Cuttlefish sepia respiratory system. Practical homeopathic medicine

Cuttlefish have been known to people since time immemorial. You can even say that they have contributed to the development of human culture - for centuries, people wrote with cuttlefish ink. In addition, the name of brown paint in the language of artists - "sepia" owes its origin to cuttlefish, since this paint was also made from cuttlefish ink.

It should be noted that in Latin the detachment of cuttlefish is called Sepiida, a common cuttlefish - Sepia officinalis. In addition to ink, the supply of which is greater in cuttlefish than in other cephalopods, man used their tender and very tasty meat for food, and the "sepia bone" - the inner shell of the cuttlefish - has long been used in the household.

What kind of animal is this, where is it found and how is it arranged?
In scientific terms, a detachment of cuttlefish ( Sepiida) is included in the subclass of intraconchal cephalopods (Coleoidea), to which all (with the exception of nautiluses) modern cephalopods belong - octopuses, squids, vampyrophores. All these animals have an internal rudimentary shell - the remnant of the former luxurious shell of distant ancestors. The rudimentary shell appears to be a transitional element from the common mollusk shell to the animal spine.

What does a common cuttlefish look like?
This animal has a flattened body, trimmed on the sides with a narrow border of fins. Ten short tentacles (arms) of cuttlefish are armed with two to four rows of suckers. At rest or during movement, the cuttlefish retracts its tentacles into special pockets located on the head under the eyes. In this position, only the tips of the tentacles are visible.
But as soon as a gaping crab, shrimp or small fish is nearby, the cuttlefish instantly throws out its tentacles and sticks them to the victim.

Under the cover of the skin bag - the mantle covering the body of the cuttlefish, there is a shell - sepion, which is a hard calcareous plate consisting of several layers connected by partitions, which makes it look like a honeycomb. The chambers between the partitions are filled with gas. The shell serves not only as a shield covering the back of the cuttlefish, but also acts as a hydrostatic apparatus that increases the buoyancy of the cuttlefish.

Cuttlefish do not move as fast as their squid relatives, although they are armed with a jet funnel.
They usually swim with their fins, but they can also use jet propulsion. The fins can act separately, which gives the cuttlefish amazing maneuverability when moving - it can even move sideways. If the cuttlefish moves only in a jet way, then it presses its fins to its belly.
Often cuttlefish gather in small flocks, moving rhythmically and in concert, while simultaneously changing the color of the body. The sight is very mesmerizing.

The ways of hunting cuttlefish are also peculiar - they often lie on the bottom and, with wave-like movements of their fins, throw sand or silt over themselves and, having changed color to the background of the soil, completely become invisible to the eye. In this state, they lie in wait for prey.
But cuttlefish can hunt not only from ambush. Often they slowly swim above the bottom and wash away the sand with a jet from the funnel, in which small animals - shrimps, crustaceans and other living creatures - take shelter. Hungry cuttlefish can even chase prey, sometimes attacking their smaller relatives that are nearby.
At the slightest danger, the cuttlefish launches ink, arranging an "ink curtain" or making an "ink double".

Like all intrashell cephalopods, cuttlefish have a very developed nervous system, which is not inferior in organization to the nervous system of fish.
The brain of cuttlefish is enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule and consists of lobes. Most of the volume of the brain is made up of optical lobes, which process information from the organs of vision. Cuttlefish have a developed memory, they learn well, like octopuses. They solve some problems as well as rats.

Of all the sense organs, cephalopods (except nautiluses) have the most developed vision. The eyes of a cuttlefish are only 10 times smaller than the size of the entire body.
Among the inhabitants of the seas, cuttlefish are the owners of one of the sharpest eyes - up to 150 thousand photosensitive receptors are located per 1 sq. mm of the retina of the eye (in most fish this figure does not exceed 50 thousand). Only in some species of squid the eyes are even sharper.
In addition, cuttlefish, like most cephalopods, have special extraocular photoreceptors that can also perceive light. These photoreceptors are located in the back region of cuttlefish. Their purpose is not fully understood.
But that's not all - like many mollusks, cuttlefish can perceive light with the help of numerous light-sensitive cells located on the skin. These cells control the body color change mechanism of the cuttlefish. Therefore, it is not surprising that vision plays a special role in the life of cuttlefish.

On the suckers of the tentacles (arms) of cuttlefish are tactile and taste receptors, with their help the animal can determine whether the "dish" matches its taste. Those. cuttlefish taste food with their hands, just like octopuses. In addition, the cuttlefish also has olfactory organs located on the head, below the eyes.

The organs of hearing in cuttlefish, like in all cephalopods, are poorly developed. It has only been established that they perceive low-frequency noises and sounds: the noise of ship propellers, the noise of rain, etc.

Cuttlefish are endowed with a very useful property change the color of his body as needed or on a whim. This property is inherent in many cephalopods, but cuttlefish are a real virtuoso in disguise.
The ability to change the color of the body is achieved due to the numerous elastic cells under the skin of the animal, filled with paint, like watercolor tubes. The scientific name for these amazing cells is chromatophores. At rest, they look like tiny balls, but when, with the help of spiral muscle fibers, they stretch, they take on the shape of a disk. Changing the size and shape of the chromatophore occurs very quickly - in 1-2 seconds. This changes the color of the body.
Cuttlefish chromatophores come in three colors - brown, red and yellow. The body of the cuttlefish can take on the rest of the colors of the spectrum with the help of special cells - irridiocysts, which lie under the chromatophores in a layer and are, in a way, prisms and mirrors that reflect and refract light and decompose it into various components of the spectrum.
Thanks to these amazing cells, the cuttlefish can change its body color as it pleases. In the art of disguise, no animal can compare with the cuttlefish, not even the octopus.
Just now she was striped like a zebra, sank down on the sand and instantly became sandy yellow, lies on the stones - her body repeats the pattern and shades of the ground.

Well, what are the sense organs that correct the change in the color of the body of the cuttlefish? Of course, first of all, vision. If a cuttlefish is deprived of sight, then its ability to "chameleon" will decrease sharply. But it will not completely lose the ability to change the color of the body, since extra-ocular photoreceptors, skin photoreceptors, and, oddly enough, receptors on the tentacles play a certain (insignificant) role in this process.

Cuttlefish reproduce sexually. At the same time, the male of one of the hands, called the hectocotylus, takes out the spermatophores packed in "packages" from the mantle cavity and transfers them to the female's seminal receptacle, where the egg is fertilized.
The clutches, similar to bunches of grapes, are laid by the female in shallow coastal waters, attaching them to underwater objects. Each testicle hangs on a long stem-stalk. The stalks of all the eggs are so carefully intertwined with each other that it seems that a person, with his dexterous fingers, could not have done this work more accurately. The female cuttlefish performs this procedure with complex tentacle movements.
After spawning, cuttlefish, like octopuses, die, so their life cycle is only one to two years.
After some time, tiny mollusks hatch from the eggs, which already have a shell and an ink sac filled with ink.

Cuttlefish have long been an object of fishing, which is becoming more intense every year. Currently, several hundred thousand tons of them are mined annually.
Used by man and ink liquid, and tender meat and even internal organs, which are used in the preparation of medical and perfumery preparations.

There are cuttlefish in the shallow zone of most tropical and subtropical seas in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania. Numerous in the Mediterranean. There are more than 100 species of them, and almost every year new, previously unknown species are discovered. An interesting detail - in the waters of the seas North America cuttlefish are not found, and cuttlefish shells that come across on the beaches and shores are brought from afar by currents and thrown out by waves onto land.

kraken

Giant squid architeutis (Architeuthis) are among the largest cephalopods.
These huge animals can reach, according to scientists, 20 meters in length. Since ancient times, human rumor has been passed down from generation to generation of legends and myths about huge monsters with tentacles equipped with huge suction cups that lived in sea ​​waters and attacking ships.
This monster is called kraken ".

Krakens were first described by the great Aristotle. He called them "big teutys" and claimed that squids up to 25 meters long are found in the Mediterranean Sea.
Homer made the first literary description of giant squids: his Scylla is nothing more than a kraken.
For a long time, the kraken was considered an invention of sailors who like to tell various fables about encounters with unusual marine life, since there was no documentary evidence of the existence of the kraken.
And only in the middle of the 19th century the legends came to life.

First, the French frigate "Alecton" in November 1861 collided with a large kraken. The entire crew of the ship took part in the battle with him, who tried to extract an unusually large animal from the water.
However, all efforts were in vain - harpoons and hooks easily tore the body of the kraken and it was impossible to grab it.
The only prey then turned out to be a small piece of the body torn out by a harpoon, and a drawing of a squid, which the ship's artist managed to complete.

The ship's captain's report on this incident was read out at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences. But no material evidence capable of convincing the scientific world of the plausibility of the incident was provided, just as it was impossible to establish the type of animal that the ship collided with.

Soon, in the 70s of the same century, evidence was obtained.
In the autumn of 1878, three fishermen were fishing in one of the bays of Newfoundland. Seeing some huge mass in the water and mistaking it for the wreckage of a shipwrecked ship, one of the fishermen poked a hook at it. Suddenly, the mass came to life, reared up and the fishermen saw that they had stumbled upon a kraken. The monster's long tentacles coiled around the boat.
The kraken began to sink and pulled the boat into the depths. One of the fishermen did not lose his head and chopped off the hands of the kraken with an ax. The kraken, releasing ink and coloring the water around, slipped into the depths and disappeared. However, the severed tentacle remained in the boat and was handed over by fishermen to local naturalist R. Harvey.
So for the first time, a part of the body hitherto considered mythical fell into the hands of scientists. sea ​​monster, disputes about the existence of which have been going on for many centuries.
Literally a month later, in the same area, fishermen managed to catch a kraken with a net. This specimen also fell into the hands of scientists. The body length of this kraken (with tentacles) reached 10 meters.
In 1880, a very large specimen of a kraken 18.5 meters long was caught in the New Zealand area.

The 19th century was apparently disastrous for krakens - in subsequent years they were often found dead on the shore or dying on the surface of the sea, as well as in the stomachs of sperm whales in different parts oceans, but mainly off the coast of Newfoundland, New Zealand, Great Britain and Norway.
Over the period that has passed since the capture of the first copy of the kraken, they have been caught in many points of the World Ocean - in the North Sea, off the coast of Norway and Scotland, in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Japan, the Philippines and Northern Australia.
You can meet krakens in the seas washing Russian shores- in the Barents and Okhotsk (near the Kuril Islands).

The kraken is a huge squid that, according to zoologists, can reach 20 meters in length (with tentacles) and weigh up to half a ton. The diameter of the suckers on the tentacles of the kraken can reach 6-8 centimeters. The huge eyes of this giant squid- they can reach more than 20 cm in diameter and are considered the largest eyes among the inhabitants of the animal kingdom.
Scientists believe that krakens live mainly at significant depths of the oceans (more than half a kilometer), and only dying, sick or even dead animals appear on the surface.

Is the kraken dangerous to humans?
Theoretically, these squids can pose a danger to small vessels, but such a theory has not yet been documented.

The main enemies of krakens are sperm whales, which are able to dive to depths of up to 1000 meters and stay there without air for a long time. Confirmation of clashes between krakens and sperm whales - numerous wounds from hooks and suction cups on the body of sperm whales, which are left by clinging to life giant clams. The weight categories of opponents are far from equal - a large sperm whale can weigh up to 50 tons, while a large kraken can weigh no more than half a ton. Kraken, according to scientists, has neutral buoyancy and is not able to move as fast as its small brothers in the detachment. Armed with powerful teeth, the sperm whale can only oppose a powerful beak, an ink curtain and a feeble attempt to escape, clinging to the whale's body with suction cups and hooks of tentacles.

However, there is evidence that krakens are not at all innocent victims, unable to give a worthy rebuff to the sperm whale.
In 1965, the sailors of a Soviet whaling ship witnessed a fierce battle between a kraken and a large sperm whale weighing about 40 tons. The battle of the titans, according to the stories of the sailors, ended in a draw - the squid strangled the sperm whale with its tentacles, but the whale managed to capture the head of a giant mollusk in its jaw and kill it.

from cold soaks. Diseases of the cornea. Redness, there is blepharospasm, ptosis. Sepia is more sensitive, blepharospasm and pain are sharply increased in the light.

Muscular asthenopia; black dots in the field of view; asthenic inflammation in uterine disorders. Venous congestion in the fundus.

Worse eye symptoms in evening and morning.

EARS
Pain in right ear. Herpes behind ears and back of neck. Pain as from skin ulcers. Swelling of the ear with eruptions.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuralgias worse on waking, evening pains, worse during menstruation. Paresthesia.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Very good for colds. Pneumonia with prolonged course, congestion of the lungs with suffocation and violent palpitation of the heart. Shortness of breath, worse after sleep;

ease of movement. Congestive pleurisy. Whooping cough.

NOSE
Thick green discharge, thick plugs and crusts. Early polynoses. Dryness, crusting in the nose. Perspiration in the nasopharynx. Yellowish saddle spot on the back

nose. Atrophic catarrh with greenish crusts in the anterior part of the nose and pain at the root of the nose. Chronic rhinitis, especially nasopharyngitis, when discharge in

in the form of thick lumps flows down the back of the throat and the patient is forced to expectorate it through the mouth. Herpetic eruptions around the nose.

COUGH
Dry, harassing cough that seems to come from the stomach. Taste of rotten eggs on cough. Cough in the morning, with copious sputum, salty in taste.

Cough caused by a tickling sensation in the larynx or chest.

THROAT
Often hoarseness with complete loss of voice in the morning.

RIB CAGE
Oppression of the chest in the morning and evening.

HEART AND CIRCULATION
The stress has passed, and the pressure is bad. Then another stress can improve the condition - a paradox. With blood pressure does exercises.

Heart attacks. Pulsation in all arteries of the body. Feeling of trembling with flushes of blood. Stagnation in the portal vein system. Varicose veins. Often the feeling

that the heart does not fit in the chest. Fainting easily sets in.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Lack of female sex hormones.

Pathology of the adrenal cortex: insufficiency of the cortex or predisposition to this pathology.

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Hahnemann described 360 gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms worse by 11 am. For gastrointestinal symptoms

Sepia will complain of weakness, malaise, will say that if she does not eat, she will die. Dyspepsia with bloating and sour belching. Burning in the epigastric region.

MOUTH
Bitterness in the mouth. The tongue is white. Tongue coated but cleared during menstruation. Swelling and fissures of the lower lip. Herpetic eruptions on the lips, around the mouth.

. smack. Salty, putrid.

TEETH
Pain in teeth from 6 pm to midnight; worse lying down.

STOMACH
Feeling of sudden weakness, not relieved by eating. tobacco dyspepsia. Various (sour, rotten, etc.). Nausea in the morning before eating.

Nausea from the smell or sight of food. Nausea worse when lying on side. Tendency to vomit after eating.

APPETITE

Wolf hunger + fast saturation.
. addictions. Sour. Often undersalt food. The food seems too salty. Often drawn to flour and alcohol. Desire for vinegar, sour, marinades.
. disgust. They do not tolerate fish in any form. Aversion to fat.

STOMACH
Flatulence with headache. The liver is inflamed and painful; relieved lying on right side. Lots of brown spots on belly. Feeling relaxed and

drawing down feeling in abdomen. Overflow, congestion in the liver system. Heaviness in the liver. A painful strip about 10 cm wide in the form of a belt goes around the hypochondria.

ANUS AND RECTUM
Bleeding on stool, with sensation of fullness in the rectum. Hemorrhoids with bleeding; sensation of fullness in the rectum, as if distended

foreign body. This foreign body is the cause of false urges to descend. Almost constant leakage from the anus. Pain penetrating the rectum

and vagina. More often constipation. Constipation: copious hard stools; sensation of a ball in the rectum, cannot push; violent tenesmus and pain shooting upwards.

Stools in the form of dark brown, round balls stuck together with mucus. Even soft stools are difficult to pass. Constipation with prolapse of rectum and/or uterus.

Diarrhea is an intestinal reaction to an acute inflammatory process in the uterus. However, constipation is the main complaint. Constipation with frequent sterile urination.

pregnancy. Diarrhea in children, aggravated by boiled milk, with rapid emaciation.

URINARY SYSTEM
Involuntary urination during first sleep. Chronic cystitis, retardation of urination, with a downward dragging sensation above the pubis.

Urine offensive, with mucus, urates. Red sand in the urine adhering to the walls of the vessel.

