Types of means of armed struggle. Modern means (systems) of armed struggle and damaging factors from them

Conventional weapons and their varieties

The term "conventional weapons" came into use after the advent of nuclear weapons, which have immeasurably higher combat properties. However, at present, some samples of conventional weapons, based on the latest achievements of science and technology, have come close to WMD in terms of their effectiveness.

Conventional weapons are all fire and strike weapons that use artillery, anti-aircraft, aircraft, small arms and engineering ammunition and rockets in conventional equipment, incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures.

Conventional weapons can be used independently and in combination with weapons of mass destruction to destroy enemy personnel and equipment, as well as to destroy and destroy various especially important objects (chemical enterprises with SDYAV, nuclear power plants, hydraulic structures, etc.).

The most effective means for destroying small-sized and dispersed targets in the conditions of combat operations using conventional weapons are fragmentation, high-explosive, cumulative, concrete-piercing, incendiary and volume explosion ammunition.

Cluster and HEAT munitions

Cluster munitions are designed primarily to kill people. The most effective ammunition of this type are ball bombs, which are dropped from aircraft in clusters containing from 96 to 640 bombs. Above the ground, such a cassette opens, and the bombs scatter and explode over an area of ​​​​up to 250 thousand square meters. The destructive power of striking elements (metal balls with a diameter of 2-3 mm) of each bomb is maintained within a radius of up to 15 m.

Cluster munitions can be loaded, in addition to balls, also with needle elements, shrapnel, etc.

Cumulative ammunition designed to destroy armored targets. Their principle of operation is based on burning through the barrier with a powerful jet of explosive detonation products with a temperature of 6-7 thousand degrees and a pressure of more than 5 10 in 5 st. kPa (5 - 6 thousand kgf / cm2).

Focused detonation products are capable of burning holes in armored ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires.

To protect against cumulative ammunition, screens of various materials can be used, located at a distance of 15 - 20 cm from the main structure. In this case, all the energy of the jet is spent on burning the screen, and the main structure remains intact.

Concrete-piercing ammunition designed to destroy high-strength reinforced concrete structures, as well as to destroy airfield runways. Two charges are placed in the ammunition body - cumulative and high-explosive and two detonators. Upon encountering an obstacle, an instantaneous detonator is triggered, which undermines the cumulative projectile. With some delay (after the ammunition passes through the ceiling), the second detonator fires, detonating the high-explosive charge, which causes the main destruction of the object.

Volume explosion ammunition.

The principle of operation of such ammunition is as follows: liquid fuel with a high calorific value (ethylene oxide, diborane, acetic acid peroxide, propyl nitrate), placed in a special shell, splashes during an explosion, evaporates and mixes with atmospheric oxygen, forming a spherical cloud of fuel-air mixture with a radius of about 15 m and a layer thickness of 2 - 3 m. The resulting mixture is undermined in several places by special detonators. In the detonation zone, a temperature of 2500 - 3000°C develops in a few tens of microseconds. AT

at the moment of explosion, a relative void is formed inside the shell from the fuel-air mixture. There is something similar to the explosion of the shell of a ball with evacuated air (“vacuum bomb”).

Volumetric explosion ammunition has only one damaging factor - a shock wave. They do not have a fragmentation, cumulative effect on the target.

Volumetric explosive munitions occupy an intermediate position in their power between nuclear and conventional (high-explosive) munitions. The excess pressure in the front of the shock wave of the BOW, even at a distance of 100 m from the center of the explosion, can reach 100 kPa (1 kgf / cm.kv). Ammunition of a volumetric explosion in terms of the strength of the shock wave is 5-8 times greater than conventional explosives and has a colossal destructive power. However, they are not a universal remedy and the degree of their use depends on what type of ammunition, weapon is appropriate and most effective in each specific case.

For a volumetric explosion, a large free volume and free oxygen are required; in case of strong wind, heavy rain, the fuel-air cloud either does not form at all, or is strongly dissipated.

precision weapons

High-precision weapons began to be actively developed in the 60s of the last century. Its goal is the destruction of small, well-protected objects using the minimum amount of combat weapons.

It includes such weapon systems in which the accuracy of determining the coordinates of targets, the reaction time of the weapon and the quality of guidance ensure that the target is hit by the first shot or volley with a probability of at least 0.5. This is achieved by the high speed and technical sophistication of automated reconnaissance means and the use of guided or self-guided munitions and missiles.

Precision weapons include:

Reconnaissance and strike (fire) complexes (RUK);

anti-tank missile systems(ATGM);

Self-guided projectiles of field artillery. At present, such systems include the Smelchak and Centimeter artillery systems. As a means of guidance, they use a laser beam to indicate the target for several seconds after the shot. For 2-3 sec. before approaching the target in the artillery shell, the automatic guidance system is turned on, the trajectory of movement is automatically corrected and the target is hit with a coefficient of about 0.3;

Guided missiles of various classes;

Guided aerial bombs and cassettes.

The latest type of high-precision weapons are reconnaissance-strike systems (RUK). When creating this weapon system, military experts set themselves the goal of achieving guaranteed destruction of small, well-protected targets with minimal means. In them, high-precision reconnaissance and high-precision weapons are combined with an automated control system, which makes it possible to solve the tasks of reconnaissance and destruction almost simultaneously.

According to the foreign press, RUK, designed to combat radio-emitting targets (objects), is capable of hitting 150-180 targets in one hour.

RUK, designed to detect and destroy group armored objects of the second echelons and reserves - 150-300 targets such as a tank, infantry fighting vehicles with a probability of hitting 0.8-0.9.

The complexes include four conjugated main elements:

1. automated reconnaissance and guidance system ( automated system fire control);

2. mobile ground control center (fire control point);

3. high-precision weapons;

4. a system for accurately determining the location of the elements of the complex.

The accuracy of determining the coordinates of the RUK targets is 10-30 m. The accuracy of pointing is 10-50 m; target reconnaissance range up to 600 km. Reconnaissance assets are usually placed on aircraft that fly at altitudes up to 25 km with a range of 100-150 km from the line of contact between the parties.

The RUK control center can be located at a distance of up to 300 km from the line of contact between the parties.

The RUK high-precision weapons are self-guided and guided surface-to-ground and air-to-air missiles, guided cluster bombs with self-guided submunitions.

Nuclear weapons and their damaging factors.

Nuclear weapon- weapons of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of the fission energy of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium, or in thermonuclear fusion reactions of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes of deuterium and tritium into heavier nuclei of helium isotopes.

Warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aviation and depth charges, artillery shells and mines. According to the power, nuclear weapons are distinguished: ultra-small (less than 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100-1000 kt) and extra-large (more than 1000 kt). Depending on the tasks to be solved, it is possible to use nuclear weapons in the form of underground, ground, air, underwater and surface explosions. Features of the damaging effect of nuclear weapons on the population are determined not only by the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also by the type of nuclear device. Depending on the charge, they distinguish: atomic weapons, which are based on the fission reaction; thermonuclear weapons - when using a fusion reaction; combined charges; neutron weapons.

It includes such weapons systems in which the accuracy of determining the coordinates of targets, the reaction time of the weapon and the quality of guidance ensure that the target is hit by the first shot or volley with a probability

Affecting factors nuclear explosion.

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are: shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and electromagnetic pulse.

shock wave. The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. It consumes about 60% of the energy of a nuclear explosion. It is an area of ​​sharp air compression, spreading in all directions from the explosion site.

The damaging effect of the shock wave is characterized by the amount of excess pressure. Overpressure is the difference between the maximum pressure in the front

shock wave and normal atmospheric pressure in front of him. It is measured in kilo pascals - 1 kPa \u003d 0.01 kgf / cm2.

With an excess pressure of 20-40 kPa, unprotected people can get light injuries. The impact of a shock wave with an excess pressure of 40-60 kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity. Severe injuries occur at an excess pressure of more than 60 kPa and are characterized by severe contusions of the whole body, fractures of the limbs, ruptures of internal parenchymal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

Light emission. This is a stream of radiant energy, including visible ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by the hot products of the explosion. Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. Its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause fires, deep burns of the skin and damage to the organs of vision in people.

Light radiation does not penetrate opaque materials, so any obstruction that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates burns. Significantly attenuated light radiation in dusty (smoky) air, in fog, rain.

penetrating radiation. This is a stream of gamma radiation and neutrons. The impact lasts 10-15 s. The primary effect of radiation is realized in physical, physicochemical and chemical processes with the formation of chemically active free radicals (H, OH, HO 2) with high oxidizing and reducing properties. Subsequently, various peroxide compounds are formed that inhibit the activity of some enzymes and increase the activity of others, which play an important role in the processes of autolysis (self-dissolution) of body tissues. The appearance in the blood of decay products of radiosensitive tissues and pathological metabolism when exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation is the basis for the formation of toxemia - poisoning of the body associated with the circulation of toxins in the blood. Violations of the physiological regeneration of cells and tissues, as well as changes in the functions of regulatory systems, are of primary importance in the development of radiation injuries.

Radioactive contamination of the area. Its main sources are fission products of a nuclear charge and radioactive isotopes, formed as a result of the acquisition of radioactive properties by the elements from which a nuclear weapon is made and which are part of the soil. They form a radioactive cloud. This cloud is carried by air masses over considerable distances. Radioactive particles falling from the cloud to the ground form a zone of radioactive contamination, the length of which can reach many kilometers.

A variety of nuclear weapons is a neutron weapon, which is a small-sized thermonuclear munition with a power of up to 10 kt, designed mainly to destroy enemy manpower due to the action of neutron radiation. Neutron weapons are classified as tactical nuclear weapons.

of the radioactive properties of the elements from which the nuclear weapon is made and which are part of the soil. They form a radioactive cloud. It rises to a height of many kilometers, and is transported with air masses over considerable distances. Radioactive particles, falling from the cloud to the ground, form a zone of radioactive contamination (trace), the length of which can reach several hundred kilometers. Radioactive substances pose the greatest danger in the first hours

after falling out, since their activity is highest during this period.

electromagnetic pulse. This is a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma radiation and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with the atoms of the environment. The consequence of its impact is the burnout or breakdowns of individual elements of radio-electronic and electrical equipment.

The defeat of people is possible only in those cases when they come into contact with wire lines at the time of the explosion.

