What f 1 looks like. Hand-held fragmentation grenades and fuses used with them
The F-1 hand-held anti-personnel grenade was created to destroy manpower while on the defensive. In connection with long range the flight of fragments, it is thrown out from behind fortified positions, or from armored vehicles.
The designation F-1 comes from the name of the French F-1 grenade, which was delivered in 1915 to Russia. Except french model, during the First World War, the English fragmentation grenades Lemon were also imported, which was the reason for the everyday name Limonka.
It is likely that these grenades of foreign developers served as the basis for the development of the F-1.
The scheme, according to which the Russian grenade was made, is extremely successful, and today it has not changed much. Only the fuse device was modified, which contributed to an increase in the performance of the F-1.
Despite the decent mass of a grenade, which is 600 g, a trained fighter is able to throw it 40 meters. With a radius of destruction of 30 meters and a potential area of localization of fragments of 200 meters, it is desirable to be in a trench, behind a wall, or in armored vehicles.
The F-1 design includes a shell made of cast iron grade SCH-00 (460 g), elliptical in shape (length - 11.7 cm; diameter - 5.5 cm) with a ribbed surface, in which 50-56 g of explosive (TNT) is placed , and a fuse is screwed on top. The ribbed surface of the shell is made in the form of cubes so that, on the one hand, this gives the grenade a certain ergonomics and simplifies its throw, and, on the other hand, serves as a matrix for the formation of about 1000 fragments weighing 0.1-1.0 g (fragments weighing more than 0.8 g = 4%) at explosion.
The model of F.V. Koveshnikov was originally used as a fuse. However, since 1941, for the F-1 grenade, A. A. Bednyakov and E. M. Vitseni created a more reliable and cheaper UZRG fuse, which, at the end of hostilities, was improved and was called the modernized universal hand grenade fuse or UZRGM.
In addition to the body, the fuse has: a detonator cap, followed by a slowing wick for delay (in the fuse of Koveshnikov - 3.5-4.5 seconds, in the UZRG - 3.2-4 seconds); and an igniter primer made of a copper cap, in which a shot composition is pressed in, closed with a circle of foil.
Z apals UZRG and UZRGM. UZRG - early model fuse (was in service in WWII, replacing Koveshnikov's fuse). However, due to shortcomings, it was modernized (UZRGM) (in particular, the lever often did not fly out and, therefore, the firing mechanism of the fuse did not work). UZRGM on top of the fuse with a larger cutout - got rid of this problem.
The use of a grenade begins from the moment when the antennae are bent, blocking the exit of the checks. Clamping the lever, the grenade is taken in hand, the pin is pulled out and a throw is made at the target. Under the buoyant force of the fuse spring, the lever flies off to the side, releasing the drummer. After 3.2-4 seconds, the grenade explodes. At the time of the explosion, it is necessary to hide behind a barrier in order to avoid injury from shrapnel.
The striking factors of a grenade is the direct high-explosive effect of the explosion, leading to shell shock at a distance of 3-5 meters. At a distance of up to 30 meters from the epicenter, there is a high chance of injuring or destroying the enemy, although large fragments can cause damage at a distance of up to 100 meters with a low degree of probability. The most common fragments are 1-2 gram grenade fragments, they have initial speed about 700 m/sec.
The best effect of F-1 is manifested in a closed room, which is associated with the localization of the room in the zone of the highest danger. At the same time, the probability of shell fragments ricocheting is high, and, in addition, the enclosed space significantly increases the high-explosive effect, causing shell shock and disorganization of the enemy.
The F-1 grenade acts as a “cheap and angry” means of setting up trip wires, which is explained by the long-term preservation of the grenade’s combat capability in conditions environment and an extensive area of destruction by shrapnel. However, a delay of 4 seconds in a situation is an unfavorable factor that gives the enemy a chance to escape.
Two versions of F-1 grenades are produced: training and simulation and combat. The shell of the training-imitation grenade is black with vertical and horizontal white lines, its pin and lever segment are scarlet. In addition, there is a hole at the bottom of the shell. In combat performance, the F-1 is green, which can vary from dark to light tones.
Packaging wooden boxes holds 20 grenades. In it, enclosed in two sealed cans, are the fuses of the UZRGM (10 units each). Before the battle, the cans are opened with a knife, which is also available in the boxes, and the fuses, in turn, are screwed into the grenades. The placement of grenades for long-term storage involves the removal of fuses.
The F-1 hand-held anti-personnel defensive grenade has existed for about 80 years, it is a member of the Commonwealth Independent States, exported to Africa, latin america, and exact analogues of F-1 are produced in China and Iran.
