Recommendations on tourism statistics. WTO recommendations on the creation of a unified system in tourism statistics

For many decades, tourism has been the fundamental basis of the economies of various countries. Moreover, the role of tourism is constantly growing. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the number of tourist trips since 1950 has increased by about 20-40 times on all continents of the world (Appendix 1), which confirms the hypothesis of the importance of this industry in the world economy. According to WTO information, despite the severe economic crisis of 2007-2009, which hit all sectors of the economy, not leaving tourism unattended, the volume of tourists, as well as tourism services, did not decrease, maintaining the same dynamics.

In the social aspect, tourism has a great influence not only on the country as a whole, but also on its individual regions. Today, due to the large territory, many countries are divided into regions / territories / republics for more efficient management. And thanks to the development of tourism, more money penetrates into the regions, which contributes to the emergence of additional jobs, the development of communication systems, etc. Along with the advantages of tourism development, there are also some disadvantages. They are manifested in the fact that tourism, for example, positively affects the prices of local goods and services, real estate, which negatively affects the well-being of local residents, contributes to the development of environmental problems, and can also harm various sectors of the economy.

Modern economic science defines tourism as a complex system rich in various socio-economic characteristics. One of its components is the tourism industry.

Tourism as a commodity is sold in the form of services. The tourism service is defined by similar characteristics with an ordinary service. Its main goal is to satisfy human needs. Tourist services include a wide range of services provided by various organizations, ranging from travel companies to cafes and restaurants. These include: the services of travel operators in the formation and sale of a package tour (a set of services for transfers, accommodation in hotels, meals for tourists. This also includes services for conducting excursions, services of guides-interpreters and others, which are provided depending on the purpose of the trip). An interesting fact is that the volume of tourist services does not include the purchase of an entrance ticket to a cultural institution (museum, exhibitions, theaters, cinema, etc.), however, payment for the services of a tour guide is included in this indicator.

This type of service differs from the usual service in its content - it can be provided both by a thing and during the functioning of human labor. Based on this, 2 types of services can be distinguished: material (production), directly related to the thing, and intangible (non-productive), not related to material resources, the production of which is inseparable from their consumption. In addition to services, tourists are offered to buy various goods for tourism purposes. The totality of services and goods intended for tourists forms such a concept as a "tourist product" Kvartalnov V. A. "Tourism", Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2003.

From a macroeconomic point of view, tourism can be both imported into a country and exported out of a country. The expenses of tourists from other countries are the inflow of funds into the economy of the host country (region). Entering this country, tourists get a certain experience and take back with them unforgettable emotions from the past trip. Tourist export Balabanov A. I., Balabanov I. T. "Foreign economic relations" textbook, M .: Finance and statistics, 2000. - 512 p. - this is the export of tourist impressions from the country, which is accompanied by the simultaneous importation of money by the tourist into this country.

Tourist imports Ibid. - this is the import of tourist emotions and memories into the country, which is accompanied by the simultaneous export of funds by the tourist from this country. This kind of impact on the country's economy can be divided into direct and indirect. The direct impact of tourism is the flow of funds (income) of tourists from the purchase of services and goods (due to the inflow of funds, the provision of employees appears, as well as the creation of additional places). Indirect influence, in other words, the "multiplier effect" comes into force as the movement of tourism spending increases. Tourist money begins to circulate in the region's economy when a travel company buys local goods and services. So, the tourist market is a system of economic relationships and indicators in which the process of exchanging tourist services into cash and the reverse exchange of money into tourist and excursion services takes place.

The functioning of the tourism market and the enterprises of the tourism industry connected in any way with it has a clear seasonal character. Seasonality in tourism is influenced by various factors, such as climatic, psychological (traditions, tastes and preferences), availability of free time, etc.

The mechanism of functioning of the tourism market is a system of economic processes, under the influence of which the supply and demand for a tourism product come into balance. The functioning of the tourism market can be represented as in the diagram shown in Figure 1, which shows that the demand for services in the tourism sector is determined by the desires and tastes of tourists. In the tourism market, there is a continuous movement of cash flows and a tourist product that move towards each other, creating a tourist circuit.

