The history of the creation of nuclear weapons presentation. The history of the creation of atomic weapons

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Foreword The creation of the Soviet atomic bomb ( military unit nuclear project of the USSR) - history fundamental research, development of technologies and their practical implementation in the USSR, aimed at creating weapons mass destruction using nuclear energy. The events were stimulated to a large extent by the activities in this direction of scientific institutions and military industry Western countries, including Nazi Germany, and later - the United States.

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The background of the Soviet project It included: Works until 1941 The role of the activities of the Radium Institute Work in 1941-1943: a) Foreign intelligence information b) Launch of the atomic project

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Work until 1941 In 1930-1941, work was actively carried out in the nuclear field. In this decade, fundamental radiochemical research was also carried out. Since the beginning of the 1920s, work has been intensively developed at the Radium Institute and at the first Fiztekh. Academician V. G. Khlopin was considered an authority in this area. Also a serious contribution was made by the employees of the Radium Institute: G. A. Gamov, I. V. Kurchatov and L. V. Mysovsky. Soviet project supervised by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR V. M. Molotov. In 1941, with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War nuclear studies were classified

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The Role of the Radium Institute The chronology of research carried out by the employees of the Radium Institute in Leningrad shows that work in this direction has not been completely curtailed. Back in 1938, the first in the USSR laboratory of artificial radioactive elements. Under the chairmanship of V. G. Khlopin, the Uranium Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences was formed, in 1942, during the evacuation of the institute, A. P. Zhdanov and L. V. Mysovsky opened the new kind nuclear fission - the complete collapse of the atomic nucleus under the action of multiply charged particles of cosmic rays. The Radium Institute was entrusted with the development of a technology for separating eka-rhenium (Z = 93) and eka-osmium (Z = 94) from neutron-irradiated uranium. By 1949, the amount of plutonium needed for testing nuclear weapons.

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Work in 1941-1943 Foreign intelligence information: Already in September 1941, intelligence information began to arrive in the USSR about the conduct of secret intensive research work in the UK and the USA aimed at developing methods for using atomic energy for military purposes and creating atomic bombs of huge destructive strength. In May 1942, the leadership of the GRU informed the USSR Academy of Sciences of the presence of reports of work abroad on the problem of using atomic energy for military purposes. Soviet intelligence had detailed information about the work on the creation of an atomic bomb in the United States, which came from specialists who understood the danger of a nuclear monopoly or sympathized with the USSR

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Work in 1941-1943 Launch of the atomic project: On September 28, 1942, a month and a half after the launch of the Manhattan Project, GKO Resolution No. 2352ss "On the organization of work on uranium" was adopted. The order provided for the organization for this purpose at the USSR Academy of Sciences of a special laboratory of the atomic nucleus, the creation of laboratory facilities for the separation of uranium isotopes and the conduct of a complex of experimental work.

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Work on the creation of an atomic bomb On February 11, 1943, GKO resolution No. 2872ss was adopted on the start practical work to build the atomic bomb. On April 12, 1943, Academician A. A. Baikov, vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, signed an order on the creation of Laboratory No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences. I.V. was appointed Head of the Laboratory. Kurchatov. GKO Decree No. 5582ss of April 8, 1944 obliged the People's Commissariat chemical industry to design in 1944 a shop for the production of heavy water and a plant for the production of uranium hexafluoride; supply Laboratories No. 2 in 1944 with tens of tons of high-quality graphite blocks. I.V. A. A. KURCHATOV BAIKOV

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post-war period On August 20, 1945, to manage the atomic project, the GKO created a Special Committee with emergency powers, headed by L.P. Beria. Under the Special Committee, an executive body was created - the First Main Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (PSU). Also during 1945, hundreds of German scientists who were related to the nuclear problem were brought from Germany to the USSR on a voluntary-compulsory basis. This greatly accelerated the creation of the bomb. L.P. BERIA

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First Soviet atomic bomb RDS-1 (the so-called "product 501") was created in the former KB-11 under the scientific supervision of Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov and Yuli Borisovich Khariton. It was structurally reminiscent of the American bomb "Fat Man". The design of the RDS-1 bomb was a plutonium aviation atomic bomb of a characteristic "drop-shaped" shape with a mass of 4.7 tons, a diameter of 1.5 m and a length of 3.3 m. The explosion occurred at exactly the scheduled time, subsequently, its capacity was estimated at 22 kilotons.The US nuclear monopoly has sunk into oblivion, Soviet Union won the right to exist. RDS-1