Biological weapons, the concept of quarantine and observation

Biological weapons- These are special ammunition and combat devices with delivery vehicles, equipped with biological means.

BO is a weapon of mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants, the action of which is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms and their metabolic products - toxins. In 1972, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Biological and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction was signed. However, as often happens, this only gave a new impetus to the development and production of tank weapons in many states. In this regard, the threat of its use in modern wars and armed conflicts continues to persist.

The basis of the damaging effect of BW is biological agents specially selected for combat use - bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi and toxins.

The causative agents of plague, cholera, anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, glanders and smallpox, psittaccosis, yellow fever, foot and mouth disease, Venezuelan, western and eastern American encephalomyelitis, epidemic typhus, CU fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tsutsugamushi fever, coccidioidomycosis, nocardiosis, histoplasmosis, etc. Among microbial toxins, botulinum toxin and staphylococcal enterotoxin are most likely to be used for biological warfare.

Ways of penetration of pathogenic microbes and toxins into the human body can be as follows:

1. Aerogenic - with air through the respiratory system.

2. Alimentary - with food and water through the digestive organs.

3. Transmissible way - through the bites of infected insects.

4. Contact way - through the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, eyes, as well as damaged skin.

The main ways of using BO are:

a) aerosol - this route of application is the main one. With the help of special devices, surface air is contaminated by spraying liquid or dry biological formulations. At present, the potential adversary has a modern system of technical means for the application of biological formulations and means for their delivery to the target;

b) transmissible - dispersion in the target area of ​​artificially infected blood-sucking vectors;

c) sabotage method - contamination of air, water, food with the help of sabotage equipment.

BO is intended for the mass destruction of troops and the population, the weakening of the military-economic potential, the disorganization of the system of state and military control. Tank weapons have a number of significant advantages:

Its production is the cheapest of all weapons;

High efficiency;

Difficulty in timely diagnosis, the possibility of the epidemic spreading beyond the affected area;

The strongest psychological impact on the population at risk of infection;

The ability to use various types of combat recipes to create a suitable type of hearth;

Diversion of significant organizational, financial, medical forces and funds to eliminate the consequences of the use of the tank. weapons;

At the same time, the tank weapon is not without its drawbacks, they are associated with:

The difficulty of the practical study of its combat properties;

Limited shelf life of combat recipes;

Great dependence on natural and climatic conditions during its application (wind direction, temperature, air humidity, etc.).

Characteristics of the focus of bacteriological infection.

The focus of bacteriological contamination is the territory with people located on it, which has been exposed to bacteriological weapons.

Depending on the type of combat formulation used, lesions will be formed. They can be divided into two types.

In the first, in the combat recipe, pathogens of highly contagious especially dangerous infections are used - plague, smallpox, anthrax, etc. In this case, persistent foci are formed with a tendency to spread due to the transmission of infection from the affected population located outside the lesion.

In the second, non-contagious or slightly contagious pathogens are used in the combat formulation. infectious diseases. These include tularemia, brucellosis, myeloidosis, cholera, epidemic typhus and others. In this case, the disease occurs when inhaling virulent doses of pathogens, or after drinking contaminated water and food. Further spread of infection from sick to healthy does not occur, and if it does, then through the involvement of intermediate hosts in the epidemic process - rodents, arthropod insects, or with a gross violation of sanitary norms and rules.

The main anti-epidemic measures in the event of an epidemic focus are:

1) registration and notification of the population;

2) conducting sanitary and epidemiological reconnaissance;

3) identification, isolation and hospitalization of sick people;

4) regime-restrictive or quarantine measures;

5) general and special emergency prevention;

6) disinfection of the epidemic focus;

7) detection of bacteria carriers and enhanced medical supervision;

8) sanitary-explanatory work.

Organization and implementation of isolation and restrictive measures.

Isolation and restrictive measures include quarantine and observation.

Quarantine- This is a complex of strict regime-restrictive measures aimed at complete isolation, localization and elimination of the lesion.

Quarantine is established in military units by order of the commander of the formation, among the civilian population by the head of the region when the enemy uses EOI pathogens as a bacteriological weapon.

To organize quarantine measures, a headquarters is created, the necessary forces and means of the medical service are involved, and armed guards of the quarantine zone are appointed. The main activities carried out in the quarantine zone include:

Establishment of a strict anti-epidemic regime;

Active detection of cases, their isolation, hospitalization and treatment in specialized medical institutions deployed in the quarantine zone;

Isolation of persons at risk of infection in provisional hospitals deployed in the outbreak. Medical monitoring of contacts, in order to timely identify the sick;

Carrying out emergency, specific and non-specific prophylaxis;

Fencing the quarantine zone and setting up armed guards.

Quarantine is established for a period of at least two maximum incubation periods after the cure of the last sick person.

If a pathogen of a not particularly dangerous infection is used as a weapon tank, an observation mode is introduced in the outbreak.

Observation- it is a complex of organizational, restrictive, medical and anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the spread of the focus, its speedy localization and elimination.

Observation includes the following activities:

Enhanced medical monitoring of persons at risk of infection in order to timely identify among them the diseased;

Isolation, hospitalization and treatment of the sick;

Carrying out specific and non-specific prophylaxis;

Strengthening the sanitary-epidemic regime.

Non-lethal weapons and their types.

Military experts note that in the last decade, when developing the concept of modern wars, NATO countries have attached increasing importance to the creation of fundamentally new types of weapons. Its distinguishing feature is the damaging effect on people, which, as a rule, does not lead to death.

non-lethal weapons- this is a weapon that is capable of neutralizing or depriving the enemy of the opportunity to conduct active hostilities without significant irretrievable losses manpower and destruction of material values.

Non-lethal weapons include:

Laser weapons;

Electromagnetic Pulse Weapon;

Sources of incoherent light;

Electronic warfare means;

microwave weapons;

Meteorological, geophysical weapons;

Infrasonic weapons;

Biotechnological means;

Chemical weapon new generation;

Means of information warfare;

Psychotropic weapons;

Parapsychological methods.

New means of armed struggle, according to military experts, will be used not so much for conducting military operations, but to deprive the enemy of the possibility of active resistance by destroying his most important economic and infrastructure facilities, destroying the information and energy space, and disturbing the mental state of the population. .

beam weapon- this is a set of devices (generators), the damaging effect of which is based on the use of highly directed rays of electromagnetic energy or a concentrated beam elementary particles overclocked to high speeds. The damaging effect of the laser beam is achieved by heating the materials of the object to high temperatures, leading to their melting. The action of the laser beam is distinguished by stealth, high accuracy, straightness of propagation, and almost instant action.

RF weapons- means, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of electromagnetic radiation of ultra-high (UHF) or extremely low frequencies (the range of ultra-high frequencies is in the range from 300 MHz to 30 GHz, frequencies below 100 Hz are extremely low).

The object of defeat by radio-frequency weapons is manpower, which means the known ability of ultra-high and extremely low frequency radio emissions to cause damage to vital organs and systems of a person - such as the brain, heart, central nervous system, endocrine system and circulatory system.

Radio frequency radiation can also affect the human psyche, disrupt the perception and use of information about the surrounding reality, cause auditory hallucinations, synthesize disorienting speech messages that are entered directly into the human mind,

Geophysical weapons- a set of various means that make it possible to use the destructive forces of inanimate nature for military purposes by artificially induced changes in the physical properties and processes occurring in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere of the Earth.

The possibility of a large-scale change in the temperature regime by spraying substances that absorb solar radiation, reducing the amount of precipitation, calculated on unfavorable weather changes for the enemy (for example, drought). The destruction of the ozone layer in the atmosphere can presumably make it possible to direct the destructive effect of cosmic rays and ultraviolet radiation sun.

Weather weapon was used during the Vietnam War in the form of seeding supercooled clouds with silver iodide microcrystals. The purpose of this type of weapon is to purposefully influence the weather in order to reduce the enemy's ability to meet his needs for food and other types of agricultural products.

climate weapon constitutes a means of influence for military purposes on a local or global climate of the planet and is intended for long-term changes in the characteristic weather patterns in certain areas. Even small climate changes can seriously affect the economy and living conditions of entire regions - lead to a decrease in the yield of the most important agricultural crops, a sharp increase in the incidence of the population.

At present, methods (by conducting underground explosions) of artificial initiation of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami waves, descents are theoretically substantiated. snow avalanches, mudflows and landslides, other natural disasters that can lead to massive losses among the population.

Conclusion:

Knowledge of the features of modern wars and conflicts, as well as the types and damaging factors of means of armed struggle, can help medical specialists in a number of specialties to better understand the features of combat trauma, the mechanism of its occurrence and indicate the further direction in the development of medical science aimed at saving the lives of people injured in wars and wars. armed conflicts.

test questions

1. The main goal of the development of the military organization of the state.

2. Basic principles for the development of the military organization of the state.

3. The main priorities for the development of the military organization of the state.

4. The main directions of development of the military organization of the state.

5. The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

6. Basic principles of security military security RF.

7. The purpose of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

8. Definition of local war.

9. Definition of a regional war.

10. Definition of a large-scale war.

11. Conventional weapons, types of conventional weapons.

12. Characteristics and purpose of cluster and cumulative munitions.

13. Characteristics and purpose of concrete-piercing ammunition. fourteen.

14. Characteristics and purpose of volume explosion ammunition,

15. Characteristics and purpose of precision weapons, types of precision weapons.

16. Brief description of nuclear weapons, their purpose, varieties of nuclear weapons.

17. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

18. Biological (bacteriological) weapons, their purpose, methods of application.

19. Formulations (pathogens) used as biological weapons.

20. The focus of bacteriological infection. Anti-epidemic measures carried out in the focus of bacteriological infection.

21. Definition and concept of observation and quarantine.

22. Non-lethal weapons, their types.

23. Beam weapon, its types.

24. Geophysical weapons,

25. Meteorological and climatic weapons.

Literature

Mobilization preparation of health care. Tutorial. Ed. Pogodina Yu.I. - M. 2006.

Organization of the medical service of civil defense of the Russian Federation. Textbook. Ed. Pogodina Yu.I., Trifonova S.V. - M. 2002.

Mobilization preparation of the economy of the Russian Federation. Textbook. Vorobyov Yu.L. - M. 1997.

