Presentation on the topic "chemical weapons". Chemical weapons
Weapons of mass destruction Chemical weapons
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History of the use of CW Chemical weapons were used: First World War(1914-1918) Reef War (1920-1926) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Vietnam War (1955-1975) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970) Iran-Iraq war (1980-
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Definition and properties chemical weapons Chemical weapons are poisonous substances and the means by which they are used on the battlefield. The basis of the damaging effect of chemical weapons is toxic substances. Poisonous substances (S) are chemical compounds that, when used, can cause damage to unprotected manpower or reduce its combat capability. In terms of their damaging properties, agents differ from other combat weapons: - they are capable of penetrating, together with air, into various buildings, into military equipment and inflicting injuries on people in them; - they can maintain their damaging effect in the air, on the ground and in various objects for some, sometimes quite a long time; - spreading in large volumes of air and over large areas, they defeat all people who are in their field of action without protective equipment; - OM vapors are able to propagate in the direction of the wind to Author: Nurmukhamedov significant distances from the areas of A.F. direct use of chemical weapons. 3
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Properties of agents Chemical munitions are classified according to the following characteristics: - - - - - Persistence Depending on how long after application toxic substances can retain their damaging effect, they are conventionally divided into: persistent (mustard gas, lewisite, VX) unstable (phosgene, hydrocyanic acid) The resistance of poisonous substances depends on: - - - - their physical and chemical properties, methods of application, meteorological conditions of the nature of the area on which poisonous substances are used. Persistent agents retain their damaging effect from several hours to several days and even weeks.
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Types of agents according to their physiological effects on humans Agents neuroparalytic blistering sneezing general poisonous irritating
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Types of agents of nerve agents cause damage to the central nervous system. The main purpose of the use of nerve agent agents is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the possible a large number deaths. Agents of blistering action cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory organs. General poisonous agents affect through the respiratory organs, causing the cessation of oxidative processes in the tissues of the body. Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, affecting the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, limitation of the motor functions of various organs. Death is possible at very high concentrations
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Methods of application of agents can be used for the following purposes: - defeating manpower for its complete destruction or temporary incapacitation, which is achieved by using mainly nerve agents; - suppression of manpower in order to force it to take protective measures for a certain time and thus make it difficult to maneuver, reduce the speed and accuracy of fire; this task is performed by the use of agents of skin-abscess and nerve-paralytic action; - shackling (exhausting) the enemy in order to complicate his combat operations on long time and cause loss of personnel; this problem is solved by using persistent agents; - infecting the terrain in order to force the enemy to leave their positions, to prohibit or make it difficult to use certain areas of the terrain and overcome obstacles ..
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Methods of application aviation missiles Delivery methods land mines artillery
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Characteristics of major agents Nerve agents Sarin GB is a colorless or yellow liquid with almost no odor, making it difficult to detect by outward signs. Persistence in summer - several hours, in winter - several days. Sarin causes damage through the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract. When exposed to sarin, the affected person experiences salivation, profuse sweating, headaches, vomiting, dizziness, loss of consciousness, attacks of severe convulsions, paralysis and, as a result of severe poisoning, death. Soman GD is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. In many ways, it is very similar to sarin. The persistence of soman is somewhat higher than that of sarin; on the human body, it acts about 10 times stronger. V-gases VX are a slightly volatile colorless liquid with a persistence of 7-15 days in summer, and indefinitely in winter. V gases are 100 to 1000 times more toxic than other nerve agents. They are highly effective when acting through the skin. Contact with human skin of small droplets of V-gases, as a rule, causes the death of a person.
