minister's work in this area with his predecessors will be biased. Indeed, under Mr. Serdyukov, more than 350 billion rubles were spent on the construction of apartments for officers.

There were no such financial injections into the housing complex under all the post-Soviet heads of the department taken together, so it is difficult to assess their concern for homeless subordinates. 100,000 apartments were built with these funds. But the waiting list for housing moved slowly. Apartments and entire houses intended for military personnel were not inhabited for various reasons, they went to the left. More officers were fired than were provided with housing. As a result, this promise to provide the army with permanent and temporary housing until 2011 remained unfulfilled.

Beyond Reason

The sixth fable is about increasing the monetary allowance of the officers of the Russian army at times. At one time, along with a rather modest financial security, the Russian legislator established significant social benefits for a service person:
— free travel to the place of vacation and back;
— compensation of the cost of travel in public urban and suburban transport;
- benefits for medical and sanatorium services;
- a certain formula for calculating pensions, severance pay, etc.

The adopted laws “On the Status of Servicemen”, “On the Procedure for Passing Military Service” and others were quite progressive. But as the officers served, their benefits were bashfully canceled by the state.

Each loudly announced increase in monetary allowance was accompanied by a quiet infringement of military personnel in other rights and opportunities. The one-time cash allowance (three salaries issued at the end of the year) and annual material assistance (two salaries) have already been cancelled. The severance pay for leaving the reserve from twenty times the salary turned into seven times.

When calculating pensions, military pensioners of the Ministry of Defense got a discriminatory reduction factor of 0.54, which was avoided by other civil servants wearing shoulder straps (judges of military courts, military prosecutors, employees of military investigative bodies, etc.).

And what was the cost of the ex-minister's cancellation of the right to free travel to the place of vacation. For example, if an officer serving in the center of Russia decides to get medical treatment in a sanatorium in Kamchatka, then with a voucher costing about 25 thousand rubles (perks for purchasing vouchers for active military personnel have also been cancelled), non-reimbursable travel expenses will cost him about 20 thousand rubles more. one side. Taking into account the way back, this will amount to 60-70 thousand! And if you go with your family - three of us, four of us ... The amount will go off scale. It is not surprising that with such a material barrier, military sanatoriums turned out to be unclaimed officers, and a significant part of them were either closed or sold out.

Yes, and with the increase in monetary allowance, something did not grow together. As is often the case, the idea to significantly improve the financial situation of servicemen dawned on the military-political leadership on the eve of the presidential elections. The corresponding order of the Minister of Defense dated November 30, 2011 No. 2700 fixed a new procedure for providing monetary allowances to military personnel. And during the two pre-election months, the Ministry of Defense was not stingy in payments.

But after the elections, it turned out that for some items of monetary allowance, military personnel were “erroneously” overpaid. In particular, this happened with the award for conscientious and efficient performance of official duties. Instead of up to 25% prescribed by order, during the first months of 2012, a number of units and institutions paid a bonus of 35%. It would seem that the defense department was mistaken - its problem. No, in the following months, to compensate for budget overruns, military personnel were limited to a bonus of 15%.

The total amount of money allowance for the officer was also lower than expected. For example, the promised 50 thousand rubles to the lieutenant turned into real 36 thousand rubles(Unless, of course, this graduate of a military school does not serve on a submarine or in the Far North, if he is not a war veteran, etc.).

There were also completely inexplicable distortions in the system of payment for military labor.. For example, the "weight" of the sports category "Candidate for Master of Sports" in monetary terms for a teacher of the Department of Physical Training turned out to be higher than the similar "weight" of the academic degree "PhD" for a teacher of the Department of Tactics or Operational Art. The bonus for a master of sports is higher than for a doctor of science.

But a 22-year-old graduate of a university of physical culture can come to a military academy or school as a teacher of physical training, and an officer who has passed through certain military positions, “worked out” combat missions at training grounds, graduated from a military academy and defended a dissertation becomes a teacher of operational-tactical disciplines. How far from the realities of military life must the author who issued the relevant proposals to the minister (and the head of the military department himself) be in order to allow such mistakes.