Tourism in the view of most people is associated with relaxation, new experiences, pleasure. It has firmly entered the life of a person with his natural desire to discover and know unexplored lands, monuments of nature, history and culture, customs and traditions of different peoples.

What is less well known is that tourism is one of the largest, highly profitable and most dynamic sectors of the economy. More than 250 million people are employed in the tourism sector, i.е. every tenth worker in the world. It accounts for 7% of total investment, 11% of global consumer spending, 5% of all tax revenue and a third of global trade in services. Tourism has a huge impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport and communications, trade, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods and many others, acting as a catalyst for socio-economic development. Experts predict that the 21st century will become the century of tourism.

Analysis of the current state of the market of tourist goods and services, the prospects for its development and the contribution of tourism to the global and national economy is extremely important. However, before diving into the current problems of the tourism business, it is advisable to reveal the content of the concept of "tourism".

§ 1. Definition of tourism

Having a long history, tourism has not yet received an unambiguous definition and is interpreted differently not only by individual specialists, but also by tourist organizations. As a complex socio-economic phenomenon, it has not been sufficiently studied and is difficult to quantify.

The existing definitions of tourism can be grouped into two groups. Some of them, workers, are of a highly specialized nature, relate to certain economic, social, legal and other aspects of tourism or its specific features and act as a tool for solving specific problems (for example, defining tourism for statistical purposes). Other, conceptual, or essential, definitions cover the subject as a whole, reveal the inner content of tourism, expressed in the unity of the whole variety of properties and relationships, and make it possible to distinguish it from similar, often interconnected, but alien phenomena.

Statistical definition of tourism. In statistics, tourism is understood as one of the forms of population migration that is not associated with a change of residence or job. The need for its definition arose in the first half of the 20th century. and was due to the widespread increase in tourist flows, the growing economic importance of tourism and, as a result, attempts to statistically account for travelers.

One of the first definitions of a tourist belonged to the Committee of Experts on Statistics of the League of Nations (1937). It received international recognition and has mostly survived to this day with some later amendments. In recent decades, the problem of defining a tourist has been discussed at meetings of the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (Dublin, 1950; London, 1957), at the UN Conference on International Tourism and Travel (Rome, 1963), and the WTO Congress (Manila, 1986). d.), the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on Tourism (The Hague, 1989), etc., which indicates the theoretical and practical significance of the definition of a tourist, as well as the desire to make it more complete and accurate, taking into account new trends and phenomena.

At present, the definition developed by the International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics (Ottawa, 1991) and approved by the WTO and the UN Statistical Commission is widely used in international practice. According to him,

a tourist is a visitor, i.e. "a person who travels and stays in places outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months for any purpose other than engaging in activities paid from sources in the place visited."

The proposed definition made it possible to more clearly outline that part of travelers who is the object of statistical research in tourism. In the outcome documents of the Ottawa Conference and the WTO Technical Handbook, a tourist is defined as a visitor. This concept is recommended to be used as a key concept in tourism statistics. It extends along with tourists to sightseers who share common features. The differences that exist between them do not affect the essence of the phenomenon, so sightseeing trips are increasingly considered as a special case of tourism and are reflected in tourist statistical reference books.

There are three main features that allow you to combine tourists and sightseers into a category of visitors and at the same time distinguish them from other travelers: movement outside the usual environment, duration of stay at the destination and purpose of the trip.

Departure outside the usual environment- the first criterion for the classification of travelers. The term "usual environment" was coined at the Ottawa Conference in order to exclude from the number of visitors people who make daily trips from home to work (study) and back. They do not leave their usual environment and are not considered tourists.

In the recommendations on tourism statistics of the WTO, the parameters of the usual environment are characterized by two indicators: the frequency of visits to the site and its remoteness. Places that a person visits regularly are part of his usual environment, even if they are at a considerable distance from his place of residence. On this basis, for example, residents of border areas who work on the territory of a neighboring state and have repeatedly traveled abroad cannot be classified as international tourists.

