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History reference

For the first time, Germany used chemical weapons during the First World War against the Anglo-French troops.

On April 22, 1915, near the city of Ypres (Belgium), the Germans released 180 tons of chlorine from cylinders. There were no special means of protection yet (gas masks were invented a year later), and poisonous gas poisoned 15 thousand people, a third of them died.

Characteristic

Chemical weapons are poisonous substances and the means by which they are used on the battlefield. The basis of the damaging effect of chemical weapons is toxic substances.

According to the nature of the action on the human body, toxic substances are divided into six groups:

nerve agent (VX (V-ex), sarin, soman),
blistering action (mustard gas),

general poisonous (hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride),
suffocating (phosgene),
irritating action (CS (si-es), adamsite),
psychochemical action (BZ (bi-zet), lysergic acid dimethylamide)

Characteristics of the main

toxic substances

Sarin is a colorless or yellow liquid with almost no odor, making it difficult to detect by outward signs.

2) Soman is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. Belongs to the class of nerve agents.

Characteristics of the main

toxic substances

3) V-gases - low-volatile liquids with very high temperature boiling, so their resistance is many times greater than that of sarin.

4) mustard gas - an oily dark brown liquid with a characteristic odor reminiscent of the smell of garlic or mustard.

Characteristics of the main

toxic substances

5) hydrocyanic acid - a colorless liquid with a peculiar smell, reminiscent of the smell of bitter almonds;

6) phosgene - a colorless, volatile liquid with the smell of rotten hay or rotten apples.

7) lysergic acid dimethylamide - a poisonous substance of psychochemical action.

Protection

Gas masks, respirators, special anti-chemical clothing protect against RH.

Protection

As part of modern armies there are special troops. In the case of radioactive, biological and chemical contamination, they carry out decontamination, disinfection and degassing of equipment, uniforms, terrain, etc.

Destruction

In the 80s. In the twentieth century, the United States owned more than 150 thousand tons of poisonous substances. By 1995, the stocks of organic matter in the USSR amounted to 40,000 tons.

The first plant for the destruction of chemical agents in our country was built in the city of Chapaevsk (Samara region).

New weapons

mass destruction

beam weapon
lasers
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Infrasonic weapons
Radiological weapons
Geophysical weapons

Chemical weapons (CW) are one of the types of weapons of mass destruction, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of combat toxic chemical substances(BTHV).

HTS includes poisonous substances (OS) and toxins that have a damaging effect on the human and animal body, as well as phytotoxicants that can be used for military purposes to destroy various kinds vegetation

According to the effect on the human body, toxic substances are divided into: nerve agents; blister; suffocating; general poisonous; irritant and psychochemical.

Chemical weapons have a wide range of effects both in terms of the nature and degree of damage, and in terms of the duration of its action (infection from several minutes to several days and weeks).

Affecting factors chemical weapons: Ü Ü Ü pathogens (bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi); microbial toxins (botulinum toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin, rickettsiae, fungi); vapors of combat toxic substances (BTXV): BTXV aerosol, BTXV drops.

A variety of chemical weapons are binary chemical munitions and military devices. The term "binary" means that the chemical munitions loadout consists of two components. Binary munitions are based on the principle of refusing to use a finished toxic product (OS) and transferring the final stage technological process receiving OV in the ammunition itself.

The combat properties of agents are understood as their toxicity, which is characterized by combat concentrations and toxic doses, the density and persistence of infection, and the depth of distribution of the cloud of contaminated air.

Toxicity (Greek Toxikon - poison) is the most important characteristic OS and other poisons, which determines their ability to cause pathological changes in the body that lead a person to loss of combat capability (working capacity) or to death. The toxicity of OM is quantified by the dose. Combat concentration is the concentration of OM in the air necessary to achieve a certain combat effect. It is determined by the amount of RH per unit volume of air.

The density of infection is a quantitative characteristic of the degree of infection of various surfaces, including unprotected skin, which is understood as the mass of OM per unit area of the infected surface. Under the resistance of agents, on the one hand, they understand the duration of their presence on the ground or in the atmosphere as real material substances, on the other hand, the time they retain a pronounced effect. The distance from the leeward edge of the site of application (site of infection) to the outer boundary of the contaminated cloud, at which the combat concentration of OM is maintained, is called the depth of propagation of the cloud of contaminated air.