WOMEN'S
Lack of female sex hormones. Frigidity (often marital duties are unpleasant to Sepia). Reduced sex. desire, aversion to sex.

Gonorrhea (the best remedy in the period of subsidence - the opinion of old doctors).

Primary infertility (often the cause of primary infertility is not the pathology of the ovaries, but the pathology of the adrenal cortex). A tendency to miscarriage.

Prolapse of the pelvic organs. One of the most important remedies in the defeat of the uterus. Feelings of pressure on the bottom of the pelvic organs with a desire to press the area

perineum from the outside; for this he crosses his legs. Overflow, congestion in the uterus. Gnawing pain in uterus; tension feeling of fullness, heaviness in the uterus.

It is difficult for the patient to stand. Sepia has burning in the uterus, itching of the vulva. Sepia - Drawing pains down, radiating to the sacrum. May just be complaints of pain

in the sacrum. Upon careful analysis, it turns out that this is not pain, but irradiation of pain from the uterus. The pain is very strong, breathtaking. Pulling feeling, for sure

internal organs are about to fall out through the vagina. Sensation of protrusion through the genital slit, so it is hard to stand, you have to either walk (likes to dance) or lie down.

If Sepia is sitting, he crosses his legs. Sepia - the uterus on examination is dense, painful, enlarged, often infantile, especially in girls.

As a rule, it is displaced backwards, with a very dense neck. Prolapse, prolapse of the uterus. Leucorrhea offensive, often yellow-green, irritating, with great itching.
Violent stitching pains going up into the vagina, from the uterus to the navel. Soreness of the vagina, especially after intercourse.

MENSTRUATION
Menstruation is not the same, i.e. they can be scarce and plentiful, there may be a different duration of cycles. Menses or late and scanty,

irregular, or early and profuse, with sharp constrictive pain. Hot flushes during menopause, with a sense of weakness and increased perspiration.

Aggravation of all symptoms during menopause.

MILK GLANDS
Breast cancer. Small, very hard knots. The pain may radiate to the back and armpits. Reduced milk production, prescribed to enhance

lactation. The most appropriate appointment regimen: 5 days in a row, if there is a result, then 1 day break, then 2 times a week.

Often women have foul-smelling diaper rash under the mammary glands.

PREGNANCY.BIRTH
Varicose veins during pregnancy. In Kent's heading "constipation in pregnancy" Sepia - I number. The cause of constipation is the uterus presses on the rectum. Nausea of ​​pregnancy.

BACK
Weakness in the lumbar region. Pain extending to the back. Cold feeling between shoulder blades. Hirsutism. Lumbar pain radiating to the uterus and

end in cramps in the uterus. Flushes of heat from back to head.

LIMB
Weakness and stiffness. Restlessness in the limbs, twitching and violent contractions day and night.
. Legs. Stiffness in the lower limbs, feeling of tension, as if they were shortened. Varicose veins. Heel pain. Legs and feet become cold.

Perspiration of feet, worse on fingers, with intolerable odour.

MODALITIES
. Worse. In the morning, as the congestion increases during the night. Heat. Stuffy wet weather. Peace. Night. By 11 am. In the afternoon hours and in the evenings. From washing.

When washing. From dampness and cold. After sweating. Before the storm. From intense physical activity. From various types of sweet flour, alcohol, although

often drawn to it. Aggravation from milk, especially boiled milk.
. Better. Loads. Traffic. Physical exercises. pressure. On the fresh air. With full and new moon. After bleeding, i.e. need to unload the system

"open faucet" The warmth of the bed. Hot applications. When stretching the limbs. up. From swimming in cold water. After sleep.

Sepia officinalis— Pharmacy cuttlefish

belongs to the class of cephalopods.
The drug is prepared from trituration of dried

the liquid contents of the ink bag.

CHARACTERISTIC
The current use of sepia in

medicine we owe to Hahnemann.

Some of the ancient doctors (Dioscorides,

Pliny and Marcellus, writes Teste) used either meat or eggs,

or even just a bone of the skeleton of this animal with "leucorrhoea, gonorrhea, cystitis,

sand in the urine, bladder spasms, baldness, freckles and

certain types of eczema", which seems surprising in the light of the

tests.

Sepia is one of the remedies described in "Chronic Diseases"

it has been tested by Goullon, von Gersdorff, Gross, Hartlaub and Wahle.

Sepia is predominantly (but not exclusively) a feminine remedy.

It affects the reproductive system of both men and women and a range of

symptoms from other organs.

Teste describes the type that Sepia is suitable for as follows:

young people of both sexes, or rather, people of reproductive age

(from puberty to critical period), fragile physique,

with clear, white or pink skin, light or red

hair, with a nervous and lympho-nervous temperament, extremely

excitable, anxious and emotional, especially subject to strong

sexual arousal or exhausted by sexual excesses.

Hering describes the following types:

1) People with dark hair, rigid muscles and a soft, docile

character.

2) Women during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation.

3) Children who catch cold easily when the weather changes.

4) Scrofulous patients.

5) Men prone to alcohol abuse and sexual excesses.

6) Irritable women with a big belly, a yellow "saddle" on

nose, leukophlegmatic constitution, and debility arising from

the slightest tension.

According to Bahr, these are: "Excitable, plethoric people, prone to

congestions." Farrington adds that Sepia patients are quite sensitive

to any impressions and that dark hair is by no means

obligatory sign.

He brings more Full description: edematous, lethargic people (significantly

less often - emaciated) with yellow or dirty yellow, as well as brown skin,

covered with spots; with excessive sweating, especially in the genital area,

armpits and on the back; hot flushes; headache for

in the morning; they wake up with stiffness in the muscles and a feeling of fatigue;

susceptible to diseases of the genital organs; in general, patients are weak and

painful, with weak connective tissue, lethargic, they easily

paresis occurs.

Sepia affects vitality no less than on body tissue.

The upward spread of Sepia symptoms is one of its

key symptoms.

The patient experiences a feeling of constant pressure in the vagina,

which forces her to cross her legs to avoid prolapse.

The feeling of weakness and emptiness is one of the main characteristics of Sepia.

There are some features of the mental state of Sepia,

that need to be remembered.

1) Anxiety: with flushes of heat to the face and head, fear of misfortune,

real or fictional; stronger in the evening.

2) Strong sadness and tears, fear of loneliness, fear of men, meetings with

friends (combined with diseases of the uterus).

3) Indifference, even to one's own family, work, the dearest and closest people.

4) Greed and avarice.

5) Lethargy.

Sepia patients cry when asked to describe their symptoms.

Patients are very sensitive and do not tolerate when they point out shortcomings.

One more feature Sepia are "frequent fainting spells",

weakness after getting wet; due to extreme heat or cold; while driving

in the crew; when kneeling in church.

Lorbacher describes three important references to Sepia that are little known:

1) pre-stroke state;

2) whooping cough that lasts endlessly;

3) congestive pleurisy.

"Stiffness" is the hallmark of Sepia: stiffness in

limbs worse after sleep; stiffness in the uterus.

Sepia is indicated by open fontanelles in children.

Aggravation from kneeling is a very characteristic sign.

PSYCHE
Sadness and depression with tears. Melancholy and gloominess.

Anguish and restlessness, sometimes with flushes of heat, mostly in the evening.

(during a walk in the open air) and sometimes in bed.

Anxiety, restlessness. Fear of being alone.

Increased nervousness, sensitivity to the slightest sound.

Great anxiety about one's health and household chores.

thoughtfulness. Timidity.

Decline of spirit, up to disgust for life.

Indifference to everything around, even to relationships with other people.

Aversion to usual work.

Violent disturbances caused by irritation.

Increased excitability in the company.

Patients are touchy and capricious, increased irritability,

grumpiness, desire to make caustic remarks.

Weak memory. Absent-mindedness.

Tendency to make mistakes in speaking and writing.

Inability to intellectual work. Slow perception.

Difficulty perceiving, thoughts flow slowly.

Speaks slowly.

TYPE OF
Dark hair, pale face, rash on the face (forehead, nose and lips).

Does not tolerate the smell of tobacco smoke.

TROPICITY
In general, the left half of the body is more affected; right arm and leg;

eyelids; inner ear; heightened hearing.

Pain : in region of liver; in the center of the lower half of the abdomen; in the left shoulder blade;

in the back and lower back, in the armpits; in the axillaries

lymph nodes (especially stabbing pain), upper and lower

limbs and their joints, in the right lumbar region with the strongest

pressure or pushing; nails turn yellow.

CLINIC
Acne. Amenorrhea. Anorexia. Anosmia. Apoplexy. Ascariasis. Beli.

Warts. Bulimia. Phlebeurysm. Freckles. Impact

alcohol. Hair loss. Herpes. Headache. Gonorrhea. Delirium.

Dermatomycosis. Dysmenorrhea. Dyspepsia. Jaundice. Constipation. Fetid

runny nose. Toothache. Itching. Hysteria. Sciatica. Whooping cough. annular

herpes. Condylomas. Migraine. Corns. Menstrual disorders.

Neuralgia. Urinary incontinence. Nosebleeds. Baldness. Dyspnea.

Belching. Peritonsillar abscess. Life changes. Dandruff. Sand in

urine. Liver spots. Pityriasis. Pleurisy. Bad appetite. Prolapse

(prolapse) of the vagina, uterus, rectum. Mental disorders.

Psoriasis. Ptosis (omission). Crayfish. Rectal cancer. Vomit. erysipelatous

inflammation. Seborrhea. Palpitation. Synovitis of the knee.

Spermatorrhoea. Sterility. Nausea. Fissures of the rectum. Seal

pylorus. Phimosis. Furuncles. Chloasma. Chorea. Chronic urethritis

gonorrheal origin. Cystitis. Eczema. Ulcers. Barley.

GENERAL SYMPTOMS
A short walk causes fatigue.

Greater sensitivity to cold air.

Sphincters and all smooth muscles are weakened.

Hot flashes spread from bottom to top and end in sweat, fainting

and a feeling of weakness.

Sensation as if all objects were moving.

Sensation as if she were floating in the air.

Sensation as if internal organs were turned inside out.

As if she were standing ankle-deep in cold water.

Like being poured with hot water.

Sensation as if she could feel every muscle, every nerve on her right

side of the body, from shoulder to foot.

Sensation of a lump in the internal organs.

Weakness in general or in certain parts of the body.

Bleeding from internal organs.

Clonic and tonic convulsions, catalepsy, restlessness

all over body, aversion to washing.

Sensations: a lump in the internal organs; pain as if the affected part

body is about to burst, as if it is being squeezed or crushed.

Cramping or pressing pain in internal or external parts; sensation

voids in any part of the body, especially when accompanied by

fainting state; twitching in the muscles of any part of the body,

for example, it can be felt in the head when talking, etc.; blows, beating

or throbbing in the internal organs; pressure, as from a heavy weight;

vibration in the form of a dull tingling or a feeling that the body is "humming".

Great swelling of the whole body, with shallow respiration, but no thirst.

Feeling of heaviness and sluggishness in the body.

Attacks of weakness and hysterical or other forms of fainting.

Fainting. Tiredness with trembling.

Lack of energy, sometimes only on waking.

The patient gets tired quickly when walking in the open air.

The patient catches a cold easily, there is an increased

sensitive to cold air, especially north wind.
Feverish shivering, fainting, and later coryza (after getting wet).

Anxiety attacks and hysterical spasms.

Shooting and stitching pains in the limbs and other parts of the body.

Burning pain in various parts of the body.

Pain that is relieved by external heat.

Paroxysmal pain accompanied by trembling.

Twisting pain, especially when straining the affected limb,

and also at night, in the warmth of the bed.

Rheumatic pain with swelling of the affected part; it is accompanied

sweating, chills or trembling alternating with heat.

Irritation causes significant disturbances.

Soreness and tenderness of the whole body.

LEATHER
Yellow, as in jaundice; abrasions or cracks in the skin that penetrate deep into

fabrics, with deterioration after washing; frequently recurring rash, especially

when the patient has a predisposition to the appearance of cracks.

Ulceration at the site of the rash, bedsores, necrosis. Eczema.

Ulcers suppurate, pus is abundantly secreted; the edges of the ulcer are edematous, in the bottom

its - excess granulation.

The discharge has a salty taste.

Increased skin sensitivity.

Soreness and weeping of the skin on the folds of the joints.

Itching in various parts of the body (face, arms, hands, back, hips)

joints, abdomen, genitals), which is replaced by a burning sensation.

Itching and papular rash in the joints.

Excoriations, especially on the skin around the joints.

Dry, itchy eruption, like scabies.

Brown or burgundy or reddish patches of cold sores

on the skin. Ring-shaped peeling (annular herpes).

Moist, crusty herpetic eruptions, with itching and burning.

Boils and boils with bloody contents.

fibrous seals.

Vesicular rash resembling pemphigus.

Itching, burning and sharp shooting pain and burning or sometimes painless

ulcers (over the joints and on the tips of the fingers and toes).

Calluses causing shooting pains.

Liver spots.

Warts: on the neck, with keratinization in the center; small; itchy; flat on

hands and face; large, dense warts that have a granular surface;

dark and painless (large keratinized wart on abdomen).

DREAM
Extreme sleepiness during the day or desire to go to bed early in the evening.

Coma sleep every third day.

The patient sleeps late; complains that he cannot sleep; sleeps for a long time

in the morning; often wakes up at night; sleepy in the morning; insomnia before midnight;

drowsiness without sleep. Wakes up at 3 am and cannot go back to sleep.

Sleeplessness due to overexcitation.

Wakes up early and lies awake for long periods.

Frequent awakenings for no apparent reason.

Superficial sleep with strong "boiling" of blood, constant tossing,

fantastic, disturbing, frightening dreams.

Often shudders and cries out in fright in sleep.

The sleeper seems to be called by name.

Unrefreshing sleep; in the morning there is a feeling as if the patient did not get enough sleep.

Sweet dreams.

Talking, crying and twitching of limbs during sleep.

Delirium at night.

Wandering pain, anguish and feverish heat, with excitement all over the body,

toothache, colic, cough, and many other nightly complaints.

FEVER
At night the pulse is well filled and fast, then intermittent; afternoon

delayed. The speed of the pulse increases with movement and with anger.

Pulsation of all blood vessels.

Trembling (chillness) with pain. Sensation of coldness in parts.
Lack of vitality.

Frequent shivering, especially when outdoors in the evening; with any movement.

Hot flashes occur at regular intervals, especially

afternoon and evening, sitting or outdoors,

usually accompanied by thirst or flushing of the face.

(Transient) hot flashes, especially when sitting or walking

in the open air, also when angry or having an important conversation.

Attacks of heat with thirst (and trembling).

Thirst is worse during chill than during fever.

Prolonged heat with reddening of the face and intense thirst.

Fever with thirst, trembling, pain in limbs, icy coldness in

hands and feet and numbness of the fingers.

increased sweating; the patient sweats easily; some may sweat

body parts; sweating is accompanied by anxiety and restlessness;

sweat with a sour or offensive odor.

Internal chill with external heat.

Sweats while sitting. Profuse sweat on slightest movement

(more after than during charging). Only the upper part of the body perspires.
Night sweat, sometimes cold (on chest, back and thighs).

Sweats in the morning, sometimes sweat has a sour smell.

Intermittent fever followed by intense heat and

semi-conscious state, followed by profuse sweating.

HEAD
Tendency to take colds of the head, especially after being dry,

cold wind or when the head gets wet.

Involuntary trembling and tremors in the head.

Confusion of thoughts, which does not allow doing mental work.

Headache attacks with nausea, vomiting, shooting or boring

pain that causes screaming.

Headache occurs every morning.

Headache that prevents the patient from opening her eyes.

Headache with increased sexual excitability.

Headache when shaking or moving head, and every time

step, with sensation as if the brain were convulsing.

Unilateral headache, sometimes in the evening after lying down

bed; pain is preceded by heaviness in the head.

Migraine attacks, burning pain spreads from inside out in one

half of the head (more often in the left) with nausea (and vomiting) and squeezing

sensation in the eyes; worse indoors and when walking fast; better on

fresh air and in the supine position on the affected side.

Boring headache from inside out; starts in the first half

day and continues until the evening; aggravated by movement and inclination;

decreases at rest, when eyes are closed, from external pressure, during sleep.

Heaviness in the head.

Pressive pain over the eyes in daylight, as if the head were about to

will explode and the eyes will fall out, with nausea.

A strong feeling of pressure in the head, sometimes when bending over, as if still

a little and it will explode.

Drawing and tearing in the head, inside and out, sometimes one-sided.