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Tests Successful testing of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out on August 29, 1949 at the constructed test site in the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan. It was kept secret. On September 3, 1949, an aircraft of the US Special Meteorological Intelligence Service took air samples in the Kamchatka region, and then American specialists found isotopes in them, which indicated that a nuclear explosion had been carried out in the USSR. The explosion of the first Soviet nuclear device at the Semipalatinsk test site on August 29, 1949. 10 hours 05 minutes.

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Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of the energy of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium, or in thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes of deuterium and tritium into heavier nuclei, for example, nuclei of helium isotopes.

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Warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aviation and depth charges, artillery shells and mines. By power, nuclear weapons are distinguished as ultra-small (less than 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100-1000 kt) and extra-large (more than 1000 kt).

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Depending on the tasks to be solved, it is possible to use nuclear weapons in the form of underground, ground, air, underwater and surface explosions. Features of the damaging effect of nuclear weapons on the population are determined not only by the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also by the type of nuclear device. Depending on the charge, they distinguish: atomic weapons, which are based on the fission reaction; thermonuclear weapons - when using a fusion reaction; combined charges; neutron weapons.

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In early 1939, the French physicist Frédéric Joliot-Curie concluded that it was possible chain reaction, which will lead to an explosion of monstrous destructive power and that uranium can become an energy source like a conventional explosive. This conclusion was the impetus for the development of nuclear weapons. Europe was on the eve of World War II, and the potential possession of such powerful weapon gave any owner of it huge advantages. over creation atomic weapons worked physicists in Germany, England, USA, Japan. Physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie

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By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called "Kid" and "Fat Man". The first bomb weighed 2722 kg and was loaded with enriched Uranium-235.

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The Fat Man bomb with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a power of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg.

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US President G. Truman became the first political leader who decided to use nuclear bombs. The first goals for nuclear strikes Japanese cities were chosen (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Kokura, Niigata). From a military point of view, there was no need for such bombardments of densely populated Japanese cities.

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On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach from the east of two American aircraft (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause alarm (because every day they appeared in the sky of Hiroshima). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object on a parachute slowly descended and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the "Baby" bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki.

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The total human losses and the extent of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: 300 thousand people died instantly from thermal radiation (temperature about 5000 degrees C) and a shock wave, another 200 thousand were injured, burns, radiation sickness. On an area of ​​12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90,000 buildings, 62,000 were destroyed.

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After the American atomic bombings, by order of Stalin, on August 20, 1945, a special committee on atomic energy was formed under the leadership of L. Beria. The committee included prominent scientists A.F. Ioffe, P.L. Kapitsa and I.V. Kurchatov. A conscientious communist, scientist Klaus Fuchs, a prominent worker at the American nuclear center at Los Alamos, rendered a great service to the Soviet atomic scientists. During 1945-1947, he transmitted information four times on the practical and theoretical issues of creating atomic and hydrogen bombs, which accelerated their appearance in the USSR.

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In 1946-1948, the nuclear industry was created in the USSR. A test site was built near the city of Semipalatinsk. In August 1949, the first Soviet nuclear device was blown up there. Before that, US President G. Truman was informed that the Soviet Union had mastered the secret of nuclear weapons, but nuclear bomb The Soviet Union will be created no earlier than 1953. This message aroused in the US ruling circles a desire to unleash a preventive war as soon as possible. The Troyan plan was developed, which provided for the start fighting at the beginning of 1950. At that time, the United States had 840 strategic bombers and over 300 atomic bombs.

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Affecting factors nuclear explosion are: shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and electromagnetic pulse.

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shock wave. The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. It consumes about 60% of the energy of a nuclear explosion. It is an area of ​​sharp air compression, spreading in all directions from the explosion site. The damaging effect of the shock wave is characterized by the amount of excess pressure. Excess pressure is the difference between the maximum pressure in the front of the shock wave and normal atmospheric pressure in front of him.