Russia (USSR) in local wars and armed conflicts in the second half of the 20th century. Zolotarev V.A. - M. 2000.

Topic Modern means of armed struggle and their influence on the methods of protecting the population in wartime Educational questions: 1. Classification of modern means of destruction. 2. The main damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction.

References: 1. Federal Law of 09. 01. 1996 No. 3 "On Radiation Safety of the Population". 2. Federal Law of 02.05.1997 No. 76 "On the destruction of chemical weapons". 3. Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52 "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" . 4. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 537 of 2009 "The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation". 5. Radiation safety standards (NRB-99/2009). 6. "Modern means of destruction" Textbook, St. Petersburg UMTs GOChS and PB, 2010

At the present stage, the potential danger of unleashing direct aggression against Russia has been significantly reduced. At the same time, there is a potential danger of unleashing local, regional wars, which, under certain conditions, can develop into large-scale aggression against the Russian Federation. The events of the last decade confirm the fact that the United States and a number of Western European states are trying to solve economic and political problems by military means and, with the support of the United Nations, are conducting successful mass operations with large-scale involvement of forces and the latest technical means. Russia is rich in natural and human resources, nuclear power plants and military facilities, and all this is of undoubted interest to a number of militarily strong states of the world.

The confrontation can lead to war, including the use of weapons of mass destruction. In this case, in the course of large-scale hostilities, many centers of nuclear, chemical, biological and combined destruction can be formed. At the same time, the source of emergency situations of a military nature will be modern conventional means of destruction with a high probability of using weapons of mass destruction. On the other hand, it must be emphasized that in recent years decisions have been made to reduce nuclear potentials, the prohibition of chemical weapons, which reduces the potential adversary to use weapons of mass destruction. At the same time, due to the trend in the global spread of nuclear and other types of WMD, today it is still impossible to completely exclude their selective and limited in time and scale use (including unauthorized use).

WORLDWIDE SYSTEM OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY PRESENCE Symbols - main operating bases - forward operating points - forward floating points

THE THREAT FROM THE PART OF THE USA According to the program "Unified Perspective" it is envisaged: 1. Deployment by the USA of all the latest weapon systems: a) transition to a new space-based command and control system; b) deployment of a strategic aerospace group; c) creation of a layered national missile defense system; d) construction of new submarines (killers of enemy submarines); e) modernization of existing SSBNs with the replacement of ballistic missiles with cruise missiles.

E) the deployment of precision weapons, primarily cruise missiles in excess of 100,000; g) creation of new types of WMD: ultra-low-yield nuclear warheads (0.8-5 kt) with deep penetration, up to 50 meters. To defeat the command post and missile silos. 2. The adoption of various types of (non-lethal) weapons, including psychotropic and weapons based on new physical principles

CONSEQUENCES OF NATO'S EAST EXPANSION. Russia cannot but take into account the consequences of NATO's expansion to the east: 1. The entry into the NATO bloc of armies - Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the process of expansion continues; 2. Expansion of the bloc's area of ​​responsibility by 650–700 km to the east, use of the airfields of new NATO members and their military infrastructure, which ensures the operation front-line aviation on objects of the European part of Russia up to the line Arkhangelsk-Smolensk-Bryansk-Kursk; 3. The possibility of deploying large military groups on the territory of countries - new members of NATO; 4. The possibility of deploying tactical nuclear weapons and high-precision weapons near the borders of Russia, especially for their use with the help of front-line aviation.

CHINA AND APR COUNTRIES China's influence will grow in the Asia-Pacific region. The growth of economic power will be accompanied by an increase in its military potential. Already, China has begun a large-scale re-equipment of its armed forces with more modern weapons of the 4th generation and the modernization of the Strategic Nuclear Forces. However, China is unlikely to agree to play the role of a junior partner with the US, especially since the problem of Taiwan remains in their relationship. In connection with the latest agreements, for the next 30 years, China is one of the main foreign economic, and, possibly, strategic partners of Russia.

THE FORMER REPUBLIC OF THE USSR The admission of the Baltic states to NATO poses a particular potential threat to Russia's security. In the future, this may mean its actual military-political displacement from the Baltic Sea. The military actions of the United States and its allies in Yugoslavia and the large-scale aggression against Iraq, bypassing the UN Security Council, the use of modern weapons, air strikes not only on military facilities, but also on government infrastructure, which caused numerous civilian casualties, serve as a clear warning to Russia on future. All this means that over the next decade, reliance on military force will be of decisive importance in the conduct of the foreign policy of the United States and its allies. There is a desire to create a semi-circle of hostile states, including the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and later other CIS countries.

THE TREND IN THE CHARACTER OF ARMED FIGHT. It can be foreseen that in the coming years the main threat to Russia's military security will be posed by possible local wars in the Caucasus, throughout the unstable South, and in Central Asia. In possible military conflicts in the next 10 years, the nature of armed struggle will change dramatically. As a result of the increasing possibilities for the massive use by a potential adversary of high-tech weapons, primarily conventional high-precision and information weapons, Russia is already in danger of receiving unacceptable damage to its economic infrastructure. The retreat to the background of nuclear war is being replaced by regional and local wars with the use of conventional high-precision weapons. The main content of such wars and conflicts will not be confrontation between ground groups, but exchanges of massive precision targeted strikes against economic targets throughout the territory of the belligerents. This will entail the disorganization of the system of state and military administration, the destruction of the missile defense system of the troops of the opposing sides.

OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST PRIORITY OBJECTS 1. Command posts 2. Control stations, broadcasting stations, television centers 3. Knots railways 4. Railway bridges (main railway lines) 5. 6. 7. THIRD PRIORITY 1. 2. 3. 4. SECOND PRIORITY Road bridges of federal highways Sea (river) ports, bases, airports, spaceports Pumping stations of main pipelines Warehouses of state reserves Nuclear power plants Hydroelectric power plants Thermal power plants 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Power transmission line substations Fuel and lubricants warehouses, tank farms

Weapons - devices and means used in armed struggle to defeat and destroy enemy manpower, equipment and structures Means of direct destruction Means of delivery to the target Devices (devices) for control and guidance Classification features: 1. By the scale of the damaging effect Conventional weapons Weapons of mass destruction

2. By energy sources and type of impact Firearms Reactive Nuclear Mine-explosive Chemical Biological

4. By types of armed forces and types of troops

Weapons of destruction Weapons of mass destruction Conventional weapons Nuclear weapons Incendiary weapons Chemical weapons Precision weapons Bacteriological (biological) weapons Volume explosion munitions

1. Nuclear weapons. 2. Chemical weapons. 3. Biological weapons. The weapons of mass destruction include: Nuclear weapons include various nuclear munitions (warheads of missiles, aerial bombs, artillery shells, mines) and their means of delivery. The device of a nuclear weapon is shown in fig. During the explosion of a nuclear weapon, an enormous amount of energy is released in millionths of a second, under the influence of which the temperature in the reaction zone rises to several million degrees, and the pressure reaches several billion atmospheres. Due to this, a powerful shock wave and light radiation are formed. Nuclear transformations produce a stream of neutrons and gamma weapons. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) are weapons of great lethality designed to inflict mass casualties and destruction. In addition, it has a strong moral and psychological impact on people. WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

Nuclear weapons Historical reference The first atomic bomb was made in the USA by the middle of 1945; The work on the creation of the bomb was led by Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967). The first Soviet atomic bomb was detonated in 1949 near the city of Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan).

Nuclear Weapons: Tests Countries with nuclear weapons tested them at special test sites remote from densely populated areas: the former USSR - near Semipalatinsk and on the island of Novaya Zemlya The nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya was created in 1954. ) nuclear testing USSR. The atmosphere of the planet received the most terrible blow on October 30, 1961: on that day, a hydrogen bomb with a capacity of 58 Mt was detonated. Near Semipalatinsk for 1949 -1962. carried out 124 ground, atmospheric and underground explosions.

Nuclear weapons On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States of America dropped nuclear bombs on the peaceful Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, about 300 thousand people died. This is how nuclear weapons were born. A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of light nuclei - hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example nuclei of helium isotopes . It includes: Nuclear weapons. Means of delivery (carriers). Controls. Neutron reflector

Nuclear weapons On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States of America dropped nuclear bombs on the peaceful Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, about 300 thousand people died. This is how nuclear weapons were born. A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of light nuclei - hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example nuclei of helium isotopes . It includes: Nuclear weapons. Means of delivery (carriers). Controls. Neutron reflector

Nuclear munitions Nuclear munitions are called munitions filled with nuclear warheads. The main elements of nuclear weapons are: body; nuclear charge; automation system. Nuclear charges are devices designed to carry out a nuclear explosion. They can be of two classes: atomic (nuclear); thermonuclear. Nuclear weapons use the nuclear fission reaction of heavy elements (uranium, plutonium - a fissile substance). Nuclear ammunition (Fig. 1) can be of two types: 1. Cannon type. 2. Implosive type. fissile material (uranium, plutonium)

Electric detonator Conventional explosive Neutron reflector fissile material (uranium, plutonium) Neutron source Casing Fig. 1 Design of nuclear munitions Thermonuclear munitions use the reaction of combination (synthesis) of nuclei of light elements (deuterium and tritium). In the explosion of an atomic (nuclear) charge (the initiator of the compound reaction), tritium enters into a compound reaction with deuterium. In the explosion of 1 g of a mixture of deuterium and tritium, the same amount of energy is released as in the explosion of 80 tons of TNT, that is, 4 times more than in the explosion of an atomic charge.

Rice. 2 The design of thermonuclear munitions The power of a nuclear munition is characterized by TNT equivalent - this is such a mass of TNT, the explosion energy of which is equal to the energy of a given nuclear explosion. According to the power of the explosion, nuclear weapons are divided into five groups: 1. Ultra-small - up to 1 kiloton (kt). 2. Small - from 1 to 10 ct. 3. Medium - from 10 to 100 kt. 4. Large - from 100 kg to 1 megaton (Mt). 5. Super-large - from 1 Mt. and higher.