Sharp, shooting headache, often on one side or in the forehead.

Shooting pains, especially over the left eye, which makes the patient scream.

Headache at onset of menstruation, with scanty discharge.

Headache in the form of violent shocks.

Throbbing headache, especially in the occiput (which begins

in the morning and aggravated in the evening, at the slightest movement, when turning

eyeballs when lying on back; weakens when closing the eyes and at rest).

A rush of blood to the Head.

Violent congestions of blood to head with heat, especially when bending over.

Pulling the head tightly with a bandage reduces pain.

Fainting when sitting upright or kneeling.

Involuntary twitching of the head back and forth, especially in the first

half a day, in a sitting position. This can be seen in hysteria.

Sensation of coldness in the vertex, which is aggravated by moving the head

and inclinations, weakens in rest and in the open air.

Sensation as if the head were constricted. Sensation as if the brain were crushed.
Sensation as if head would explode.

Sensation as if waves of pain were rolling through the head and hitting

about the frontal bone.

Sensation as if something were rolling in the head, with vertigo.

Stitching, as if with needles, pain in the head.

DIZZINESS
Attacks of vertigo, especially when walking in the open air, when

writes something or even at the slightest movement of his hands.

Vertigo, with a feeling that everything around is moving or in

something is bouncing around in my head.

Vertigo in the morning on rising from bed, or in the afternoon.

Vertigo, as if intoxicated.

HEAD OUTSIDE
Involuntary twitching of the head back and forth, especially in the first

half a day and in a sitting position.

Long-lasting non-closing fontanelles, head twitching, pallor

and pasty face, pain in stomach, and passing green, loose stools.

The patient sweats in the head, the sweat has a sour smell; sweating

accompanied by weakness and semi-consciousness, aggravated

in the evening, before going to bed.

Soreness of the hair roots; as if her hair was cut very short.

The surface of the head is cold. Mobility of the skin of the skull.

The scalp and hair roots are extremely sensitive to touch.
Itching of the scalp (nose and eyes).

Rash on vertex and back of head; skin dry, offensive, itchy,

tingling and fissures extending beyond the ears, as well as with

pain when scratching them.

Tumor localized on one side of the head, above the temple, with itching,

feeling of coldness and tearing pain; aggravated by touch

better when lying on it or after rising from bed.

Moist crusts on the head.

Areas of baldness on the skull, favus of the scalp.

Hair loss.

Small red pimples on forehead, rough skin.

Swelling of the scalp, especially in the forehead.

FACE
Jaundice of the face. Face yellow (including sclera).

Saddle-shaped yellow spots on nose and cheeks. The face is pale and swollen.

Pale and pasty, with blue circles under the eyes; eyes turn red and

become dim.
Exhausted face. Violent heat in the region of the face.

Erysipelatous inflammation and pastosity of one half of the face (due to a tooth,

affected by caries).

Inflammation and swelling of the face, with groups of yellow, scaly pimples.

Herpes with desquamation of the skin of the face.

Warts on the face. Black pores on the face.

The appearance of acne before menstruation.

Itching and rash on the face and forehead, sometimes just hyperemic or rough skin.

The skin on the forehead is pasty.

Tumors on the forehead. Drawing pain in the face.

Spasmodic and tearing pains in the bones of the facial skull.

Neuralgic pain (in left side of face from tobacco abuse).

Dryness and peeling of the lips. Tension in the lower lip.

Puffiness under the lip. Yellow herpetic eruptions around the mouth.

Moist, crusty eruptions on the red border of the lips and chin.

Painful ulcers on inner surface lips.

Congestion and soreness of the submaxillary glands.

EYES
Heaviness and ptosis of the upper eyelids. Itching and burning in eyes and lids.

Stinging in the eyes by candlelight in the evening.

Burning sensation in the eyes, especially in the morning on waking.
Inflammation of the eyes, with reddening of the sclera and shooting pains.

Inflammation, redness and swelling of the eyelids with styes.

Pustules on the cornea. Fungus haematodes on the cornea.

Eyebrow scabs.

Glassy, ​​watery eyes in the evening.

Dry scabs on eyelids, especially on waking in the morning.

Yellow sclera.

Pain in the eyelids in the morning on waking, as if the eyelids were too heavy,

as if the patient did not have the strength to keep his eyes open.

Eyelids red, swollen; barley.

Lachrymation, especially in the morning, or agglutination of the eyelids at night.

Trembling and twitching of the eyelids.

Paralysis of the eyelids, with inability to lift them, especially at night (and in the evening).

When reading and writing, everything merges in the eyes. Presbyopia.

Weak vision, as in amaurosis, with constriction of the pupils.

The appearance of a veil, black spots, dots, flashes and streaks of light before the eyes.

Cannot tolerate light reflected from bright objects.

Green halo around the candle in the evening.

Great sensitivity of the eyes to daylight.

Cold water relieves eye symptoms.

Sensation as if the eyeballs were about to fall out of the sockets.

Sensation of heaviness over the eyes.

As if the eyes had disappeared, and cold air was escaping from the sockets.

Sensation of pressure on the eyeballs.

Bruised feeling in the eyes. Sensation as if a grain of sand were in the eye.
Sensation as if eyes were on fire.

Sensation as if the eyelids were contracted and did not completely close the eyeballs.

Sensation as if eyelids were too heavy and would not open.

EARS
Ear pain. Shooting pain in ears.

Stinging pain in left ear. Sore pain in the ears.

Swelling and purulent discharge from the external ear.

Herpes on the earlobe, behind the ear and on the back of the neck.

Discharge of liquid pus from the ear, with itching.

Extremely acute hearing, the patient hears music especially well.

Hearing loss. Sudden deafness, as if caused by cerumen.

Buzzing and roaring in ears.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Itching and soreness in the larynx and throat.

Sensation of dryness in the larynx.

Hoarseness with coryza. Sensation of dryness in the trachea.

Feeling of suffocation. Dancing and running do not cause shortness of breath.
Characteristic dyspnoea in the evening.

Stormy weather causes a feeling of suffocation.

BREAST
Shortness of breath, chest tightness, and shallow breathing when walking and lifting

up stairs, as well as when lying in bed, in the evening and at night.

Pain in the side of the chest when breathing or coughing.

Stitching pain in the left side of the chest and in the scapula with

breathing and coughing. Chest tightness caused by accumulation of mucus or

expectoration of too much sputum.

Pain in the chest on movement.

Pressure in the chest, especially in bed in the evening.

Heaviness, feeling of fullness and tension in the chest.

Sore pain in chest. Spasms in the chest.

Itching and tickling in the chest. Feeling of emptiness in the chest.
Shooting pain and tingling in the chest, in the sides

chest; sometimes during inhalation or coughing, but may also be in the background

mental stress.

Brown spots on the skin of the chest.

Chest symptoms disappear or improve from

hand pressure on the chest.

Feeling of heaviness in the sides.

Sensation as if the ribs were broken and the sharp points were digging into the soft tissue.

Sensation as if chest were empty, with sensation of pain.

COUGH
Cough caused by a tickling sensation in the larynx or chest.

Dry cough that seems to come from the stomach, especially in

bed in the evening (before midnight), and is often accompanied by nausea and

bitter vomiting.

Cough with expectoration after chill.

Cough disturbs either only during the day, or it wakes the patient at night.

The expectoration is white and copious.

Cough: with copious expectoration of sputum, mostly putrid or

salty in taste, often only in the morning or evening; often

accompanied by murmur, weakness, and raw pain in the chest.

Cough with phlegm in the morning and without phlegm in the evening; with sputum at night and

lack of sputum during the day; very bad cough in the morning on waking

with expectoration a large number sputum that has an unpleasant taste.

Nocturnal cough with screaming, choking and retching.

Whooping-cough-like cough.

Spasmodic coughing fits (similar to whooping cough) caused by

a tickling sensation in the chest or a tickling sensation,

spread from the larynx to the stomach, and expectoration of sputum only

morning, evening and night (greenish-gray pus or milky white, viscous

sputum, sometimes unpleasantly sweetish), which has to be swallowed.

Cough worse lying on left side; from sour.

Cough excited by tickling, accompanied by constipation.

Difficulty expectorating (or having to swallow raised

sputum). Greenish-yellow purulent sputum.

Expectoration of blood while lying down.

Bloody expectoration during cough in the morning and evening, with expectoration.

slime during the day. Sharp shooting pains in the chest or back during coughing.

Sensation as if a cough were rising from the abdomen and stomach.

THROAT
Sore throat with enlargement of cervical glands.

Pressure as from a plug in the throat, sore or shooting pains in the throat.

swallowing time. Pressure in throat in region of tonsils, with sensation as if

the patient's tie is too tight.

Twitching sensation in throat.

Swelling and inflammation of the esophageal mucosa.

Inflammation, swelling and suppuration of the tonsils.

Dryness in the throat, with tension and scratching. Sticky feeling in throat.

Accumulation of mucus in the throat and on the palate.

Rawness and burning in fauces, aggravated by dry cough.

Expectoration of mucus, especially in the morning.

Discharge of bloody mucus on coughing.

Feeling of a plug in the throat. Sensation as if throat were filled with mucus.

NOSE
Swelling and inflammation of the nose, especially the tip.

Scabs on the tip of the nose.

The inside of the nostrils are covered with ulcers and scabs.

Thick mucus in nose.

Nosebleeds and bleeding, often on blowing your nose,

the slightest overheating, from a blow to the nose, even a slight one.

Violent bleeding from the nose, especially during menstruation.

Sharpening or dulling of the sense of smell; yellow "saddle" on the bridge of the nose.

Fetid odor from the nose.

Fetid runny nose, when blowing your nose, large pieces of yellow-

green mucus or yellow-green pieces of mucous membrane with blood.

Dry runny nose. Dry coryza, especially in left nostril.

Dry mucus that causes nasal congestion.

Profuse liquid discharge with sneezing, pain in occiput and drawing pains.

in the limbs.

Inflammation and swelling of the nasal mucosa.

Nosebleeds can start from a bruise, from being in a warm

room, or from suppressed menstruation.

HEART AND CIRCULATION
Sensation as if the heart had stopped.

Violent effervescence of the blood, even at night, with throbbing all over the body.

Effervescence (congestion) of blood in the chest and palpitation of the heart.

Intermittent heartbeat.

Palpitations : in the evening in bed, with pulsation of all arteries; at

digestion of food; with stitching pain in left side of chest.

From time to time the patient feels a strong jolt in the heart.

Wakes up with violent heartbeat.

Nervous palpitations are ameliorated by walking fast.

MOUTH
Bad breath. Swelling of the inner surface of the mouth.

Dryness of the mouth, lips and tongue. Salty saliva.

Pain in tongue and palate, as if burned.

Abrasions on the tongue. Vesicles on the tongue.

The tongue is coated with white. Soreness of the tip of the tongue.

Gums as if burned, as if they were starting to fester.

Burning sensation of tongue and mouth.

. smack. Putrid or sour taste in the mouth. Taste: bitter

sour, slimy, offensive, mostly in the morning.

TEETH
Toothache occurs with pressure, touching the teeth, from

conversation or the slightest breath of cold air.

Toothache at night, with great excitement.

Pulsating, drawing, or shooting toothache, which is sometimes

spreads to the ear (especially after eating, drinking, or when

the patient takes something cold in his mouth), on his hands or fingers.

Burning and throbbing toothache extending to the ear during

pregnancy, was accompanied by shallow breathing, swelling of the face

and submandibular glands; aggravated by cold draft,

from touching the teeth, from talking.

Toothache, with violent effervescence and throbbing all over the body.

Tearing pain felt as a jolt in the teeth.

Teeth become dull, loose, bleed easily, and caries develops in them.

The gums are dark red.

Swelling, abrasions, ulcers and frequent bleeding from the gums.

Sensation of a hollow in the molar, as if it were swollen and longer.

Cold water relieves dental symptoms.

STOMACH
Feeling of emptiness in the epigastric region, under the xiphoid process; this is

very weak feeling of emptiness, which is not filled with anything; this symptom

can be a complication of any disease, with violations

menstrual cycle, etc.

The feeling of emptiness disappears during dinner.

Frequent belching, mostly sour or bitter, with a smell

rotten eggs or the taste of food.

Painful belching, in which blood enters the mouth.

Belching, especially after drinking or eating, or preceded by a sensation

"twisting" in the stomach.

Acidity, with disgust for life.

Nausea, sometimes on empty stomach in the morning, relieved after use

a small amount of food.

Nausea with bitter taste and eructation.

Nausea in a moving train. Nausea and vomiting after eating.

Vomiting of bile and food (morning, with headache).

Vomiting of bile and food during pregnancy; gagging

so strong that the pressure rises.

Pain in stomach after eating, sometimes in the evening.

Violent pain in the cardia when food passes into the stomach.

Pain in the epigastric region when walking.

Pressure in stomach, as if a stone were in it, especially when eating,

after meals or at night.

Cramps in stomach and chest.

Vomiting of milky white serum (in pregnant women).

Vomiting at night with headache.

Tearing and boring pain in the region of the cardia,

extending to the waist.

Cutting and drilling, directed from the stomach to the spine.

Pressive and shooting in the fossa of the heart and in the region of the stomach.

Burning sensation in the epigastric region and cardiac fossa.

Painful sensitivity and feeling of emptiness in the stomach.

As if something were swirling in the stomach and rising up the throat.

Sensation of pain in the cavity of the stomach.

As if there was a foreign body in the stomach. Scraping sensation in stomach.
Pulsation in the epigastric region during eating: the more she eats,

the stronger the pulsation.

Unpleasant belching with nausea after fatty food.

Weak digestion.

After eating: sour sensation in the mouth, frequent belching, scratching and burning

in the throat, throbbing in the heart fossa, hiccups, bloating, sweat,

fever, palpitations, headache, nausea, vomiting, pain

in the stomach, etc.

APPETITE
Too salty taste of food. Adipsia, or excessive thirst, especially

morning and evening, sometimes with anorexia.

Increased appetite. Bulimia with feeling of emptiness in the stomach.

Aversion to food or simply unwillingness to eat, especially meat and milk

(which cause diarrhea).

. addictions. Passionate desire for wine, vinegar.
. disgust. For beer.

STOMACH
Sluggish liver. Pain in the liver when riding in a carriage.
Dull, throbbing, and shooting pains in region of liver.

Boring pain or tension and shooting pain in hypochondria,

especially when moving.

Shooting pain in left hypochondrium.
Attacks of constricting pain in the right hypochondrium.

Pain in the hypogastric region at night, in the supine position, decreased

after urination.

Abdominal pain; in bed, in the morning.

Pressure and heaviness in the abdomen, with a sense of fullness, as if

stomach is about to explode.

The strongest stretching of the anterior abdominal wall.

Heaviness in the abdomen and induration. Consolidation of the pyloric region.
Abdominal enlargement (in women who have recently given birth).

Swelling of the anterior abdominal wall.

Cramps in abdomen, with sensation as if claws had dug into it, as if

bowel twisted.

Acute colic, especially after exercise or at night,

with the urge to defecate.

Boring, cutting and dull pain in the abdomen.

Pain in the intestines, as from a bruise. Cold in the stomach.

Burning sensation and shooting pain in the abdomen, especially in the left side,

which sometimes extends to the thigh.

Feeling of emptiness in the abdomen. Sharp shooting pain in the groin.

Brownish spots on the skin of the abdomen.

Peristalsis and rumbling in the abdomen, especially after eating.

Excess formation of gases and dynamic intestinal obstruction.

As if a palm-wide belt was tightly tightened around the waist.

Sensation as if liver would burst.

Sensation as if all the entrails in the abdomen were turning over.

Feeling of heaviness in the abdomen.

Sensation as if loops of bowels were drawn together into a ball.

Sensation of something sticky in the abdomen. Sensation of something alive in the stomach.

ANUS AND RECTUM
Constipation during pregnancy.

Ineffective urge to defecate or pass only mucus and flatus.

Delayed inefficient defecation, feces resemble sheep.

The stool is scanty, accompanied by straining and tenesmus.

Feces are too soft.

Difficulty passing stools, although they are soft.

The stool comes out with great difficulty, it seems as if it does not pass, due to

obstruction in the anus or rectum (like a lump or a potato).

Difficult stool, with feeling of heaviness in the abdomen.

Gelatinous stools (small amount, defecation accompanied by

cramping pain and tenesmus).

Exhausting diarrhea.

Greenish diarrhoea, often with a putrid or sour smell, especially in children.

Diarrhea after drinking boiled milk.

