We make an emi generator ourselves from improvised materials. Electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion

Are you tired of the neighbors' too loud music or just want to make some interesting electrical device yourself? Then you can try to build a simple and compact electromagnetic pulse generator that can disable electronic devices nearby.

An EMP generator is a device capable of generating a short-term electromagnetic disturbance that radiates outward from its epicenter, disrupting the operation of electronic devices. Some bursts of EMP occur naturally, such as in the form of an electrostatic discharge. There are also artificial EMP bursts, such as a nuclear electromagnetic pulse.

This tutorial will show you how to assemble an elementary EMP generator using commonly available items: a soldering iron, solder, a disposable camera, a push button switch, insulated thick copper cable, enameled wire, and a high current lockable switch. The presented generator will not be too strong in power, so it may not be able to disable serious equipment, but it can affect simple electrical appliances, therefore this project should be considered as a tutorial for beginners in electrical engineering.

So, first, you need to take a disposable camera, for example, Kodak. Next, you need to open it. Open the case and find a large electrolytic capacitor. Do this with rubber dielectric gloves so as not to get an electric shock when the capacitor is discharged. When fully charged, it can be up to 330 V. Check the voltage on it with a voltmeter. If there is still a charge, then remove it by closing the capacitor leads with a screwdriver. Be careful, when closing, a flash will appear with a characteristic pop. After discharging the capacitor, pull out the circuit board on which it is installed and find the small on/off button. Unsolder it, and solder your switch button in its place.

Solder two insulated copper cables to the two pins of the capacitor. Connect one end of this cable to a high current switch. Leave the other end free for now.

Now you need to wind the load coil. Wrap the enameled wire 7 to 15 times around a 5 cm round object. Once the coil is formed, wrap it with duct tape for added security while using it, but leave two wires protruding to connect to the terminals. Use sandpaper or a sharp blade to remove the enamel coating from the ends of the wire. Connect one end to the capacitor terminal and the other end to a high current switch.

Now we can say that the simplest generator electromagnetic pulses is ready. To charge it, simply connect the battery to the appropriate pins on the PCB with the capacitor. Bring a portable electronic device that you don't mind near the coil and press the switch.

Remember not to hold down the charge button while generating EMP, otherwise you may damage the circuit.

shock wave

Shockwave (SW)- area sharply compressed air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed.

Hot vapors and gases, trying to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities and heat up to high temperature(several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The SW front is followed by an area of ​​rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

The shock wave of an ammunition of medium power passes: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - for 4 s; fifth - in 12 s.

The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; overpressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

The impact of HC on people can be direct and indirect. With direct impact, the cause of injury is an instant increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage internal organs rupture of blood vessels. With indirect impact, people are amazed by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

With an overpressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm 2), unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and concussions). The impact of SW with an overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, and damage to internal organs. Extremely severe injuries, often with fatal, are observed at an excess pressure of more than 100 kPa.

The degree of shock wave damage to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, the mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground.

To protect against the impact of hydrocarbons, one should use: trenches, cracks and trenches, which reduce its effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

electromagnetic pulse(AMY)- this is a combination of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of the atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration is a few milliseconds.

The main parameters of EMR are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and disable electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

During ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion.

The most effective protection against an electromagnetic pulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that develops when using nuclear weapons in the lesions.

Hearth nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, public utilities and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects.

What are superpowers magnetic fields?

In science, for the knowledge of nature, as tools are used various interactions and fields. During physical experiment the researcher, acting on the object of study, studies the response to this effect. Analyzing it, they make a conclusion about the nature of the phenomenon. The most effective means of influence is a magnetic field, since magnetism is a widespread property of substances.

The power characteristic of a magnetic field is magnetic induction. The following is a description of the most common methods for obtaining superstrong magnetic fields, i.e. magnetic fields with induction over 100 T (tesla).

For comparison -

• the minimum magnetic field recorded using a superconducting quantum interferometer (SQUID) is 10 -13 T;
• Earth's magnetic field - 0.05 mT;
• souvenir fridge magnets - 0.05 Tl;
• alnico (aluminum-nickel-cobalt) magnets (AlNiCo) - 0.15 T;
• ferrite permanent magnets (Fe 2 O 3) - 0.35 T;
• samarium-cobalt permanent magnets (SmCo) - 1.16 T;
• the strongest neodymium permanent magnets (NdFeB) - 1.3 T;
• electromagnets of the Large Hadron Collider - 8.3 T;
• the strongest permanent magnetic field (National Laboratory of High Magnetic Fields of the University of Florida) - 36.2 T;
• the strongest pulsed magnetic field achieved without destroying the installation (Los Alamos National Laboratory, March 22, 2012) - 100.75 T.

Currently, research in the field of creating superstrong magnetic fields is being carried out in countries that are members of the Megagauss Club and are discussed at International conferences on generation of megagauss magnetic fields and related experiments ( gauss- a unit of measurement of magnetic induction in the CGS system, 1 megagauss = 100 tesla).

To create magnetic fields of such strength, a very high power is required, therefore, at present, they can only be obtained in a pulsed mode, and the pulse duration does not exceed tens of microseconds.