In addition, the usual environment includes objects in the immediate vicinity of a person's place of residence, regardless of the frequency of their visit. Such an interpretation follows from the psychological perception by people of these objects, not only industrial, but also natural and cultural, as elements of everyday life. It is unlikely that anyone will consider going to the theater located next door as a tourist event. It will not be reflected in tourism statistics either.

The concept of the usual environment causes heated debate among specialists. The definition of the concept itself and, which is especially important for statistics, the threshold values ​​for the distance that must be covered in order to be considered a visitor and the frequency of visiting an object remain debatable. They differ significantly from country to country and require specific adjustments on a case-by-case basis.

duration of stay- the second criterion for selecting the statistical population of visitors. It is introduced in the development of the concept of the usual environment and makes it possible to distinguish tourists and sightseers from residents. The length of stay is limited to 12 months, after which the visitor becomes a permanent resident and is not counted in tourism statistics. In the case of returning to their former place of residence for a short visit (for example, to visit relatives and friends), this person is registered as a visitor to this territory. In Spain and Italy - the leading tourist destinations in Southern Europe - emigrants coming to their home countries make up the majority of the inbound tourist flow.

Purpose (motive) of the trip- the third sign of visitors. Unlike other travelers, they are driven by tourist motives, which are interpreted very broadly in official documents and scientific literature. For the convenience of statistical accounting of visitors, on the recommendation of the WTO, tourist goals were combined into several blocks: leisure, recreation, recreation; visiting relatives and friends; business and professional goals (participation in business meetings, conferences, congresses, etc.); treatment; worship of religious shrines (pilgrimage); other tourist purposes.

At first glance, the statistical aggregate of visitors seems to be very motley and heterogeneous. Despite the unequal duration of travel, geography of travel, methods of transportation, all these persons are united in one category and are opposed to all those who travel in search of work and for paid activities.

Classification by purpose (motives) of travel reflects the different economic nature of the two categories of migrants. The specifics of each become quite apparent when traveling abroad, although the classification applies to both domestic and international travelers. From an economic point of view, persons who have received jobs abroad are producers of goods and services, i.e. gross domestic product of a foreign country. For their work, they receive a reward - a certain amount of money, which they transfer to their homeland. Therefore, in financial terms, the paid activity of foreign citizens is associated with an outflow of currency (expenses) from the country of their temporary residence and income (income) for the country of their permanent residence.

Unlike producers of material goods and services as a category of travelers, visitors are consumers of the national product. The money that tourists and sightseers spend on travel makes them consumers.

Information about travel expenses is extremely scarce. But it is known that in the UK they make up 19% of the average annual family budget of the British, second only to the cost of food and housing. In Germany, the same figure is 16%, in France and the United States, 12% each. The average American family spends about $4,000 on travel. dollars a year, as much as she spends on medicine or on food, drink and tobacco combined and twice as much as on clothes.

The consumer nature of the stay of visitors abroad determines a certain direction of cash flows in the world economy. Tourists and sightseers move the money supply from the country of permanent residence to the host country. Citizens traveling for pleasure, for business, medical or religious purposes, with all the differences in motives for staying abroad, import currency into the host country and equally increase foreign exchange earnings in its budget. Therefore, their association into an independent category of visitors is economically justified.

To determine the prospects for the development of tourism infrastructure, primarily the accommodation base, it is of great importance to isolate visitors from the number of travelers, followed by the selection of overnight visitors - tourists, and one-day visitors - sightseers from the population thus obtained.

So, the concept of "tourist" as a special case of a visitor is used in relation to a person who has left the usual environment, is in a visited place temporarily, travels for recreational, business and other tourist purposes. Only the presence of all these features, without exception, allows us to consider a traveler as a tourist.

Essential definition of tourism. With the development of scientific knowledge about tourism, the latter appears as a systematic object of study. Working definitions, limited by narrow sectoral boundaries, do not reveal the full variety of internal and external relations of this socio-economic phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need for a conceptual, or essential, definition of tourism. It forms a comprehensive understanding of the subject of research.