White or brownish stools.

Discharge of blood during bowel movements.

Constricting pain and sprain, itching, tingling, burning and shooting

pain in anus and rectum.

Leakage of fluid from the anus.

Mucous discharge from the rectum, with shooting and tearing pain.

Anus and rectum affected, with sharp and shooting pains, pain

shoots up into the stomach.

Prolapse of the rectum, especially during stool.

Sensation of weakness in the rectum, which comes on in bed.

Congestion in the region of the anus. Lethargy of the bowels.

Bulging hemorrhoids(when walking; bleeding when walking).

Bleeding from hemorrhoids.

Abrasions between the buttocks. Contractive pain in the perineum.
Ring of warts around the anus.

Feeling of heaviness or lump in the anus.

URINARY SYSTEM
All urinary tracts are in a state of irritation,

cystitis and urethritis may begin.

Frequent (and ineffective) urge to urinate (due to pressure on

bladder and tension in the hypogastrium).

Dull pain in bladder.

Passing urine at night (has to get up often).

Involuntary emission of urine at night, especially shortly after falling asleep.

Urine intensely colored, blood-red.

Cloudy urine with red, sandy sediment or sediment

like brick dust.

Urine with a white sediment and a thin film on the surface.

Profuse offensive urine with white sediment.

Urine with bloody sediment.

The sediment in the urine resembles clay, as if clay had been fired at the bottom of the vessel.

The urine is very offensive and cannot be kept in the room.

Cramps in the bladder, burning in the bladder and urethra.

Burning in urethra, especially when urinating.

Sharp and shooting pain in the urethra.

Mucus discharge from the urethra, as in chronic gonorrhea.

Sensation as if the bladder were so full that the bottom

rises above the forehead.

Sensation as if urine were dripping from the bladder.

Sensation as if the bladder and other urinary organs were being squeezed hard.

WOMEN'S
Abrasions on the vulva and between the thighs; sometimes before

menstruation (soreness and redness of the labia majora and perineum).

Severe dryness and soreness of the vulva and vagina

when touched, especially after menstruation.

Internal and external heat in the genitals. Narrowing and pain in the vagina.
Swelling, redness and weeping eruption with itching on the labia minora.

Struggling in the uterus, which makes it difficult to breathe.

Sensation of pressure, as if internal organs were about to be squeezed out.

vagina (with shortness of breath).

Pain in groin on both sides, and straining, with constipation, but no leucorrhoea;

heavy and unrefreshing sleep, coldness all over the body, languid tongue.

Violent stitching pain in the vagina, radiating upward.

Vaginal prolapse. Prolapse of uterus with congestion and yellow leucorrhoea.
Prolapse with deviation of the fundus of the uterus to the left, causing numbness of the left

half of the body and pain; better lying down, especially on right side;

soreness of the cervix.

The patient is forced to cross her legs to avoid prolapse.

Induration of the neck with burning, shooting and stitching pains.

Metrorrhagia during menopause or pregnancy.

Dull, violent pain in ovaries, especially left. Sterility.

Leucorrhea yellow, greenish, red, liquid, or purulent and offensive,

sometimes with bloating or shooting pains in the vagina.

Leukorrhea instead of menstruation.

Milky white leucorrhoea, with soreness of vulva.

Itching and corrosive leucorrhoea.

Sudden hot flushes during menopause, patient instantly

covered with sweat, this is accompanied by weakness and a tendency to fainting.

Sensation as if everything would flow out through the vulva.

Sensation as if the contents of the uterus were about to fall out.

Sensation as if the uterus were being squeezed by claws.

Sensation as if external genitalia were enlarged.

Sensation as if something heavy were being pushed out of the vagina.

MENSTRUATION
Very profuse menses.

Menses suppressed, very weak or premature

(appear only in the morning).

Cases in which young mothers who are no longer breastfeeding

menstruation does not appear, in combination with bloating.

Colic before menses. The appearance of acne before menstruation.
During menstruation: irritability, melancholy, toothache,

headache, nosebleeds, pain and fatigue in the limbs

or spasms, colic, and downward pressure.

Tearing pain in the back during menstruation, accompanied by

chills, fever, thirst, and chest cramps.

Toothache during menses.

During menstruation, vision deteriorates; improvement in lying position.

MILK GLANDS
Shooting pain in the mammary glands.

Sore pain in the nipples (which bleed; it seems that they are about to

ulcers appear). Fissure at the top of the nipple.

Sealing of the mammary glands, areas of fibrous sealing, stabbing

pain, soreness, burning pain.

Sensation as if breasts were enlarged.

PREGNANCY. BIRTH.
A tendency to miscarriage.

Sepia is indicated for a tendency to miscarriages; say that "to all women,

Pain in the abdomen, the patient is overly sensitive to the movements of the child.

Spontaneous abortion after the fifth month of pregnancy.

Tendency to spontaneous abortions between the fifth and seventh months.

Retained placenta after miscarriage.

The feeling of "dropping" is common in pregnancy;

besides it, Sepia helps with many other disorders associated with

pregnancy, such as: morning sickness, vomiting of food and bile through

in the morning; vomiting of milky fluid and increased pressure from exertion.

Nausea even at the thought of eating, and feeling of great heaviness in the anus.

Constipation during pregnancy.

Yellow-brown spots on the face during pregnancy.

Abdominal pain in pregnant women.

Violent itching in the genitals, provoking miscarriage.

Long-lasting, offensive, corrosive lochia.

Struggling in the uterus. Violations during pregnancy, vomiting.

MEN'S
Profuse sweat on genitals, especially on scrotum.

Itching of the skin in the genital area.

Itching eruptions on the glans and foreskin.

An abundance of small velvety gonorrheal warts along the edge of the foreskin.

Pseudogonorrhoea with sour-salty odor of discharge.

Ulcers on the head and foreskin. Pain in testicles.

Cutting pain in testicles. swelling of the scrotum. Weakness in the genitals.
Increased sexual desire with frequent erections (prolonged

erections at night). Frequent wet dreams.

Secretion of prostatic fluid, after urination and during

difficult defecation.

Mental, mental and physical exhaustion after intercourse and wet dreams.

Both sexes complain after intercourse.

LYMPH GLANDS
Enlargement and suppuration of the lymph nodes.

Congestion of blood to the lymph nodes.

Enlargement and suppuration of the axillary lymph nodes.

MUSCLES
Muscle twitching.

JOINTS
Stiffness and lack of mobility of the joints.

NECK
Eczematous eruptions on the neck and behind the ears.

Burgundy spots on the neck and under the chin.

Furuncles on the neck.

Rigidity of the muscles of the back of the neck.

BACK
Sweat on back and under armpits.

Moist eruptions on the skin of the armpits.

Stiffness in the loins and neck.

Pain in the back and small of the back, with burning and tearing.

Pulsation in the back. Weakness in the small of the back when walking.

Stitching, pressing, boring, tearing and spasmodic pain in the back.

Rigidity of the muscles of the back and back of the neck.

Pain in the back and lower back, combined with stiffness; weakens when walking.

Tearing pain in the back during menstruation, accompanied by chilliness,

heat, thirst, and cramps in the chest.

Dull monotonous pain in the lumbar and sacral regions,

extending to the thighs and legs.

Pain as if sprained over the hips

joints, appearing in the evening in bed and in the afternoon.

Trembling in the back. Brownish spots on the back.

Reddish herpetic spots over the hip joints and along

both sides of the neck.

Stitches behind and slightly above right hip joint;

the patient cannot lie on her right side, the joint is painful on palpation.

Stitching pain in back when coughing. Itching eruptions on the back.

Tendency to stretch the back.
Sensation of an icy hand between the shoulder blades.

The back is numb, as if the patient had been sitting in an uncomfortable position for a long time and

can neither turn nor rise.

Sudden pain in the back, as if struck with a hammer.

Pain in the back, as from subcutaneous ulceration.

Sensation as if something would break in the back.

Sensation of pressure and stitching in right shoulder blade.

LIMB
Drawing pain in limbs.

Drawing and tearing (paralytic pain) in limbs and joints.

(with weakness). Heaviness in the limbs. Arthritis-like pain in joints.

Tension in the limbs, with a sensation as if they were too short.

Limbs go numb easily, especially after physical labor.

Limbs get swollen easily (both arms and legs), especially after exercise

physical labor. Stiffness and lack of mobility of the joints.

Dislocations, sprains and fractures easily occur.

Trembling and twitching in limbs day and night.

Sensation of restlessness and throbbing in all limbs, the patient does not

feels comfortable in any position.

Often there is a desire to stretch.

Lack of stability in the limbs.

Hands and feet cold and damp. Nail deformity. Pain under the nails.
Sensation as if the limbs were about to fail.

Trembling and twitching in limbs day and night.

. Arms. Sensation of dislocation in the shoulder joint. Twisting pain

(as if dislocated) in the shoulder joint, especially when something

picks up or holds. Lethargy in the hands. Feeling of stiffness and coldness

hands as if they were paralyzed. Drawing paralytic pain in arms and

shoulder joints, covering the fingers. Swelling and suppuration

axillary lymph nodes. Shooting pain in arms, wrists and

fingers when tired and moving them. Painful tension in

hands, elbows and fingers, as if caused by spasms. Dense

edema of inflammatory origin, the skin in the zone of which is intense red, with

marble pattern, localized in the middle of the hand. Pustules on the skin of the hands

causing severe itching. Stiffness in the joints of the elbows and hands.

Brownish spots, herpes on the skin, itching scabs on the elbows (with peeling).

Itching vesicles on dorsum of hands and tips of fingers. Itching and crusting on the hands

(soldiers itch). Herpes on back of hands. Swelling of the hands with vesicular rash

reminiscent of vesicles. Shooting pain in wrists on movement

hands. Burning heat in the palms. Cold sweat on hands. Malignant

scabies and crusts on the hands. Drawing and shooting pains in the joints of the fingers,

like arthritis. Dislocations in the joints. Painless ulcers over the joints

and at your fingertips. Tingling in the fingertips that wakes

the patient when she falls asleep, after which she sleeps well all night.

Warts on the hands and fingers, on the lateral surfaces of the fingers, calluses.

Cracks in the fingers. Nail deformity. Panaritium with pulsation and

shooting pain.

. Legs. Feet are numb. Sensation of bruising in the right hip

joint. Sensation as if the patient's legs had been beaten. Feeling like bones

legs rot. Sensation as if a mouse were running up the leg. After sleep

stiffness in the legs. Pain as if bruised in right hip joint.

Pain in thighs, tearing and shooting. Pain in the buttocks and thighs

arising after she has been sitting for some time. Spasms in

buttocks at night in bed, when stretching the limbs. Paralytic

weakness in the legs, especially after great mental disturbances. stiffness

in the legs, reaching the hip joints, after the patient

sat for a short time. Coldness in the legs and feet (especially

evening in bed). Swelling of the legs and feet (worse when sitting or

standing; better when walking). Cramps in thighs when walking. Tearing and

sharp shooting pain or tremors in the femur and tibia,

from which the patient screams. Furuncles on thighs. Pulling, tearing and

shooting pains in knees, thighs and heels. Soreness and swelling of the knees.

Synovitis of the knee. Stiffness in the knees and ankles

joints. Cramps in calves, sometimes at night. Feeling restless in the legs

every evening (with goosebumps). Itching pimples on legs and instep.

Drawing pain in legs and thumbs. Shooting pain in

tibia and instep of the foot. Feeling like it's running down your legs

mouse. Jerking in feet during sleep. Ulcers on instep.

Stiffness in the heels and joints of the foot, as from spasms. Burning and

tingling in the feet. Tingling and numbness in the soles. Abundant

or, on the contrary, suppressed (offensive) sweat on the feet (provoking

pain between fingers). Burning pain in heels. Tension in Achilles

tendons. Ulcers on the heels that develop from vesicles with caustic

content. Painless ulcers over joints and on fingertips

legs. Calluses on feet causing shooting pains. Nail deformity.

MODALITIES
Many symptoms may either increase or decrease with rest and movement.

. Worse. When touched (with the exception of back pain, which

weakens on palpation). pressure. From rubbing. From scratching

From concussions. When the patient stumbles. From the slightest blow. From

overload. When moving with your hands. in the supine position on the left side and

back. Many symptoms are aggravated by sitting. When tilted.

In a standing position. When climbing stairs. from mental labor. After

sexual excesses. After noon. In the evening. From cold air.

With an east wind. In hot and humid weather. Before the storm. From washing

(Sepia is called the "washerwomen's medicine" - H. C. Alien). After sleep. At

falling asleep. Right after falling asleep. During and immediately after meals.

Milk. Fatty and sour foods. After intercourse. Early in the morning. In the first

half a day. Upon awakening. When inhaling. In company. Under normal

women's complaints. due to fluid loss. From masturbation. From music.

. Better. When unbuttoning clothes. When lying on the right side.

Sitting cross-legged improves the condition. Outdoors.

In heat, the temperature coinciding with the temperature of the body. In the warmth of the bed.

From hot applications. When stretching the limbs. When moving. At

physical stress. Drinking cold water. Lonely. During

fast walking.

ETIOLOGY
Anger or irritation. bruises. Falls. Concussions. Injuries. Overload

(dyspepsia). Snowfall. Tobacco (neuralgia). Wash. Getting wet. Alcohol.

Boiled milk (diarrhea). Pork fat.

RELATIONSHIPS
Antidotes for Sepia are:

Smell - Nitri spiritus dulcis, Asonitum, Antimonium crudum, Antimonium

tartaricum, Rhus.

Sepia is an antidote for: Calcarea carbonica, Mercurius, Natrum

muriaticum, Natrum phosphoricum, Phosphorus, Sarsaparilla, Sulphur.

Not compatible with: Lachesis.

Additional: Natrum muriaticum (cuttlefish lives in salt water),

Natrum carbonicum and other sodium salts; Sulfur.

She follows well Nitricum asidum.

Pharmacy cuttlefish. Class - cephalopods. Trituration of the dried liquid contents of the ink sac. It turned out that the drug prepared from a fresh ink bag, which Dr. Swallow gave me, is superior in all respects to the official drug, which I rarely use. However, in the trials and cases described, a dry preparation was used.

Clinic The impact of alcohol. Amenorrhea. Pressure in the anus. Apoplexy. Bad appetite. Ascariasis. Baldness. Bladder irritation. Crayfish. Life changes. Chloasma. Chorea. Condylomas. Cystitis. Dandruff. Dysmenorrhea. Dyspepsia. Eczema. Nosebleeds. Eye diseases. Jaundice of the face. Freckles. Chronic urethritis of gonorrheal origin. Gonorrhea. Sand in urine. Ring herpes. Hysteria. Irritation. Jaundice. Beli. Liver spots. Sluggish liver. Menstrual disorders. Mental disorders. Pain under the nails.

Neuralgia. Inflammation and swelling of the nasal mucosa. Nasty coryza. Phimosis. Pityriasis. Pleurisy. Violations during pregnancy, vomiting. Itching. Psoriasis. Ptosis. Seal of the pylorus. Peritonsillar abscess. Cancer and fissures of the rectum. Dermatomycosis. Pain in the sacrum. Sciatica. Seborrhea. Acute sense of smell or its disorders. Spermatorrhoea. Barley. Toothache. Urinary incontinence. Struggling in the uterus. Phlebeurysm. Warts. Whooping cough.

Characteristic We owe the current use of sepia in medicine to Hahnemann. Ancient physicians used the meat, eggs, or skeletal bones of this animal for "leucorrhea, gonorrhea, cystitis, sand in the urine, bladder spasms, baldness, freckles, and certain types of eczema," which seems surprising in light of the tests. Sep. is one of the remedies described in "Chronic Diseases" and has been tested by Goullon, von Gersdorff, Gross, Hartlaub and Wahle. Sep. predominantly (but not exclusively) is a female remedy. It affects the reproductive system of both men and women and a range of symptoms in other organs.

The teste describes the type for which Sep. fits as follows: young people of both sexes, or rather people of reproductive age (from puberty to the critical period), of slight build, with clear, white or rosy skin, fair or red haired, of a nervous temperament, extremely excitable, anxious and emotional, especially subject to intense sexual arousal or exhausted by sexual excesses. Hering describes the following types:

People with dark hair, rigid muscles and a soft, docile disposition. Women during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. Children who catch cold easily when the weather changes. Scrofulous patients. Men prone to alcohol abuse and sexual excesses. Irritable women with large belly, yellow "saddle" on the nose, leuco-phlegmatic constitution and weakness from the slightest exertion.

