Weapons of the world and their names. Modern small arms and ammunition, the history of the emergence and development of small arms

Long story small arms originates in the Middle Ages, when there was a division firearms into two large independent "camps". The first included large, heavy samples of impressive calibers, for the movement of which draft animals were required or special arrangements, - artillery. The second group included relatively light firearms that could be carried by one person, and he could independently manage them. Since then, a lot of water has flowed under the bridge, and modern small arms are significantly different from the first, rather primitive, samples. On the other hand, the fundamental principles of its design and application have remained the same. A kind of revolution in the history of small arms occurred on turn of XIX and the twentieth century, when ammunition using smokeless powder appeared, which marked the advent of the era of automation. More and more new types and types of small arms began to enter the armament of the armies.

Since Homo sapiens appeared on the planet, weapons also began to develop. It is easy to explain this: defenseless people had to defend themselves from wild animals with something, to hunt them in order to survive. The weapon has gone through a lot of different transformations, and, unfortunately, its destructive power has increasingly been directed towards humans.

History of appearance

From time immemorial, people have been surrounded by dangers. They came from a person or animals, so the creation of weapons was a forced necessity. As progress progressed, weapons developed and improved in parallel. At first it was wooden: spears and clubs helped primitive people get food and defend themselves from their own kind. Further, with the advent of iron and bronze, spears and swords were made from new materials, more stable and strong. Melee weapons, the types of which are still undergoing changes, allowed people to cope with danger and not die of starvation.

The invention of gunpowder gave powerful push development in this direction: new types of weapons appeared much more often and were more diverse. Subsequently, nothing innovative was invented in this area, only the possibilities of the previously invented were expanded: appearance weapons, their properties were modernized. In particular, rifled weapons were invented, which significantly increased the power and range of destruction.

The second half of the 19th century introduced fundamental changes - rapid-fire and other modern views weapons.

Types of weapons

There are on the planet different kinds weapons. These are means of destruction for close combat, and firearms, and means mass destruction. The main types of weapons known to this moment are divided into the following groups:

Cold. It is designed for close combat and is driven by the muscular efforts of a person.
gunshot. This type is designed for mechanical destruction of the target at a distance. This happens due to the directed movement of the projectile, which is driven by a certain charge.
Pneumatic. To this weapon was effective, needed energy compressed air, which will induce the projectile to move.
Throwing. Similar weapons capable of striking at a distance. It can be driven by both muscular strength and special devices.
Weapons of mass destruction. This species at a great distance affects vast territories and leads to significant human losses.
Signal(starting) weapon.
The latest type of weapons: microwave impulses.

Weapons of a street fighter: knives, brass knuckles, Finns

Unlike Western countries, where firearms are widely used, edged weapons are popular in the post-Soviet space. Its types cause controversy among those who try to classify this type. Most often it is divided into the following subtypes:

stabbing: bayonets, stilettos;
piercing-cutting includes daggers, hunting knives, including Finnish and bayonet knives;
chopping is represented by checkers or sabers;
piercing-chopping: broadswords, cleavers;
crushing: brush, brass knuckles;
hitting: steel bits.

Sometimes scientists use other types of classifications, but the above is most often used by employees. law enforcement who, by the nature of their service, have to deal with criminal elements. That is why some types of edged weapons are considered to be dangerous to society, and their use is attributed to the articles of the Criminal Code.

Nevertheless, such an object as a knife has long been considered the main male thing, an indicator of status and calling card person. They cut the umbilical cord of a newborn, it was the first item that was put into the baby's weak hands, and then all his life he was considered a talisman of his master. Without parting with a man throughout his life, the knife accompanied him on his last journey.

Of course the usual modern man most often encountered with dining and kitchen models, but not always. Knives can be used in different ways. Hunters, for example, appreciate the convenience of using special hunting knives. They are extremely durable and durable. Knives for tourism will delight people who love hiking and travel. They are light, practical, made of durable steel, perfectly corrected. Survival knives are also useful and sometimes vital. These products contain everything you need to be in extreme conditions: lighter, compass and other items. Special knives are made for divers, employees rescue services or medical workers. But there are products that are impossible to buy - these are combat edged weapons. It is intended for military weapons. it the most dangerous species striking weapons for close combat, owning which, you can cause serious damage to the enemy.