In the scientific literature on tourism there is no unambiguous definition of it. But despite the difference in wording, all authors include in the concept of "tourism" tourist needs and motivations, the peculiarities of the behavior of tourists, their stay outside their permanent residence, the economic relations that develop between tourists and producers of goods and services, the interaction of the tourism sector with the surrounding natural, economic and other macro environments. The essential definition of tourism proposed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in the field of tourism has become widespread among specialists. According to him,

tourism is "a set of relationships and phenomena that arise during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent place of residence and work."

In domestic literature, the fundamental model of the territorial recreational system was developed in the mid-70s by a group of scientists led by prof. V.S. Preobrazhensky and was further developed in the works of prof. N.S. Mironenko and I.T. Tverdokhlebova.

In order to understand the whole multitude of intricate processes occurring in tourism as an economic system, we will present it as a cyclic model with a continuous series of acts of production and consumption of tourist products. To avoid overloading the model, let's abstract away the physical flow and focus on cash flow.

Knowledge of the nature and functions of various elements of this system, as well as the existing relationships between them, allows us to understand its behavior, to reveal the mechanism of functioning. In the figure on the left is the sector of visitors. They act as buyers of tourist demand. Each person strives to satisfy his needs as much as possible, including in recreation. He expresses the demand for travel by paying for tourist goods and services. Spending funds, the visitor "votes" with banknotes for the further development of tourism.

Customers are confronted by vendors (on the right). Producers of goods and services form a tourist offer. They acquire productive resources (labor, land, capital), combine them in the process of producing tourism products and sell the created benefits to visitors, receiving income from sales. Being consumed, goods and services complete their cycle, followed by a new one - as a result of the reuse of existing factors of production.

The expansion of tourism activities, the arrangement of new recreational areas, the construction of resort complexes require large capital investments. As a rule, large projects are financed from different sources. State structures, private financial institutions (national and foreign), international organizations, etc. take part in their implementation on a shared basis.

Rising capital investment and an increase in real output driven by rising tourist demand are sure signs of an upswing in economic activity. The growth momentum that originated in the tourism sector is transmitted along the chain to other sectors of the economy. Investment activity unfolds in them, new jobs are created, trade turnover expands and, as a result, incomes increase - wages, rent, interest and profit. Part of the income received, which also tends to grow, goes to the state in the form of taxes. In addition, the treasury is replenished by import customs duties. The funds collected in this way can again be used to finance tourism projects, provide material assistance in organizing recreation for socially vulnerable groups of the population, develop a system of professional training for tourism personnel, etc.

By distributing funds for new construction and major refurbishment of tourist facilities, the state and other investors seek to benefit from loans. They expect to return the invested capital and interest on it in time. Material interests force investors to look for the best lending conditions. For this purpose, they enter foreign tourist markets, becoming exporters of capital. All this gives reason to consider tourism as a market system.

Tourism is a complex entity. As something whole, it appears primarily in relations with the surrounding macro-environments: political, economic, social, technological and environmental. The outside world is actively influencing tourism, in some cases opening up great opportunities for it, in others - threatening new dangers. For sustainable development, he is forced to adapt to changes in the external environment.

Topic 1

SUBJECT, OBJECT AND TASKS

TOURIST STATISTICS

TOURIST STATISTICS METHODS

1. The subject of tourism statistics.

2. Goals and objectives.

3. Systems of classification and coding.

4. International methodological developments.

5. Types of tourism.

6. Data coverage.

7. Basic concepts.

8. Classifications related to tourism demand.

9. Classifications related to the tourism offer.

10. Object of statistical observation.

11. Unit of observation.

12. Geographic coverage.

13. Methods of statistical observation.

14. Tools for statistical observation.

1. The subject of tourism statistics

tourism statistics is a branch of socio-economic statistics and studies the development of tourism and the tourism industry.