A neutron munition (Fig. 3) is a small-sized thermonuclear charge with a power of no more than 10 kt, in which the main part of the energy is released due to the fusion reactions of deuterium and tritium nuclei, and the amount of energy obtained as a result of the fission of heavy nuclei is minimal, but sufficient to start synthesis reactions. Figure 3. Arrangement of a neutron munition For a neutron munition at the same distance from the epicenter of the explosion, the dose of penetrating radiation is approximately 5-10 times greater than for a fission charge of the same power. Delivery vehicles (carriers) are special military equipment capable of carrying nuclear weapons to targets. These include: missiles of various types; aviation (bombs); artillery (shells mines); torpedoes; engineering mines (nuclear land mines).

Types of nuclear explosions (Fig. 4 - 8) Fig. 4 Air (B) - produced in the air at a height at which the luminous area does not touch the surface of the earth (water). It is used to destroy air and ground targets. Ground (H) - produced above the ground, while the luminous area touches the surface of the earth and has the shape of an incomplete ball. It is used to destroy underground and solid ground targets, as well as to contaminate the area with radioactive substances. Surface (NA) - is made above the water, while the luminous area touches the surface of the water. It is used to destroy surface targets and coastal structures. Underground (P) - produced underground (at a certain depth) with the release of a huge amount of earth. The luminous area may not be observed. It is used to destroy especially strong underground structures and create barriers.

Underwater (PV) - produced under water (at a certain depth). The luminous area may not be observed. It is used to destroy underwater and surface targets, hydraulic structures. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are the processes and phenomena that occur during a nuclear explosion and determine its damaging effect. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion Air shock wave Radioactive contamination Light radiation Electromagnetic pulse Penetrating radiation

The shock wave of a nuclear explosion is an area of ​​strong air compression that propagates in all directions at high speed (more than 330 m/s or 1200 km/h). The source of the shock wave is high pressure due to the high temperature (several million degrees) in the luminous region of a nuclear explosion. The duration of the shock wave is up to 5 seconds. Characteristics (parameters) of the shock wave: 1. Overpressure (ΔРf) - this is the difference between the pressure in the shock wave and the environment (atmospheric pressure) - kgf / cm 2. air velocity in the shock wave. 3. Overpressure time (τ).

The damaging effect of the shock wave consists in the instantaneous compression of the human body by excessive pressure, and then its sharp throwing it to the side with a high-speed pressure. This leads to injuries that are divided into three degrees: 1. Lungs (ΔРf = 0.2 - 0.4 kgf/cm 2) - bruises, dislocations, light contusions. 2. Medium (ΔРf \u003d 0.5 kgf / cm 2) - various kinds of bleeding, bone fractures, concussions, loss of consciousness. 3. Severe (ΔРf = 0.6 -1 kgf / cm 2) - severe concussions, rupture of the eardrums, abdominal organs and chest. When a shock wave impacts structures, they are destroyed.

Shock wave protection: protective structures (shelters); natural shelters (ravines, hollows, hills, embankments); in an open area, lie face down, feet in the direction of the explosion. The light radiation of a nuclear explosion is a flow of light and thermal energy (visible, ultraviolet, infrared radiation). The source of light radiation is the luminous area of ​​a nuclear explosion with a temperature of several million degrees. The duration of the light radiation is up to 10 seconds. Characteristics (parameters) of light radiation: the value of the light pulse; duration of the light pulse. A light pulse is the amount of energy falling during the period of existence of a luminous region on 1 m 2 (1 cm 2) of the surface. Measured in J / m 2 (cal / cm 2). The light pulse decreases with increasing distance from the center of the explosion. The damaging effect of light radiation is expressed in the appearance of skin burns, eye damage, ignition and melting of various metals.

Burns are divided into four degrees: I degree (4-6 cal / cm 2) - redness, swelling, pain; II degree (7-10 cal / cm 2) - bubbles form, up to 5% of deaths; III degree (11 -15 cal / cm 2) - ulcers appear, skin necrosis, up to 20 -30% of deaths; IV degree (more than 15 cal / cm 2) - charring of the skin, within 10 days it is possible death. First Aid: Extinguish clothes on fire; Protection from light radiation: inject an analgesic; any object that creates a shadow; apply a bandage; protective structures (shelters); evacuate the injured person; personal protective equipment; to the medical center. natural shelters (ravines, hollows, hills, embankments, forest plantings); in an open area, lie face down, feet in the direction of the explosion. Penetrating radiation is a flux of gamma rays (γ) and neutrons (n). They propagate in the air in all directions from the center of the explosion and are able to penetrate large thicknesses of substances, including living organisms. The source of penetrating radiation is nuclear fission reactions and compounds occurring at the time of the explosion.

The thickness of materials that reduce gamma radiation and neutron flux by 2 times is given in Table 2. Table 2 The duration of penetrating radiation is up to 20 seconds. Characteristics (parameters) of penetrating radiation: Radiation dose (D) is the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by 1 cm 3 (1 g) of a substance. It is measured in roentgens (r) or rads (rad). Rice. Propagation of penetrating radiation Name of materials Wood Soil, brick Concrete Iron (armor) Layer of half attenuation from gamma radiation (cm) 30 13 10 3.5 from neutron flux (cm) 10 9 8 12

Depending on the dose of radiation, four degrees of radiation sickness are distinguished: I degree (mild) - at radiation doses of 100-200 r (rad), the first signs (dizziness, nausea) appear after 2-3 weeks. There may be isolated cases of death. II degree (medium) - at radiation doses of 200-400 r (rad), the first signs (headache and dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, hair loss) appear after 2 hours. Mortality of people will be up to 40%. III degree (severe) - at radiation doses of 400 -600 r (rad), the first signs (severe headache, frequent vomiting, fever up to 39 -40 ° C, bleeding, hair loss, decrease in body resistance) appear after 1 hour. Mortality of people will be up to 70%. IV degree (extremely severe) - at radiation doses of more than 600 r. (glad), the first signs (severe headache, constant vomiting, heat body up to 40 o. C, bleeding, respiratory failure, disruption of the cardiovascular system). In most cases, death occurs.

First aid: take five tablets of an antibacterial agent (antibiotic); take one tablet of an antiemetic. evacuate the injured person to the medical center. Protection against penetrating radiation: engineering structures (shelters); natural shelters (hills, embankments). Radioactive contamination of the area is a fallout radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion during its movement in the direction of the wind. The decay of these radioactive substances is accompanied by gamma (γ), beta (β), and alpha (α+) radiation. Characteristics (parameters) of radioactive contamination. The level of radiation (dose rate) is the dose of radiation per unit time. It is measured in roentgens per hour (r/h) or rads per hour (rad/h). Gradually settling on the surface of the earth, radioactive substances create a site of radioactive contamination, which is called a radioactive trace.

According to the degree of danger to the population, the radioactive trace is divided into four zones: 1. Zone A - moderate contamination (shown on a map or diagram in blue). Radiation level 1 hour after the explosion Р 1=8 r/h (rad/h), after 10 hours Р 10=0.5 r/h (rad/h). Radiation dose D=40 r (rad). 2. Zone B - severe infection (applied in green). (P 1=80 r/h (rad/h); P 10=5 r/h (rad/h); D=400 r (rad)). 3. Zone B - dangerous infection (applied in brown). (P 1=240 r/h (rad/h); P 10=15 r/h (rad/h); D=1200 R (rad)). 4. Zone G - an extremely dangerous infection (applied in black). (P 1 \u003d 800 r / h (rad / h); R 10 \u003d 50 r / h (rad / h); D \u003d 4000 r (rad)).

The degree of infection (Q) is the dose rate of radiation on the surfaces of various objects. It is measured in milliroentgens per hour (mr/h) or millirads per hour (mrad/h). Safe degrees of contamination of surfaces of various objects, mr/h (mrad/h), are presented in Table 4. Name of objects Time elapsed after the explosion (hours) up to 12 12 -24 more than 24 Clothing, gas mask, 200 personal protective equipment 100 50 Cars 400 200 800 The damaging effect of radioactive contamination is similar to the effect of penetrating radiation on the body. For the prevention of radiation sickness, an anti-radiation agent is used. It is contained in the individual first-aid kit in two cases of 6 tablets each. The drug should be taken 30-40 minutes before entering the area contaminated with radioactive substances.

First aid: take five tablets of an antibacterial agent (antibiotic); take one tablet of an antiemetic; carry out partial sanitization (remove radioactive dust from the mouth, nose, rinse eyes with water); put on a respirator (gas mask) on the affected person; evacuate the injured person to the medical center. Radiation protection: vehicles; engineering structures (covered slots, dugouts and shelters); personal protective equipment (skin protection, gas mask or respirator). An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is the electromagnetic fields generated during a nuclear explosion. The source of the electromagnetic pulse is the nuclear reactions occurring at the time of the explosion. The duration of the electromagnetic impulse is less than 1 sec. The main characteristic of an electromagnetic pulse is the magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields.

Damaging action. An electromagnetic pulse causes damage to living organisms, disables or impairs the operation of electronic means, wired communication means and power supply systems; May cause fire, charring, melting or vaporization of metals and other materials. In addition, the induced currents in metal elements under the influence of an electromagnetic pulse can be deadly to humans. The systems that are most affected by EMP are communications, signaling and control. Electromagnetic impulse protection: use of electrically conductive (metal) screens; the use of symmetrical two-wire lines, well insulated from the ground; use of protection similar to lightning protection means; the use of circuits for automatically disconnecting equipment from the line or various fuses; use of fiber optic communication.

Chemical weapons For the first time in the world, German troops used 180 tons of chlorine as the first poisonous substance on April 22, 1915 against the Anglo-French troops. As a result, 15,000 people were injured and 5,000 people died. So, a new means of destroying people appeared - chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are one of the types of weapons of mass destruction, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of toxic chemical warfare agents (BTCS). Combat toxic chemicals include poisonous substances, toxins that have a damaging effect on humans and animals, as well as phytotoxins that can be used to destroy various types of vegetation. Chemical weapons include: 1. Poisonous substances. 2. Means of application.