According to Bahr, they are: "Excitable, full-blooded people, prone to congestion." Farrington adds that Sep. very sensitive to all impressions, and that dark hair is by no means a necessary feature.

He gives a fuller description: edematous, lethargic people (much less often emaciated) with yellow or dirty yellow, and also brown skin, covered with spots; with excessive sweating, especially in the genital area, armpits and on the back; hot flushes; headache in the morning; they wake up with stiffness in the muscles and a feeling of fatigue; susceptible to diseases of the genital organs; in general, patients are weak and sickly, with weak connective tissue, lethargic, and paresis easily.

Sep. affects the vital forces no less than the tissues of the body. Sphincters and all smooth muscles are weakened. Sep. causes circulatory disturbances, hot flashes and other disturbances, such as pulsation of blood throughout the body, heat in the hands and cold in the feet, or vice versa.

The flushes spread from below upwards and end in sweat, fainting and a feeling of weakness. Nosebleeds may start from a bruise, from being in a warm room, or from suppressed menstruation. Distribution of symptoms Sep. bottom up is one of its key symptoms. The headache shoots upwards, as do the pains in the anus, rectum and vagina. Feelings of coldness and flushes also rise from below upwards. On the other hand, night sweats descend from top to bottom.

Headache extends from inside out. It is characterized by dizziness with a sensation as if "something is rolling" in the head. Sep. is one of the remedies which has a feeling of "lump" in the internal organs, most pronounced in the rectum. It is described as an apple or potato "stuck" in the rectum; this sensation is not relieved by defecation. With this symptom I have cured both diarrhea and constipation with Sep.

Stitches in rectum and vagina radiating upward, which is also an indication of Sep. in cases of hemorrhoids, prolapse of the rectum, with prolapse or induration of the uterus and cervix. Like Murex, the main scope of Sep. are female genital organs, although in general it reduces the amount of menstrual flow, while Murex, on the contrary, increases. Sep. causes a rush of blood to the uterus, leading to its compaction. It is characterized by prolapse or retroversion. Yellowish-green leucorrhoea has an unpleasant odor.

It causes strong attempts that occur in the abdomen and back, and sometimes even make it difficult to breathe. These attempts are aggravated in a standing position and when walking; cover the hips.

The patient experiences a sensation of constant pressure in the vagina, forcing her to cross her legs to avoid prolapse. Associated with uterine symptoms are hysteria, erethism, palpitations, flushing, and fainting. The feeling of weakness and emptiness, which is one of the main characteristics of Sep., is sometimes associated with pelvic pressure. Feeling of emptiness in the epigastrium and in the whole abdomen. It is analogous to the strong relaxing action of Sep. to connective tissue.

This sinking sensation is common in pregnancy; besides him Sep. helps with many other disorders associated with pregnancy, such as: “morning sickness, vomiting of food and bile in the morning; vomiting of milky white fluid and increased pressure from exertion." "Nausea even at the thought of eating, and feeling of great heaviness in the anus."

Sep. indicated for a tendency to miscarriages; say that "to all women prone to miscarriage," Hering recommended taking Sep. and Zinc. In addition, she has cured many cases of dyspepsia not related to uterine disorders. She cured dyspepsia due to an overload injury. Portal stasis is also included in its scope. Among its symptoms are a feeling of fullness, soreness and stitching pain in the region of the liver, as well as a stitching pain in the left hypochondrium.

All urinary tracts are in a state of irritation, cystitis and urethritis may begin. Frequent and strong urge to urinate. Stitching pain in urethra. Relaxation of the sphincters, characteristic of Sep., predisposes to urinary incontinence; especially when "the child urinates as soon as he goes to bed, always shortly after falling asleep." It cures enuresis in fair-faced boys prone to masturbation. If the bladder is irritated, even with an urge to urinate, urination may be difficult, and the patient has to wait quite a long time for urine to appear. Cures gonorrhea after the acute symptoms have disappeared.

With its help, chronic urethritis and warts of gonorrheal origin were cured. Hering adds "condylomas ringing around the head of the penis". I myself have cured a scattering of small soft warts surrounding the opening of the foreskin. Thuja did not help in this case. As regards warts, by triturating Sep. 3x I cured a large keratinized wart on a woman's abdomen. It was about 3 cm in size, had the shape of a bean and protruded 6 mm above the level of the skin.

But one of the most characteristic of Sep. are skin symptoms. Patients Sep. have delicate skin, so the slightest damage leads to the formation of ulcers. Itching, in place of which, after scratching, there is a burning sensation. Soreness of the skin, weeping areas on the bends of the knees. Chloasma. Painful rash on the tip of the nose. Herpetic eruption on the lips and around the mouth. A rash resembling dermatophytosis, which appears every spring on some parts of the body, then on other parts of the body.

Dermatophytosis of the face. Ring herpes. Rounded and yellow spots. Urticaria appears on exposure to fresh air, but it is better in a warm room. Itching can drive the patient to despair, especially when it affects the genitals and anus. On the example of the joints of the fingers, where ulcers form, we see another manifestation of the action of Sep. to connective tissue.

Sweat: pungent, offensive in the armpits and on the feet, irritating. The eyes and eyelids are closely related to the skin, so Sep. causes all kinds of inflammations of the eyes, eyelids, as well as visual disturbances, such as: black spots, green halo and fiery redness before the eyes. The eye symptoms are worse from rubbing, pressing on the eyelids, morning and evening, and better from washing the eyes with cold water. Sep. is a "cold" remedy and is used when there is a lack of internal heat, especially in case of chronic diseases.

It is often required for chronic rhinitis. Nash once treated a patient with a thick, profuse and "soft" discharge. Puls reduced inflammation but increased menses too much. Sep. cured both. It is also useful in inflammation of the tonsils, with a tendency to suppurate during a cold.

The characteristic sensations in the throat are: dryness and pressure, as if a scarf were tied too tightly; feeling of congestion; burning; stitching pain when swallowing; narrowing of the throat between swallows; gagging sensation when swallowing, with sensation of constriction. There are certain features of the mental state of Sep. which must be remembered.

Anxiety: with flushes of heat to face and head, fear of misfortune, real or imagined; stronger in the evening. Great sadness and tears, fear of loneliness, fear of men, of meeting friends (combined with diseases of the uterus). Indifference, even to one's own family, work, the dearest and closest people. Greed and avarice. Lethargy. Patients Sep. cry when asked to describe symptoms.

Patients are very sensitive and do not tolerate when they point out shortcomings. Another characteristic feature of Sep. are "frequent fainting", weakness after getting wet; due to extreme heat or cold; when riding in a carriage; when kneeling in church. Lorbacher describes three important indications for Sep. that are little known: pre-stroke; whooping cough that goes on endlessly; congestive pleurisy.

The symptoms of Sep. corresponding to the first indication are: stiffness in the back and neck; dizziness and unsteady gait (aggravated by exercise in the open air), anxiety and fear of falling ill with a serious illness, interruptions in the work of the heart; lethargy and drowsiness.

Lorbacher cites the following case: a heavily built, 50-year-old farmer, prone to hypochondria, who occasionally suffered from hemorrhoids, and who did not have a tendency to alcoholism, suddenly developed the habit of "taking a drink" from time to time. Gradually, his stomach enlarged, stiffness in the neck appeared, dizziness, at times a pulsation in the head, short, transient attacks of loss of consciousness, anxiety, fear of a stroke; at the same time, the hemorrhoids have shrunk and almost ceased to bother him. Several times he underwent venesection, but it gave only partial relief.

Refusal of alcohol did not have a significant effect. He was assigned Sep. 12x, first four drops twice a day, then every other day and so on with increasing intervals between doses. After two months, the symptoms decreased and gradually disappeared completely. After that, the man lived for eight years, he did not develop a stroke, although he did not get rid of the habit of "skipping a glass." Sep. is indicated in persistent whooping cough if it lasts eight weeks or more, and although the number and strength of the attacks decrease, they do not completely disappear and most often develop before midnight.

Patients lose strength, their digestion is disturbed, irritability, tearfulness appear, they easily fall into a rage or, conversely, become apathetic. Kunkel reports the following case of lung disease: a boy of 14 was treated for five weeks for cough and hoarseness. The hoarseness intensified in the evening, during the day he was disturbed by a cough with purulent sputum.

He slept well, in the position on the left side the dream was accompanied by dreams. Exhaustion. phos. 10x caused only small changes. He had a great tension in the chest when breathing with a desire to take a deep breath, better in the open air, while moving and while working; worse indoors and at rest. Although the weather was bad, he constantly wanted to be in the air.

Sep. 10x healed him quickly. Boenninghausen recommended Sep. in cases of cough with or without sputum, in sputum streaked with blood, bloody, purulent (yellow, greenish or offensive) and especially in tuberculosis. Nash described a case of cholera infantum which he cured with Sep., on the basis of the indication "worse every time after drinking milk." For Sept. characteristic leakage of fluid from the anus. On this basis, it can only be compared with Ant. s, which comes first.

Sep., writes Bahr, "provides considerable help in certain conditions of the female body, which we have hitherto only been able to note. After an exacerbation of chronic gastritis, which lasted several days and was accompanied by burning pain, the region of the kidneys, mainly on the left, became painful; there was severe burning pain, rich yellow urine with a lot of urate precipitated, or clear urine with a lot of sediment in the form of sand, covered with uric acid. After the passage of urine, the pains generally decreased and resumed only with a recurrence of pain in the stomach.

Unusual sensations Sep.. as if all objects were moving. It's like she's floating in the air. Vertigo, as if intoxicated. As if the brain is crushed. Like my head is about to explode. As if waves of pain were rolling through the head, hitting the frontal bone. Sensation as if something were rolling in the head, with vertigo. Stitching, as if with needles, pain in the head. Soreness of the hair roots; as if her hair was cut very short. As if the eyeballs were about to fall out of their sockets.

Sensation of heaviness over the eyes. As if the eyes had disappeared, and cold air was escaping from the sockets. Bruised feeling in the eyes. Like a grain of sand got into my eye. As if eyelids were too heavy to open. As if eyes were on fire. As if the eyelids were contracted and did not completely close the eyeballs. Sensation of a hollow in the molar, as if it were swollen and longer. Gums as if burned, as if they were starting to fester. Burning sensation of tongue and mouth. Feeling of a plug in the throat. Sore feeling in throat. As if something were swirling in the stomach and rising up the throat. As if internal organs were turned inside out. Sensation of pain in the cavity of the stomach. As if there was a foreign body in the stomach. Scraping sensation in stomach.

As if a palm-wide belt was tightly tightened around the waist. Sensation as if liver would burst. As if all the entrails in the abdomen were turning over. Feeling of heaviness in the abdomen. As if loops of intestines were pulled together into a ball. Sensation of something sticky in the abdomen. Sensation of something alive in the stomach. Feeling of heaviness or lump in the anus.

As if the bladder were so full that its bottom rose above the pubis. As if urine was dripping from the bladder. As if the bladder and other urinary organs were compressed with force. As if everything is about to flow out through the vulva. As if the contents of the uterus were about to fall out. Sensation as if the uterus were being squeezed by claws. As if external genitalia were enlarged. As if something heavy were being pushed out of the vagina. Feeling of heaviness in the sides. As if the ribs were broken and the sharp ends dig into the soft tissue. As if a cough were coming up from the abdomen and stomach.

Sensation as if chest were empty, with sensation of pain. As if throat were filled with mucus. As if the mammary glands were enlarged. As if the heart had stopped. The back is numb, as if the patient had been sitting in an uncomfortable position for a long time and could neither turn nor rise. Sudden pain in the back, as if struck with a hammer. Pain in the back, as from subcutaneous ulceration.

It feels like something is about to break in the back. As if the limbs were about to fail. Sensation of dislocation in the shoulder joint. Feet are numb. Sensation of a bruise in the right hip joint. Sensation as if the patient's legs had been beaten. Like a mouse running up the leg. As if the bones of the legs were rotting. It's like she can feel every muscle, every nerve on the right side of her body, from shoulder to foot. Sensation of a lump in the internal organs. Sensation of an icy hand between the shoulder blades. Feeling of suffocation. As if she were standing ankle-deep in cold water. Like being poured with hot water. "Stiffness" is the hallmark of Sep.: Stiffness in the limbs worse after sleep; stiffness in the uterus.

Unusual symptoms Sep.: "Involuntary jerking of the head back and forth, especially in the morning, while sitting." This can be seen in hysteria. Pointing to Sep. are open fontanelles in children. The symptoms are aggravated by touch (with the exception of pain in the back, which is relieved by palpation).

Pressure aggravates the symptoms. (Press on the eyelids aggravates the symptoms.) Pulling the head tight with a bandage relieves the pain. Better when unbuttoning clothes. Aggravation from rubbing and scratching. Worse from concussions when the patient stumbles, from the slightest blow, from overload. Many symptoms may either increase or decrease with rest and movement. Worse when moving the arms, when lying on the left side and on the back. Better when lying on the right side.

Many symptoms are aggravated by sitting. Fainting when sitting upright or kneeling. (Worse when kneeling is a very characteristic sign.) Sitting cross-legged ameliorates; heavy physical activity reduces headache. Worse when bending over, standing up, going up stairs. A short walk causes fatigue.

Dancing and running do not cause shortness of breath. Worse: from mental labor; after sexual excesses. Worse in afternoon and evening (characteristic "dyspnoea in the evening"); from cold air or east wind; in stuffy and humid weather; before the storm; from washing (Sep. called "the medicine of laundresses" - Allen.). Stormy weather causes a feeling of suffocation. Worse after sleep (stiffness in legs). Worse on falling asleep or immediately after falling asleep. Outdoor improvement. (And also in heat, at the same temperature as the body; increased sensitivity to cold air.)

Cold water relieves eye and tooth symptoms. Better from warmth of bed and from hot applications. Cough worse in church. Worse during and immediately after eating. Milk, fatty and sour foods aggravate the condition. Pulsation in the epigastric region during eating: the more she eats, the stronger the pulsation. The feeling of emptiness disappears during dinner. Worse after intercourse.

I agree with Dr. Swallow who found that fresh Sep. have more a wide range actions than a conventional drug, and act as an "organ-specific remedy" for a large number of uterine disorders, even those that may not be clearly indicated in the pathogenesis. I used Sept. in dilutions from 5 to 30.

Relationships

Antidotes for Sepia are: Odor, Nit. sp. d.; organic acids of vegetable origin - Aso., Ant. c, Ant. t., Rhus. Sepia is an antidote for: Calc, Chi., Merc, Nat. m., Nat. ph., Pho., Sars., Sul. Incompatible with: Lach. (but in one case, when Lach. in a very high potency caused violent, agonizing tenesmus in the rectum, accompanied by alternate retraction and protrusion of the anus, Sep. proved to be a good antidote). Additional: Nat. m. (cuttlefish lives in salt water), Nat. With. and other sodium salts; Sul. It is well followed by Nit. ac.

Should be compared

Vesicular eruptions and ulcers around the joints, Brx., Mez. Psoriasis, Ars., Ars. i. Chloasma, Lyc, Nux, Sul., Curar. Epidermophytosis - You, Calc, Tell. Sadness, Caust., Puls. Soft, docile disposition, Puls. The patient cries when asked about her symptoms (Puls. cries when describing symptoms). Diseases with sudden prostration, weakness and fainting, Murex, Nux m. Medicine for laundresses - Pho. (Pho. - headache after washing). Pain from other parts of the body extends to the back (Sabi. - vice versa). Pain with trembling (Puls., with chilliness). Lack of internal warmth, especially in chronic diseases (Led. in acute). Coldness on vertex with headache, Ver. (Heat at vertex, Calc., Graph., Sul.). Indifference to work -Fl.ac, Ph. ac. Greed, stinginess, Lyc.

Forced to unbutton shirt collar - Lach. Sensation of lump in internal organs, Lach. Ring-shaped herpes in separate areas (Tell. - rings intersect). Empty feeling better after eating, Chel, Pho. Constipation during pregnancy - Aim. Pain in rectum long after stool, Nit. ac, Sul. Urine so offensive that it has to be taken out of the room immediately (Indium urine becomes extremely offensive after standing).