Subject tourism statistics is the study of the quantitative side of the state and development of the tourism industry in close connection with the qualitative side.

2. Goals and objectives

Home purpose tourism statistics is a statistical survey of phenomena both limited to leisure markets and covering the global travel market in the relationship of various characteristics of tourism, both for independent analysis of activities in this area, and for use as a data source for the development of tourism-related balance of payments indicators and compiling SNA accounts.

Main tourism statistics are the organization of statistical observation of the flows of tourists, their places of accommodation, travel characteristics, wholesale and retail trade, transport, construction, employment, financial intermediation, income and expenses associated with tourism based on a unified scientific methodology that complies with international rules and standards.

3. Classification and coding systems

Tourism statistics uses the following types of classifiers.

State:

· Classifier "Types of economic activity" (GKED);

· Classifier of enterprises and organizations (OKPO);

· Classifier of administrative-territorial organizations (SOATO);

· Classifier of controls (OKOU);

· Classifier of forms of ownership (OKFS);

· Classifier of organizational and legal forms of management (OKOPF);

· Classifier of types of enterprises (KTP);

International:

Standard International Classification of Activities in Tourism (SIKTA) WTO)

4. International methodological developments

· System of National Accounts-1993;

· Concepts, definitions and classifications for tourism statistics (“Recommendations on Tourism Statistics” of the UN World Tourism Organization;

· WTO technical manuals on the collection and processing of statistical data on domestic and foreign tourism

· "Unified system of indicators of the functioning of the tourism sector in the Commonwealth countries" (CIS Statistical Committee, 2000);

5. Types of tourism

There are the following types of tourism:

· domestic tourism;

inbound tourism;

· outbound tourism.

The term "domestic" used in a tourism context is different from its use in a national accounts context. In terms of tourism, the term "domestic" refers to the travel of the inhabitants of a country within their own country. In terms of national accounts, it refers to the activities and expenditures of both permanent residents and non-residents traveling within a given country, i.e. both domestic and inbound tourism.

6. Data coverage

The basic units of tourism are individuals who are the subjects of tourism activities and are considered in surveys as statistical units.

All types of travelers involved in tourism are defined as visitors. In this regard, the term "visitor" is the basic concept of the entire system of tourism statistics.

In turn, the term "visitor" is divided into two categories: "tourists" (overnight visitors) and "day visitors".

For the purposes of tourism statistics and according to the main types of tourism, visitors are divided into international and domestic.

Scheme of basic units of tourism

There are three fundamental criteria that seem sufficient to distinguish visitors from other travelers:

· the trip must be to a place outside the usual environment, which excludes more or less regular travel between the place where the person works or studies and the place where he lives;

· stay in the visited place must last less than 12 months in a row, after which the visitor becomes a resident of this place (from a statistical point of view);

· the main purpose of the trip should not be to engage in activities paid from sources in the place visited, which will exclude migratory movements for the purpose of work.

7. Basic concepts

7.1. Visitors and other travelers

"Traveler" -"any person traveling between two or more countries or between two or more localities within his habitual residence."

International traveler -“any person traveling outside his or her country of residence (regardless of the purpose of the journey and the means of transport used, even if traveling on foot”).

Inner traveler -“any person traveling within their country of residence (regardless of the purpose of travel and the means of transport used, even if traveling on foot”)

"Visitor"- “any person who travels to any place outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months; and whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in an activity paid from a source in the place visited.”

International visitor- “any person who travels to any country other than the country of his habitual residence and outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months; and whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in an activity paid from a source in the country visited.”

Internal visitor- “any person resident in any country who travels to any place in that country outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months; and whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in an activity paid from a source in the place visited.”

Tourists (overnight visitors) – visitors , which

day visitors - visitors , who spend at least one night in a collective or individual accommodation facility in the visited country.