Types of combat state of poisonous substances: steam (gas); aerosol (fog, smoke); drip-liquid. Classification of poisonous substances According to tactical According to the effect on the human body Deadly 1. Nerve-paralytic: Sarin (GB); Soman (GD); Vi-X (Vx). 2. Ulcerative: Mustard gas (HD). Temporarily incapacitating 3. General toxic: hydrocyanic acid (AC); Cyanogen chloride (SC). 4. Asphyxiants: Phosgene (CG) 5. Psychochemical: from BI-Zed (BZ); El-S-De (LSD) 6. Annoying: C-S (CS); Adamsite (DM). Durability Persistent Non-resistant

Persistence is the time of preservation of the damaging effect of toxic substances. In terms of persistence, poisonous substances are divided into: persistent poisonous substances that retain their damaging effect for several hours and days; unstable poisonous substances, the damaging effect of which lasts from several minutes to one hour after their application. Means of application are military equipment or ammunition capable of carrying (delivering) toxic substances to the target. These include: missiles of various types; aviation (bombs, cassettes, pouring aviation devices - VAP); artillery (shells, mines, rockets); engineering mines (chemical land mines); aerosol generators (special machines for creating smoke or fog); chemical checkers, grenades and cartridges.

A biological weapon (BW) is a weapon whose lethal effect is based on the use of biological agents. It includes: 1. Biological agents. 2. Means of application. The following can be used as biological means: to affect people and animals - pathogens of various infectious diseases; for the destruction of plants - pathogens of plant diseases; insect pests of agricultural plants; chemical substances(herbicides, defoliants), etc. Types of pathogens: bacteria - plague, anthrax, cholera and other viruses - smallpox, yellow fever, etc.; rickettsia - typhus, spotted fever, etc.; fungi - pocardiosis, histoplasmosis, etc.

Means of application: missiles of various types; aviation (bombs, cassettes, containers spraying aviation devices - RAP); artillery (shells, mines, rockets); aerosol generators (special machines for creating smoke or fog); devices for sabotage. Methods of application: aerosol (in the form of mist); transmissible (through infected insects); sabotage (through food and water). First aid when detecting the use of biological agents: 1. Put on a gas mask. 2. In case of skin contact, treat with PPI. 3. In a specially equipped place or after leaving the infected area, take 5 tablets of an antibacterial agent (from an individual first-aid kit). 4. After 6 hours, repeat taking the tablets. 5. At the first sign, send the affected person to the medical center.

Disinfection: 1. Clothing - IPP. Protection: 1. Gas mask. 2. Skin protection products. 3. Technique with special equipment. Incendiary ammunition and mixtures. Incendiary substances and means of their delivery to the affected target are usually called incendiary weapons (IW). It is very efficient and wide application for the following reasons: emerging fires cause great material damage and cause deaths; significantly cheaper to manufacture compared to other types of weapons; there are no international restrictions on production and testing; It has a strong moral and psychological effect on people.

Incendiaries Based on petroleum products - liquid; - thickened (napalm) Metallized (pyrogels) Thermite and thermite compositions Phosphorus, alkali metals

Napalm It consists of petroleum products (gasoline), polystyrene, salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids. By appearance it is a gel, adheres well even to wet surfaces. Napalm is lighter than water. Pieces of napalm burn for 5-10 minutes, developing a temperature of up to 1200°C. Burning napalm is capable of penetrating holes and crevices, causing fires and injury to people there. Pyrogels contain napalm, magnesium or aluminum shavings (powder), coal, asphalt and other substances heavier than water. They burn with a bright flash, developing a temperature of up to 1600 ° C. Burning occurs within 1-3 minutes.

Thermite and thermite compositions are mechanical mixtures of aluminum metals (25%) and iron oxides (75%). To avoid delamination, the mixture is pressed with an admixture of binders (linseed oil, rosin, molten sulfur). The thermite composition of TNZ contains 60% iron oxide, 25% barium nitrate (source of oxygen, 10% bakelite and 5% aluminum powder). During combustion, thermite compositions develop temperatures up to 3000 ° C. Since oxygen is released from metal oxides during combustion, thermite compositions can burn without air access. To increase the thermal effect, thermite compositions are often used in conjunction with the “electron”, which is an alloy of magnesium (96%), aluminum (3%) and other elements (1%).

White phosphorus is a waxy substance with a slight specific odor; it ignites spontaneously in air, developing a combustion temperature of up to 900 ° C. When burned, it emits a large number of white poisonous smoke - phosphorus oxide. A mixture of phosphorus with a viscous solution of synthetic rubber is called plasticized phosphorus. The plasticized phosphorus is pressed into granules, which are filled into pouring aircraft devices (VAP). The alkali metals potassium and sodium tend to react violently with water and ignite spontaneously. Therefore, they are used, as a rule, to ignite napalm. Means of delivery: incendiary ammunition for barreled and rocket-propelled artillery (shells); incendiary missile warheads; aviation incendiary bombs cassettes, tanks and pouring aviation devices (VAP); flamethrowers; incendiary bullets, grenades and checkers.

The damaging effect of incendiary weapons is the infliction of burns, arson of buildings, structures and equipment (fires). The main methods of protection against incendiary substances: - the use of both natural and artificial shelters; - increasing the fire resistance of shelters through the use of paints and coatings (clay); - use of PPE: hopcalite cartridge, insulating gas mask, protective clothing (woolen and warm). If a burning mixture gets on clothing, it must be thrown off and the fire on the ground must be extinguished. If the mixture gets on unprotected parts of the body, it is necessary to cover the fire with a damp dense material, knock down the flame, and then provide first aid. Wash the affected area with a solution of potassium permanganate, soda or alcohol, in extreme cases, with plenty of water. When extinguishing ammunition with thermite composition, the greatest effect is achieved by lowering them into water tanks.

CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS The term "Conventional weapons" came into use after the creation of nuclear weapons. Weapons - the general name of devices and means used in armed struggle to destroy the enemy's manpower, equipment and structures, as well as for a destructive impact on the human environment. Armament - a complex of various types of weapons and means that ensure their use, an integral part of military equipment. It includes weapons (ammunition and means of delivering them to the target), their launch systems, detection, target designation, guidance, control and other technical means (Fig. 1).

It should be noted that at present, models of conventional weapons, based on the latest achievements of science and technology, in terms of their effectiveness, in a number of parameters, have approached WMD (precision weapons, volumetric explosion ammunition). Conventional weapons are all fire and strike weapons that use artillery, anti-aircraft, aircraft, small arms and engineering ammunition and rockets in conventional equipment, incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures. Precision weapon (HTO) is a guided weapon capable of hitting specified targets with a probability close to one at any range within its reach. A high hit probability is achieved by using special guidance systems, including automated control systems with missile trajectory correction. The WTO includes ground, aviation, ship, missile systems, bomber and artillery weapon control systems, as well as reconnaissance and strike systems.

These complexes use the following weapons: guided missiles, mines and air bombs (UAB), including modular design (with a rocket booster); guided missiles; air and sea based cruise missiles; intercontinental ballistic missiles in conventional equipment. The range of use of guided bombs is usually up to 30 km, planning UAB and UAB of a modular design - up to 80 km, guided missiles - up to 200 km, and cruise missiles - up to 2000-3000 km. Precision-guided munitions are equipped with thermal, infrared, thermal imaging, laser, radar and combined guidance systems that ensure high accuracy of hitting the target (circular probable deviation from 2 to 10 m, in the future - up to 1 m). The launch (firing) range of tactical high-precision munitions reaches 100 ÷ 130 km, strategic - 2500 km, further up to 4000 km.

Explosive ammunition. The main purpose of high-explosive ammunition is the destruction of industrial, residential, administrative buildings, railways and highways, the destruction of equipment and people. The main damaging factor of high-explosive ammunition is the air shock wave that occurs during the explosion of a conventional explosive (HE) with which these ammunition are equipped. They are distinguished by a high filling ratio (the ratio of the mass of explosives to the total mass of ammunition), reaching 55% and have a caliber from 50 to 20,000 kg. Cumulative ammunition is designed to destroy armored targets. Their principle of operation is based on burning barriers with a powerful jet of explosive detonation products with a temperature of 6-7 thousand degrees and a pressure of 5-6 thousand kgf / cm 2. The formation of a cumulative jet is achieved due to the cumulative recess of a parabolic shape in the explosive charge. Focused detonation products are capable of burning holes in armored ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires.

Concrete-piercing ammunition is designed to destroy high-strength reinforced concrete structures, as well as to destroy the runways of an aeroflot. In the body of the ammunition are placed two charges cumulative and high-explosive, and two detonators. Upon encountering an obstacle, an instantaneous detonator is triggered, which undermines the cumulative charge. Ammunition of a volumetric explosion is ammunition, the principle of which is based on a physical phenomenon - detonation, which occurs in mixtures of combustible gases with air. As a charge, volatile hydrocarbon compounds (liquid formulations) with a high calorific value are used: ethylene oxide, propyl nitrate, acetic acid peroxide, dibaran, etc. These compounds are sprayed during an explosion, evaporate and mix with atmospheric oxygen, forming a spherical cloud of an air-fuel mixture with a radius of about 15 m and a layer thickness of 2-3 m. The resulting mixture is undermined in several places by special detonators. .

In the detonation zone, a temperature of 2500-3000 o develops in a few tens of microseconds. C. An explosion of such a mixture is a process of rapid expansion of combustion products, generating a shock wave in the surrounding space - a zone compressed air, propagating at supersonic speed, 15003000 m/sec. The main damaging factor of volumetric explosion ammunition is the shock wave. UNCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS At the present time, they are considered as an addition to traditional types of weapons. However, in further work with some of them, such a high efficiency of their use is expected that they may become preferable to any currently existing types of weapons, including nuclear ones. Geospace weapons (ozone weapons) are based on the use of certain methods of artificial destruction in certain places of the stratospheric ozone layer.

Ethnic weapons are a possible variety of chemical or biological weapons (sometimes ethnic weapons are classified as new types of WMD). This type weapons can be used to defeat certain ethnic and racial groups of people by targeted chemical or biological effects on cells, tissues, organs, systems of the human body that have certain intraspecific group hereditary characteristics. Genetic weapons are a possible variety of biological weapons based on the use of substances that can change genetic structures in the cells of the human body, and genetically modified pathogens of human infectious diseases. Atmospheric (meteorological weapons) is the most developed type geophysical weapons. The striking factors of these weapons can be various atmospheric processes and related weather and climatic conditions. These atmospheric processes include prolonged heavy rainfall, severe thunderstorms, fogs, etc.