The child urinates the bed as soon as he goes to bed - Kge. Chronic gonorrheal urethritis - K. iod. Struggling as if every viscera would be forced out of the pelvis, Agar., Bell., Lil. t., Murex, Sank. Seeing or thinking of food causes nausea, Nux. Smell of cooking causes nausea, Ars., Colch. Itching which burns after scratching, Sul. Pain in spine, worse sitting or walking, Cob., Zn., Puls., Can. i. Induration of uterus, vaginismus, Plat. Attempts - Bell. (Bell. - increase in the prone position, Sep. - weaken; Bell. - weaken in the standing position, Sep. - increase). Cannot cough up phlegm, Caust., Dros., K. ca., Am. Involuntary passage of urine on coughing, Caust., Nat. m., Fer.

Eczema on dorsum of hand, Nat. With. Prolapse of uterus, Nux. (Sep. follows Nux when the latter ceases to be effective.) Ptosis, Gels. (Gels. - dullness of mind; redness of face). Urticaria worse in open air -Rx. With. Urticaria - Ast. fl., Nat. m., Apis, Chloral., Urtica. Eye troubles in tea drinkers, Thuj. Dyspepsia with intensely colored urine, Lyc. Condensation of the uterus, melancholy -Aur. Attempts, sadness - K. fey. Struggling, congestion, dull pain, prolapse, Ust., Sec, Vib. o., Vib. t., Inula., Hedeo, Ziz.

Fits of uncontrollable laughter, Croc, Ign. Deep sadness during menses, Lyc, Nat. m., Nit. ac. (Nat. m. worse or better at 10 am). Irritation during menstruation (Nux, Cham., Mg. m. before and during; Lyc. before). Worse when kneeling, Coccul., Mg. With. Anxiety about one's health, Calc, Pho. Offensive coryza, crusting, Pul., Syph., Psor. Fetid urine, Calc. (Benz. ac. and Nit. ac. - with a strong odor). Burning, shooting and stitching in cervix, Murex. Hot, burning eructations, Pet., K. ca. Hep. Retention of urination, Ars. (ineffective urges - Nux). Fear of ghosts, Pho., Pul. Phimosis - Can. s., Merc. Sul., Nit. ace, Thuj. Sensation as if everything had been "pumped out" of the bowels, after stool, Plat.

Head movements, Lyc. Worse after intercourse; remedy for women, relaxation of tissues - Arnisa. Sensation as if the patient had been struck with a hammer on the back (Naj., on the back of the neck). Burning sensation of tongue and mouth, Sang. Sensation as if something were turning over in the abdomen, Nit. ac. (as if a machine were running in the stomach). Pain as from subcutaneous ulceration, Puls., Ran. b. Skin lesions heal slowly, Hep. Better by washing eyes with cold water, Asar. Hypersensitivity - Asar. Apoplexy, Ast. r. (sea animal). Aggravation from milk, Homar. (sea animal). Thorax, Pho.

Etiology

Anger or irritation. bruises. Falls. Concussions. Injuries. Overload (dyspepsia). Snowfall. Tobacco (neuralgia). Wash. Getting wet. Alcohol. Boiled milk (diarrhea). Pork fat.

Symptoms

Psyche- Sadness and depression with tears. Melancholy and gloominess. Anguish and restlessness, sometimes with flushes of heat, mostly in the evening (when walking in the open air) and sometimes in bed. Anxiety, restlessness. Fear of being alone. Increased nervousness, sensitivity to the slightest sound. Great anxiety about one's health and household chores. thoughtfulness. Timidity. Decline of spirit, up to disgust for life. Indifference to everything around, even to relationships with other people.

Aversion to usual work. Violent disturbances caused by irritation. Increased excitability in the company. Patients are touchy and capricious, increased irritability, quarrelsomeness, desire to make sarcastic remarks. Weak memory. Absent-mindedness. Tendency to make mistakes in speaking and writing. Inability to intellectual work. Slow perception. Difficulty perceiving, thoughts flow slowly. Speaks slowly.

Head- Confusion of thoughts, which does not allow doing mental work. Attacks of vertigo, especially when walking in the open air, when writing anything, or even at the slightest movement of the arms. Vertigo, with sensation as if everything around were moving, or something was rolling in the head. Vertigo in the morning on rising from bed, or in the afternoon. Sensation of coldness in vertex, aggravated by moving the head and stooping, ameliorated by rest and open air. Attacks of headache with nausea, vomiting, shooting or boring pains that cause screaming.

Headache occurs every morning. Headache that prevents the patient from opening her eyes. Headache with increased sexual excitability. Headache when shaking or moving the head, and with every step, with sensation as if the brain were shaking. Unilateral headache, sometimes in the evening after going to bed; pain is preceded by heaviness in the head. Migraine attacks, burning pain from inside out in one side of the head (more often the left) with nausea (and vomiting) and constriction in the eyes; worse indoors and when walking fast; better in the open air and lying on the affected side.

Boring headache from inside out; starts in the morning and continues until the evening; aggravated by movement and inclination; decreases at rest, when eyes are closed, from external pressure, during sleep. Heaviness in the head. Pressive pain over the eyes in daylight, as if the head would explode and the eyes would fall out, with nausea. Strong sensation of pressure in the head, sometimes on stooping, as if a little more and it would explode. Sensation as if the head were constricted. Drawing and tearing in the head, inside and out, sometimes one-sided. Sharp, shooting headache, often on one side or in the forehead. Shooting pains, especially over the left eye, which makes the patient scream.

Headache at onset of menstruation, with scanty discharge. Headache in the form of violent shocks. Involuntary twitching of the head back and forth, especially in the morning and in a sitting position. Long-lasting fontanelles, twitching of the head, pallor and pasty face, pain in the stomach and discharge of green, loose stools. The patient sweats in the head, the sweat has a sour smell; sweating is accompanied by weakness and fainting, worse in the evening, before going to bed. A rush of blood to the Head. Throbbing headache, especially in the occiput (which begins in the morning and is worse in the evening, on the slightest movement, on turning the eyeballs, when lying on the back; better when closing the eyes and at rest).

Violent congestions of blood to head with heat, especially when bending over. The surface of the head is cold. Tendency to take colds in the head, especially after exposure to a dry, cold wind, or when the head gets wet. Involuntary trembling and tremors in the head. Mobility of the skin of the skull. The scalp and hair roots are extremely sensitive to touch. Itching of the scalp (nose and eyes).

Rash on vertex and back of head; the skin is dry, offensive, with itching, prickling and fissures extending behind the ears, and pain when scratching them. A lump on one side of the head, above the temple, with itching, feeling of coldness, and tearing pain; worse when touched, better when lying on it or getting out of bed. Moist crusts on the head. Areas of baldness on the skull, favus of the scalp. Hair loss. Small red pimples on forehead, rough skin. Swelling of the scalp, especially in the forehead.

Eyes- Heaviness and ptosis of the upper eyelids. Sensation of pressure on the eyeballs. Itching and burning in eyes and lids. Stinging in the eyes by candlelight in the evening. Burning sensation in the eyes, especially in the morning on waking. Inflammation of the eyes, with reddening of the sclera and shooting pains. Inflammation, redness and swelling of the eyelids with styes. Pustules on the cornea. Eyebrow scabs. Glassy, ​​watery eyes in the evening. Fungus haematodes on the cornea. Dry scabs on eyelids, especially on waking in the morning. Yellow sclera.

Pain in the eyelids in the morning on waking, as if the eyelids were too heavy, as if the patient could not bear to keep the eyes open. Eyelids red, swollen; barley. Lachrymation, especially in the morning, or agglutination of the eyelids at night. Trembling and twitching of the eyelids. Paralysis of the eyelids, with inability to lift them, especially at night (and in the evening). When reading and writing in the eyes, everything merges. Presbyopia. Weak vision, as in amaurosis, with constriction of the pupils.

The appearance of a veil, black spots, dots, flashes and streaks of light before the eyes. Cannot tolerate light reflected from bright objects. Green halo around the candle in the evening. Great sensitivity of the eyes to daylight. During menstruation, vision deteriorates; improvement in lying position.

Ears- Ear pain. Shooting pain in ears. Stinging pain in left ear. Sore pain in the ears. Swelling and purulent discharge from the external ear. Herpes on the earlobe, behind the ear and on the back of the neck. Discharge of liquid pus from the ear, with itching. Extremely acute hearing, the patient hears music especially well. Hearing loss. Sudden deafness, as if caused by cerumen. Buzzing and roaring in ears.

Nose- Swelling and inflammation of the nose, especially the tip. Scabs on the tip of the nose. The inside of the nostrils are covered with ulcers and scabs. Thick mucus in nose. Epistaxis and discharge of blood, often on blowing the nose, on the slightest overheating, from a blow to the nose, even a slight one. Violent bleeding from the nose, especially during menstruation. Anosmia. Sharpening or dulling of the sense of smell; yellow "saddle" on the bridge of the nose.

Fetid odor from the nose. Fetid coryza, when blowing the nose large pieces of yellow-green mucus or yellow-green pieces of the mucous membrane with blood are discharged. Dry runny nose. Dry coryza, especially in left nostril. Dry mucus that causes nasal congestion. Profuse liquid discharge with sneezing, pain in occiput and drawing in limbs.

Face- Pale and pasty with blue circles under the eyes; the eyes become red and dim. Face yellow (including sclera). Exhausted face. Saddle-shaped yellow spots on nose and cheeks. Violent heat in the region of the face. The face is pale and swollen. Erysipelatous inflammation and pastosity of one half of the face (due to a tooth affected by caries). Inflammation and swelling of the face, with groups of yellow, scaly pimples.

Herpes with desquamation of the skin of the face. Warts on the face. Black pores on the face. The appearance of acne before menstruation. Itching and rash on the face and forehead, sometimes just hyperemic or rough skin. The skin on the forehead is pasty. Tumors on the forehead. Drawing pain in the face. Spasmodic and tearing pains in the bones of the facial skull. Neuralgic pain (in left side of face from tobacco abuse). Dryness and peeling of the lips. Tension in the lower lip. Puffiness under the lip. Yellow herpetic eruptions around the mouth.

Moist, crusty eruptions on the red border of the lips and chin. Painful ulcers on the inner surface of the lips. Congestion and soreness of the submaxillary glands.

Teeth- Toothache comes on from pressure, from touching the teeth, from talking, or from the slightest breath of cold air. Toothache at night, with great excitement. Throbbing, drawing, or shooting toothache, which sometimes extends to the ear (especially after eating, drinking, or when the patient puts something cold in the mouth), to the hands, or to the fingers. Toothache during menses.

Burning and throbbing toothache, which spread to the ear during pregnancy, was accompanied by shallow breathing, swelling of the face and submandibular glands; aggravated by cold drafts, by touching the teeth, by talking. Toothache, with violent effervescence and throbbing all over the body. Tearing pain felt as a jolt in the teeth. Teeth become dull, loose, bleed easily, and caries develops in them. The gums are dark red. Swelling, abrasions, ulcers and frequent bleeding from the gums.

Mouth- Bad breath. Swelling of the inner surface of the mouth. Dryness of the mouth, lips and tongue. Salty saliva. Taste: bitter, sour, slimy, offensive, mostly in the morning. Pain in tongue and palate, as if burned. Sensation as if the tip of the tongue were burned. Abrasions on the tongue. Vesicles on the tongue. The tongue is coated with white. Soreness of the tip of the tongue.

Throat- Sore throat with enlargement of cervical glands. Pressure as from a cork in the throat, stinging or shooting pain when swallowing. Pressure in the throat in the region of the tonsils, with a feeling as if the tie were too tight. Twitching sensation in throat. Swelling and inflammation of the esophageal mucosa. Inflammation, swelling and suppuration of the tonsils. Dryness in the throat, with tension and scratching. Sticky feeling in throat. Accumulation of mucus in the throat and on the palate. Rawness and burning in fauces, aggravated by dry cough. Expectoration of mucus, especially in the morning. Discharge of bloody mucus on expectoration.

Appetite- Putrid or sour taste in the mouth. Too salty taste of food. Adipsia or excessive thirst, especially in the morning and evening, sometimes with anorexia. Increased appetite. Bulimia with feeling of emptiness in the stomach. Passionate desire for wine, vinegar. Aversion to beer. Aversion to food or simply unwillingness to eat, especially meat and milk (which cause diarrhea). Does not tolerate the smell of tobacco smoke. Unpleasant belching with nausea after fatty food. Weak digestion. After eating: sour sensation in the mouth, frequent belching, scratching and burning in the throat, throbbing in the heart fossa, hiccups, bloating, sweat, fever, palpitations, headache, nausea, vomiting, pain in the stomach.

Stomach- Feeling of emptiness in the epigastric region, under the xiphoid process; it is a very faint feeling of emptiness that is not filled with anything; this symptom can be a complication of any disease, with menstrual irregularities. Frequent eructations, mostly sour or bitter, smelling of rotten eggs or taste of food. Painful belching, in which blood enters the mouth. Acidity, with disgust for life.

Nausea, sometimes on empty stomach in the morning, better after eating a little food. Nausea with bitter taste and eructation. Nausea in a moving train. Nausea and vomiting after eating. Vomiting of bile and food (morning, with headache). Vomiting of bile and food during pregnancy; gagging so strong that the pressure rises. Pain in stomach after eating, sometimes in the evening. Violent pain in the cardia when food passes into the stomach. Pain in the epigastric region when walking. Pressure in stomach, as if there were a stone in it, especially while eating, after eating, or at night. Cramps in the stomach.

Belching, especially after drinking or eating, or preceded by a feeling of "twisting" in the stomach. Vomiting of milky white serum (in pregnant women). Vomiting at night with headache. Cramps in stomach and chest. Tearing and boring pain in the region of the cardia extending to the small of the back. Cutting and drilling, directed from the stomach to the spine. Pressive and shooting in the fossa of the heart and in the region of the stomach. Burning sensation in the epigastric region and cardiac fossa. Pulsation in the epigastric region. Painful sensitivity and feeling of emptiness in the stomach.

Stomach- Pain in the liver when riding in a carriage. Dull, throbbing, and shooting pains in region of liver. Boring pain or tension and shooting pain in hypochondria, especially on motion. Shooting pain in left hypochondrium. Attacks of constricting pain in the right hypochondrium. Pain in the hypogastric region at night, when lying down, better after urination. Abdominal pain; in bed, in the morning. Pressure and heaviness in the abdomen, with a sense of fullness, as if the abdomen would burst. The strongest stretching of the anterior abdominal wall. Heaviness in the abdomen and induration. Consolidation of the pyloric region. Abdominal pain in pregnant women. Abdominal enlargement (in women who have recently given birth). Swelling of the anterior abdominal wall. Cramping in the abdomen, with sensation as if claws had dug into it, as if the intestines were twisted. Acute colic, especially after exercise or at night, with urge to stool.

Boring, cutting and dull pain in the abdomen. Pain in the intestines, as from a bruise. Cold in the stomach. Burning and shooting pain in the abdomen, especially in the left side, which sometimes extends to the thigh. Feeling of emptiness in the abdomen. Sharp shooting pain in the groin. Brownish spots on the skin of the abdomen. Peristalsis and rumbling in the abdomen, especially after eating. Excess formation of gases and dynamic intestinal obstruction.

stool and anus- Constipation during pregnancy. Ineffective urge to defecate or pass only mucus and flatus. Delayed inefficient defecation, feces resemble sheep. The stool is scanty, accompanied by straining and tenesmus. Feces are too soft. Difficulty passing stools, although they are soft. The stool comes out with great difficulty, seems as if it does not pass, because of an obstruction in the anus or rectum (as if there were a lump or a potato). Difficult stool, with feeling of heaviness in the abdomen. Gelatinous stools (small amount, defecation accompanied by cramping pain and tenesmus). Exhausting diarrhea. Greenish diarrhoea, often with a putrid or sour smell, especially in children. Diarrhea after drinking boiled milk. White or brownish stools. Discharge of blood during bowel movements. Constrictive pain and distension, itching, prickling, burning and shooting pain in anus and rectum.

Leakage of fluid from the anus. Mucous discharge from the rectum, with shooting and tearing pain. Anus and rectum affected, with sharp and lancinating pains, the pain shoots up into the abdomen. Prolapse of the rectum, especially during stool. Sensation of weakness in the rectum, which comes on in bed. Congestion in the region of the anus. Lethargy of the bowels. Bulging hemorrhoids (when walking; bleeding when walking). Bleeding from hemorrhoids. Abrasions between the buttocks. Contractive pain in the perineum. Ring of warts around the anus.

urinary organs- Frequent (and ineffective) urge to urinate (due to pressure on the bladder and tension in the epigastrium). Dull pain in bladder. Sensation as if the bladder were greatly distended. Passing urine at night (has to get up often). Involuntary emission of urine at night, especially shortly after falling asleep. Urine intensely colored, blood-red. Cloudy urine with red, sandy sediment or sediment like brick dust. Urine with a white sediment and a thin film on the surface. Profuse offensive urine with white sediment. Urine with bloody sediment. The sediment in the urine resembles clay, as if clay had been fired at the bottom of the vessel. The urine is very offensive and cannot be kept in the room. Cramps in the bladder, burning in the bladder and urethra. Burning in urethra, especially when urinating. Sharp and shooting pain in the urethra. Mucus discharge from the urethra, as in chronic gonorrhea.