Thrown weapons

This weapon is a special subspecies of the cold one. In a separate subgroup, it is allocated not in vain. The fact is that it helps the owner, who knows how to handle it, to hit the target at a distance, using only muscular effort and accuracy skills. It is often used for hunting. Typically used throwing knives or darts. There are also more exotic types, such as shurikens, spears, boomerangs, crossbows. The last name, along with the bow, pilum and sulica, was used by the ancient Slavic and Roman warriors. Today, this type of weapon has remained mainly in sports use.

About shuriken, how about cult weapon Japanese warriors, I must say especially. Contrary to the ingrained stereotype, it was used not only by ninjas, but also by other warriors in the Land of the Rising Sun. There are an unimaginable multitude of them, and the variety of forms is amazing. Samurai brought the use of shuriken to perfection: they can be cut, imperceptibly thrown at a target and stabbed. It was because of the secret murder that the glory of the so-called invisibles was fixed for the shurikens.

Theoretically safe pneumatics

This is a type of small arms, which is characterized by a special way of feeding a projectile. This happens with the help of compressed air. The term "pneumatic" is translated from Greek as "wind". Actually, this fact prompted the name of the weapon that way. The range of a shot from "pneumatics" and the nature of the defeat are such that this species is not classified as dangerous to humans, although there have been cases of killing by negligence. Basically, such weapons are used for sports shooting. But there are also hunting species that are more powerful, so they are used to hunt birds or small animals.

At the beginning of the last century, serious thought was given to firearms replaced with pneumatic weapons. The replacement was motivated by noiselessness, rapid-fire qualities, greater accuracy and the absence of smoke, which the shooter often unmasks.

Machine guns, pistols, machine guns

When modern types of weapons appeared, pneumatics remained mainly for entertainment, and firearms confidently entered the battle arena. The history of their appearance began with the invention of gunpowder and its successful application. it major event happened in the XIV century, thereby opening the era of artillery.

At the moment, there is a clear classification that divides the specified segment into the following types of firearms:

combat: carbines, machine guns, pistols, rifles;
sports: small-caliber weapons, pistols;
hunting: smoothbore guns.

This list applies to small arms. Also, easel weapons are also classified as firearms, including anti-aircraft installations and machine guns.

According to the purpose of use, hand weapons are divided into the following groups:

Civil. To this species includes hunting, sporting and self-defense weapons.
Combat. With its help, combat and operational-service tasks are solved.
Service is used by employees of government agencies who are allowed to wear it.

The most popular types of handguns are pistols. This is a personal automatic device. It is used to hit a target at a relatively close distance. There are many types of pistols. In addition to the usual ones, there are underwater, signal and self-loading models. Separately, it should be said about submachine guns. This type of firearm has a range of about 200 meters. The high combat qualities of this pistol allowed him to occupy a worthy niche in the armament of many countries.

Sniper rifles, known to the townsfolk for numerous militants, have a high range of destruction, power and accuracy, and optical sight contributes to the accuracy of the shooter.

Automatic, otherwise called assault rifle, is characterized by high maneuverability when shooting and rate of fire. At the beginning of World War II, the famous Kalashnikov assault rifle was invented, which won the respect of the armies of many world powers.

Flash in the air

This type of weapon does not have lethal force, but it is impossible to do without it either at sports competitions, or in remote, deaf places, or on a watercraft. This is a signal weapon.

It is in the arsenal of rescuers and the military; aircraft and ships are equipped with it. As a starter, it is used in various relay races and olympiads. Signal weapons, of course, are designed to give heterogeneous signals: light, sound or smoke. With a shot from a rocket launcher, for example, you can call for help or find your own location.

Weapons of mass destruction

Whatever types of weapons are discussed, this is the deadliest of all currently known. The title itself is a threat to humanity. The types of weapons of mass destruction known today are divided into three main groups:

biological;
nuclear;
chemical.

Whatever types of weapons you would have to face - all bring destruction and death. But they pose a particular danger to humans innovative technologies that can lead to total destruction, cause pandemics of incurable diseases, inevitable mutations and further unsuitability of the territory for habitation.