Photos and information:
http://amurec.ucoz.ru/
http://f1zapal.by.ru/
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ф-1_(grenade)
The performance characteristics and the device of the F-1, RGD-5, RGO, RGN grenades and fuses UZRGM, UDZ are given.
Hand-held fragmentation grenades are designed to destroy enemy personnel with fragments in close combat (in open areas, in trenches or communications, when fighting in locality, in the forest or mountains). Depending on the range of the fragments, grenades are divided into offensive (RGD-5, RGN) and defensive (F-1, RGO).
Hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with fuses UZRGM (modernized unified hand grenade fuse) and UDZ (shock-remote fuse).
F-1 hand fragmentation grenade
The F-1 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to defeat manpower mainly in a defensive battle. You can throw a grenade from various provisions and only because of the shelter, from an armored personnel carrier or tank (self-propelled artillery mount).
| Characteristics of the F-1 fragmentation grenade | |
| Grenade Type - Defensive Grenade weight - 600 gr Igniter type - UZRGM Scattering radius of lethal fragments - 200 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 7 m |
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| F-1 grenade device | |
| The F-1 hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body, an explosive charge and a fuse. The body of the grenade serves to place an explosive charge and fuse, as well as to form fragments during a grenade explosion. The body of the grenade is cast iron, with longitudinal and transverse grooves. In the upper part of the body there is a threaded hole for screwing in the fuse. When storing, transporting and carrying a grenade, a plastic plug is screwed into this hole. The explosive charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments. |
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Hand fragmentation grenade RGD-5
The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to destroy enemy manpower in the offensive and in defense. Throwing a grenade is carried out from various positions when operating on foot and on an armored personnel carrier (car).
| Characteristics of the fragmentation grenade RGD-5 | |
| Grenade type: offensive Grenade weight - 310 gr Bursting charge weight - 60 gr Igniter type UZRGM Moderator burning time - 3.2-4.2 sec Scattering radius of lethal fragments - 25 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 5 m |
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| RGD-5 grenade device | |
| 1 - fuse tube with cuff 2 - cap with insert 3 - tray with insert |
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The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body with a tube for a fuse, an explosive charge and a fuse.
The body of the grenade serves to place an explosive charge, a tube for a fuse, as well as to form fragments during a grenade explosion. It consists of two parts - upper and lower.
The upper part of the body consists of an outer shell, called a cap, and a cap insert. A tube for the fuse is attached to the upper part with the help of a cuff. The tube serves to attach the fuse to the grenade and to seal the bursting charge in the case. To protect the tube from contamination, a plastic stopper is screwed into it. When preparing a grenade for throwing, instead of a cork, a fuse is screwed into the tube.
The bottom of the body consists of an outer shell called a sump and a sump liner. The explosive charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments.
F-1 and RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with a modernized unified fuse for hand grenades (UZRGM).
Unified hand grenade fuse modernized UZRGM
The fuse of the UZRGM grenade (modernized unified fuse of a hand grenade) is intended for the explosion of an explosive charge.
The percussion mechanism serves to ignite the primer-igniter fuse. It consists of a tube of the percussion mechanism, a connecting sleeve, a guide washer, a mainspring, a striker, a striker washer, a trigger lever and a safety pin with a ring.
The tube of the percussion mechanism is the basis for the assembly of all parts of the fuse.
The connecting sleeve serves to connect the fuse with the grenade body. It is put on the lower part of the tube of the percussion mechanism.
The guide washer is a stop for the upper end of the mainspring and directs the movement of the striker. It is fixed in the upper part of the tube of the percussion mechanism.
UZRGM device
It consists of a percussion mechanism and the fuse itself.
In official use, the drummer is constantly in the cocked state and is held by the fork of the trigger lever. The trigger lever is connected to the tube of the percussion mechanism by a safety pin. Before throwing a grenade, a plastic stopper is turned out and a fuse is screwed into its place.
When throwing a grenade, take it in your hand so that the trigger lever is pressed with your fingers to the body of the grenade. Continuing to press the trigger lever tightly, the ends of the safety checks are compressed (straightened) with the free hand, which is pulled out of the fuse with a finger by the ring. After pulling out the checks, the position of the parts of the fuse does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the drummer. The drummer under the action of the mainspring pierces the igniter capsule. The beam of fire from the primer ignites the moderator and, having passed it, is transmitted to the detonator cap. The explosion of the detonator cap initiates the detonation of the bursting charge. The explosion of the bursting charge crushes the body of the grenade into fragments.