Discharge on a single-turn solenoid

by the most simple method obtaining superstrong pulsed magnetic fields with magnetic induction in the range of 100 ... 400 Tesla is the discharge of capacitive energy storage devices on single-turn solenoids ( solenoid- this is a single-layer coil of a cylindrical shape, the turns of which are wound closely, and the length is much greater than the diameter).

The inner diameter and length of the coils used usually do not exceed 1 cm. Their inductance is small (a few nanohenries), therefore, to generate superstrong fields in them, currents of the megaampere level are required. They are obtained using high-voltage (10-40 kilovolts) capacitor banks with low self-inductance and stored energy from tens to hundreds of kilojoules. In this case, the rise time of induction up to maximum value should not exceed 2 microseconds, otherwise the destruction of the solenoid will occur before the superstrong magnetic field is reached.

The deformation and destruction of the solenoid are explained by the fact that due to a sharp increase in current in the solenoid, the surface ("skin") effect plays a significant role - the current is concentrated in a thin layer on the surface of the solenoid and the current density can reach very high values. The consequence of this is the appearance of a region with elevated temperature and magnetic pressure in the material of the solenoid. Already at an induction of 100 Tesla, the surface layer of the coil, even made of refractory metals, begins to melt, and the magnetic pressure exceeds the tensile strength of most known metals. With a further increase in the field, the melting region extends deep into the conductor, and evaporation of the material begins on its surface. As a result, an explosive destruction of the material of the solenoid occurs ("explosion of the skin layer").

If the magnitude of the magnetic induction exceeds 400 Tesla, then such a magnetic field has an energy density comparable to the binding energy of an atom in solids and far exceeds the energy density of chemical explosives. In the zone of action of such a field, as a rule, the complete destruction of the material of the coil occurs with a speed of expansion of the coil material up to 1 km per second.

Magnetic flux compression method (magnetic cumulation)

To obtain the maximum magnetic field (up to 2800 T) in the laboratory, the magnetic flux compression method is used ( magnetic cumulation).

Inside a conducting cylindrical shell ( liner) with radius r0 and section S0 an axial starting magnetic field is created with induction B0 and magnetic flux F = B 0 S 0 and. The liner is then symmetrically and quickly compressed external forces, while its radius decreases to rf and cross-sectional area up to S f. In proportion to the cross-sectional area, the magnetic flux penetrating the liner also decreases. Change in magnetic flux according to law electromagnetic induction causes the occurrence of an induced current in the liner, which creates a magnetic field that tends to compensate for the decrease in magnetic flux. In this case, the magnetic induction increases accordingly to the value B f =B 0 *λ*S 0 /S f, where λ is the magnetic flux conservation factor.

The magnetic cumulation method is implemented in devices called magnetocumulative (explosive magnetic) generators. The compression of the liner is carried out by the pressure of the explosion products of chemical explosives. The current source for creating the initial magnetic field is a capacitor bank. Andrei Sakharov (USSR) and Clarence Fowler (USA) were the founders of research in the field of creating magnetocumulative generators.

In one of the experiments in 1964, a record field of 2500 T was registered in a cavity with a diameter of 4 mm using an MK-1 magnetocumulative generator. However, the instability of magnetic cumulation was the reason for the irreproducible nature of the explosive generation of superstrong magnetic fields. Stabilization of the process of magnetic cumulation is possible by compressing the magnetic flux by a system of series-connected coaxial shells. Such devices are called cascade generators of superstrong magnetic fields. Their main advantage lies in the fact that they provide stable operation and high reproducibility of superstrong magnetic fields. The multi-stage design of the MK-1 generator, using 140 kg of explosive, providing a liner compression speed of up to 6 km / s, made it possible to obtain in 1998 at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center a world-record magnetic field of 2800 tesla in a volume of 2 cm 3. The energy density of such a magnetic field is more than 100 times the energy density of the most powerful chemical explosives.

Application of superstrong magnetic fields

The use of strong magnetic fields in physical research began with the work of the Soviet physicist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa in the late 1920s. Superstrong magnetic fields are used in studies of galvanomagnetic, thermomagnetic, optical, magneto-optical, resonant phenomena.

They apply in particular:

From short distances. Naturally, I immediately wanted to make such a homemade product, since it is quite spectacular and in practice shows the work of electromagnetic pulses. In the first models of the EMP emitter, there were several high-capacity capacitors from disposable cameras, but this design does not work very well, due to the long "recharge". Therefore, I decided to take a Chinese high voltage module (which is usually used in stun guns) and add a "punch" to it. This design suited me. But unfortunately, my high-voltage module burned out and therefore I could not shoot an article on this homemade product, but I had a shot detailed video assembly, so I decided to take some moments from the video, I hope the Admin will not mind, because the homemade is really very interesting.

I would like to say that all this was done as an experiment!