Biological and chemical weapons

Such types of weapons of mass destruction, such as biological weapons, involve the release of pathogenic bacteria into the required territory using aircraft or artillery shells. Biological warheads explode almost silently, leaving behind large fragments. The fact of using this deadly weapon quite difficult to prove. It infects everything around: both people and animals.

By inhaling windborne viruses, the doomed masses of living beings are instantly infected with influenza, cholera, plague, malaria, smallpox and other deadly diseases. The disease hides in the infected organism for some time, gradually developing. Anthrax or foot-and-mouth disease is often used to kill animals. Thus, even plant crops become infected. You can protect yourself from such weapons in advance through vaccination, as well as with the help of airtight suits and gas masks. Mandatory disinsection and deratization of areas prone to infection.

The following types of weapons are no less dangerous. They are based on the chemical effects of such substances:

V gases;
soman;
mustard gas;
sarin;
phosgene.

These chemical components are capable of infecting vast areas. At the same time, water, soil, plants and structures are poisoned. For example, soman is dangerous because it is extremely difficult to detect it due to the lack of color and smell. This nerve gas is highly resistant to climate change and has no effect on external signs infected. Sarin is similar to the previous gas in many ways, but V-gases are more persistent. The remaining toxic substances have an unpleasant odor and blistering effect.

Types of chemical weapons are divided according to the nature of the impact on the body:

nerve agents;
blister;
suffocating;
psychochemical;
general poisonous.

The first type is used most often in order to disable as much enemy manpower as possible. The second type of substances penetrates the skin, affecting it. General toxic and asphyxiant substances have an effect mainly on respiratory system organism. Psychochemical poison weapons - comparatively the new kind. It is mainly used for temporary incapacitation of human masses. It is characterized by the appearance of symptoms such as blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, impaired activity of the central nervous system. Chemical types weapons of mass destruction are very effective and are used in military practice many countries. The advantage of such weapons is that they are silent and inconspicuous.

nuclear threat

The world first heard about a nuclear explosion after the tragedy in the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Only after that did people fully realize the monstrous scale of the disasters caused by such weapons. Kinds nuclear weapons grouped according to several criteria, but the main one is the type of charge:

Atomic.
Thermonuclear (in another way it is called a hydrogen bomb).
Neutron.
Clean.

The difference between the charges is in the processes that occur with the nuclei (their synthesis and fission).

Explosions of nuclear warheads also differ. It can be:

air warheads;
ground (an explosion produced near the ground);
surface;
underground;
underwater.

Classical information taught in the lessons of civil defense, which existed during the existence of the USSR, was based primarily on stories about the affected area nuclear explosion and its lethal factors. Now this knowledge will no longer be redundant. So, the damaging effect of a nuclear explosion:

Impact impulse. At supersonic speed, it rushes from the center of the explosion through the surrounding area, sweeping away everything in its path.
Light emission. It travels at lightning speed and consists of visible infrared and ultraviolet rays. But in places with a significant shadow, this deadly radiation can be protected.
penetrating radiation. Depending on the dose, a neutron flux in 10 seconds can, if not kill, then irreversibly disrupt the activity of all organs and systems of the body.
nuclear decay products. They form a poisonous cloud, from the thickness of which they poison everything around.
electromagnetic impulse. The gamma radiation generated by the explosion disrupts the operation of radio electronics.

There are four zones of destruction after the explosion of a nuclear bomb:

Total destruction. All communications and buildings built by man are completely destroyed by the blast wave.
Significant destruction. Local blockages and fires, destruction of shelters.
Average degree of damage. Mostly fires caused by a light wave are observed.
Weak destruction. Damage to buildings is stable, there are almost no blockages.

The degree of damage to the area by radiation depends on meteorological factors and the power of the explosion.

Weapons of the future

The most serious threat to the planet is the latest microwave weapons. Its action is based on the movement of microwave pulses that can disable radio electronics, objects that pose a danger to environment and air defense systems. Invisible impulses can stop the activities of chemical enterprises, nuclear power plants, and without leakage of hazardous components. Microwaves are able to penetrate everywhere, there are no obstacles for them, moreover, this type of weapon is still being finalized in order to increase the range of destruction. Therefore, microwave weapons have a chance to become the most deadly in the history of mankind.