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Skin blister agents Representatives: mustard gas HD, lewisite L, Mustard gas is a dark brown oily liquid with a characteristic smell of garlic or mustard. Its resistance on the ground is: in summer - from 7 to 14 days, in winter - a month or more. The action of mustard gas appears after a period of latent action. Upon contact with the skin, mustard gas is absorbed into it. After 4-8 hours, redness and itching appear on the skin. After a day, small bubbles form, which merge into single large bubbles. The appearance of blisters is accompanied by malaise and fever. After 2 to 3 days, the blisters burst, leaving ulcers that do not heal for a long time. The organs of vision are affected by mustard gas at its negligible concentrations in the air and the exposure time is 10 minutes. Then there is photophobia and lacrimation. The disease can last 10-15 days, after which recovery occurs. The digestive organs become infected through food. The period of latent action (30 - 60 minutes) ends with the appearance of pain in the stomach, nausea, vomiting; then general weakness sets in, headache, weakening of reflexes. In the future - paralysis, severe weakness and exhaustion. With an unfavorable course, death occurs on the 3rd - 12th day as a result of a complete decline
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General toxic agents Hydrocyanic acid AC and cyanogen chloride SC, arsenic hydrogen, hydrogen phosphorous. Prussic acid AC is a colorless liquid with an odor reminiscent of bitter almonds. Hydrocyanic acid evaporates easily and acts only in the vapor state. Characteristic signs of hydrocyanic acid damage are: - - - - - - metallic taste in the mouth, throat irritation, numbness of the tip of the tongue, dizziness, weakness, nausea. shortness of breath, slow pulse, loss of consciousness, severe convulsions. Spasms are observed rather not for long; they are replaced by complete relaxation of the muscles with loss of sensitivity, a drop in temperature, respiratory depression, followed by its stop. - Cardiac activity after respiratory arrest continues for another 3-7 minutes.
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Asphyxiant Phosgene CG and diphosgene CG2 Phosgene is a colorless, volatile liquid with an odor of rotten hay or rotten apples. Durability 30-50 min. The period of latent action is 4 - 6 hours. When inhaling phosgene, a person feels a sweetish unpleasant taste in the mouth, then coughing, dizziness and general weakness appear. When leaving the contaminated air, the signs of poisoning quickly disappear, a period of so-called imaginary well-being begins. But after 4-6 hours, the affected person experiences a sharp deterioration in his condition: bluish coloration of the lips, cheeks, and nose quickly develops; there are general weakness, headache, rapid breathing, severe shortness of breath, excruciating cough with liquid, frothy, pinkish sputum, indicating the development of pulmonary edema. The process of phosgene poisoning culminates within 2-3 days. With a favorable course of the disease, the state of health of the affected person will gradually begin to improve, and in severe cases, death occurs. Diphosgene also has an irritating effect
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Irritant agents This group includes gas CS, CN, CR. CS in low concentrations is irritating to the eyes and upper Airways, and in high concentrations causes burns to exposed skin, in some cases - respiratory paralysis, heart failure and death. Signs of damage: severe burning and pain in the eyes and chest, severe lacrimation, involuntary closing of the eyelids, sneezing, runny nose (sometimes with blood), painful burning sensation in the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, cough and chest pain. Lacrimal - chloroacetophenone "Bird cherry" (named for its characteristic odor, bromobenzyl cyanide and chloropicrin. Tearing occurs at a concentration of 0.002 mg / l, at 0.01 mg / l it becomes intolerable and is accompanied by irritation of the skin of the face and neck. At a concentration of 0.08 mg / l and exposure 1 min human incapacitated for 15-30 min concentration 10-11 mg/l is lethal No effect on the eyes of animals Sneeze agents This group includes agents DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine ) The lesion is accompanied by uncontrollable sneezing, coughing and retrosternal pain.Such concomitant phenomena as nausea, the urge to vomit, headache and pain in the jaws and teeth, a feeling of pressure in the ears, indicate damage to the paranasal sinuses.In severe cases, respiratory tract lesions are possible leading to toxic pulmonary edema.