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Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of toxic substances and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aviation bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

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Chemical weapons are classified according to the following characteristics: - the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body - tactical purpose - the speed of the onset of the impact - the stability of the agent used - the means and methods of application

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According to the nature of the physiological effects on the human body, six main types of toxic substances are distinguished: nervous system. The purpose of the use of nerve agents is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the possible a large number deaths. The toxic substances of this group include sarin, soman, tabun and V-gases. Poisonous substances of blistering action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas, lewisite. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.

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Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OB from this group is inuclidyl-3-benzilate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide.

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Poisonous substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant - an irritating substance). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1–10 minutes. Irritant agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. The sneezers are DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine).

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There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and therefore are classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are known cases of the use of other chemical compounds that do not aim at directly defeating the enemy's manpower. Yes, in Vietnam War The United States used defoliants (the so-called "Agent Orange", containing toxic dioxin), causing the leaves to fall from trees

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Tactical classification subdivides the weapons into groups according to combat mission. Lethal (according to American terminology, lethal agents) - substances intended for the destruction of manpower, which include agents of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating effects. Temporarily incapacitating manpower (according to American terminology, harmful agents) are substances that make it possible to solve tactical tasks of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants).

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According to the speed of exposure, high-speed and slow-acting agents are distinguished. Depending on the duration of the preservation of the damaging ability, agents are divided into short-acting (unstable or volatile) and long-acting (persistent). The damaging effect of the former is calculated in minutes (AC, CG). The action of the latter can last from several hours to several weeks after their application.

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During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of application was extremely dependent on the weather, the direction and strength of the wind, suitable conditions for massive use had in some cases to be expected for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the losses of the enemy did not exceed the losses from traditional artillery fire of the offensive artillery preparation. In subsequent wars of massive combat use chemical weapons have not been observed.

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Wars with the use of chemical weapons At the 1st Peace Conference in The Hague in 1899, it was adopted international declaration prohibiting the use of poisonous substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the United States and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War(1914-1918; both sides) Rif War (1920-1926; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945; Japan) Vietnam War (1957-1975 ; USA) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government troops during Operation Anfal) Iraqi War (since 2003; rebels, USA)

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In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was put into operation for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of largest productions OV. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons.

Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of poisonous substances and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aerial bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons, it refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

Chemical weapons are distinguished according to the following characteristics: the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body tactical purpose tactical purpose the speed of the offensive effect the speed of the attack

According to the nature of the physiological effects on the human body, six main types of poisonous substances are distinguished: Poisonous substances with a nerve-paralytic effect that affect the central nervous system. The purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. The toxic substances of this group include sarin, soman, tabun. Poisonous substances of blistering action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas and lewisite. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.

Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OBs from this group are inuclidyl-3-benzilate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide.

Poisonous substances of irritant action, or irritants (from the English irritant irritant). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1-10 minutes. Irritant agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Lacrimal agents CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. Sneezers DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine), and DC (diphenylcyarsine).

There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and therefore are classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are known cases of the use of other chemical compounds that do not aim at directly defeating the enemy's manpower. So, in the Vietnam War, the United States used defoliants (the so-called "Agent Orange", containing toxic dioxin), causing leaves to fall from trees.

Tactical classification subdivides the weapons into groups according to their combat purpose. Lethal (according to American terminology, lethal agents) substances intended for the destruction of manpower, which include agents of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating action. Substances that temporarily incapacitate manpower (according to American terminology, harmful agents) make it possible to solve tactical tasks of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants).

In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was put into operation for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of the largest production facilities for organic matter. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons.

In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. At the moment the program is designed until 2012 Russia Russia 1997

Currently, there are eight chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each of which corresponds to an enterprise for their destruction: p. Pokrovka Chapaevsky district Samara region(Chapaevsk-11), the destruction plant was one of the first to be installed by military builders, in 1989, but has so far been mothballed) Gorny settlement ( Saratov region) (Commissioned) Kambarka (Udmurt Republic) (First stage commissioned) Kizner settlement (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction) Shchuchye (Kurgan region) (First stage commissioned) Maradykovo settlement (Maradykovsky facility) ( Kirov region) (First stage commissioned) (Kirov region) (First stage commissioned) Leonidovka settlement ( Penza region) (Put into operation) (Put into operation) Pochep (Bryansk region) (Under construction)

Wars with the use of chemical weapons At the 1st peace conference in The Hague in 1899, an international declaration was adopted banning the use of poisonous substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the United States and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War (; both sides) Rif War (; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (; Japan) Vietnam War (; United States) North Yemeni Civil War (; Egypt) Irano -Iraq war (; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government troops during Operation Anfal) Iraqi war (since 2003; insurgents, USA) Despite the precautions of the world community, there is a danger of using chemical weapons. Each country has its strategic reserve. And so this kind of weapon is a potential environmental problem for the whole world. Despite the precautions of the world community, there is a danger of the use of chemical weapons. Each country has its strategic reserve. And so this type of weapon is a potential environmental problem for the whole world.