Atmospheric (meteorological weapon) is the most developed type of geophysical weapon. The damaging factors of these weapons can be various atmospheric processes and related weather and climatic conditions. These atmospheric processes include prolonged heavy rainfall, severe thunderstorms, fogs, etc. Biospheric weapons (environmental weapons). His striking. the action is aimed at catastrophic changes in the biosphere, causing damage by affecting the environment, exterminating flora and fauna, and polluting the environment. A large-scale environmental war was waged by the Americans in Vietnam. Various chemicals were used here. Forests and crops over a vast area were destroyed by napalm. A huge number of dropped bombs, including super-large caliber (the so-called "daisy mowers" designed to clear landing sites for helicopters) and shells fired across the territory of South Vietnam, caused the formation of a continuous field of craters on an area of ​​100 thousand hectares, the fruitful upper part soil is irretrievably lost.

Radiological weapons - the new kind weapons based on the use of military radioactive substances to kill people with ionizing radiation, radioactive contamination of water, air, terrain, equipment and other military and civilian facilities. Geophysical weapons Geophysical weapons are understood as weapons, the damaging effect of which is based on the deliberate use for military purposes of natural phenomena and processes caused artificially in the solid (lithosphere), liquid (hydrosphere) and gaseous (atmosphere) shells of the Earth. Lithospheric weapons (tectonic) have a damaging effect by initiating such dangerous natural phenomena and processes as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the movement of geological formations. An earthquake is one of the forms of impulse release of energy accumulated in the depths of the Earth as a result of continuous geological processes.

Plasma weapons The idea of ​​creating a "Plasma Shield" capable of detecting and hitting warheads of ballistic missiles, aircraft, helicopters, and cruise missiles in the atmosphere was formulated and substantiated in our country. The components of such weapons can be microwave (or laser) generators), directional antennas and power supplies placed in container modules and linked unified system management. Infrasonic weapons are a new type of weapons of mass destruction based on the use of directed radiation of powerful infrasonic vibrations. Infrasonic vibrations are sound (elastic) waves of low frequency (less than 16 Hz) that are inaudible to the human ear. They are weakly absorbed various materials and spread over long distances. According to studies conducted in some countries, infrasonic vibrations can affect the central nervous system and digestive organs, lead to general malaise and sometimes blindness, cause people to panic, lose control of themselves and an irresistible desire to hide from radiation sources.

Microwave electromagnetic weapons - means have an energy and informational impact on the human body. Depending on the frequency and power of microwave radiation, it disrupts the functioning of the brain and central nervous system, causes a feeling of hard tolerable noise and whistling, and affects internal organs. The most promising are microwave generators as electronic warfare that create strong interference for the enemy's radio-electronic means. The information impact on a person of microwave radiation of relatively low power is based on the so-called effect of radio audibility. It lies in the fact that people who are in the intense field of broadcast stations hear "inner voices", music, etc. due to the detection of modulated carrier oscillations by human organs with subsequent conversion into signals perceived by the auditory nerve.

Beam (laser) weapons Beam weapons are a new type of weapon based on the use of laser radiation to kill people and disable military equipment (primarily aircraft, optoelectronic reconnaissance systems and weapon control). Work on the use of beam energy is aimed at the development of laser tools. Beam (accelerator) weapon. Beam weapons are a new type of weapon based on the use of accelerated high-energy particles. The principle of operation of a beam weapon consists in generating, focusing and aiming at the target an intense pulsed or continuous beam of charged particles (for example, electrons, protons) or neutral atoms (for example, light hydrogen atoms), accelerated to energies of 0.5 -1 GeV and more. The damaging effect of such weapons is combined: radiation and thermomechanical, by initiating X-ray radiation or intense thermal exposure and shock mechanical load.

The same can be achieved with the help of the so-called information weapon, which is information impact, economic blockade, currency and financial provocation, etc. Information software and mathematical weapons are a set of methods and means that allows you to purposefully change (destroy, distort), copy, block information, overcome security systems, limit the access of legitimate users, carry out disinformation, disrupt the functioning of information carriers, disrupt the operation of technical means, computer systems and information and computing networks used in the course of information warfare (war) to achieve the goals set. Psychophysical weapons - the totality of all possible ways and means of hidden violent influence on the subconscious of a person in order to modify his psyche (mainly the subconscious) in the direction necessary for the influencing party. However, if earlier, as a result of hard programming, almost biorobots were obtained, little resembling a normal person, today only a specialist can often determine "zombies" - their behavior is quite normal and does not arouse suspicion

Hydrospheric weapons are based on the use of dangerous natural phenomena associated with the hydrosphere for military purposes. The damaging factors of these weapons can be strong waves (such as tsunamis or directed tidal waves) and flooding. The formation of a tsunami in the coastal strip of the seas and oceans with the help of underwater nuclear explosions, according to foreign experts, can be considered as an effective way to destroy the forces of the fleet in the bases, as well as port facilities and hydraulic facilities. The flooding of low-lying areas can be an important factor in the military-economic impact on the rear of the enemy. Atmospheric (meteorological weapon) is the most developed type of geophysical weapon. The damaging factors of these weapons can be various atmospheric processes and related weather and climatic conditions. These atmospheric processes include prolonged heavy rainfall, severe thunderstorms, fogs, etc.

Information weapon By intervening in the regulation of information flows, in the process of their processing and management, it is possible to influence certain events. Story recent decades shows that to defeat a powerful state, its economy, its military-industrial complex, all of its most important structures are possible not only by the use of military force. The same can be achieved with the help of the so-called information weapon, which is information influence, economic blockade, monetary and financial provocation, etc.

Information software and mathematical weapon - a set of methods and means that allows you to purposefully change (destroy, distort), copy, block information, overcome protection systems, limit the access of legitimate users, carry out disinformation, disrupt the functioning of information carriers, disrupt the operation of technical means, computer systems and information and computing networks used in the course of information warfare (war) to achieve the goals. Psychophysical weapon - a set of all possible ways and means of covert violent influence on the subconscious of a person in order to modify his psyche (mainly the subconscious) in the direction necessary for the influencing party. However, if earlier, as a result of hard programming, almost biorobots were obtained, little resembling a normal person, today only a specialist can often determine "zombies" - their behavior is quite normal and does not arouse suspicion

16. Modern means of armed struggle. The damaging factors of modern types of weapons.

CLASSIFICATION OF MODERN WEAPONS

According to the scale and nature of the damaging effect, modern weapons are divided into:

1.Weapon of mass destruction:

Chemical

Bacteriological (biological)

2. Conventional weapons,

including:

cluster munitions

precision weapons

Volumetric explosion ammunition

incendiary mixtures

3. Weapons based on new physical principles:

laser weapons

Beam weapon

microwave weapons

4.Non-lethal weapons.

5. Genetic weapon.

6.Ethnic weapons.

7. Information weapons, etc.

Nuclear weapons A weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a nuclear explosion is called.

Nuclear weapons are based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of isotopes of uranium-235, plutonium-239 or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light hydrogen isotope nuclei (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones.

These weapons include various nuclear munitions (warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aircraft and depth charges, artillery shells and mines) equipped with nuclear chargers, means of controlling them and delivering them to the target.

The main part of a nuclear weapon is a nuclear charge containing a nuclear explosive (NAE) - uranium-235 or plutonium-239.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

During the explosion of a nuclear weapon, a huge amount of energy is released in millionths of a second. The temperature rises to several million degrees, and the pressure reaches billions of atmospheres.

The main damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are:

1. shock wave - 50% of the energy of the explosion;

2. light radiation - 30-35% of the energy of the explosion;

3. penetrating radiation - 8-10% of the energy of the explosion;

4. radioactive contamination - 3-5% of the energy of the explosion;

5. electromagnetic pulse - 0.5-1% of the energy of the explosion.

Chemical weapon These are poisonous substances and the means of delivering them to the target.

Poisonous substances are toxic (poisonous) chemical compounds that affect people and animals, infect the air, terrain, water bodies and various objects on the ground. Some toxins are designed to kill plants. The means of delivery include artillery chemical projectiles and mines (VAP), warheads of missiles in chemical equipment, chemical land mines, checkers, grenades and cartridges.

Poisonous substances can have various states of aggregation (vapor, aerosol, liquid) and affect people through the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract, or when they come into contact with the skin.

According to the physiological action, agents are divided into groups :

1) Nerve agents - tabun, sarin, soman, VX. They cause disorders of the functions of the nervous system, muscle cramps, paralysis and death;

2) Agent of blistering action - mustard gas, lewisite.

3) OS of general toxic action – hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. The defeat through the respiratory system and when it enters the gastrointestinal tract with water and food.

4) OV suffocating action– phosgene. It affects the body through the respiratory system. In the period of latent action, pulmonary edema develops.

5) OV psychochemical action - BZ. It strikes through the respiratory system. Violates coordination of movements, causes hallucinations and mental disorders;

6) Irritant agents - chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CS (Ci-Es), CR (Ci-Ar). Causes respiratory and eye irritation;

Biological weapons (BW)- These are special ammunition and combat devices with delivery vehicles, equipped with biological means.

BO is a weapon of mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants, the action of which is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms and their metabolic products - toxins.

The causative agents of plague, cholera, anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, glanders and smallpox, psittaccosis, yellow fever, foot and mouth disease, Venezuelan, western and eastern American encephalomyelitis, epidemic typhus, KU fever, rocky spotted fever can be used as BO. mountains and fever tsutsugamushi, coccidioidomycosis, nocardiosis, histoplasmosis, etc.

The main uses of BO are as follows:

a) aerosol - contamination of surface air by spraying liquid or dry biological formulations;

b) transmissible - dispersion in the target area of ​​artificially infected blood-sucking vectors;

c) sabotage method - contamination of air, water, food with the help of sabotage equipment.

Conventional means of attack, precision weapons.

The main role of the carrier of conventional weapons is played by aviation as the most mobile component of the entire NATO military machine. Their aircraft are equipped with high-precision guided weapons - air-to-ground missiles, guided aerial bombs (conventional aerial bombs, high-explosive, armor-piercing, cumulative, concrete-piercing, incendiary, volumetric explosions, etc.).