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OV psychochemical action representative: Lysergic acid dimethylamide, Bi-Zet (BZ) Lysergic acid dimethylamide. When it enters the human body, after 3 minutes mild nausea and dilated pupils appear, and then hallucinations of hearing and vision continue for several hours. Bi-Zet (BZ) Under the action of low concentrations, drowsiness and a decrease in combat effectiveness occur. When high concentrations are applied to initial stage within a few hours, there is a rapid heartbeat, dry skin and dry mouth, dilated pupils and reduced combat capability. In the next 8 hours, numbness and inhibition of speech occur. This is followed by a period of excitation lasting up to 4 days. After 2-3 days. after exposure to 0V, a gradual return to normal begins.
Completed by a student of 10 "B" class Roman Pushkov, Anninskaya secondary school No. 1, Anna, Voronezh region Head: chemistry teacher Galtseva O.N. Chemical weapons are weapons mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of toxic substances and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aviation bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Chemical weapons are distinguished according to the following characteristics: - the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body - tactical purpose - the speed of the onset effect - the resistance of the agent used - the means and methods of application According to the nature of the physiological effect on the human body, six main types of poisonous substances are distinguished: actions that affect the central nervous system. The purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. The toxic substances of this group include sarin, soman, tabun and V-gases. Poisonous substances of blistering action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas, lewisite. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OBs from this group are inuclidyl-3benzilate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide. Poisonous substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant - an irritating substance). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1–10 minutes. Irritant agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. The sneezers are DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine). There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and therefore are classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are known cases of the use of other chemical compounds that do not aim at directly defeating the enemy's manpower. Yes, in Vietnam War The United States used defoliants (the so-called "Agent Orange" containing toxic dioxin) that cause leaf fall from trees. combat mission . Lethal (according to American terminology, lethal agents) - substances intended for the destruction of manpower, which include agents of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating action. Temporarily incapacitating manpower (according to American terminology, harmful agents) are substances that make it possible to solve tactical tasks of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants). According to the speed of exposure, high-speed and slow-acting agents are distinguished. Depending on the duration of the preservation of the damaging ability, agents are divided into short-acting (unstable or volatile) and long-acting (persistent). The damaging effect of the former is calculated in minutes (AC, CG). The action of the latter can last from several hours to several weeks after their application. During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of application was extremely dependent on the weather, the direction and strength of the wind, suitable conditions for massive use had in some cases to be expected for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the losses of the enemy did not exceed the losses from traditional artillery fire of the offensive artillery preparation. In subsequent wars, the massive combat use of chemical weapons was no longer observed. Wars with the use of chemical weapons At the 1st peace conference in The Hague in 1899, an international declaration was adopted banning the use of poisonous substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the United States and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War (1914-1918; both sides) Rif War (1920-1926; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945; Japan) Vietnam War (1957) -1975; USA) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government troops during Operation Anfal) Iraqi War (since 2003; rebels, USA) In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was launched for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of largest productions OV. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons. In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. The program is currently running through 2012. Currently, there are eight chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each of which corresponds to an enterprise for their destruction: p. Pokrovka, Chapaevsky district, Samara region (Chapaevsk-11), the destruction plant was one of the first to be installed by military builders, in 1989, but has been mothballed until now) Gorny settlement ( Saratov region) (Commissioned) Kambarka (Udmurt Republic) (First stage commissioned) Kizner settlement (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction) Shchuchye (Kurgan Region) (First stage commissioned 25.02.2009) Maradykovo settlement (Maradykovsky ”) ( Kirov region) (First stage commissioned) Leonidovka settlement ( Penza region) (Commissioned) Pochep (Bryansk region) (Under construction) Despite the precautions of the world community, there is a danger of using chemical weapons. Each country has its strategic reserve. And so this type of weapon is a potential environmental problem for the whole world.
History reference
For the first time, Germany used chemical weapons during the First World War against the Anglo-French troops.
Chemical weapons Historical background
On April 22, 1915, near the city of Ypres (Belgium), the Germans released 180 tons of chlorine from cylinders. There were no special means of protection yet (gas masks were invented a year later), and poisonous gas poisoned 15 thousand people, a third of them died.