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RGO fragmentation grenade
| Characteristics of the RGO fragmentation grenade | |
| Grenade Type - Defensive Grenade weight - 530 gr Bursting charge weight - 92 gr Ignition type - UDZ Scatter radius of lethal fragments - 150 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 12 m Average throw range - 20-40 m |
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| RGO grenade device | |
| 1 - a glass with a cuff 2 - upper outer and inner hemispheres 3 - lower outer and inner hemispheres |
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RGN fragmentation grenade
| Characteristics of the RGN fragmentation grenade | |
| Grenade Type - Offensive Grenade weight - 310 gr Bursting charge weight - 114 gr Ignition type - UDZ Moderator burning time - 3.3-4.3 sec Scattering radius of lethal fragments - 24 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 8 m Average throw range - 30-45 m |
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| RGN grenade device | |
| 1 - a glass with a cuff 2 - upper hemisphere 3 - lower hemisphere |
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Hand-held fragmentation grenades RGO and RGN are equipped with shock-remote fuse UDZ
Shock-remote fuse UDZ
Interaction of parts and mechanisms
Starting position
In the initial position, the drummer with a sting (3) and the plug with the primer-igniter (7) are held by the trigger lever. The trigger lever is connected to the fuse body by a safety pin. The engine (11) with the primer-igniter (10) is displaced relative to the tip (13) and is held by the stoppers of the powder fuses (9), its spring (12) is in a compressed state. The sleeve (16) under the influence of the spring (14) compresses the load (17).
The position of parts and mechanisms in service circulation
| When preparing a grenade for a throw, the trigger lever is tightly pressed with fingers to the body of the grenade, the ends of the safety pins are straightened with the fingers of the free hand, then they are pulled out by the ring, while the position of the parts of the fuse does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the striker with a sting (3) and the bar (6). The plug (7) with the primer-igniter comes out of the socket of the fuse body. The drummer under the action of the mainspring (4) pierces the igniter primer (8) with a sting. The beam of fire ignites the powder-filled fuses (9) and the pyrotechnic composition of the self-liquidator retarder (18). After 1-1.8 sec. the powder compositions of the fuses burn out and their stoppers under the influence of the springs disengage from the engine (11). The engine under the influence of the spring (12) becomes in combat position. The long-range cocking mechanism prevents the grenade from detonating if it is accidentally dropped from the hand. |
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Interaction of parts and mechanisms when throwing and meeting a grenade with an obstacle (surface)
COMPLEX WITH UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE "GRANAT-1"
28.10.2015
In connection special purpose Western Military District (ZVO), stationed in the Tambov region, until the end current year new reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) "Granat-1" will go into service, which will replace the UAV "Grusha".
UAV "Granat-1" is designed for real-time reconnaissance. It is a mobile portable complex remote surveillance and relay, which is capable of conducting aerial reconnaissance using photo, video and thermal imaging equipment at a distance of up to 15 km, which is 3 times higher than the capabilities of the previous model.
The stealth characteristics of the new UAV have been significantly improved, thanks to special composite materials from which its body is made, as well as small dimensions - the wingspan is only about 2 m, and the weight is less than 5 kg.
Press Service of the Western Military District
COMPLEX WITH UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE "GRANAT-1" 
The complex with unmanned aerial vehicles "GRANAT-1", as a subcomplex, is included as a component of the "Gunner-2" complex. There are four sub-complexes "Granat-1 ... 4", they differ in the types of UAVs used, respectively, also in radius combat use and a number of tactical and technical characteristics.
The device inherits common features with the Dragonfly UAV (ZALA 421-08) of ZALA, as a reminder of a collaboration that took place some time ago. Currently, Granat-1 is mass-produced by Izhevsk Unmanned Systems LLC (previously called Izhmash - Unmanned systems”, renamed at the request of the Kalashnikov Concern).
The complex with unmanned aerial vehicles "GRANAT-1" is designed to monitor the underlying surface, various objects, highways, manpower, equipment on a time scale close to real.
At the Russian military base stationed in the Republic of Armenia, in June 2014, the military personnel of the UAV unit, after carrying out routine work on the transfer of the Navodchik-2 complexes to the summer operation mode, resumed training test flights.
According to the press service of the Southern Military District, the first samples of UAVs entered the unit at the end of 2013. The Navodchik-2 complex is easy to operate and includes four types of Granat UAVs. Their characteristics make it possible to perform tasks at a distance of information transmission within direct radio visibility.
Under the Agreement on collective security classes using modern unmanned vehicles will be held at the high-altitude training complexes Alagyaz and Kamkhud.
The servicemen will gradually work out all the controls of the Granat UAV - launch, flight control, data collection and transmission, as well as landing in the daytime and at night.