Not included The following categories of travelers are included in the number of incoming and outgoing international visitors:

· persons entering and leaving a country as migrants, including dependents accompanying or joining them;

· persons known as frontier workers who live nearby in one country and work in another country;

· Diplomats, consular officers and members of the armed forces when they travel from their country of origin to their country of destination or vice versa, including domestic workers and dependents accompanying or joining them;

· persons traveling as refugees or nomads;

· Transit travelers who do not formally enter the country through passport control, such as air passengers in transit who remain for a short period in a designated area of ​​an air terminal, or ship passengers who are not allowed to land. This category also includes passengers transported directly between airports or other terminals. Other passengers traveling in transit through a country are considered visitors.

Not included The following categories of travelers are included in the number of arriving and departing domestic visitors:

· permanent residents who travel to another place in this country for the purpose of establishing their habitual residence in that place;

· persons traveling for temporary work in institutions located within the country;

· persons who regularly or partially travel between neighboring areas for work and study;

nomads and persons without a fixed place of residence;

military personnel on maneuvers.

Day trips -"short-term departure outside the usual environment."

There are various types of day trips depending on the place of departure, each of which must be clearly distinguished for the purposes of tourism statistics:

· a round-trip trip starting at the usual place of residence;

· a round-trip trip from the area of ​​additional residence or from the place visited by the tourist, regardless of the purpose of the trip;

during the trip, regardless of its purpose:

Stopover while traveling by plane;

Stopover during a sea trip (cruise or other trips during which the passenger spends the night on board the ship);

Stop during an overland trip at any location that does not include an overnight stay.

7.2. Usual environment

Usual environment includes a specific area around the residence plus all places visited frequently enough. This concept is the first criterion by which tourism differs from other travels.

The main purpose of using the concept of "usual environment" is to exclude from the concept of "visitor" those who travel every day or every week between their home and their place of work and study, or other frequently visited places.

7.3. habitual residence

Residence is the main indicator for classifying visitors according to their origin.

concept habitual residence is one of the key criteria for determining whether a person in a country is a visitor or an "other traveler"; and if that person is a visitor, whether he is a resident of this or another country. The underlying principle in classifying international visitors by origin is the country of residence, not their nationality.

Foreign citizens residing in a country are included in the statistics of outbound tourism among other permanent residents. Citizens of a country residing abroad and returning to their home country for a temporary visit are included in the number of non-resident visitors.

7.4. Resident of any country

In terms of international tourism person is considered a resident any country if this person:

The only exceptions are diplomats, consular members of the armed forces, as well as their dependents and domestic servants who serve abroad while residing in the respective country in a separate area for foreigners. A person is never considered a visitor when traveling from their country of origin to their place of duty and vice versa, such a traditional approach being consistent with the UN recommendations on international migration.

7.5. Resident of a place

Similar to the above definition, in terms of domestic tourism statistics, “a person is considered to be a resident of a place if that person”:

have lived in the country for 12 months or more

· has lived in this country for a shorter period and intends to return to this country in the next 12 months to live.

7.6. Traveler's nationality

Traveler's nationality determined by the country that issued the passport (or other document proving his identity) even if he usually resides in another country. Citizenship is indicated in the person's passport (or other identity document), while the country of usual residence must be determined by questioning. However, a traveler is considered an international visitor according to his residence, not his nationality.

7.7. Travel expenses

Statistics related to tourism spending is one of the most important indicators required by planners, business and research professionals. They are used to observe and evaluate the impact of tourism on the national economy.

The definition of expenditure is closely related to the definition of consumption in tourism. Tourism consumption is defined as “the value of goods and services used to directly satisfy tourism units (visitors)”.

Travel expenses defined as “the total amount of consumer expenditure incurred by or on behalf of a visitor in the preparation for and during their trip and stay at a destination”.

The concept of tourism spending covers a wide range of consumption items, from the purchase of consumer goods and services that are an organic part of travel and stay, to the purchase of small consumer durables for personal use, souvenirs and gifts for relatives and friends.