Characteristic
Chemical weapons are poisonous substances and the means by which they are used on the battlefield. The basis of the damaging effect of chemical weapons is toxic substances.
According to the nature of the action on the human body, toxic substances are divided into six groups:
- nerve agent (VX (V-ex), sarin, soman),
- blistering action (mustard gas),
- general poisonous (hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride),
- suffocating (phosgene),
- irritating action (CS (si-es), adamsite),
- psychochemical action (BZ (bi-zet), lysergic acid dimethylamide)
Characteristics of the main
toxic substances
- Sarin is a colorless or yellow liquid with little or no odor, making it difficult to detect by appearance.
2) Soman is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. Belongs to the class of nerve agents.
Characteristics of the main
toxic substances
3) V-gases - low-volatile liquids with very high temperature boiling, so their resistance is many times greater than that of sarin.
4) mustard gas - an oily dark brown liquid with a characteristic odor reminiscent of the smell of garlic or mustard.
Characteristics of the main
toxic substances
5) hydrocyanic acid - a colorless liquid with a peculiar smell, reminiscent of the smell of bitter almonds;
6) phosgene - a colorless, volatile liquid with the smell of rotten hay or rotten apples.
7) lysergic acid dimethylamide - a poisonous substance of psychochemical action.
Protection
Gas masks, respirators, special anti-chemical clothing protect against RH.
Protection
As part of modern armies there are special troops. In the case of radioactive, biological and chemical contamination, they carry out decontamination, disinfection and degassing of equipment, uniforms, terrain, etc.
Destruction
In the 80s. In the twentieth century, the United States owned more than 150 thousand tons of poisonous substances. By 1995, the stocks of organic matter in the USSR amounted to 40,000 tons.
The first plant for the destruction of chemical agents in our country was built in the city of Chapaevsk (Samara region).
New weapons
mass destruction
- beam weapon
- lasers
- RF weapons
- Infrasonic weapons
- Radiological weapons
- Geophysical weapons
As A. Fries says: "The first attempt to defeat the enemy by releasing poisonous and asphyxiating gases, as it seems, was made during the war of the Athenians with the Spartans (BC), when, during the siege of the cities of Plataea and Belium, the Spartans impregnated the tree with resin and sulfur and burned it under the walls of these cities, in order to suffocate the inhabitants and ease their siege.The same use of poisonous gases is mentioned in the history of the Middle Ages.Their action was similar to the action of modern suffocating projectiles, they were thrown with syringes or in bottles, like hand grenades. Legends say that Preter John (about the 11th century) filled brass figures with explosives and combustible substances, the smoke of which escaped from the mouth and nostrils of these phantoms and caused great havoc in the ranks of the enemy.
The idea of fighting the enemy by using a gas attack was outlined in 1855 during the Crimean campaign by the English Admiral Lord Dandonald. In his memorandum dated August 7, 1855, he proposed to the English government a project to take Sevastopol with the help of sulfur vapor: heat, rises up, but soon falls down, destroying all vegetation and being destructive to any living creature in a large area. It turned out that there is an order forbidding people to sleep in the region of 3 miles in a circle from the furnaces during smelting.
Nastrodamus on the first use of chemical weapons. "The smell of lemon became poison and smoke, And the wind drove the smoke on the troops of soldiers, Suffocation from the poison is unbearable for the enemy, And the siege will be lifted from the city." "He tears this strange army to pieces, Heavenly fire turned into an explosion, There was a smell from Lausanne, suffocating, persistent, And people do not know its source.