And so for the EMP emitter we need:
- high voltage module
- two 1.5 volt batteries
- box for batteries
-body I use plastic bottle by 0.5
- copper wire with a diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm
- button without lock
-wires

Of the tools we need:
- soldering iron
-thermo glue

And so, the first thing you need to do is wind a thick wire of about 10-15 turns around the top of the bottle, turn to turn (the coil greatly affects the range of the electromagnetic pulse, the spiral coil with a diameter of 4.5 cm proved to be the best) then cut off the bottom of the bottle

Before this homemade product, I made EMP based on a glove, but unfortunately I only filmed a test video, by the way, I went to an exhibition with this glove and took second place due to the fact that I didn’t show the presentation well. The maximum EMP range of the glove was 20 cm. I hope this article was interesting for you, and be careful with high voltage!

Here is a video with tests and an EMP glove:

In a nuclear explosion, strong electromagnetic radiation is generated in a wide range of waves with a maximum density in the region of 15-30 kHz.

Due to the short duration of action - tens of microseconds - this radiation is called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

The reason for the occurrence of EMR is an asymmetric electromagnetic field resulting from the interaction of gamma rays with the environment.

The main parameters of EMR, as damaging factor, are the strengths of the electric and magnetic fields. During air and ground explosions, the dense atmosphere limits the area of ​​propagation of gamma quanta, and the size of the EMP source approximately coincides with the area of ​​action of the penetrating radiation. In space, EMP can acquire the quality of one of the main damaging factors.

EMR has no direct effect on a person.

The effect of EMR is manifested primarily on bodies conducting electric current: overhead and underground communication and power lines, signaling and control systems, metal supports, pipelines, etc. At the moment of explosion, a current pulse arises in them and a high electric potential is induced relative to the ground.

As a result of this, cable insulation breakdown, damage to the input devices of radio and electrical equipment, combustion of arresters and fusible links, damage to transformers, and failure of semiconductor devices can occur.

Strong electromagnetic fields can disable the equipment at control points, communication centers and create a danger of damage to service personnel.

EMP protection is achieved by shielding individual units and components of radio and electrical equipment.

Chemical weapon.

Chemical weapons are poisonous substances and means of their application. Applications include aviation bombs, cassettes, missile warheads, artillery shells, chemical mines, aircraft pouring devices, aerosol generators, etc.

The basis of chemical weapons is toxic substances (S) - toxic chemical compounds, affecting people and animals, infecting the air, terrain, water bodies, food and various objects on the ground. Some agents are designed to damage plants.

In chemical munitions and devices, agents are in a liquid or solid state. At the time of application chemical weapons OVs go into a combat state - steam, aerosol or drops and infect people through the respiratory organs or - if they hit the human body - through the skin.

A characteristic of air contamination with vapors and fine aerosols is the concentration C=m/v, g/m3 - the amount of "m" OM per volume unit "v" of contaminated air.

A quantitative characteristic of the degree of infection of various surfaces is the density of infection: d=m/s, g/m2 - i.e. the amount "m" of OM located on the unit area "s" of the infected surface.

OV is classified according to the physiological effects on humans, tactical purpose, the speed of onset and duration of the damaging effect, toxicological properties, etc.

According to the physiological effects on the human body, OM are divided into the following groups:

1) Nerve agents - sarin, soman, Vx (VI-X). They cause disorders of the functions of the nervous system, muscle cramps, paralysis and death.

2) OV skin blister action - mustard gas. It affects the skin, eyes, respiratory and digestive organs - if swallowed.

3) OM of general toxic action - hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. In case of poisoning, severe shortness of breath, a feeling of fear, convulsions, paralysis appear.

4) Smothering agents - phosgene. It affects the lungs, causes their swelling, suffocation.

5) OV psycho-chemical action - BZ (B-Z). It strikes through the respiratory system. Violates coordination of movements, causes hallucinations and mental disorders.

6) OV irritating action - chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CS (Ci-Ec) and CR (Ci-Er). These agents irritate the respiratory and visual organs.

Nerve-paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating agents are lethal agents. OV of psycho-chemical and irritating action - temporarily incapacitate people.

By the speed of the onset of the damaging effect, high-speed agents are distinguished (sarin, soman, hydrocyanic acid, SI-Es, SI-Er) and slow-acting agents (Vi-X, mustard gas, phosgene, Bi-zet).

According to the duration of the OV, they are divided into persistent and unstable. Persistent retain the damaging effect for several hours or days. Unstable - several tens of minutes.

Toksodoz - the amount of OM required to obtain a certain effect of damage: T=c*t (g*min)/m3, where: c - the concentration of OM in the air, g/m3; t - time spent by a person in contaminated air, min.

When a chemical munition is used, a primary cloud of OM is formed. Under the action of moving air masses, the OM spreads in a certain space, forming a zone of chemical contamination.

Area of ​​chemical contamination call the area directly affected by chemical weapons, and the territory over which a cloud spread, contaminated with hazardous concentrations of agents.

In the zone of chemical contamination, foci of chemical damage may occur.

The focus of chemical damage- this is the territory within which, as a result of the impact of chemical weapons, mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants occurred.

Protection against toxic substances is achieved by using individual means of respiratory and skin protection, as well as collective means.

Special groups of chemical weapons include binary chemical munitions, which are two containers with different gases - not poisonous in their pure form, but when they are displaced during an explosion, a poisonous mixture is obtained.