Certain types of expenses or purchases are excluded from the category of travel expenses:

· purchases for commercial purposes (for resale purposes), as well as purchases made by visitors during business trips on behalf of their employer;

· investments or transactions made by visitors that relate, for example, to land, houses, real estate, works of art and other significant acquisitions (such as cars, vans, boats, second homes), even if in the future they may be used for tourism purposes;

· cash given to relatives or acquaintances during a holiday trip, which does not represent payment for any tourist product or service, as well as charitable contributions.

Travel expenses can be divided into three broad groups, depending on whether these expenses are made in preparation for the trip (with distribution depending on the purpose), during the trip (with distribution depending on the place) or after the trip, namely :

· preliminary expenses necessary for the preparation and implementation of the trip;

expenses incurred during travel and in the places visited;

· travel-related expenses incurred in the country of departure upon return from a trip abroad.

In international tourism, the visitor's expenditure represents the receipts (income) for the host country and the expenditure for the country of origin upon return from a foreign trip.

7.7.1 Revenues generated by inbound tourism

International tourism receipts defined as “the costs of international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. They must also include other advance payments for goods and services received in the country of destination. In practice, they should include receipts from one-day visitors, unless they are important enough to justify a separate category. It is also recommended that, in order to comply with the IMF's recommendations on the balance of payments, receipts from international transport should be separately identified.”

Receipts from international transportation defined as “any payment made to carriers registered in the country in question by foreign visitors, whether or not they traveled to that country”. This category corresponds to the Transportation, Passenger Services, Credits section of the IMF's Standard Reporting Form.

7.7.2. Outbound tourism expenses

International travel expenses defined as “expenses of outbound visitors in other countries, including their payments to foreign carriers for international transport. In practice, they should also include the costs of permanent residents traveling abroad as day visitors, unless these trips are of such importance as to justify their separate category. It is also recommended that, in order to comply with IMF recommendations on the balance of payments, international transport costs should be separately allocated.”

International shipping costs defined as “any payment made to foreign registered carriers by any person resident in the record country”.

7.7.3 Expenditure related to domestic tourism

Domestic tourism expenditure is defined as “expenditure that is the direct result of travel by permanent residents of a country within its borders”.

1) Valid N - number of observations;

2) Kendall Tau - the value of the Kendell coefficient t; …

3) p-level– appropriate level of significance: if p< 0.05, then a decision is made on the presence of a statistically significant relationship.

RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF TOURISM AND SERVICE

Yerevan branch

M.G. Stakyan

B2.C.OD.1 TOURISM STATISTICS

lecture notes

(specialty 100400.62 "Tourism")

YEREVAN-2013

PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

TOURISM AS A STATISTICAL OBJECT

STUDIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

History of the development of tourism statistics and its subject

studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Object of study, methods and tasks of tourism statistics. . . . 6

The main classifications used in tourism. . . . eight

System of indicators of tourism statistics. . . . . . . . ten

STATISTICAL STUDY OF TOURIST

ENTERPRISES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fifteen

Modern organization of tourism. . . . . . . . . . fifteen

Tourist accommodation statistics. . . . . . . . 17

Statistics of sanatorium and health resorts

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

STATISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM. . . . 22

Tourism as a type of international activity, its classification

Fiction, goals and meanings. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Subject, object and tasks of tourism statistics. . . . . . 24

System of indicators of international tourism statistics. . 24

Tourism income and expenditure statistics. . . . . . . 25

Methods for obtaining information on tourism statistics. . . 26

International tourism market statistics and

Tourist services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Statistics of international tourism services. . . . . . . 27

LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

FOREWORD

Modern tourism is a complex socio-economic system that has been formed in the process of long historical development. Since ancient times, mankind has been known for traveling to discover new lands, trade, education, pilgrimage, treatment, etc.

With the development of tourism, both its goals and the means of transportation and accommodation of travelers, as well as the number of tourists themselves, have changed. In the post-war decades, tourism acquires a mass character; at the same time, in many countries, "a powerful leisure industry with its own product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production" is being formed.

TOURISM AS AN OBJECT OF STATISTICAL STUDY

Today, in world practice, the tourism sector accounts for 6% of the world national product, 7% of global investment, every 16th job and 5% of all tax revenues.