People continue to build up weapons, inventing new types and methods of destruction, infection and incapacitation of biological masses. Therefore, today the banal slogan about world peace sounds especially relevant today.

Armament and weapons

Question

Which is correct: "Ukrainian weapons" or "Ukrainian weapons"?

Word armament has the following meanings:

verb action arm / arm: the supply of technical means, materials for any activity, mainly the supply of weapons, military equipment for defensive or offensive purposes. Equipping the most important branches of industry with modern technical equipment. The armament of combat squads was carried out at night on the outskirts of the city. Arming the army and navy with the latest military equipment is the main concern of the military-industrial complex. // Peren. Providing ideas, propaganda materials. Ideological weapons(someone);

2) a set of means for waging war (weapons, equipment, means of their delivery). New types of weapons. Stable combinations: Arms reduction. Combat weapons. They are in service. Put into service;

3) equipment, equipment ( specialist.). Technical equipment of conveyors. Sailing armament ship.

Weapon - any means technically suitable for attack and defense, as well as the totality of such means. Firearms. nuclear, chemical weapon. Perfectly own weapons. Bye weapons! Phraseological expression: Throw weapon. Lay down your weapons. Splatter weapons. Call to arms. With weapons in hand. Sports weapon (specialist.). // Peren. Fighting tool. Prudence is the weapon of the strong. Phraseological expressions: Weapon of laughter, irony, criticism.

As you can see, the noun armament has more generalized semantics. Weapon as the designation " technical means suitable for defense and attack and the totality of such means "is a subordinate, specific concept for weapons, which is understood as the total set of weapons, equipment that is used in military affairs, and their means of delivery. So and small arms, and artillery, and nuclear, and chemical, and bacteriological weapon- all these types of weapons are part of weapons, weapons a certain country.

1) phrases armament of the Russian (Ukrainian, French ...) army; weapons of Russia (Ukraine, France, China ...), Russian (Ukrainian, American ...) weapons means the totality of "means of warfare", their material support and maintenance, means of their delivery (in particular, to targets) belonging to the army, the armed forces of a certain country, this country;

phrase Russian (Ukrainian, Japanese…) weapons a) in business contexts, in newspaper, news, descriptive contexts, means that these “weapons of war” are of Russian (Russian), Ukrainian, Italian, American ... origin, produced in a certain country; b) as part of a toast in Russian " Glory to Russian weapons!» phrase Russian weapons, in which the word weapon used in a high, solemn tone, denotes the Russian army, the Russian armed forces.

Distinguish

armament and weapon

Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language. Yu. A. Belchikov, O. I. Razheva. 2015 .

See what "weapons and weapons" are in other dictionaries:

armament- Armor, weapons, equipment. Armed. .. Wed. environment… Synonym dictionary

Weapon- This term has other meanings, see Weapon ... Wikipedia

Weapon- WEAPON. Russian weapons until the beginning of the 18th century. (armor, helmets and shields, see below these words). 1. Helmet. 2. Erikhonka. 3. Shell. 4. Shield. 5. Sword. 6. Knife. 7. Spears. 8. Flail. 9 and 10. Berdyshi. 11. Rogatin. 12. Sovnya. 13. Bar. 14. Crossbow. 15. Saber… encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Weapon (military)- Weapons (military), common name devices and tools used in armed struggle to destroy enemy manpower, equipment and structures. The development of O. depends on the mode of production and especially on the level of development of the productive forces. Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Aviation armament- a set of placed on aircraft means of destruction of the enemy, devices for their transportation and use, as well as systems that provide combat use means of destruction. Sometimes to V. and. also include military equipment, not ... ... Encyclopedia of technology

Eldar weapons and equipment- Project Article about the fictional universe of Warhammer 40,000 Portal The Eldar use high-tech weapons so advanced that they seem like magic to the younger races: Contents 1 Shuriken ... Wikipedia

weapon- Armament, armor, equipment. The weapon is firearms, cold. Armed. See armament.. rattling, take up arms, lay down arms... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russians ... ... Synonym dictionary

Weapons of mass destruction of the Russian Federation- Weapons of mass destruction By type ... Wikipedia

Weapon- automatic: 1 self-loading sniper rifle Dragunov system sample 1963 (SVD); 2 single machine gun of the Kalashnikov system, model 1961 (PKM); 3 self-loading pistol Makarov systems of sample 1951 (PM); 4 automatic Kalashnikov system sample ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Inca weapons- Inca weapons Inca soldiers carried simple weapons of all kinds, specialization in weapons was carried out according to belonging to a particular ethnic group, for example, Chank soldiers were specialists in the use of wooden hammers ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Weapons of the future. What will the wars of the new millennium look like? , Prokopenko Igor Stanislavovich. A new book famous TV presenter Igor Prokopenko is dedicated to the latest developments in the field of weapons. The well-known saying "whatever scientists come up with, the result is a weapon" in ...