At the beginning of July 2014, calculations of self-propelled artillery mounts"Msta-S" at the Totsk training ground (Orenburg region) hit the camouflaged command posts of a mock enemy using coordinates obtained from unmanned aircraft
"In the course of carrying out tactical tasks, the gunners of the Central Military District destroyed more than 200 different single and group targets," the press service of the Central Military District said in a statement. Crews of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) "Granat-1", located at altitudes from 800 to 1500 m, transmitted the exact coordinates of targets to the command post via a digital communication channel.
At first glance, the topic of drones (those that fly) is somehow not very connected with the armored basis of this site, but, as it says in one of Viktor Tretyakov's songs "Everything is interconnected in our life ...", and the words further can be easily find on the net. So, during the conduct of tactical-special classes with drivers and driver-mechanics at the Russian military base in Armenia, when making many-kilometer marches on automobile and armored vehicles first used newest complex"Gunner-2" with an unmanned aerial vehicle. This innovation, according to the press service of the Southern Military District of the Russian Ministry of Defense, allows for a more objective assessment of trainees, and also allows leaders of driving classes to correct traffic routes during marches, monitor compliance speed limit, distance and safety requirements when driving as part of military columns.
In total, more than 800 drivers of all categories and about 300 vehicles and armored vehicles, - the press service of the Southern Military District says.
The road network running at altitudes of 1600-2500 meters above sea level in the area of deployment of the Russian military base, requires high skill and attention from drivers and driver-mechanics. At the same time, the movement of the columns is recorded by the video cameras of the UAV "Granat-1" and then in specialized classes it is considered by instructors when summing up. During the march, drivers also work out the issues of overcoming conditionally contaminated areas of the terrain in the means of individual and collective protection and repelling air strikes of a mock enemy.
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| Photo: War diary of Igor Korotchenko | |
| "Click" on the photo to enlarge | |
The Navodchik-2 complex includes four types UAV "Garnet". These complexes have various purposes, allowing you to perform reconnaissance and special tasks with a long duration and flight altitude, which is very important when performing tasks in the mountains. They are simple and reliable in operation, can perform wide range issues in the interests of military intelligence. The latest technology, installed on UAV complexes, allows you to simultaneously track several targets, including through clouds, in addition, night time is not a hindrance. An important factor new developments is the complete invisibility of these unmanned aerial vehicles from the ground.
UAV "Granat-1" as a subcomplex is included as a component in the complex "Gunner-2". The complex with unmanned aerial vehicles "Granat-1" is designed to monitor the surface, various objects, highways, manpower, equipment on a time scale close to real. The complex includes:
- Unmanned aircraft(UAV) 2 pcs.
- Ground control station (GCS) 1 set.
- Transport backpack 1 pc.
- A set of adjacent payload modules (TV / photo) 1 set.
- Catapult 1 pc.
- ZIP-O kit for UAVs (stowed in a container with UAVs) 1 set.
- ZIP-O kit for complex 1 K-T.
| Max. flight altitude above sea level, m | 3500 |
| Flight speed relative air flow, not less than km/h | 60 |
| Application radius, km: | |
| for video equipment (subject to line of sight) | 10 |
| for photographic equipment | 15 |
| Maximum flight duration, min. | 75 |
| UAV takeoff weight, kg | 2,4 |
| Wingspan, cm | 82 |
| Payload type | TV/photo |
| engine's type | electric |
| Flight speed relative to air flow, km/h | at least 60 |
| Deployment time, min. | no more than 5 |
| Range of flight altitudes above the underlying surface, m | from 40 to 1500 |
| Maximum flight altitude above sea level, m | 3500 |
| Working temperature range, C° | -30…+40 |
| Start method | by hand or from an elastic catapult |
| Landing method | automatic with parachute |
| Calculation, pers. | 2 |
Of course, these are not really airplanes, and they cannot live without pilots, but ... Not pilots, but operators, and not airplanes, but rather airplanes. But with certain abilities and hidden abilities.
1. "Garnet-1"
A wearable complex for remote monitoring and relaying, designed for aerial reconnaissance using photo and video equipment. It is part of the "Gunner-2" complex of cannon artillery and MLRS divisions.
Designed in accordance with the scheme "flying wing" of composite materials.
Wingspan - 0.82 m.
Flight altitude - up to 3500 m.
The maximum flight duration is 75 minutes.
Range up to 10 km in line of sight.
Takeoff weight - 2.4 kg.
The engine is electric.
The complex "Granat-1" includes:
UAV Granat-1 - 2 pcs.
Ground control station - 1.
Transport backpack - 1.
A set of interchangeable payload modules - 1 set (photo and TV).
Catapult - 1.
Developer and manufacturer - Izhmash LLC.