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Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including visible ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by the hot products of the explosion. Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. Its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause fires, deep burns of the skin and damage to the organs of vision in people. Light radiation does not penetrate opaque materials, so any obstruction that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates burns. Significantly attenuated light radiation in dusty (smoky) air, in fog, rain.

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Introduction

In the history of mankind, individual events become epochal. The creation of atomic weapons and their use was caused by the desire to rise to a new level in mastering the perfect method of destruction. Like any event, the creation of atomic weapons has its own history. . .

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Topics for discussion

The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. Prerequisites for the creation of atomic weapons in the United States. Tests of atomic weapons. Conclusion.

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At the very end of the 20th century, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity. 1911-1913. Discovery of the atomic nucleus by Rutherford and E. Rutherford. Since the beginning of 1939, a new phenomenon has been studied immediately in England, France, the USA and the USSR. E. Rutherford

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Finishing spurt 1939-1945.

In 1939 the Second World War. In October 1939, the first government committee on atomic energy appears in the USA. In Germany In 1942, failures on the German-Soviet front led to a reduction in work on nuclear weapons. The United States began to lead in the creation of weapons.

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Test of atomic weapons.

On May 10, 1945, a committee to select targets for the first nuclear strikes met at the Pentagon in the United States.

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Tests of atomic weapons.

On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east caused no alarm. One of the planes dived and threw something, then both planes flew back.

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Nuclear Priority 1945-1957.

The dropped object on a parachute slowly descended and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600m above the ground. The city was destroyed with one blow: out of 90 thousand buildings, 65 thousand were destroyed. Out of 250 thousand inhabitants, 160 thousand were killed and wounded.

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Nagasaki

A new attack was planned for 11 August. On the morning of August 8, the weather service reported that target No. 2 (Kokura) on August 11 would be covered by clouds. And so the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. This time, about 73 thousand people died, another 35 thousand died after much torment.

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Nuclear weapons in the USSR.

On November 3, 1945, the Pentagon received report No. 329 on the selection of the 20 most important targets on the territory of the USSR. In the United States, a plan for war was ripe. The start of hostilities was scheduled for January 1, 1950. Soviet nuclear project lagged behind the American exactly four years. In December 1946, I. Kurchatov launched the first in Europe atomic reactor. But be that as it may, the USSR had an atomic bomb, and on October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite Earth. Thus, the beginning of the Third World War was prevented! I. Kurchatov

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Conclusion.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki are a warning for the future! According to experts, our planet is dangerously oversaturated with nuclear weapons. Such arsenals are fraught with great danger to the entire planet, and not selected countries. Their creation consumes huge material resources that could be used to fight disease, illiteracy, and poverty in several other parts of the world.

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Weapons of mass destruction. Nuclear weapon. Grade 10

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Checking homework:
The history of the creation of MPVO-GO-MChS-RSChS. Name the tasks of GO. Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of civil defense

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First nuclear test
In 1896, the French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of the state of New Mexico, in 1942, an American nuclear center was established. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A characteristic cloud of radioactive dust, resembling a mushroom, rose to 30,000 feet. All that remains at the site of the explosion are fragments of green radioactive glass, which the sand has turned into. This was the beginning of the atomic era.

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND ITS DAMAGE FACTORS
Contents: Historical data. Nuclear weapon. Affecting factors nuclear explosion. Types of nuclear explosions Basic principles of protection against damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

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The first nuclear explosion was carried out in the USA on July 16, 1945. The creator of the atomic bomb is Julius Robert Oppenheimer. By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called "Kid" and "Fat Man". The first bomb weighed 2722 kg and was loaded with enriched Uranium-235. "Fat Man" with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a capacity of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg.

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Julius Robert Oppenheimer
The creator of the atomic bomb:

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Atomic bomb "Little Boy", Hiroshima August 6, 1945
Types of bombs:
Atomic bomb "Fat Man", Nagasaki August 9, 1945

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Hiroshima Nagasaki

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On the morning of August 6, 1945, the American bomber B-29 "Enola Gay", named after the mother (Enola Gay Haggard) of the crew commander, Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped the atomic bomb "Little Boy" ("Baby") on the Japanese city of Hiroshima with the equivalent of 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT. Three days later, on August 9, 1945, the atomic bomb "Fat Man" ("Fat Man") was dropped on the city of Nagasaki by pilot Charles Sweeney, commander of the B-29 "Bockscar" bomber. Total the death toll ranged from 90 to 166 thousand people in Hiroshima and from 60 to 80 thousand people in Nagasaki