It is generally accepted that the security and protection of citizens in the state is carried out by the police. But this does not mean that there is an armed law enforcement officer at every dark entrance, back alley, private house. It's just not possible.

And crime in our country can threaten the average citizen everywhere. In addition, criminal communities do not experience a shortage of firearms of criminal origin.

Against this background, the desire of law-abiding citizens to ensure their safety and the safety of their loved ones by any means (only legal means are implied) is quite understandable.

And there are not so many ways. One of them is the confrontation with a legal firearm against a criminal armed with a firearm (usually a combat one). The law prohibits ordinary citizens from owning a rifled "short-barrel" (pistol).

We will not discuss now how right or wrong it is, what projects are emerging to mitigate weapons legislation. it separate story. Law is law.

While it is in effect, anyone (subject to certain conditions) can acquire several legal firearms and their equivalents, produced specifically for the civilian population.

Of course, for example, it cannot be compared in efficiency with some “Tula Tokarev”, but still, an average person, with an injury in his bosom in an emergency, will meet an armed attacker not with his bare hands.

Kinds

All firearms are subdivided by our legislation into:

civilian samples;
service samples;
combat hand weapon.

Combat pistols and machine guns are available only to such categories of citizens as the military, law enforcement officers, representatives of other paramilitary state organizations (weapons are in service with special services). For this reason, we will not dwell on it in detail in this article, but will consider those types of firearms that are available to other wider categories of citizens.

Official

The Makarov pistol" - bright representative service weapon

The service "firearm" is legally available to those officials, which, by the nature of their activities, are obliged to protect the life and health of people, important objects, to engage in environmental protection, and to engage in cash collection.

Basic list of requirements:

should not fire a burst;
visually determined differences from models of military small arms;
magazine can hold a maximum of 10 rounds;
lead-filled bullets, hard metal cores are prohibited;
compliance with state standards of the Russian Federation.

Produced in smoothbore and rifled versions, with long and short trunks. Muzzle energy - a maximum of 300J. Private security companies can arm themselves.

civil

Used by hunters, athletes, as a means of self-defense. The types of weapons that are allowed for civilian circulation on the territory of the state can be seen in the special resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation.

These are the samples of Russian and foreign gunsmiths who received a certificate from the Russian State Standard.

The range of "citizen" today is simply huge, respectively, and the price for it can be different. There are also rare samples on sale, released back in the 80-90s of the 19th century (for example, in the photo of Webley Mars - “Desert Eagle” late XIX century).

Useful information: You can get comprehensive information about any type of modern and rare weapons on the Soldierweapons website. It can be called an encyclopedia, which presents the entire list of weapons.

The main types of civilian weapons:

For self defense:
Sports in smooth-bore and rifled versions (small-caliber rifle, pistol or shotgun for clay shooting);
hunting it is produced in smooth-bore, rifled or combined versions, Russian “civilized” is in great demand from rifled (a new invention of Russian gunsmiths, when a pin is driven into the barrel of a combat machine, a tide for a bayonet is sawn off, etc.), military weapon during the Second World War, inexpensive samples of foreign manufacturers, certified by state bodies of the Russian Federation;
(rocket launchers), his device is simple, the purpose is to give a signal.

On the shelves of shops are modern samples of Russian and Russian hunting weapons. foreign production with hard-to-pronounce names coexist today with "civilian" military weapons.

For example, the first thing that comes to mind is the Kalashnikov assault rifle - a real symbol of a bygone era! Any citizen with a permit to purchase rifled weapons, can become its owner (though without a bayonet and with a smaller capacity store).

See interesting video TOP 10 about the most unusual species weapons in the world