Given the huge impact of tourism on the development of the country's economy, tourism statistics have faced special requirements and tasks. First of all, it is necessary to study the methodological problems of calculating the statistical indicators of tourism, identifying the patterns of development of the tourism market, its impact on other sectors of the economy and the standard of living of the population.

The history of the development of tourism statistics and the subject of its study

Statistical work in the field of tourism appeared at the end of the 19th century. So, in 1883 in Zurich, the economist Fleiler made a report on the state of the hotel industry, in which he revealed the prospects for the development of Switzerland's natural resources to involve them in tourism. In 1895, he published a work entitled "Toward the Development of Tourism Statistics", in which he proposed using such indicators as the number of tourists, the number of places to accommodate them, and the number of workdays sold in the statistical analysis of tourism services.

In 1884, a congress was held in the city of Graz (Austria) on the development of tourism in the Austrian Alps.

In 1899, in Italy, the Directorate of the Statistical Service published a report entitled "The Movement of Foreigners in Italy and the Expenditure of Funds."

In 1905, the Dictionary of the Swiss National Economy was published, which contains an article on the development of tourism in the country until 1900.

In 1927, an economic encyclopedia of the state economy was published in Germany, including issues related to tourism. In 1934, I. Glucksman's book "Tourism" was published in Switzerland. Being the head of the Berlin Institute of Economics, in 1941 he created 2 scientific centers in the city of Bern and in the city of St. Galen, whose activities are devoted to the study of tourism. Each of the leaders of these centers - Dr. Hunziker and Dr. Krapf - subsequently became the founders of the scientific study of tourism. Their joint work "The main features of the doctrine of tourism" received international recognition.

In the second half of the XX century. scientific and educational institutes for tourism research are being created: in Geneva (Switzerland) - the International Institute for Tourism Research; in Germany - scientific and research institutes at Munich and Frankfurt am Main universities; in Austria - the Institute for Training Personnel for Tourism at the Higher School of World Trade in Vienna; in France - the Institute of Tourism Economics at the University of Aix, as well as in Spain, Belgium, the USA, Mexico and other countries.

Subject study of tourism statistics is a quantitative description of tourism and tourism services, their status, dynamics, as well as an assessment of the contribution of tourism to the country's economy.

The word "tourism" in the original sense meant the movement and temporary stay of people outside their permanent place of residence. However, in the process of historical development, the content and meaning of this concept has constantly undergone changes and additions. Thus, according to the definition adopted by the UN in 1954, "tourism is an active recreation that affects the promotion of health, the physical development of a person, associated with movement outside the permanent place of residence."

In the future, the problem of determining the category of tourism was paid attention to at the International Conference on Tourism organized by the UN (Rome, 1963), International Congresses on Tourism (Lausanne, 1954, 1971), Scientific Conference on Tourism Problems (Varna, 1968), Congress of the World Tourism Organization (Manila, 1986).

In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a broader definition of tourism: "Tourism is the activity of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one consecutive year, for the purpose of leisure, business and other purposes."

In relation to a particular country in international statistics, the following types of tourism are distinguished:

a) domestic tourism, i.e. travel of residents within their own country;

b) inbound tourism, i.e. travel in any country of persons who are not its inhabitants;

c) outbound tourism, i.е. travel of residents of a country to another country.

Based on the above types of tourism, the following categories of tourism are formed:

1) tourism within the country, including domestic and inbound tourism;

2) national tourism, which covers domestic and outbound tourism;

3) international tourism, consisting of inbound and outbound tourism.

All types of tourism apply both to the country as a whole and to individual regions, districts and territories. At the same time, the term "domestic tourism" used in the tourism context differs from the similar concept used in the system of national accounts of the SNA. From the point of view of tourism, the definition "internal" is used in relation to the travel of the inhabitants of a country within its borders. From the point of view of the SNA, it refers generally to activities related to tourism and to the expenditures of both permanent residents and non-residents who travel within a given country, i.e. both domestic and inbound tourism.