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In the USSR, the first test of an atomic bomb (RDS) was carried out on August 29, 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt. In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb (RDS-6S). The power of the new weapons was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size.
History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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In the 60s of the XX century, nuclear weapons are being introduced into all branches of the USSR Armed Forces. On October 30, 1961, the most powerful hydrogen bomb("Tsar Bomba", "Ivan", "Kuzkin's Mother") with a capacity of 58 megatons In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, in North Korea, in Israel.
History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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Participants in the development of the first samples of thermonuclear weapons, who later became laureates Nobel Prize
L.D. Landau I.E. Tamm N.N. Semenov
V.L.Ginzburg I.M.Frank L.V.Kantorovich A.A.Abrikosov

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The first Soviet aviation thermonuclear atomic bomb.
RDS-6S
Bomb body RDS-6S
Bomber TU-16 - carrier of nuclear weapons

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"Tsar Bomba" AN602

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain nuclear reaction fission of heavy nuclei of uranium-235 and plutonium-239 isotopes.

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The power of a nuclear charge is measured in TNT equivalent - the amount of trinitrotoluene that must be exploded to obtain the same energy.

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Atomic bomb device
The main elements of nuclear weapons are: the body, the automation system. The case is designed to accommodate a nuclear charge and an automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases, from thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge in given moment time and excludes its accidental or premature operation. It includes: - a safety and arming system, - an emergency detonation system, - a charge detonation system, - a power source, - a detonation sensor system. The means of delivery of nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, winged and anti-aircraft missiles, aviation. Nuclear munitions are used to equip air bombs, land mines, torpedoes, artillery shells (203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA). Various systems have been invented to detonate the atomic bomb. The simplest system is an injector-type weapon in which a projectile made of fissile material crashes into the target, forming a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb fired by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of approximately 20 kilotons of TNT.

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Atomic bomb device

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Delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons

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Nuclear explosion
2. Light emission
4. Radioactive contamination of the area
1. Shock wave
3. Ionizing radiation
5. Electromagnetic pulse
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

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(Air) shock wave - a region of sharp compression of air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the wave, characterized by a sharp pressure jump, is called the front of the shock wave. Causes destruction over a large area. Protection: cover.

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Its action lasts for several seconds. A shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, and 3 km in 8 s.
Shock wave injuries are caused by both the action of excess pressure and its propelling action (velocity pressure), due to the movement of air in the wave. personnel, weapons and military equipment, located in open areas, are affected mainly as a result of the propelling action of the shock wave, and objects large sizes(buildings, etc.) - by the action of excess pressure.

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Nuclear explosion site
This is the area directly affected by the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
Hearth nuclear destruction divided by:
Zone of complete destruction
Zone of severe damage
Medium damage zone
Zone of weak damage
Destruction zones

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2. Light radiation is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation acting for a few seconds. Defense: Any obstruction that provides shade.
The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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The light radiation of a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, acting for several seconds. For personnel, it can cause skin burns, eye damage and temporary blindness. Burns are caused by direct exposure to light open areas skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothes, in fires (secondary burns). Depending on the severity of the lesion, burns are divided into four degrees: the first is redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; the third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; the fourth is charring of the skin.

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The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:
3. Penetrating radiation - an intense flow of gamma particles and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion cloud and lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes its rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: shelter or barrier (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.)
Alpha radiation is helium-4 nuclei and can be easily stopped with a sheet of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that an aluminum plate is enough to protect against. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate even denser materials.

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The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated medium. Distinguish between exposure and absorbed dose. The exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). One X-ray is such a dose of gamma radiation that creates about 2 billion ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air.