Outsourcing parenting

Another fable: there was a humanization of soldier's service. By itself, military service is inhumane by definition. The profession of a soldier, sergeant, officer, general is to physically destroy the enemy or control the people who destroy him. Killing an enemy on the battlefield is legal and blessed by the Church. But if you didn’t kill, they will kill you, outrage your family and homeland. Therefore, one must be stronger than the enemy, more resilient, smarter.

To achieve such an advantage is the highest humanity of a state that has called a citizen into military service. In order to educate a victorious warrior, he must be taught to overcome difficulties, and not to create hothouse conditions of service.

A soldier must be able to sleep deprivation, malnutrition and other malnutrition ...
On the other hand, to overcome, overcome, endure and other per...

Of course, all daily and combat activities should be carried out within the framework of the law. The soldier must be protected from hazing and abuse. He is not obliged to dig beds at the commander's dacha, to repair his apartment. A serviceman must be protected as much as possible from activities that are not related to combat training.

But when an afternoon nap and two days off a week are introduced for a young guy, when a light sports suit is issued for physical training (and you will have to fight in field uniform, berets, with a machine gun and with full gear), I involuntarily have a question: this pampered, caressed young man will be able to protect my country, my family in a difficult time of trials? Will he be able to sacrifice himself by fulfilling the oath, or will he run to the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers to seek protection before the battle?

Speaking about the humanization of military service, the introduction is noted as one of the achievements. By the decision of Serdyukov and his team, the maintenance (feeding, cleaning, energy supply, repair of equipment) of military units was transferred to third-party commercial organizations. This was motivated by the need to rid the troops of chores. Contrary to the favorable perception of outsourcing that has developed in society, I would like to make a number of fundamental objections.

Probably, the authors of the idea, as well as the statesmen who supported them, naively believe that the Russian army is the Kremlin company of the guard of honor and the military units of the Moscow garrison. But do they know that, for example, air defense combat duty is carried out by units and subunits stationed far from settlements, in the taiga and tundra, in the steppe and swamp, where no “Slavyanka” can reach (and why does she need these problems) ? And take the Strategic Missile Forces or the ships of the Navy ...

One gets the impression that we are building an army suitable for peacetime (for holding parades, concerts and demonstration inspections of the Russian Defense Ministry), and not for the armed defense of the state and people. An attempt to "pull" all the small military towns into one place, enlarge them and organize a single one there is not only unrealistic, but also harmful. After all, the troops are distributed throughout the country on the basis of operational expediency, and not from the convenience of economic activity and window dressing. And the violation of this operational formation (combat order, deployment system) is fraught with serious consequences in the event of war.

In addition, when emergencies occur in the country, along with units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, units of the RF Armed Forces are involved in the elimination of the consequences of natural and man-made disasters. Note, not hard workers from "Slavyanka" for money, but soldiers and officers for free. This is fine. And this was what the deputies of the State Duma called for in December 2012, when the center of Russia was subjected to severe winter tests. But why, say, to clear the snow on the territory of the native military unit for the same defenders of the Motherland should be shameful? Even in the pioneer camps of the Soviet era, the morning began with cleaning the territory. And the kids didn't get worse.

Finally, the most important thing. In order for a military formation to effectively fulfill its task in wartime, its combat activity must be comprehensively ensured. It is clear that there will be no civilian servants in the line of fire. This means that already in peacetime it is necessary to have those who will cook dinner, deliver ammunition, repair equipment, dress, cut, treat, etc., from among the staff of units and units.

Waiting for the break

Thus, even a cursory analysis of the "achievements" of military reform in recent years allows us to conclude that they all belong to the realm of mythology. Was the military reform of Serdyukov-Makarov doomed to failure a priori? An affirmative answer to the question posed follows from an interview given by the former Chief of the General Staff N. Makarov to the VPK correspondent in April 2011: “ We didn't have time to experiment. Therefore, we went for a radical reform even in the absence of a sufficient scientific and theoretical base…».

At the height of the transformations, when the irreversible processes of breaking the old system were already launched, he also admitted: “ Most importantly, we do not yet have an answer to the question: how to prioritize aircraft construction? No comment.