On April 14, 1915, near the village of Langemarck, French units captured German soldier. During the search, they found a small gauze bag filled with identical pieces of cotton fabric, and a bottle with a colorless liquid. It looked so much like a dressing bag that it was initially ignored. Apparently, its purpose would have remained incomprehensible if the prisoner had not stated during interrogation that the handbag is a special means of protection against the new "crushing" weapon that the German command plans to use on this sector of the front. When asked about the nature of this weapon, the prisoner readily replied that he had no idea about it, but it seems that this weapon is hidden in metal cylinders that are dug in no man's land between the lines of trenches. To protect against this weapon, it is necessary to soak a flap from the purse with the liquid from the vial and apply it to the mouth and nose.
The French officers considered the story of the captured soldier gone mad and did not attach any importance to it. But soon the prisoners captured in neighboring sectors of the front reported about the mysterious cylinders. On April 18, the British knocked out the Germans from the height of "60" and at the same time captured a German non-commissioned officer. The prisoner also spoke about an unknown weapon and noticed that the cylinders with it were dug at this very height - ten meters from the trenches. Out of curiosity, an English sergeant went on reconnaissance with two soldiers and actually found heavy cylinders in the indicated place. unusual look and unknown purpose. He reported this to the command, but to no avail. In those days, English radio intelligence, which deciphered fragments of German radio messages, also brought riddles to the Allied command. Imagine the surprise of the codebreakers when they discovered that the German headquarters were extremely interested in the state of the weather!
The point chosen for the attack was in the north-eastern part of the Ypres salient, at the point where the French and English fronts converged, heading south, and from where the trenches departed from the canal near Besinge. All the eyewitnesses, describing the events of that terrible day on April 22, 1915, begin it with the words: “It was a wonderful clear spring day. "The closest sector of the front to the Germans was defended by soldiers who arrived from the Algerian colonies. Having got out of hiding, they basked in the sun, talking loudly with each other. At about five o'clock in the afternoon a large greenish cloud appeared in front of the German trenches. It smoked and swirled, behaving like " heaps of black gas" from the "War of the Worlds" and at the same time slowly moved towards the French trenches, obeying the will of the northeast breeze. As witnesses assure, many French watched with interest the approaching front of this bizarre "yellow fog", but did not attach any importance to it. Suddenly they They felt a pungent odor. Everyone's noses tingled, their eyes hurt as if from acrid smoke. The "yellow fog" choked, blinded, burned the chest with fire, turned sign. Not remembering themselves, the Africans rushed out of the trenches. Who hesitated, fell, seized by suffocation. People rushed about the trenches, screaming; colliding with each other, they fell and fought in convulsions, catching air with twisted mouths. And the "yellow fog" rolled farther and farther to the rear of the French positions, sowing death and panic along the way. Behind the fog, German chains marched in orderly rows with rifles at the ready and bandages on their faces. But they had no one to attack. Thousands of Algerians and French lay dead in the trenches and in artillery positions.
Other Substances Used In June 1915 another asphyxiant was used, bromine, which was used in mortar shells; the first tear-producing substance also appeared: benzyl bromide combined with xylylene bromide. Artillery shells were filled with this gas. For the first time the use of gases in artillery shells, which later became so widespread, was clearly observed on June 20 in the Argonne forests. Phosgene was widely used during the First World War. It was first used by the Germans in December 1915 on the Italian front. The most common gases in combat were: chlorine, phosgene and diphosgene. Among the gases used in the war, one should note blistering gases, against which the gas masks adopted by the troops were invalid. These substances, penetrating through shoes and clothing, caused burns on the body, similar to burns from kerosene.
The area shelled and impregnated with these gases did not lose its burning properties for whole weeks, and woe to the person who got into such a place: he came out of there stricken with burns, and his clothes were so saturated with this terrible gas that just touching it struck the touched person. particles of the released gas and caused the same burns. The so-called mustard gas (mustard gas) possessing such properties was called by the Germans the "king of gases". During the war years, more than a million people were affected by various gases. Gauze bandages, so easy to fit in a soldier's shoulder bags, became almost useless. Radical new means were needed to protect against toxic substances.