Male reproductive organs- Profuse sweat on the genitals, especially on the scrotum. Itching of the skin in the genital area. Itching eruptions on the glans and foreskin. (An abundance of small velvety gonorrheal warts along the edge of the foreskin.) Pseudo-gonorrhea with a sour-salty smell of discharge. Ulcers on the head and foreskin. Pain in testicles. Cutting pain in testicles. swelling of the scrotum. Weakness in the genitals. Increased sexual desire with frequent erections (prolonged erections at night). Frequent wet dreams. Discharge of prostatic fluid, after urination and during difficult defecation. Mental, mental and physical exhaustion after intercourse and wet dreams. Both sexes complain after intercourse.

Female reproductive organs- Abrasions on the external genitalia and between the thighs; sometimes before menstruation (soreness and redness of the labia majora and perineum). Great dryness and soreness of the vulva and vagina when touched, especially after menstruation. Internal and external heat in the genitals. Narrowing and pain in the vagina. Swelling, redness and weeping eruption with itching on the labia minora. Struggling in the uterus, which makes it difficult to breathe.

Sensation of pressure, as if the internal organs were about to be squeezed out of the vagina (with oppression of breathing). Pain in groin on both sides, and straining, with constipation, but no leucorrhoea; heavy sleep, coldness in the whole body, flaccid tongue (cured, in a fat woman 35 years old). Vaginal prolapse. Violent stitching pain in the vagina, radiating upward. Prolapse of uterus with congestion and yellow leucorrhoea. Prolapse with deviation of the fundus of the uterus to the left, causing numbness of the left half of the body and pain; better lying down, especially on right side; soreness of the cervix. Induration of the neck with burning, shooting and stitching pains. Metrorrhagia during menopause or pregnancy. Very profuse menses.

Menstruation is suppressed, very weak or premature (appears only in the morning). Cases in which young mothers who are no longer breastfeeding do not menstruate, combined with bloating. Colic before menses. During menstruation: irritability, melancholy, toothache, headache, epistaxis, pain and fatigue in the limbs or cramps, colic and downward pressure. The patient is forced to cross her legs to avoid prolapse. Dull, violent pain in ovaries, especially left. Sterility. Leucorrhea yellow, greenish, red, liquid, or purulent and offensive, sometimes with distention of the abdomen or shooting pains in the vagina. Leukorrhea instead of menstruation.

Milky white leucorrhoea, with soreness of vulva. Itching and corrosive leucorrhoea. A tendency to miscarriage. Spontaneous abortion after the fifth month of pregnancy. Tendency to spontaneous abortions between the fifth and seventh months. Shooting pain in the mammary glands. Sore pain in the nipples (which bleed; they seem to be about to get ulcers). Fissure at the top of the nipple. Thickening of the mammary glands, areas of fibrous hardening, stabbing pain, soreness, burning pain. Sore pain in children. Sudden hot flushes during the climax, the patient is instantly perspiring, accompanied by weakness and a tendency to faint. Retained placenta after miscarriage. Pain in the abdomen, the patient is overly sensitive to the movements of the child. Yellow-brown spots on the face during pregnancy. Violent itching in the genitals, provoking miscarriage. Long-lasting, offensive, corrosive lochia.

Respiratory system- Itching and soreness in the larynx and throat. Sensation of dryness in the larynx. Hoarseness with coryza. Sensation of dryness in the trachea. Cough caused by a tickling sensation in the larynx or chest. Dry cough that seems to come up from the stomach, especially in bed in the evening (before midnight), and is often accompanied by nausea and bitter vomiting. Cough with expectoration after chill. Cough disturbs either only during the day, or it wakes the patient at night. The expectoration is white and copious. Cough: with copious expectoration of sputum, mostly putrid or salty in taste, often only in the morning or evening; often accompanied by murmurs, weakness, and raw pain in the chest. Cough with phlegm in the morning and without phlegm in the evening; with sputum at night and no sputum during the day; very violent cough in the morning on waking, with expectoration of much foul-tasting sputum. Nocturnal cough with screaming, choking and retching. Whooping-cough-like cough.

Attacks of spasmodic cough (similar to whooping cough) caused by a tickling sensation in the chest or a tickling sensation extending from the larynx into the abdomen, and expectoration of sputum only in the morning, evening and night (greenish-gray pus or milky-white, viscous sputum, sometimes unpleasantly sweet) that has to be swallowed. Cough worse lying on left side; from sour. Cough excited by tickling, accompanied by constipation. Difficult expectoration (or she has to swallow raised sputum). Greenish-yellow purulent sputum. Expectoration of blood while lying down. Bloody expectoration during cough in the morning and evening, with expectoration of mucus in the afternoon. Sharp shooting pains in the chest or back during coughing.

Rib cage- Shortness of breath, chest tightness and shallow breathing when walking and climbing stairs, as well as when lying in bed, in the evening and at night. Pain in the side of the chest when breathing or coughing. Stitching pain in the left side of the chest and in the scapula on breathing and coughing. Chest tightness caused by accumulation of mucus or expectoration of too much mucus. Pain in the chest on movement. Pressure in the chest, especially in bed in the evening. Heaviness, feeling of fullness and tension in the chest. (Hepatization of the middle and lower lobes of the right lung)

Sore pain in chest. Spasms in the chest. Itching and tickling in the chest. Feeling of emptiness in the chest. Shooting pains and tingling in the chest, in the sides of the chest; sometimes during inhalation or coughing, but may also be due to mental exertion. Brown spots on the skin of the chest. Chest symptoms disappear or are relieved by hand pressure on the chest.

Heart- Boiling (congestion) of blood in the chest and palpitations. Intermittent heartbeat. Palpitations : in the evening in bed, with pulsation of all arteries; when digesting food; with stitching pain in left side of chest. From time to time the patient feels a strong jolt in the heart. Wakes up with violent heartbeat. Nervous palpitations are ameliorated by walking fast.

Neck and back- Eczematous eruptions on the neck and behind the ears. Burgundy spots on the neck and under the chin. Furuncles on the neck. Sweat on back and under armpits. Enlargement and suppuration of the axillary lymph nodes. Moist eruptions on the skin of the armpits. Sensation of pressure and stitching in right shoulder blade. Stiffness in the loins and neck. Pain in the back and small of the back, with burning and tearing. Pulsation in the back.

Weakness in the small of the back when walking. Stitching, pressing, boring, tearing and spasmodic pain in the back. Rigidity of the muscles of the back and back of the neck. Pain in the back and lower back, combined with stiffness; weakens when walking. Tearing pain in the back during menstruation, accompanied by chilliness, heat, thirst, and cramps in the chest. Dull, monotonous pain in lumbar and sacral regions extending to thighs and legs. Pain as if sprained over the hip joints, appearing in the evening in bed and in the afternoon.

Trembling in the back. Brownish spots on the back. Reddish herpetic patches over the hips and on both sides of the neck. Stitches behind and slightly above right hip joint; the patient cannot lie on her right side, the joint is painful on palpation. Stitching pain in back when coughing. Itching eruptions on the back.

limbs- Drawing pain in the limbs. Drawing and tearing (paralytic pain) in limbs and joints (with weakness). Heaviness in the limbs. Arthritis-like pain in joints. Tension in the limbs, with a sensation as if they were too short.

Limbs go numb easily, especially after physical labor. Stiffness and lack of mobility of the joints. Dislocations and fractures easily occur. Trembling and twitching in limbs day and night. Sensation of restlessness and throbbing in all limbs, the patient does not feel comfortable in any position. Often there is a desire to stretch. Lack of stability in the limbs. Hands and feet cold and damp.

upper limbs- Twisting pain (as if dislocated) in the shoulder joint, especially when lifting or holding something. Lethargy in the hands. Sensation of stiffness and coldness in the arms, as if they were paralyzed. Drawing paralytic pain in the arms and shoulders, covering the fingers. Swelling and suppuration of the axillary lymph nodes. Shooting pains in the arms, wrists and fingers, when tired and moving them. Painful tension in the arms, elbows and fingers, as if caused by spasms. Dense edema of inflammatory origin, the skin in the zone of which is intense red, with a marble pattern, is localized in the middle of the arm. Pustules on the skin of the hands, provoking severe itching.

Stiffness in the joints of the elbows and hands. Brown spots, herpes on the skin, itchy crusts on the elbows (with peeling). Itching vesicles on dorsum of hands and tips of fingers. Itching and crusts on the hands (itching in soldiers). Herpes on back of hands. Swelling of hands, with vesicular rash resembling pemphigus. Shooting pain in the wrists when moving the arms.

Burning heat in the palms. Cold sweat on hands. Malignant scabies and crusts on the hands. Drawing and shooting pains in the joints of the fingers, as from arthritis. Dislocations in the joints. Painless ulcers over the joints and on the tips of the fingers. (Tingling in the tips of the fingers, which wakes the patient when she falls asleep, after which she sleeps well all night.) Warts on the hands and fingers, on the sides of the fingers, calluses. Cracks in the fingers. Nail deformity. Panaritium with throbbing and shooting pains.

lower limbs- Pain, as from a bruise, in the right hip-joint. Pain in thighs, tearing and shooting. Pain in buttocks and thighs after sitting for some time. Cramps in buttocks at night in bed, when stretching limbs. Paralytic weakness in the legs, especially after great mental disturbances. Stiffness in the legs reaching to the hip joints after sitting for a short time.

Coldness in the legs and feet (especially in the evening in bed). Swelling of legs and feet (worse sitting or standing; better walking). Cramps in thighs when walking. Tearing and sharp shooting pains or shocks in the thighs and tibias, which make the patient scream. Furuncles on thighs. Drawing, tearing and shooting pains in knees, thighs and heels. Soreness and swelling of the knees. Synovitis of the knee joint in maids. Stiffness in the knee and ankle joints.

Cramps in calves, sometimes at night. Restless feeling in legs every evening (with goosebumps). Itching pimples on legs and instep. Drawing pain in legs and thumbs. Shooting pain in tibia and instep of foot. Sensation as if a mouse were running up and down the legs. Jerking in feet during sleep. Ulcers on instep. Stiffness in the heels and joints of the foot, as from spasms. Burning and tingling in the feet. Tingling and numbness in the soles. Profuse or, on the contrary, suppressed (offensive) sweat on the feet (causing pain between the toes). Burning pain in heels. Tension in the Achilles tendons. Ulcers on the heels that develop from vesicles with acrid contents. Painless ulcers over the joints and on the tips of the toes. Calluses on feet causing shooting pains. Nail deformity.

General- In general, the left half of the body is more affected; right arm and leg; eyelids; inner ear; heightened hearing. Pain : in region of liver; in the center of the lower half of the abdomen; in the left shoulder blade; in the back and lower back, in the armpits; in the axillary glands (especially stitches), in the upper and lower limbs and their joints, in the right lumbar region with violent pressure or straining; nails turn yellow. Dark hair, pale face, rash on the face (forehead, nose and lips). Bleeding from internal organs.

Clonic and tonic convulsions, catalepsy, restlessness all over the body, aversion to washing. Weakness in general or in certain parts of the body. Sensations: a lump in the internal organs; pain, as if the affected part of the body were about to burst, as if squeezed or crushed. Cramping or pressing pain in internal or external parts; feeling of emptiness in any part of the body, especially when it is accompanied by fainting; twitching in the muscles of any part of the body, for example, it can be felt in the head when talking; shock, beating or pulsation in the internal organs; pressure, as from a heavy weight; vibration in the form of a dull tingling or a feeling that the body is "humming".

Worse, early in the morning, in the morning, in the evening, especially before going to sleep; on waking, bending over, inhaling, in company; during coughing, after intercourse; after meal; from mental stress; during a fever; with ordinary female complaints; due to loss of fluids; masturbation; music; consumption of milk, fatty pork; during and after sweating; during pregnancy; when traveling in a car; on horseback; swinging on a swing; after sexual excesses; in the first hours after falling asleep; in the snow; when stretching the affected part; when breastfeeding; from water and washing; after getting wet; with leucorrhoea in women, especially during childbirth.

Better stretching limbs, motion, exertion, drinking cold water, alone; while walking fast. Shooting and stitching pains in the limbs and other parts of the body. Burning pain in various parts of the body. Pain that is relieved by external heat. Paroxysmal pain accompanied by trembling.

Twisting pain, especially when exerting the affected limb, and also at night, in the warmth of the bed. Rheumatic pain with swelling of the affected part; this is accompanied by sweating, chills or shivering, alternating with heat. Irritation causes significant disturbances. Limbs are easily swollen (and arms and legs), especially after physical labor. Stiffness and lack of mobility of the joints. Dislocations and sprains easily occur in the limbs.

Tendency to stretch the back. Trembling and twitching in limbs day and night. Muscle twitching. Anxiety attacks and hysterical spasms. Enlargement and suppuration of the lymph nodes. Recurrence or worsening of certain symptoms during and immediately after eating. Symptoms disappear during intense exercise, except for riding, and are worse at rest, and in the evening and at night, in the warmth of the bed (and in the morning). Soreness and tenderness of the whole body.

Violent effervescence of the blood, even at night, with throbbing all over the body. Great swelling of the whole body, with shallow respiration, but no thirst. Feeling of heaviness and sluggishness in the body. Attacks of weakness and hysterical or other forms of fainting. Fainting. Tiredness with trembling. Lack of energy, sometimes only on waking. The patient gets tired quickly when walking in the open air. The patient takes cold easily, and is sensitive to cold air, especially to the north wind. Feverish shivering, fainting, and later coryza (after getting wet).

Leather- Yellow, as in jaundice; abrasions or cracks in the skin, penetrating into the depths of the tissues, worse after washing; often recurrent rash, especially when the patient has a predisposition to cracking. Ulceration at the site of the rash, bedsores, necrosis. Eczema. Ulcers suppurate, pus is abundantly secreted; the edges of the ulcer are edematous, in its bottom there are excessive granulations. The discharge has a salty taste.

Increased skin sensitivity. Soreness and weeping of the skin on the folds of the joints. Itching in various parts of the body (face, arms, hands, back, hip joints, abdomen, genitals), which is replaced by a burning sensation. Itching and papular rash in the joints. Excoriations, especially on the skin around the joints. Dry, itchy eruption, like scabies.

Dry skin, itching and discomfort where the itching has been suppressed by Merc, or Sul. Brown or burgundy or reddish patches of herpetic eruptions on the skin. Ring-shaped peeling (annular herpes). Moist, crusty herpetic eruptions, with itching and burning. Boils and boils with bloody contents. Congestion of blood to the lymph nodes. fibrous seals.

Swollen skin with deep fissures. Vesicular rash resembling pemphigus. Itching, burning and sharp shooting pain and burning, or sometimes painless ulcers (over the joints and on the tips of the fingers and toes). Calluses causing shooting pains. Nail deformity. Liver spots. Warts: on the neck, with keratinization in the center; small; itchy; flat on the hands and face; large, dense warts that have a granular surface; dark and painless (large keratinized wart on abdomen).

Dream- Extreme sleepiness during the day or desire to go to bed early in the evening. Coma sleep every third day. The patient sleeps late; complains that he cannot sleep; sleeps long in the morning; often wakes up at night; sleepy in the morning; insomnia before midnight; drowsiness without sleep. Wakes up at 3 am and cannot go back to sleep. Sleeplessness due to overexcitation. Wakes up early and lies awake for long periods. Frequent awakenings for no apparent reason. Superficial sleep with great "boiling" of blood, constant tossing, fantastic, disturbing, frightening dreams.

Often shudders and cries out in fright in sleep. The sleeper seems to be called by name. Unrefreshing sleep; in the morning there is a feeling as if the patient did not get enough sleep. Sweet dreams. Talking, crying and twitching of limbs during sleep. Delirium at night. Wandering pains, anguish and feverish heat with excitement all over the body, toothache, colic, cough, and many other nightly complaints.