And in this sense, you will not envy the new Minister of Defense together with his team. One side, being a decent person and responsible for the assigned area of ​​work, Sergei Shoigu will certainly appreciate the "legacy" he has inherited. And he will do his best to change the situation. Alas, cosmetic repairs are indispensable here, it will only deepen the crisis. This means that a new global military reform is inevitable.

On the other hand, will the new minister get freedom of action or will he be handcuffed, forced to continue the line of his predecessor?

I recall that General of the Army Igor Nikolayevich Rodionov, who was appointed Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation in 1996, found himself in a similar situation. He had to make a choice: either carry out the concept of military reform lobbied by the Yeltsin team, but unacceptable by the general and ruinous for the country, or resign. As a decent person, he ended his career, and we now know about the zigzags of military reform that followed the departure of Igor Nikolayevich.

In any case, the Russian Armed Forces have a chance. A respected person in the country with favorable starting positions was admitted to the management of the military department. The main of these positions is the unconditional credit of trust of the personnel of the army and navy, which was not originally the predecessor. I would like to believe that this trust will continue in the future, the historical chance given to us will be used and the long-awaited turning point will come in the development of the military complex of the state.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (AF of Russia) is the state military organization of the Russian Federation, designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation.

The Armed Forces of Russia include the Ground Forces, the Air Force, and the Navy; separate types of troops - Space, Airborne Troops and Strategic Missile Forces; central bodies of military command; The rear of the Armed Forces, as well as troops that are not included in the types and types of troops.

The Russian Armed Forces were formed on May 7, 1992. This is one of the largest armed forces in the world, the number of their personnel is 1 million people. The Russian Armed Forces are distinguished by the presence of the world's largest arsenal of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, and a well-developed system of their delivery systems.

Supreme Commander

Main article: Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The President of the Russian Federation is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. In the event of aggression against the Russian Federation or an immediate threat of aggression, he introduces martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation or in certain areas of it, in order to create conditions for repelling or preventing it, with an immediate report on this to the Federation Council and the State Duma for approval of the corresponding decree. To resolve the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation, an appropriate resolution of the Federation Council is required. In peacetime, the head of state exercises general political leadership of the Armed Forces, and in wartime, he directs the defense of the state and its Armed Forces to repel aggression. The President of Russia also forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation (clause “g” of Article 83 of the Constitution); approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation (clause “h” of Article 83); appoints and dismisses the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (paragraph “l” of article 83). The President, as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, approves the Military Doctrine of Russia, the concept and plans for the development of the Armed Forces, the mobilization plan for the Armed Forces, the mobilization plans for the economy, the civil defense plan and other acts in the field of military development. The head of state also approves the combined arms charters, regulations on the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. The President annually issues decrees on conscription for military service, on the transfer to the reserve of persons of certain ages who have served in the Armed Forces, and signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation.

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Ministry of Defence

Main article: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense of Russia) is the governing body of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The main tasks of the Ministry of Defense include the development and implementation of state policy in the field of defense; legal regulation in the field of defense; organization of the use of the Armed Forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of the Russian Federation; maintaining the necessary readiness of the Armed Forces; implementation of measures for the construction of the Armed Forces; ensuring social protection of military personnel, civilian personnel of the Armed Forces, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families; development and implementation of state policy in the field of international military cooperation. The Ministry carries out its activities directly and through the governing bodies of military districts, other bodies of military command, territorial bodies, military commissariats.

The Ministry of Defense is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, who is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Prime Minister. The Minister reports directly to the President of the Russian Federation, and on issues referred by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees to the jurisdiction of the Government, to the Chairman of the Government. The minister bears personal responsibility for solving the tasks and exercising the powers assigned to the Ministry of Defense and the Armed Forces, and carries out his activities on the basis of unity of command. The ministry has a collegium consisting of the Minister, his first deputies and deputies, heads of ministry services, commanders-in-chief of the branches of the Armed Forces.

The current Minister of Defense is Anatoly Serdyukov.