The usual types of modern weapons also include volume explosion ammunition. The damaging factors of volumetric explosion ammunition are the shock wave, thermal and toxic effects. Buildings, structures, buried objects can be destroyed as a result of the action of a shock wave, as well as leakage of a gas-air mixture (DHW) into inlets, air supply channels, communications, followed by detonation of the DHW.

INTRODUCTION

An analysis of the military-political situation in the world shows that the beginning of the 21st century will be characterized by the manifestation of two main trends in domestic and international relations:

First - a departure from military-power politics to the development of relations of trust and cooperation in the military-political field.

Second - the opposite trend is to expand the reasons and reasons for the use of military power policy. The crisis nature of the economic development of a large group of states, the real growth of the gap between economically developed and backward countries, provoke the political regimes of some countries to try to solve economic and internal political problems by armed means.

These trends are due to the following reasons:

· Growing shortage of raw materials and energy in developed countries;

· the transfer of social class confrontation to the area of ​​national contradictions;

· intensification of the struggle for leadership in the conditions of the new order in the regions and in the world as a whole;

· the growing need to reform the existing world order by changing the status of the new world powers;

· Entry into the political arena of forces professing terrorism as a way to change the world order.

The existing contradictions between states and peoples will push various radical and extremist movements to use force.

Consequently, even the relapses of the Cold War are finally gone, but this does not mean that military-political confrontation will be excluded from international practice. The rejection of ideological confrontation will not cancel geopolitical interests, as well as national priorities in the foreign policy of any state.

3.2 POSSIBLE NATURE OF THE FUTURE WAR

When analyzing threats to Russia's security, one should focus on sources of military danger that can develop into military threats of various scales (global, regional, local).

The global military threat to Russia comes and will come from countries possessing strategic nuclear weapons (USA, China, France, Great Britain, Pakistan). In turn, Russia, which possesses the same weapons, is a source of global military danger in relation to other countries of the world. At the same time, the military-strategic situation in the world shows that the potential military danger on a global scale is declining and has all the positive trends towards further reduction.

Thus, the military-strategic situation in the world at the beginning of the 21st century is characterized by a tendency to reduce the military threat that exists for Russia from countries possessing nuclear weapons. It is the same with Russia - these countries.

The characteristic features of modern wars today include:

The use of various forms and methods of combat operations, including non-traditional ones;

a combination of military operations (carried out in accordance with the rules military science) with guerrilla and terrorist actions;

Widespread use of criminal formations;

the transience of hostilities (30-60 days);

selectivity of destruction of objects;

· increasing the role of long-range remote combat with the use of high-precision radio-controlled means;

delivering pinpoint strikes on key targets (critical elements of economic facilities);

· a combination of powerful political, diplomatic, informational, psychological and economic impact.

The sources of potential regional danger for Russia and other neighboring countries are the states bordering the territory former USSR in the south, which are capable of individually creating quite powerful groupings of troops against their northern neighbors. In addition, the growing territorial and religious conflicts in the northwest and east of Russia serve as a source of regional military danger. At the same time, regional military threats of a different nature have been smoothed out to a certain extent by bilateral agreements and have practically not grown into a military threat to Russia, although they have a great explosive potential.

The local military danger at present has a more mobile character, more pronounced and concrete symptoms of contradictions, and a shorter process in time of transition to a direct military threat or armed conflict.

At present, tendencies of increasing military danger within the CIS and Russia are playing an increasingly important role, which can escalate into armed conflicts of various scale and intensity.

A) The first is the discrepancy between the ethnic and administrative borders of a number of CIS states and Russia. The same problem takes place both within the Russian Federation and between its subjects.

B) The second is that political and economic contradictions both within Russia and with the CIS states can provoke armed conflicts.

C) The third is the desire of the nationalist power structures of some autonomies for complete sovereignty and the creation of their own national formations.

Thus, there are currently sources of military danger for Russia in the European, Central Asian, and Asia-Pacific regions.

Brief analysis trends in the development of military-political relations between states and sources of military danger shows that in case of unfavorable development, a sharp aggravation of the existing contradictions between Russia and the states of the near and far abroad is possible. This can lead to the emergence of armed conflicts (wars), different in their goals and scales.

Based on military threats, dangers and measures to ensure the security of Russia, the alignment of military and political forces in the world and states adjacent to Russia, as well as the possible geopolitical goals of the aggressor, military conflicts at the beginning of the 21st century can develop according to Fig. one

Military conflicts will be characterized as:

· border wars- where the aggressor will pursue goals: breaking through the state border to allow smugglers, terrorists or the flow of refugees to pass; implementation of territorial claims against Russia; support for separatist movements in the adjacent territory; provoking NATO entry into the conflict on the side of the aggressor; obtaining access to the resources of the economic zone of Russia;

· local wars, which can be unleashed with the goals: the implementation of territorial claims to the Russian Federation; support for armed separatist movements on the territory of Russia with the task of separating certain regions from it, as well as ousting peacekeeping contingents and Russian military bases in other states;

· regional wars- wars of a larger scale, which will be carried out with the following goals: to defeat the main military forces of the Russian Federation on the territory of the theater of military operations; the capture of a large territory; weakening the military-political leadership of the state and promoting the territorial disintegration of the Russian Federation; weakening of the international positions of the Russian Federation; the final erosion and collapse of the CIS and the system of international relations;

· large-scale (world) war, where the aggressor - a state, a coalition of states or their block, will pursue the goals of military and economic defeat the Russian Federation and its allies, the dismemberment and liquidation of Russia as a state - a subject of international relations.

The sources of military danger for Russia can be conditionally divided into two groups: A) existing within the CIS and Russia, and B) emanating from other states.

Currently within the CIS and Russia The following contradictions remain, causing tendencies of increasing military danger, which can develop into armed conflicts of various scale and intensity:

1) The discrepancy between the ethnic and administrative borders of a number of states of the CIS and Russia (the same problem also occurs within the Russian Federation between its subjects).

2) Political and economic contradictions both within Russia and with the CIS states.

3) The desire of the power nationalist structures of some autonomies for complete sovereignty and the creation of their own national formations.

Options for the development of a military conflict

From the side states of the so-called far abroad the most likely military threat is the emergence of a border, local and regional war.

A border and local military threat can currently arise in any region that is of great economic or political importance. This military danger has a more mobile character, more pronounced and specific symptoms of contradictions, and a shorter process in time of transition to a direct military threat or armed conflict.

The sources of potential regional danger for Russia and other neighboring countries are the states bordering the territory of the former USSR in the south, which are capable of individually creating quite powerful groupings of troops against their northern neighbors. In addition, the growing territorial and religious conflicts in the northwest and east of Russia serve as a source of regional military danger.

At the same time, regional military threats of a different nature have been smoothed out to a certain extent by bilateral agreements and have practically not grown into a military threat to Russia, although they have a great explosive potential.

However, we should not forget that based on military threats, dangers, the alignment of military and political forces in the world and neighboring states with Russia, as well as the possible geopolitical goals of the aggressor, military conflicts of the beginning of the 21st century can develop up to a world war with the use of all types of weapons. .

What will be the nature of each particular war is determined by: the capabilities of the states participating in it, the military-political goals and the strategic tasks set to achieve them.

Thus, for Russia at present there are sources of military danger in almost all regions surrounding the state: in the European, Central Asian, Asia-Pacific regions.

The strategic nature of modern wars is determined by the capabilities of the states participating in them, the military-political goals and the set strategic tasks for achieving them.

It is important to note that modern wars are fundamentally different from all previous wars in history. The characteristic features of modern wars today include:

1) the secrecy of preparation and the suddenness of unleashing aggression, elements of which were already observed in the wars of the twentieth century;

2) the transience of hostilities (30-60 days);

3) the constant threat of expanding the scope of the conflict;

4) conducting armed struggle in all spheres the globe- on land, in the air, at sea, with the increasing role of aerospace attack weapons;

5) the use of various both classical and previously unknown forms and methods of warfare, including non-traditional ones;

6) selectivity of destruction of objects;

7) massive use of high-precision weapons, electronic warfare, and in the future, weapons based on new physical principles;

8) increasing the role of long-range remote combat using high-precision radio-controlled means;

9) fire destruction of the most important objects and elements of the infrastructure of the state and the grouping of troops to the entire depth of their formation; maneuvering actions of troops with the extensive use of airmobile forces, landings and special forces;

10) infliction of pinpoint strikes on key objects (critical elements of economic objects);

11) a combination of military operations (carried out in accordance with the rules of military science) with guerrilla and terrorist operations;

12) widespread use of criminal formations;

13) active struggle for gaining strategic initiative and superiority in management;

14) a combination of powerful political, diplomatic, informational, psychological and economic impact.

Their most characteristic features will be: secrecy in preparation and suddenness in unleashing aggression; massive use of high-precision weapons, electronic warfare, and, in the future, weapons based on new physical principles; the use of previously unknown forms and methods of warfare; conducting armed struggle in all spheres - on land, in the air, at sea, with the growing role of aerospace attack means; active struggle for the conquest of strategic initiative and superiority in management; fire destruction of the most important objects and elements of the infrastructure of the state and the grouping of troops to the entire depth of their formation; maneuvering actions of troops with the extensive use of airmobile forces, landings and special forces; the constant threat of an expansion of the conflict. All this puts forward new requirements for the structure of the military organization of the state, including civil defense and the system of medical support for the population in wartime.

Characteristic of modern wars is the fact that even with the participation of large military formations over large territories, war, as a rule, is not declared, martial law is not introduced in the state, and full-scale mobilization measures are not carried out. In other words, there is no clear legal boundary between a peaceful and a military situation in a country in which, in fact, there is a war.

In the same time, even in a limited military conflict the state must take measures to protect civilian population, material and cultural values ​​from the impact of enemy weapons, i.e. conduct civil defense measures and use its forces and means.

All this puts forward new requirements both for the structure and organization of the work of military units, formations and associations of the state, and for the structure and organization of the work of civil defense forces and means.

In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the combat potential of developed countries due to the quantitative and qualitative buildup of conventional weapons. The priority role is assigned to the use of high-precision conventional weapons, mainly remotely from long distances with little or no full-scale ground operations.

In a probable war, a decisive role will be assigned to high-precision weapons and weapons based on new physical principles of destruction and created on the basis of the latest technologies. The development of weapons based on new physical principles is carried out most intensively. Their damaging properties and combat effectiveness have sharply increased. The further development of scientific and technological progress in the military field finds its concentrated expression in the computerization of the armed forces. A new term "computer-technotronic war" has been introduced into use.