Classification The gas war uses all sorts of actions produced on the human body by various kinds of chemical compounds. Depending on the nature of physiological phenomena, these substances can be divided into several categories. At the same time, some of them can be simultaneously assigned to different categories, combining various properties. Thus, according to the action produced, the gases are divided into: - suffocating, coughing, irritating to the respiratory system and capable of causing death by suffocation; - poisonous, penetrating the body, affecting one or another important organ and, as a result, producing a general lesion of any area, for example, some of them affect the nervous system, others - red blood cells, etc .; - tearing, causing by their action profuse lacrimation and blinding a person for a more or less long time; - suppurating, causing reaction or itching, or deeper skin ulcerations (eg, watery blisters), passing to the mucous membranes (especially the respiratory organs) and causing serious harm; - sneezing, acting on the nasal mucosa and causing increased sneezing, accompanied by such physiological phenomena as throat irritation, tearing, nose and jaw pain. In the 1940s, nerve agent agents appeared in the west: sarin, soman, tabun, and later the "family" of VX (VX) gases. The effectiveness of OV is growing, methods of their application are being improved.
Physiological impact. Nerve agents cause damage to the central nervous system. According to the views of the US Army command, it is advisable to use such weapons to defeat unprotected enemy manpower or for a surprise attack on manpower with gas masks. In the latter case, it is understood that the personnel will not have time to use gas masks in a timely manner. The main purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. OV psychochemical action appeared in service with a number of foreign countries relatively recently. They are capable of incapacitating enemy manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, restriction of the motor functions of various organs. Distinctive feature of these substances is that for fatal defeat they require doses 1000 times greater than for incapacitation.
Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. General poisonous agents affect through the respiratory organs, causing the cessation of oxidative processes in the tissues of the body. NS of blistering action cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory organs.
Sarin is a colorless or yellow liquid with little or no odor, making it difficult to detect by appearance. It belongs to the neuroparalytic agents. It is intended primarily for air contamination with vapors and fog, that is, as an unstable agent. In a number of cases, however, it can be used in a drop-liquid form to infect the area and the military equipment located on it; in this case, the persistence of sarin can be: in summer - several hours, in winter - several days. Sarin causes damage through the respiratory organs, skin, gastrointestinal tract; through the skin it acts in drop-liquid and vapor states, without causing local damage to it. The extent of sarin damage depends on its concentration in the air and the time spent in the contaminated atmosphere. When exposed to sarin, the affected person experiences salivation, profuse sweating, vomiting, dizziness, loss of consciousness, attacks of severe convulsions, paralysis and, as a result, severe poisoning, death.
Soman is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. Belongs to the class of nerve agents. In many ways, it is very similar to sarin. The persistence of soman is somewhat higher than that of sarin; on the human body, it acts about 10 times stronger. V-gases are low volatile liquids with a very high boiling point, so their resistance is many times greater. Refers to nerve agents. They are highly effective when acting through the skin, especially in the drop-liquid state: small drops of V-gases on the skin of a person, as a rule, cause the death of a person.
Mustard is a dark brown oily liquid with a characteristic odor reminiscent of garlic or mustard. Refers to dermal blister agents. Mustard evaporates slowly from infected areas; its durability on the ground is: in the summer of days, in the winter - a month or more. It has a multilateral effect on the body: in the drop-liquid state it affects the skin and eyes, in the vapor state it affects the respiratory tract and lungs, when it enters with food and water, it affects the digestive organs. The action of mustard gas does not appear immediately, but after some time, called the period of latent action. When it comes into contact with the skin, drops of mustard gas are quickly absorbed into it without causing pain. After hours, redness appears on the skin and itching is felt. By the end of the first and the beginning of the second day, small bubbles form, but then they merge into single large bubbles filled with an amber-yellow liquid, which becomes cloudy over time. The appearance of blisters is accompanied by malaise and fever. After a day, the blisters break and expose ulcers underneath that do not heal for a long time. If an infection gets into the ulcer, then suppuration occurs and the healing time increases to months.