2. "Garnet-2"
It is also included in the Gunner-2 complex of cannon artillery and MLRS divisions.
A portable remote surveillance and relaying complex designed for aerial reconnaissance using photo, video and thermal imaging equipment at any time of the day at a distance of up to 15 km.
Wingspan - 2 m.
Flight altitude - up to 3500 m.
Cruise flight speed - 65 km / h.
Maximum flight speed - 120 km / h.
The maximum flight duration is 60 minutes.
Range up to 15 km in line of sight.
Takeoff weight - 3.5 kg.
Launch - from an elastic catapult or from the hand.
Landing - parachute, automatic.
The engine is electric.
It differs from "Grenade-1" in a wider range of applications. The ability to use a thermal imager makes the complex less dependent on weather conditions and time of day.
3. "Garnet-3"
The next step in the ladder of development of reconnaissance UAVs. A mobile remote surveillance and relay complex designed for aerial reconnaissance using photo, video and thermal imaging equipment at any time of the day at a distance of up to 25 km.
Wingspan - 2 m.
Flight altitude - up to 2000 m.
Cruise flight speed - 60 km / h.
Maximum flight speed - 120 km / h.
The maximum flight duration is 120 minutes.
Takeoff weight - 7 kg.
Launch - from a portable ground-based catapult.
The engine is petrol.
Tank capacity - 2 l.
Fuel consumption - 0.4 l / h.
4. "Garnet-4"
Transportable unmanned aviation complex aircraft type. It is part of the "Gunner-2" complex of cannon artillery and MLRS divisions. Designed for monitoring the underlying surface, various objects, highways, manpower, equipment on a time scale close to real, as well as radio monitoring of cellular networks.
Wingspan - 3.2 m.
Range - up to 100 km.
Weight - about 30 kg.
Flight speed - 90-140 km / h.
The maximum flight altitude is 4000 m.
The maximum flight duration is 6 hours.
Landing - parachute, automatic.
Takeoff - catapult.
The engine is petrol.
Tank capacity - 15 l.
Fuel consumption - 2 l/h.
Payload: up to 3 kg, type: TV / IR / EW / camera.
5. "Orlan-10"
Tactical remote-controlled reconnaissance UAV. It can carry out target designation, panoramic and planned photo and video shooting of the area, be used with electronic warfare complex to suppress radio signals as part of the Leer-3 complex (cellular communication blocker within a radius of about 6 km). There is a variant of the complex for detecting and determining the location of sources of radio emission in the VHF-UHF bands, their registration for subsequent technical analysis and automatic classification. It is used as a communication repeater for the radio range and mobile communications and the Internet.
Can also be applied civil organizations for geodetic surveys, including in offline mode outside radio visibility, which is convenient for observing extended objects in hard-to-reach areas.
It is produced in modifications "Orlan-10", "Orlan-10E" (export), "Orlan-10M" and other special modifications that differ in target loads.
It can be part of complexes, including 2-4 UAVs, a ground control panel with built-in technical means training, remote antenna.
UAV "Orlan-10" in the basic configuration is equipped with a camera and a gyro-stabilized television camera, and the modular load system allows you to quickly change attachments depending on the task.
The Ground Control Station (GCC) allows you to simultaneously control 4 vehicles. Any of the devices can be used as a repeater for transmitting control signals to a remote UAV.
Wingspan - 3.1 m.
Takeoff weight - up to 20 kg.
Payload: up to 5 kg.
Range: 700-1000 km (according to various sources).
The communication range with a ground antenna is up to 100 km.
Maximum speed - 150 km / h.
Cruising speed - 80 km / h.
Ceiling - up to 6000 m.
The engine is petrol.
Non-stop flight time - up to 960 minutes.
Takeoff - from a catapult.
Landing - parachute.
In one flight, it can survey an area of up to 500 square meters. km.
6. Eleron-3
A reconnaissance complex designed to work at close range. Provides the possibility of round-the-clock monitoring using optical and electronic equipment. It can be used for border protection or surveillance of the territory, coast, railway or highway. Supports displaying object coordinates on the ground control panel via GLONASS or GLONASS/GPS.
Length - 0.635 m.
Wingspan - 1.47 m.
Maximum takeoff weight - 3.5 kg.
Payload weight - up to 0.5 kg.
Maximum speed - 130 km / h.
Cruising speed - 70 km / h.
The engine is electric.
Flight duration - up to 2 hours.
The maximum flight altitude is up to 5000 meters.
Range - up to 25 km.
The complex is equipped with a gyro-stabilized suspension of a replaceable modular payload: TV, thermal imaging camera, camera, electronic intelligence and jamming station.
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