General base

Chief of the General Staff General of the Army Nikolai Makarov

Main article: General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the central body of military command and control of the Armed Forces. The General Staff coordinates the activities of the border troops and bodies of the federal security service, the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Railway Troops, the federal body for special communications and information, the civil defense troops, engineering and road construction military formations, the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, federal bodies state guard, the federal body for providing mobilization training of state authorities to carry out tasks in the field of defense, construction and development of the Armed Forces, as well as their use. The General Staff consists of main directorates, directorates and other structural divisions.

The main tasks of the General Staff include the implementation of strategic planning for the use of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, taking into account their tasks and the military-administrative division of the country; conducting operational and mobilization training of the Armed Forces; the transfer of the Armed Forces to the organization and composition of wartime, the organization of the strategic and mobilization deployment of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies; coordinating activities to carry out military registration activities in the Russian Federation; organization of intelligence activities for defense and security purposes; planning and organization of communications; topographic and geodetic support of the Armed Forces; implementation of measures related to the protection of state secrets; conducting military scientific research.

The current Chief of the General Staff is Army General Nikolai Makarov.

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HistoryHistory of the Russian army

Army of Ancient Russia

Novgorod army

Army of Moscow Russia

Regiments of the "Foreign system"

Armed Forces of the Russian Empire

white army

Armed forces of the USSR

History of the Red Army

Armed forces of the Russian Federation

Armed Forces of Belarus

Armed forces of Ukraine

See also the article: History of the Russian army.

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The collapse of the Soviet armed forces

The first republican military department appeared in the RSFSR on July 14, 1990, however, due to the rejection by the majority of people's deputies of the RSFSR of the idea of ​​\u200b\u200ban independent armed forces, the department was called not the Ministry of Defense, but the RSFSR State Committee for Public Security and interaction with the USSR Ministry of Defense and the KGB of the USSR. After the coup attempt in Vilnius on January 13, 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia Boris Yeltsin took the initiative to create a republican army, and on January 31 the State Committee for Public Security was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Defense and Security, headed by General of the Army Konstantin Kobets . During 1991, the Committee was repeatedly modified and renamed. From August 19 (the day of the coup attempt in Moscow) to September 9, the Ministry of Defense of the RSFSR temporarily functioned.

At the same time, Yeltsin made an attempt to create the National Guard of the RSFSR, even began accepting volunteers. Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades of 3-5 thousand people, with a total number of no more than 100 thousand. It was supposed to deploy parts of the National Guard in 10 regions, including Moscow (3 brigades), Leningrad (2 brigades) and a number of other important cities and regions. Regulations were prepared on the structure, composition, recruitment methods, and tasks of the National Guard. By the end of September, about 15,000 people had signed up for the NG in Moscow, most of whom were SA servicemen. In the end, a draft decree "On the temporary situation on the Russian guard" fell on Yeltsin's table, but it was never signed.

After the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords on December 21, the member states of the newly created CIS signed a protocol on the temporary assignment to the last Minister of Defense of the USSR, Marshal of the Soviet Union Shaposhnikov, command of the armed forces on their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On February 14, 1992, he formally became the Supreme Commander of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, and the USSR Ministry of Defense was transformed into the Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS. On March 16, 1992, by Yeltsin's decree, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were created under the operational subordination of the Allied Command, as well as the Ministry of Defense, which was headed by the president himself. Finally, on May 7, a decree was signed on the creation of independent armed forces, and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (formally, this step was unconstitutional - an amendment to the 1978 constitution of the RSFSR, endowing the president with the powers of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, entered into force only on January 4 1993). General of the Army Grachev became the first minister of defense, and he was the first in the Russian Federation to be awarded this title.

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Armed forces in the 1990s

Main articles: Russian military installations in the CIS, First Chechen War, Second Chechen War

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation included associations, formations, military units, institutions, military educational institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Armed Forces of the USSR, located on the territory of Russia at the time of May 1992, as well as troops under Russian jurisdiction on the territory of the Transcaucasian Military District, Western, Northern and Northwestern Groups of Forces, the Black Sea Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla, the 14th Guards Army, formations, military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations on the territory of Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total number of 2.88 million human.