These types of weapons will significantly devalue the role of nuclear weapons and destroy the barrier that for a long time separated nuclear and conventional weapons.

This weapon will inevitably change the nature of war and, as a result, will require changes in the organization of civil defense work.

Thus, it is obvious that the likely wars against Russia will be carried out with the use of modern conventional weapons. Qualitatively new means of armed struggle, created on the basis of the latest technologies, will inevitably change the nature of war. The decisive role is assigned not to manpower, not nuclear, but to high-precision conventional weapons and weapons based on new physical principles. These types of weapons will significantly devalue the role of nuclear weapons and destroy the barrier that for a long time separated nuclear and conventional weapons.

3.3 NUCLEAR WEAPONS. ITS AFFECTING FACTORS. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FOCUS OF NUCLEAR DEFEAT

In modern warfare, nuclear weapons occupy a special place. It is the main means of destruction, the main means of warfare. The tactical-technical and military-economic characteristics can make it possible to widely use nuclear munitions both for striking industrial, political and administrative centers, transport hubs and military facilities deep in the enemy’s territory, and for destroying the population. According to the purpose, strategic and tactical nuclear weapons are distinguished. This distinction is to a certain extent conditional, since the same nuclear weapons can be used for different purposes.

Table 10

Indicators of sanitary losses during the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Table 11

The structure of sanitary losses during the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (in %)

The development and improvement of nuclear weapons have a great impact on the means and methods of warfare, which in turn affects the organization and equipment of the armed forces, strategy, operational art and tactics of warfare, including medical support for troops, as well as for medical care of the civilian population affected during the hostilities or as a result of these actions

Nuclear weapons are ammunition (bombs, shells, missile warheads, land mines, etc.), the damaging effect of which is due to the intranuclear energy released during explosive nuclear reactions. The production of nuclear energy is achieved through the fission of the nuclei of atoms of some heavy elements (uranium, plutonium) or the fusion of the nuclei of atoms of the lightest elements into a heavier one, for example, hydrogen isotopes into helium.

Type of nuclear weapon

1. Atomic weapon (charge up to 500 kt TNT equivalent)

Chain reaction of nuclear fission of heavy elements

U 233, U 235 (30 kg), Pu 238 (60 kg)

1. thermonuclear weapons

Synthesis of nuclei of light elements H 2 + H 3 \u003d He 4 + n 0

1. Combined charges (charges up to 50-100 Mt of TNT)
2. neutron weapons
3. Radiological weapons

Atomic munitions

In atomic weapons, the fission of the nucleus and the release of intranuclear energy is carried out due to the action of neutrons on the nuclei of atoms. In this case, the nucleus of a heavy element breaks up, as a rule, into two "fragments", which are the nuclei of elements located in the middle part of the periodic system of Mendeleev, and a greater amount of energy is released.

That is, an atomic bomb is two masses of nuclear matter each less than the critical mass, which, during the use of weapons, quickly combine, causing a nuclear explosion.

In a fission reaction, two or three neutrons are emitted, capable of causing the fission of the following nuclei. If the resulting neutrons are captured by other nuclei, which in turn are divided with the release of 2-3 new neutrons, it will spontaneously grow like an avalanche. As a result, a chain reaction will occur with an instantaneous release of energy, i.e. nuclear explosion.

Part of the neutrons can fly out of the reaction sphere without causing the fission of atoms.

The critical mass required for an explosion can be obtained from non-critical mass in two ways: either by adding a certain amount of fissile material, or by increasing its density.

To do this, a fissile substance of subcritical mass is placed in the center of a spherical charge of a conventional explosive, which is detonated from the outside by a system of detonators. A detonation wave directed inward arises, which provides compression of the fissile material, as a result of which its mass becomes supercritical and a nuclear explosion occurs.

thermonuclear munition

3 1 H + 2 1 H 4 2 He + 1 0 n

In thermonuclear munitions, the release of an intranuclear reaction occurs when nuclei of light elements fuse to form heavier nuclei. These reactions can proceed at ultrahigh temperatures (several tens of millions of degrees).

The main part of the initial reagents in large-caliber thermonuclear munitions is represented by lithium deutride. Under the action of neutrons generated during the explosion of the initiating charge based on the fission reaction, a reaction occurs with the formation of tritium from lithium:

lithium + neutron --- helium + tritium + 4.8 MEV

As a result, the components necessary for the development of various thermonuclear reactions are obtained. The most easily initiated reaction is between deuterium and tritium:

In general, fusion reactions release about three times more energy than fission reactions of the same amount of uranium or plutonium.

Thus, a thermonuclear munition combines in one case a charge acting on the basis of a fission reaction and a charge based on a fusion reaction, and a thermonuclear explosion has two instantaneous phases: fission of uranium-235 (plutonium-239) nuclei + synthesis of helium nuclei from isotope nuclei hydrogen.

In combined-type ammunition, the thermonuclear charge is enclosed in a shell of uranium-238. This makes it possible for neutrons released during thermonuclear reactions and possessing high energy, cause the fission of uranium-238 nuclei, which is hundreds of times cheaper fissile material than all the others, because. it remains as waste at the enterprises of the nuclear industry during the production of the uranium-235 isotope.

Thus, the explosion develops in three stages: chain reaction of fission of uranium-235 (plutonium-239) - fusion of helium nuclei from nuclei of hydrogen isotopes - chain reaction of fission of uranium-238 shell nuclei. Moreover, it should be noted that more than 80% of the explosion energy of the combined munition is released precisely due to the fission of uranium-238 nuclei.

neutron munition

Neutron munitions are thermonuclear devices of low and ultra-low power. Unlike thermonuclear and combined charges of large caliber, the main part of their charge consists of heavy isotopes of hydrogen - tritium and deuterium. To heat a mixture of deuterium and tritium to a temperature at which the fusion of their nuclei begins, a fission chain reaction or a special laser device can be used.

The thermonuclear reaction has the following character:

deuterium + tritium --- helium + neutron + 17.58 MEV

The chain reaction proceeds in 2 stages:

1. Fission 235 U or 239 Pu

2. Hydrogen fusion with the formation of a large number of neutrons

The armed forces are equipped with nuclear and conventional weapons.

Nuclear weapons are the most powerful means of defeating the enemy. It includes all types of nuclear warheads with their means of delivery, allows short time to destroy with high efficiency and reliability the administrative and political centers, military and industrial facilities of the enemy, to destroy groupings of his armed forces, to create areas of mass destruction and zones of radioactive contamination, and also to exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the personnel of the armed forces and the population of the enemy.

Conventional weapons are all fire and impact weapons: artillery, aircraft, small arms ammunition, rockets, rocket-torpedoes, torpedoes and depth charges, as well as engineering ammunition and naval mines in conventional equipment, volume explosion ammunition, incendiary ammunition and mixtures. Conventional weapons can be used independently and in combination with nuclear weapons to destroy enemy manpower and equipment, as well as to destroy and destroy various objects.

High-precision systems of conventional weapons are the most effective, providing automatic distribution and guidance of fire and strike weapons, as well as reliable destruction of enemy targets and objects in the shortest possible time.

A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of nuclei of light hydrogen isotopes.

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and an electromagnetic pulse.

A shock wave is an area of ​​sharp compression of the medium, propagating in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave.

Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and air. Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10–15 s. Passing through living tissue, this radiation ionizes the molecules that make up the cells.

Radioactive contamination of the terrain, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion.

Chemical weapon

The action of these weapons is based on the toxic properties of certain chemicals. The main components of these weapons are chemical warfare agents and their means of application, including the carriers used to deliver chemical munitions to targets.

According to the action on the body, combat toxic chemicals (BTCS) are divided into nerve-paralytic, blistering, asphyxiating, general poisonous, irritating and psychochemical.

BTXV nerve agents (Vi-X, Sarin) affect the nervous system, acting on the body through the respiratory system, penetrating in a vaporous and drop-liquid state through the skin

BTXV blistering action (mustard gas) have a multilateral damaging effect. In a drop-liquid and vapor state, they affect the skin and eyes, when inhaled vapors - Airways and lungs, when ingested with food and water - the digestive organs.

BTXV suffocating action (phosgene) affect the body through the respiratory system. Signs of defeat are a sweetish, unpleasant aftertaste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, general weakness.

BTXV of general poisonous action (hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride) affect only when air contaminated with their vapors is inhaled (they do not act through the skin). Signs of damage are a metallic taste in the mouth, throat irritation, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, severe convulsions, paralysis.

BTXV of irritating action (CS, CS, adamsite) cause acute burning and pain in the mouth, throat and eyes, severe lacrimation, cough, difficulty breathing.

BTXV psychochemical action (B-Z) have a specific effect on the central nervous system and cause mental (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) disorders.

bacteriological weapon

Biological weapons are intended for mass destruction of manpower, farm animals and crops. The damaging effect of these weapons is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms - pathogens of human, animal and agricultural diseases.

Most characteristic features bacteriological (biological) weapons are:

The ability to cause massive infectious diseases in humans and animals when ingested in negligible amounts;

The ability of many infectious diseases to quickly be transmitted from the sick to the healthy;

Long duration of action (for example, spore forms of anthrax microbes retain their damaging properties for several years);

The presence of a latent (incubation) period of the disease;

The ability of contaminated air to penetrate into various non-pressurized rooms and infect people and animals in them.

Conventional means of destruction

Conventional weapons are based on the use of the energy of explosives and incendiary mixtures. It includes artillery, rocket and aviation ammunition, small arms, land mines, mines and other means.

Fragmentation bombs are used to destroy people and animals. When such a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which scatter in different directions at a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. Fragments do not break through brick and wooden walls.

High-explosive bombs are designed to destroy all kinds of structures. Compared to nuclear weapons, their destructive power is small.

Ball bombs are equipped huge amount(from several hundred to several thousand) lethal elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams.

Volumetric explosion ammunition is dropped from the aircraft in the form of cassettes. The cassette contains three ammunition containing about 35 kg of liquid ethylene oxide each.

Incendiary weapons are subdivided into incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm), metallized incendiary mixtures, thermite compositions, and white porcelain.