Fever- At night the pulse is well filled and fast, then intermittent; slow during the day. The speed of the pulse increases with movement and with anger. Pulsation of all blood vessels. Trembling (chillness) with pain. Sensation of coldness in parts. Lack of vitality. Frequent shivering, especially when outdoors in the evening; with any movement. Hot flushes occur at regular intervals, especially in the afternoon and evening, while sitting or in the open air, usually accompanied by thirst or redness of the face. (Transient) flushes of heat, especially when sitting or walking in the open air, also when angry or having an important conversation.

Attacks of heat with thirst (and trembling). Thirst is worse during chill than during fever. Prolonged heat with reddening of the face and intense thirst. Fever with thirst, trembling, pain in the limbs, icy coldness in the hands and feet, and numbness of the fingers. increased sweating; the patient sweats easily; separate parts of the body may sweat; sweating is accompanied by anxiety and restlessness; sweat with a sour or offensive odor. Internal chill with external heat. Sweats while sitting. Profuse sweat on slightest movement (more after than during exercise). Only the upper part of the body perspires. Night sweat, sometimes cold (on chest, back and thighs). Sweats in the morning, sometimes sweat has a sour smell. Intermittent fever followed by intense heat and semi-consciousness, followed by profuse sweating.

Latin name Cephalopoda

Cephalopods General characteristics

The most highly organized animals among invertebrates. This is a relatively small group (about 730 species) of marine predators whose evolution is associated with shell reduction. Only the most primitive four-gill mollusks have an external shell. The rest of the two-gill cephalopods, capable of fast and long movements, have only rudiments of the shell, which play the role of internal skeletal formations.

Cephalopods are usually large animals, their body length is at least 1 cm. Among deep-sea forms, there are giants up to 18 m. Pelagic cephalopods (squids) have a streamlined body shape (similar to a rocket), they move the fastest. At the rear end of their body there are fins - movement stabilizers. Benthic forms - octopuses - have a sac-like body, the front end of which forms a kind of parachute due to the fused bases of the tentacles.

External structure

The body of cephalopods consists of a head and a body. The leg, which is characteristic of all mollusks, is greatly modified in them. The back of the leg turned into a funnel, a conical tube leading to the mantle cavity. The funnel is located behind the head on the ventral side of the body. It is the organ by which molluscs swim. In a cephalopod of the genus Nautilus, which has retained many of the most ancient features of the structure of cephalopods, the funnel is formed by folding into a tube a leaf-shaped leg, which has the usual wide sole. At the same time, the wrapping edges of the leg do not grow together. Nautiluses either slowly crawl along the bottom with their feet, or rise and swim slowly, carried by the currents. In other cephalopods, the funnel lobes are primarily separate, while in adult animals they fuse into a single tube.

Around the mouth are tentacles, or arms, which are seated with several rows of strong suckers and have powerful muscles. It turns out that the tentacles of cephalopods, like the funnel, are homologues of part of the leg. In embryonic development, the tentacles are laid on the ventral side behind the mouth from the leg bud, but then move forward and surround the mouth opening. The tentacles and infundibulum are innervated by the pedal ganglion. The tentacles of most cephalopods are 8 (in octopuses) or 10 (in decapods), in primitive molluscs of the genus Nautilus - up to 90. The tentacles serve to capture food and move; the latter is characteristic mainly of benthic octopuses, which walk along the bottom on their tentacles. The suckers on the tentacles of many species are armed with chitinous hooks. In decapods (cuttlefish, squids), two out of ten tentacles are much longer than others and are seated at the widened ends with suckers. These are tentacles.

Mantle and mantle cavity

The mantle covers the entire body of cephalopods; on the dorsal side it fuses with the body, on the ventral side it covers an extensive mantle cavity. The mantle cavity communicates with the external environment through a wide transverse slit located between the mantle and the body and running along the front edge of the mantle behind the funnel. The wall of the mantle is very muscular.

The structure of the muscular mantle and funnel is a device with which cephalopods swim, and move forward with the posterior end of the body. This is a kind of "rocket" engine. In two places on the inner wall of the mantle at the base of the funnel there are cartilaginous protrusions called cufflinks. When the musculature of the mantle contracts and presses against the body, the front edge of the mantle, with the help of cufflinks, is, as it were, “fastened” to the recesses at the base of the funnel and the gap leading to the mantle cavity closes. In this case, water is forced out of the mantle cavity through the funnel. The body of the animal is thrown back by a push some distance back. This is followed by relaxation of the muscles of the mantle, the cufflinks are “unfastened” and water is sucked through the mantle gap into the mantle cavity. The mantle contracts again and the body receives a new push. Thus, the contraction and stretching of the mantle muscles that quickly follow each other alternately make it possible for cephalopods to swim at high speed (squids). The same mechanism creates the circulation of water in the mantle cavity, which ensures respiration (gas exchange).

The gills are located in the mantle cavity, having the structure of typical ctenidia. Most cephalopods have one pair of ctenidia, and only the nautilus has 2 pairs. This is the basis for the division of the class of cephalopods into two subclasses: two-gill (Dibranchia) and four-gill (Tetrabranchia). In addition, the anus, a pair of excretory openings, genital openings and openings of the nidamental glands open into the mantle cavity; in the nautilus, osphradia are also placed in the mantle cavity.

Sink

Most modern cephalopods do not have a shell at all (octopuses) or it is rudimentary. Only the nautilus has a well-developed thin shell. It should be borne in mind that the nautilos genus is very ancient, having changed very little since the Paleozoic. The shell of a nautilus is twisted spirally (in the plane of symmetry) onto its head. Inside, it is divided into chambers by partitions, and the body of the animal is placed only in the front part, the largest chamber. From the back of the body of the nautilus, a process of a siphon departs, which passes through all the partitions to the top of the shell. With the help of this siphon, the chambers of the shells are filled with gas, which reduces the density of the animal.

Modern bibranch cephalopods are characterized by an underdeveloped internal shell. The most complete spiral shell is preserved only in the small mollusk spirula, which leads a benthic lifestyle. In the cuttlefish, the shell leaves a wide and thick porous calcareous plate lying on the dorsal side under the mantle. It has a supporting function. In squids, the shell is represented by a narrow dorsal chitinoid plate. Some octopuses have two conchiolin sticks under the mantle. Many cephalopods have completely lost their shells. Shell rudiments play the role of skeletal formations.

In cephalopods, for the first time, an internal cartilaginous skeleton appears, which has protective and supporting functions. The bibranchs have a cartilaginous head capsule surrounding the central nervous system and statocysts, as well as cartilage of the bases of the tentacles, fins, and cufflinks of the mantle. The four-gills have a single cartilage that supports the nerve centers and the anterior end of the digestive system.

Digestive system

The mouth is at the front end of the body and is always surrounded by a ring of tentacles. The mouth leads into a muscular pharynx. It is armed with powerful horny jaws, similar to the beak of a parrot. The radula is located at the back of the pharynx. The ducts of one or two pairs of salivary glands open into the pharynx, the secret of which contains digestive enzymes.

The pharynx passes into a narrow long esophagus, which opens into a sac-like stomach. In some species (for example, in octopuses), the esophagus forms a lateral protrusion - goiter. The stomach has a large blind appendage into which the ducts of the usually bilobed liver open. The small (endodermic) intestine departs from the stomach, which makes a loop, heading forward, and passes into the rectum. The rectum, or hindgut, opens with an anus, or powder, in the mantle cavity.

The duct of the ink sac flows into the rectum before the powder. This pear-shaped gland secretes an inky liquid, which is ejected through the anus and creates a dark cloud in the water. The ink gland serves as a protective device that helps its owner to hide from persecution.

Respiratory system

The gills, or ctenidia, of cephalopods are arranged symmetrically in the mantle cavity in one or two pairs. They have a feathery structure. The epithelium of the gills is devoid of cilia, and the circulation of water is provided by rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the mantle.

Circulatory system

The heart of cephalopods usually consists of a ventricle and two atria, only the nautilus has four. Two aortas depart from the ventricle - the head and abdominal, branching into a number of arteries. Characteristic of cephalopods great development arterial and venous vessels and capillaries, which pass into each other in the skin and muscles. The circulatory system becomes almost closed, the lacunae and sinuses are less extensive than in other mollusks. Blood from the organs is collected through the venous sinuses into the vena cava, which form blind protrusions protruding into the walls of the kidneys. Before entering the ctenidium, the afferent gill vessels (vena cava) form muscular extensions, or venous hearts, which pulsate and promote blood flow to the gills. Enrichment of blood with oxygen occurs in the capillaries of the gills, from where arterial blood enters the atria.

Cephalopod blood blue color, since its respiratory pigment - hemocyanin - contains copper.

Secondary body cavity and excretory system

In cephalopods, as in other molluscs, there is a reduction in the secondary body cavity, or coelom. The most extensive coelom, containing the heart, stomach, part of the intestine and gonads, is found in primitive four-branched cephalopods. In decapods, the coelom is more strongly reduced and is represented by two separate areas - pericardial and genital; in the eight-legged bibranchs, the pericardial coelom contracts even more and contains only the pericardial glands, while the heart lies outside the coelom.

The excretory organs are represented by two or four kidneys. They usually begin as funnels in the pericardial cavity (in some forms, the kidneys lose contact with the pericardium) and open with excretory openings in the mantle cavity, on the sides of the powder. The kidneys are closely associated with blind protrusions of the venous vessels, through which filtration and removal of metabolic products from the blood takes place. The pericardial glands also have an excretory function.

Nervous system

Bibranch cephalopods surpass the height of the organization of the nervous system of all invertebrates. All the ganglia characteristic of these mollusks converge and form the brain - a common nerve mass surrounding the beginning of the esophagus. Separate ganglia can only be distinguished on cuts. There is a division of paired pedal ganglia into tentacle ganglia and infundibulum ganglia. From the back of the brain, nerves depart, innervating the mantle and forming two large stellate ganglia in its upper part. The buccal ganglia give off sympathetic nerves that innervate the digestive system.

The primitive four-gill nervous system is simpler. It is represented by three nerve semirings, or arcs - supraesophageal and two subesophageal. Nerve cells are distributed on them evenly, without forming ganglionic clusters. The structure of the nervous system of four-gills is very similar to that of chitons.

sense organs

In cephalopods, they are highly developed. Tactile cells are located throughout the body, they are especially concentrated on the tentacles.

The olfactory organs of the two-gills are special olfactory pits, and only the nautilus, that is, the four-gills, have osphradia.

All cephalopods have complex statocysts located in a cartilaginous capsule surrounding the brain.

The most important role in the life of cephalopods, especially in hunting for prey, is played by eyes, very large and of great complexity. The most simple are the eyes of the nautilus. They represent a deep eye fossa, the bottom of which forms the retina.

The eyes of bibranch cephalopods are much more complex. The eyes of a cuttlefish have a cornea, an iris, a lens, a vitreous body, and a highly developed retina. The following structural features of the cephalopod eye are noteworthy. 1. Many molluscs have a small hole in the cornea. 2. The iris also forms a hole - the pupil leading to the anterior chamber of the eye. The pupil can contract and expand. 3. A spherical lens formed by two fused halves is not able to change curvature. Accommodation is achieved with the help of special eye muscles that remove or bring the lens closer to the retina, as is done when focusing the lens of a photographic camera. 4. The retina consists of a huge number of visual elements (per 1 mm 2 of the retina there are 105,000 in cuttlefish, and 162,000 visual cells in squid).

The relative and absolute size of the eyes in cephalopods is larger than in other animals. So, the eyes of a cuttlefish are only 10 times less than the length of its body. The diameter of the eye of a giant octopus reaches 40 cm, and that of a deep-sea squid is about 30 cm.

Reproductive system and reproduction

All cephalopods are dioecious, and some have very pronounced sexual dimorphism. An extreme example in this regard is the wonderful octopus mollusk, the boat (Argonauta argo).

The female boat is relatively large (up to 20 cm) and has a shell of a special origin, not homologous to the shell of other mollusks. This shell is distinguished not by the mantle, but by the leg lobes. The shell is thin, almost transparent and spirally twisted. It serves as a brood chamber in which eggs are hatched. The male boat is many times smaller than the female and does not have a shell.

The gonads and genital ducts in most cephalopods are unpaired. Females are characterized by the presence of two or three paired and one unpaired nidamental glands that secrete a substance from which the egg shell is formed. In males, spermatozoa are enclosed in spermatophores of various shapes.

Of great interest is the method of fertilization in cephalopods. They do not actually mate. In sexually mature males, one of the tentacles is strongly modified, it turns into a hectocotylized tentacle, or hectocotyl. With the help of such a tentacle, the male takes spermatophores from his mantle cavity and transfers them to the mantle cavity of the female. In some cephalopods, especially in the boat (Argonauta) described above, the hectocotylized tentacle has a complex structure. After filling the tentacle with spermatophores, it breaks off and swims on its own, and then climbs into the mantle cavity of the female, where fertilization occurs. Instead of the detached hectocotyl, a new one regenerates.

Large cephalopod eggs are laid in groups on various underwater objects (under stones, etc.). Eggs are covered with a dense shell and are very rich in yolk. Cleavage is incomplete, discoidal. Development is direct, without metamorphosis. A small mollusc comes out of the egg, similar to an adult.

Classification

The class of cephalopods (Cephalopoda) is divided into two subclasses: 1. Tetrabranchia; 2. Double gill (Dibranchia).

Subclass Tetrabranchia

This subclass is characterized by the presence of four gills and a large outer shell, divided by partitions into many chambers. The subclass is divided into two orders: 1. Nautilids (Nautiloidea); 2. Ammonites (Ammonoidea).

Nautilids in modern fauna are represented by only one genus - Nautilus, which includes several species. They have a very limited distribution in the southwestern part Pacific Ocean. Nautilids are characterized by many features of a more primitive structure: the presence of a shell, an unfused funnel leg, the remains of metamerism in the form of two pairs of gills, kidneys, atria, etc. Nautilids have survived little changed to our time since the Paleozoic. These living fossils are the remains of a once rich fauna of four-gilled cephalopods. Up to 2500 fossil species of nautilids are known.

Ammonites are a completely extinct group of four-gill mollusks that also had a spirally twisted shell. Over 5,000 fossil ammonite species are known. The remains of their shells are common in Mesozoic deposits.

Subclass Dibranchia

The subclass of bibranchs is characterized by an internal reduced shell (or its absence); their respiratory organs are represented by two gills. The subclass is divided into two orders: 1. Decapods (Decapoda); 2. Octopus (Octopoda).

Order Decapods (Decapoda)

For decapods, the presence of 10 tentacles is most characteristic, of which 2 are trapping, many retain a rudiment of a shell. Representatives are cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), various types of fast-swimming squids from the genus Ommatostrephes (hundreds of herring chasing shoals), from the genus Loligo, etc.

Decapods already existed in the Triassic, and they had an inner, but more developed shell. Often found in Mesozoic deposits with devil's fingers "are the remains of the back of the shell of the Mesozoic decapod belemnites (Belemnoidea) - pelagic animals resembling squid in shape.

Order Octopus (Octopoda)

Unlike decapods, these are predominantly benthic animals, with eight tentacles, devoid of a shell. Representatives are different types of octopuses, as well as Argonauta and others.

The most important representatives of the class of cephalopods and their practical significance

Modern cephalopods are an essential part of marine and oceanic fauna. They are distributed mainly in the southern seas and in seas with a fairly high salinity. In Russia, most of the cephalopods are in the Far Eastern seas. There are also cephalopods in the Barents Sea. Cephalopods do not live in the Black and Baltic Seas due to the low salinity of these seas. There are cephalopods at very different depths. Among them are many deep-sea forms. Being predators, cephalopods feed on various marine animals: fish, crustaceans, mollusks, etc. Some of them cause great harm, destroying and spoiling shoals of valuable commercial fish. Such, for example, are the Far Eastern squid Ommatostrephes sloani pacificus.

Among cephalopods there are very large forms, up to 3-4 m and more. The largest known cephalopod is the deep-sea squid (Architeuthis dux), a decapod squid. This real giant among cephalopods, and indeed among invertebrates, reaches a length of 18 m, with a length of tentacles of 10 m and a diameter of each tentacle of 20 cm. We know about such giants, which, unfortunately, have not yet been caught in a living form, we know from their remains. found in the stomachs of dead toothed whales - sperm whales. Many toothed whales feed on cephalopods, as well as other predators of the seas: sharks, pinnipeds (seals), etc.

Cephalopods are also eaten by humans. So, cuttlefish and octopuses are eaten by the population of the Mediterranean countries. In many countries, cuttlefish and squid are the subject of fishing.