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History of CW use Chemical weapons were used: World War I (1914-1918) Reef War (1920-1926) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Vietnam War (1955-1975) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)*

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Definition and properties of chemical weapons Chemical weapons refer to poisonous substances and the means by which they are used on the battlefield. The basis of the damaging effect of chemical weapons is toxic substances. Poisonous substances (OS) are chemical compounds, which, when used, can defeat unprotected manpower or reduce its combat capability. In terms of their destructive properties, agents differ from other military weapons: they are able to penetrate, together with air, into various buildings, military equipment and inflict defeat on the people in them; they can retain their damaging effect in the air, on the ground and in various objects for some, sometimes quite a long time; propagated in large volumes of air and large areas, they inflict defeat on all people who are in their sphere of action without means of protection; vapors are capable of propagating in the direction of the wind over considerable distances from areas of direct use of chemical weapons. *

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Properties of agents Chemical munitions are distinguished according to the following characteristics: the resistance of the agents used; the nature of the physiological effects of agents on the human body; the means and methods of use; the tactical purpose; the speed of the onset effect; subdivided into: persistent (mustard gas, lewisite, VX) unstable (phosgene, hydrocyanic acid) The resistance of poisonous substances depends on: their physical and chemical properties, methods of application, meteorological conditions of the nature of the area on which toxic substances are used. Persistent agents retain their damaging effect from several hours to several days and even weeks. *

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Types of agents according to their physiological effects on humans Nerve agents Skin blistering General toxic Asphyxiating Psychochemical sneezing Lachrymatory irritants*

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Types of agents of nerve agents cause damage to the central nervous system. The main purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. Agents of blistering action cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory organs. General poisonous agents affect through the respiratory organs, causing the cessation of oxidative processes in the tissues of the body. Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, restriction of the motor functions of various organs. Fatal outcome possible at very high concentrations *

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Methods of application of agents can be used for the following purposes: - defeating manpower for its complete destruction or temporary incapacitation, which is achieved by using mainly nerve agents; - suppression of manpower in order to force it to take protective measures for a certain time and thus make it difficult to maneuver, reduce the speed and accuracy of fire; this task is performed by the use of agents of skin-abscess and nerve-paralytic action; - shackling (exhausting) the enemy in order to make it difficult fighting on the long time and cause loss of personnel; this problem is solved by using persistent agents; - infecting the terrain with the aim of forcing the enemy to leave their positions, to prohibit or make it difficult to use certain areas of the terrain and overcome obstacles .. *

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Characteristics of major agents Nerve agents Sarin GB is a colorless or yellow liquid with little or no odor, making it difficult to detect by appearance. Persistence in summer - several hours, in winter - several days. Sarin causes damage through the respiratory organs, skin, gastrointestinal tract. When exposed to sarin, the affected person experiences salivation, profuse sweating, headaches, vomiting, dizziness, loss of consciousness, attacks of severe convulsions, paralysis and, as a result, severe poisoning, death. Soman GD is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. In many ways, it is very similar to sarin. The persistence of soman is somewhat higher than that of sarin; on the human body, it acts about 10 times stronger. V-gases VX are a slightly volatile colorless liquid with a persistence of 7-15 days in summer, and indefinitely in winter. V gases are 100 to 1000 times more toxic than other nerve agents. They are highly effective when acting through the skin. Contact with human skin of small droplets of V-gases, as a rule, causes the death of a person. *