As part of the reform of the armed forces, the General Staff developed the so-called Mobile Forces concept. The mobile forces were supposed to be 5 separate motorized rifle brigades, staffed according to wartime states (95-100%) with a single staff and weapons. Thus, it was planned to get rid of the cumbersome mobilization mechanism, and in the future to transfer the entire army to a contract basis. However, by the end of 1993, only 3 such brigades were formed: the 74th, 131st and 136th, while it was not possible to either reduce the brigades to a single state (even battalions in the same brigade differed according to the state), nor to equip them according to wartime states. The understaffing of the units was so significant that at the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996), Grachev asked Boris Yeltsin to sanction limited mobilization, which was refused, and the United Group of Forces in Chechnya had to be formed from units from all military districts. The first Chechen war also revealed serious shortcomings in command and control.

After the war, Igor Rodionov was appointed the new Minister of Defense, in 1997 - Igor Sergeev. A new attempt was made to create fully equipped units with a single staff. As a result, by 1998, 4 categories of units and formations appeared in the Russian army:

constant readiness (staffing - 95-100% of the wartime staff);

reduced staff (staffing - up to 70%);

storage bases for weapons and military equipment (staffing - 5-10%);

cropped (staffing - 5-10%).

On April 28, 2014, the jubilee thematic Collection “Communications in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - 2014” was published, timed to coincide with the 95th anniversary of the Signal Troops, which will be celebrated on October 20, 2014. This is the 9th issue of the Collection. This and all previous editions are posted in the public domain on our website on the Internet.

The Collection contains 41 materials from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, 71 industrial enterprises provided articles for publication on their activities, modern and promising developments on specialized topics.

The first recipients of the Collection - 2014 were all those present at the celebrations dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Faculty of Communications of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces on April 26, 2014, for which we managed to print some part of the circulation by this date.

In addition, the Collection was received by all participants (both acting generals and officers, and veterans) of the traditional solemn meeting held by the head of the Main Directorate of Communications of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, dedicated to Victory Day and Radio Day, which took place in Moscow on May 5, 2014.

As previously planned, the Collection was presented and widely distributed from the Publisher's booth at the exhibitions "Communication - Expocomm - 2014", the Forum "Integrated Security". The publication was available to all visitors of our booth and absolutely free of charge.

The Main Directorate of Communications of the RF Armed Forces has already completed the distribution of the Collection on the Directorates of the Main Signals Directorate of the RF Armed Forces, the Directorates of the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff, the Directorates and departments of communications of all types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the bodies for organizing orders and deliveries for the signal troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, specialized higher military educational institutions and military departments of civilian universities, military scientific institutions, cooperating ministries and departments.

The collection was once again highly appreciated by both leaders and specialists of military communications, as well as enterprises and industrial organizations. In our numerous meetings, the recipients of the Collection noted that, along with interesting and useful materials from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and industry, the presence in the Collection of Questionnaires of enterprises participating in the Collection is very necessary. They are presented in a generalized formalized form (in the section of the website Participants of the Collection) the following information: full details (address, phone no., E-mail, www), full names of managers, a list of manufactured and supplied products, services and implemented projects. It should be noted that that information in this form is not available on the websites of most of the participants in the Collection.The exclusive materials published only in the Collection include: information about the leadership and composition of the GUS of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the tasks of the main structural units and information about their leaders.

We keep on our website the archives of all previous Collections (30 issues) not only in the direction of the Main Directorate of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, but also through the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the US Navy, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. They also contain Questionnaires for more than 700 industrial enterprises.

For the first time in the history of the Collection "Communication in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation" on May 14, 2014 in Moscow at the Expocenter during the exhibition "Communication-Expocomm-2014" its presentation was held. The event aroused great interest among the participants of the Collection, organizations - exhibitors and guests of the exhibition. The hall planned for the event could hardly fit everyone in. At the presentation, the leadership of the GUS of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation announced the start of preparations in the near future for the next (already tenth) issue of the thematic Collection “Communications in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - 2015”.

For the attention of industry organizations. The work of the Collection was not limited to participation in 2 exhibitions and the Presentation. The collection continues its work - to promote your products and services, to inform the relevant leaders and specialists from the field of military communications, related ministries and departments about you. Its full electronic version, together with the application on CD, is freely available on the Publisher's Website.