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Reducing the damaging effect of penetrating radiation depending on the protective environment and material
Layers of half attenuation of radiation

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4. Radioactive contamination of the area - in the event of an explosion of nuclear weapons, a “trace” is formed on the surface of the earth, formed by precipitation from a radioactive cloud. Protection: personal protective equipment (PPE).
The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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The trace of a radioactive cloud on a flat terrain with the same direction and speed of the wind has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conditionally divided into four zones: moderate (A), strong (B), dangerous (C) and extremely dangerous (D) contamination. The boundaries of radioactive contamination zones with varying degrees of danger to people are usually characterized by the dose of gamma radiation received during the time from the moment the trace is formed to complete decay. radioactive substances D∞ (changes in rads), or radiation dose rate (radiation level) 1 hour after the explosion

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Zones of radioactive contamination
Zone of extremely dangerous infection
Zone of dangerous infection
Highly contaminated area
Zone of moderate infection

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5. Electromagnetic pulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all enemy electronics (aircraft on-board computers, etc.)
The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach from the east of two American aircraft (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause alarm (because every day they appeared in the sky of Hiroshima). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object on a parachute slowly descended and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the "Baby" bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. The total loss of life and the scale of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: 300 thousand people died instantly from thermal radiation (temperature about 5000 degrees C) and a shock wave, another 200 thousand were injured, burned, irradiated. On an area of ​​12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90,000 buildings, 62,000 were destroyed. These bombings shocked the whole world. It is believed that this event marked the beginning of the nuclear arms race and the confrontation between the two political systems of that time at a new qualitative level.

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Types of nuclear explosions

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ground explosion
air burst
high altitude explosion
underground explosion
Types of nuclear explosions

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Types of nuclear explosions
General Thomas Farrell: “The effect that the explosion had on me can be called magnificent, amazing and at the same time terrifying. Mankind has never created a phenomenon of such incredible and terrifying power.

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Trial Name: Trinity Date: July 16, 1945 Location: Alamogordo, New Mexico

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Test name: Baker Date: July 24, 1946 Location: Bikini Atoll Lagoon Type of explosion: Underwater, depth 27.5 meters Power: 23 kilotons.

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Test name: Truckee Date: June 9, 1962 Location: Christmas Island Capacity: over 210 kilotons

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Test Name: Castle Romeo Date: March 26, 1954 Location: Barge in Bravo Crater, Bikini Atoll Explosion Type: Surface Yield: 11 megatons.

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Test Name: Castle Bravo Date: March 1, 1954 Location: Bikini Atoll Explosion Type: Surface Yield: 15 megatons.

Introduction In the history of mankind, individual events become epoch-making. The creation of atomic weapons and their use was caused by the desire to rise to a new level in mastering the perfect method of destruction. Like any event, the creation of atomic weapons has its own history...

The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. At the very end of the 20th century, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity The discovery of the atomic nucleus by Rutherford and E. Rutherford. Since the beginning of 1939, a new phenomenon has been studied immediately in England, France, the USA and the USSR. E. Rutherford

Finishing spurt In 1939, the Second World War began. In October 1939, the first government committee on atomic energy appears in the USA. In Germany In 1942, failures on the German-Soviet front led to a reduction in work on nuclear weapons. The United States began to lead in the creation of weapons.

Tests of atomic weapons. On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east caused no alarm. One of the planes dived and threw something, then both planes flew back.

Nuclear Priority A parachute dropped object slowly descended and suddenly exploded at a height of 600m above the ground. The city was destroyed with one blow: out of 90 thousand buildings, 65 thousand were destroyed. Out of 250 thousand inhabitants, 160 thousand were killed and wounded.

Nagasaki A new attack was planned for August 11th. On the morning of August 8, the weather service reported that target 2 (Kokura) on August 11 would be covered by clouds. And so the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. This time, about 73 thousand people died, another 35 thousand died after much torment.

Nuclear weapons in the USSR. On November 3, 1945, the Pentagon received a 329 report on the selection of the 20 most important targets in the USSR. In the United States, a plan for war was ripe. The start of hostilities was scheduled for January 1, 1950. The Soviet nuclear project lagged behind the American one by exactly four years. In December 1946, I. Kurchatov launched the first nuclear reactor in Europe. But be that as it may, the USSR had an atomic bomb, and on October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial Earth satellite into space. Thus, the beginning of the Third World War was prevented! I. Kurchatov

Conclusion. Hiroshima and Nagasaki are a warning for the future! According to experts, our planet is dangerously oversaturated with nuclear weapons. Such arsenals are fraught with a huge danger for the entire planet, and not for individual countries. Their creation absorbs huge material resources that could be used to fight diseases, illiteracy, poverty in a number of other regions of the world.