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Skin blister agents Representatives: mustard gas HD, lewisite L, Mustard gas is a dark brown oily liquid with a characteristic smell of garlic or mustard. Its resistance on the ground is: in summer - from 7 to 14 days, in winter - a month or more. The action of mustard gas appears after a period of latent action. Upon contact with the skin, mustard gas is absorbed into it. After 4-8 hours, redness and itching appear on the skin. After a day, small bubbles form, which merge into single large bubbles. The appearance of blisters is accompanied by malaise and fever. After 2 to 3 days, the blisters burst, leaving ulcers that do not heal for a long time. The organs of vision are affected by mustard gas at its negligible concentrations in the air and the exposure time is 10 minutes. Then there is photophobia and lacrimation. The disease can last 10-15 days, after which recovery occurs. The digestive organs become infected through food. The period of latent action (30 - 60 minutes) ends with the appearance of pain in the stomach, nausea, vomiting; then general weakness sets in, headache, weakening of reflexes. In the future - paralysis, severe weakness and exhaustion. With an unfavorable course, death occurs on the 3rd - 12th day as a result of a complete breakdown and exhaustion. *

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General toxic agents Hydrocyanic acid AC and cyanogen chloride SC, arsenic hydrogen, hydrogen phosphorous. Prussic acid AC is a colorless liquid with an odor reminiscent of bitter almonds. Hydrocyanic acid evaporates easily and acts only in the vapor state. Characteristic features hydrocyanic acid lesions are: metallic taste in the mouth, throat irritation, numbness of the tip of the tongue, dizziness, weakness, nausea. shortness of breath, slow pulse, loss of consciousness, severe convulsions. Spasms are observed rather not for long; they are being replaced complete relaxation muscles with loss of sensitivity, drop in temperature, respiratory depression, followed by its stop. Cardiac activity after respiratory arrest continues for another 3-7 minutes. *

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Asphyxiant Phosgene CG and diphosgene CG2 Phosgene is a colorless, volatile liquid with an odor of rotten hay or rotten apples. Durability 30-50 min. The period of latent action is 4 - 6 hours. When inhaling phosgene, a person feels a sweetish unpleasant taste in the mouth, then coughing, dizziness and general weakness appear. When leaving the contaminated air, the signs of poisoning quickly disappear, a period of so-called imaginary well-being begins. But after 4-6 hours, the affected person experiences a sharp deterioration in his condition: bluish coloration of the lips, cheeks, and nose quickly develops; there are general weakness, headache, rapid breathing, severe shortness of breath, excruciating cough with liquid, frothy, pinkish sputum, indicating the development of pulmonary edema. The process of phosgene poisoning culminates within 2-3 days. With a favorable course of the disease, the state of health of the affected person will gradually begin to improve, and in severe cases, death occurs. Diphosgene also has an irritating effect *

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Irritant agents This group includes gas CS, CN, CR. CS at low concentrations is irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract, and at high concentrations it causes burns to exposed skin, in some cases respiratory paralysis, heart failure and death. Signs of damage: severe burning and pain in the eyes and chest, severe lacrimation, involuntary closing of the eyelids, sneezing, runny nose (sometimes with blood), painful burning in the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, cough and chest pain. Lacrimal - chloroacetophenone "Bird cherry" (named for its characteristic odor, bromobenzyl cyanide and chloropicrin. Tearing occurs at a concentration of 0.002 mg / l, at 0.01 mg / l it becomes intolerable and is accompanied by irritation of the skin of the face and neck. At a concentration of 0.08 mg / l and exposure 1 min human incapacitated for 15-30 min concentration 10-11 mg/l is lethal No effect on the eyes of animals Sneeze agents This group includes agents DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine ) The lesion is accompanied by uncontrollable sneezing, coughing and retrosternal pain.Such concomitant phenomena as nausea, the urge to vomit, headache and pain in the jaws and teeth, a feeling of pressure in the ears, indicate damage to the paranasal sinuses.In severe cases, respiratory tract lesions are possible leading to toxic pulmonary edema.*

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OV psychochemical action representative: Lysergic acid dimethylamide, Bi-Zet (BZ) Lysergic acid dimethylamide. When it enters the human body, after 3 minutes mild nausea and dilated pupils appear, and then hallucinations of hearing and vision continue for several hours. Bi-Zet (BZ) Under the action of low concentrations, drowsiness and a decrease in combat effectiveness occur. When high concentrations are applied to initial stage within a few hours, there is a rapid heartbeat, dry skin and dry mouth, dilated pupils and reduced combat capability. In the next 8 hours, numbness and inhibition of speech occur. This is followed by a period of excitation lasting up to 4 days. After 2-3 days. after exposure to 0V, a gradual return to normal begins. *