Phosgene is a colorless, volatile liquid with an odor of rotten hay or rotten apples. It acts on the body in a vapor state. Belongs to the class of OV suffocating action. Has a period of latent hours; its duration depends on the concentration of phosgene in the air, the time spent in the contaminated atmosphere, the state of the person, and the cooling of the body. When inhaling phosgene, a person feels a sweetish unpleasant taste in the mouth, then coughing, dizziness and general weakness appear. Upon leaving the contaminated air, the signs of poisoning quickly disappear, and a period of so-called imaginary well-being begins. But after hours, the affected person experiences a sharp deterioration in his condition: bluish coloration of the lips, cheeks, and nose quickly develops; there are general weakness, headache, rapid breathing, severe shortness of breath, excruciating cough with liquid, frothy, pinkish sputum, indicating the development of pulmonary edema. The process of phosgene poisoning reaches its climax within a day. With a favorable course of the disease, the affected person will gradually begin to improve health status, and in severe cases, death occurs. In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. The program has now been extended. Chemical weapons in Russia
Currently, there are seven chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each of which corresponds to an enterprise for their destruction: Pos. Gorny (Saratov region) (Commissioned) Kambarka (Udmurt Republic) (First phase commissioned) Kizner (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction) Shchuchye (Kurgan region) (Under construction) Maradykovo (Kirov region) (First stage commissioned) Pos. Leonidovka (Penza region) (Under construction) G. Pochep (Bryansk region) (Under construction)
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Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of poisonous substances and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aerial bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons, it refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
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Chemical weapons are distinguished according to the following characteristics: - the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body - tactical purpose - the speed of the onset effect - the resistance of the agent used - the means and methods of application
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According to the nature of the physiological effects on the human body, six main types of toxic substances are distinguished: Poisonous substances of a nerve agent that affect the central nervous system. The purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. The toxic substances of this group include sarin, soman, tabun and V-gases. Poisonous substances of blistering action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas, lewisite. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.
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Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OB from this group is inuclidyl-3-benzilate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide.
7 slide
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Poisonous substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant - an irritating substance). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1–10 minutes. Irritant agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. The sneezers are DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine).
8 slide
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There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and therefore are classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). Known cases of use, etc. chemical compounds, which do not aim at the direct defeat of the enemy’s manpower. So, in the Vietnam War, the United States used defoliants (the so-called "Agent Orange", containing toxic dioxin), causing leaves to fall from trees.
9 slide
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Tactical classification subdivides the weapons into groups according to their combat purpose. Lethal (according to American terminology, lethal agents) - substances intended for the destruction of manpower, which include agents of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating effects. Temporarily incapacitating manpower (according to American terminology, harmful agents) are substances that make it possible to solve tactical tasks of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants).
10 slide
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According to the speed of exposure, high-speed and slow-acting agents are distinguished. Depending on the duration of the preservation of the damaging ability, agents are divided into short-acting (unstable or volatile) and long-acting (persistent). The damaging effect of the former is calculated in minutes (AC, CG). The action of the latter can last from several hours to several weeks after their application.
11 slide
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During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of application was extremely dependent on the weather, the direction and strength of the wind, suitable conditions for massive use had in some cases to be expected for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the losses of the enemy did not exceed the losses from traditional artillery fire of the offensive artillery preparation. In subsequent wars of massive combat use chemical weapons have not been observed.
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15 slide
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Wars with the use of chemical weapons At the 1st Peace Conference in The Hague in 1899, it was adopted international declaration prohibiting the use of poisonous substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the United States and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War (1914-1918; both sides) Rif War (1920-1926; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945; Japan) Vietnam War (1957) -1975; USA) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government troops during Operation Anfal) Iraqi War (since 2003; rebels, USA)
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In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was put into operation for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of the largest production facilities for organic matter. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons.
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