Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1" - the history of creation and description. Anti-aircraft missile system "beech Installation beech characteristics radius of destruction

The Buk-M2E medium-range air defense system belongs to the 3rd generation systems (according to NATO codification SA-17 "Grizzly"). Due to the use in this model of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays, the number of simultaneously tracked air targets has increased to 24. The introduction of an illumination and guidance radar with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of up to 21 m, into the air defense complex, ensured an increase in the effectiveness of the complex in combating low flying targets.

The lead manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system is OJSC Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The lead developer of design documentation for the main combat assets and the Buk-M2E complex as a whole is Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the SOC - the target detection station 9S18M1-3E - was carried out by OAO NIIIP (Novosibirsk).

The Buk-M2E complex is a modern multi-purpose medium-range air defense system, which is highly mobile. This anti-aircraft missile system is able to ensure the successful solution of combat missions in any situation, even in the face of active radio countermeasures from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic targets, the SAM is able to deal with a wide range of missiles: cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-radar missiles, special air-to-surface missiles. It can also be used to destroy sea surface targets of the missile boat or destroyer class. Also, the complex is able to provide shelling of ground-based radio-contrast targets.

The automated control of the conduct of combat operations of the Buk-M2E complex is carried out using the command post (CP), which receives necessary information about the air situation from a target detection station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP). The command post is engaged in the transmission of control and target designation commands to 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled firing unit (SDA) with 4 missiles and the 1st launcher-charging unit (ROM) attached to it, and 1 illumination and guidance radar (RPN) can also be included in the battery.

The shelling of air targets accompanied by the complex is carried out both with the help of single and salvo launches of missiles. The Buk-M2E air defense system uses high-performance anti-aircraft guided missiles with a solid-propellant rocket engine, which have combat equipment flexibly adaptable to various types of targets. The use of these missiles allows you to confidently hit air targets in the entire range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km in range, from 0.015 to 25 km in height. At the same time, missiles are able to provide a flight altitude of up to 30 km, and a flight range of up to 70 km.

The Buk-M2E air defense system uses the 9M317 SAM. This missile uses an inertial-corrected control system, which is supplemented by a bow semi-active Doppler radar homing head 9E420. The warhead of the rocket is rod, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the affected area by fragments is 17 m. Max speed rocket flight - up to 1230 m / s, withstanding overload - up to 24g. The total weight of the 9M317 SAM is 715 kg. The rocket uses a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine. Its wing span is 860 mm. The rocket has a high level of reliability. A fully equipped and assembled rocket does not require any adjustments or checks throughout its entire service life, which is 10 years.

The complex uses modern phased antenna arrays (PAR), which have an effective command control method, which allows the air defense system to simultaneously track up to 24 different air targets that can be hit with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the probability of hitting an aircraft that does not perform evasive maneuvers is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their ability to carry out effective work on missiles. "Buk-M2E" is able to effectively destroy such targets with an effective reflected surface (ERP) at a level of up to 0.05 m2 with a probability of hitting at a level of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of the hit ballistic missiles is up to 1200 m/s.

The destruction of enemy cruise missiles and other targets, for example, drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes in difficult and rough and wooded terrain, is provided by the air defense system due to the presence in its composition of a special illumination and guidance radar (RPN), equipped with an antenna post, raised to a height of 21 m.

The placement of combat assets of the Buk-M2E air defense system on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheeled ones can also be used) provides the ability to quickly collapse and deploy the complex, this standard fits into 5 minutes. To change position with all the equipment turned on, the complex takes no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. On the highway, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at speeds up to 65 km / h, on dirt roads - 45 km / h. The cruising range of combat vehicles included in the complex is 500 km.

At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense system is an all-day air defense system. The main combat weapon of the complex - SOU - operates in the all-day mode through the use of an optoelectronic system, which is built on the basis of a CCD-matrix television and sub-matrix thermal imaging channels. The use of these channels can significantly increase the survivability and noise immunity of the complex.

The Buk-M2E air defense system is able to operate in a variety of climatic zones; at the request of the customer, the vehicles are equipped with air conditioners. combat vehicles complex without any restrictions (in terms of distance and speed) can be transported by all modes of transport: rail, water, air.

The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria acted as the starting customer for this complex, the contract was concluded in 2007 and is estimated at $1 billion. All complexes under this contract have already been delivered.

Specifications

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Since the end of the seventies, one of the main means of military air defense has been anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk family. To date, several modifications of such equipment have been created and put into service, which are still in use and will retain their place in the troops in the near future.

SAM 9K37 "Buk"

The development of new anti-aircraft systems of the Buk family began in accordance with the decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972. The resolution determined the organizations involved in the project and the main requirements for it. According to the first terms of reference, the advanced air defense system was supposed to replace the existing 2K12 Kub complex in the troops. In addition, it was required to create a missile suitable for use both as part of the Buk complex and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The promising anti-aircraft complex was intended to equip military air defense, which affected the requirements for it. The developers were required to mount all the units of the complex on a self-propelled chassis and provide the ability to work in the same battle formations with tanks and other armored vehicles. The complex was supposed to deal with aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 800 m / s at low and medium altitudes at ranges up to 30 km. It was also required to ensure the possibility of hitting a target maneuvering with an overload of up to 10-12 units and using electronic countermeasure systems. In the future, it was planned to "teach" the complex to deal with operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

Self-propelled firing system of the complex "Buk-M1"

The Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) was chosen as the lead developer of the 9K37 Buk air defense system. In addition, a number of other organizations were involved in the project, including NPO Fazotron of the Ministry of Radio Industry and the Machine-Building Design Bureau Start. A.A. was appointed chief designer of the entire anti-aircraft complex. Rastov. The creation of the command post of the complex was led by G.N. Valaev, who was later replaced by V.I. Sokiran. The self-propelled firing system was developed under the guidance of V.V. Matyasheva, and the head of work on the semi-active homing head was I.G. Hakobyan. Employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments headed by A.P. were involved in the creation of a detection and target designation station. Vetoshko (later this work was supervised by Yu.P. Shchekotov).

It was planned to complete all work on the creation of the 9K37 complex by mid-1975. However, in the spring of 1974, it was decided to divide the work on the project into two independent areas. In accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974, it was necessary to continue the creation of a new air defense system in two stages. First, it was necessary to bring the new 3M38 missile and self-propelled firing system (SOU) to mass production. At the same time, the latter should have been able to use the existing 9M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex, as well as be built using the components of the existing system.

It was assumed that already in the fall of 1974, the 9K37-1 Buk-1 complex would be tested, and the development of a “full-fledged” 9K37 air defense system based on new components would continue according to the previously established schedule. A similar approach to the creation of new anti-aircraft systems was supposed to ensure the earliest possible start of production and deliveries new technology, capable of significantly increasing the combat potential of ground forces units.

The 9K37 complex included several main components. To monitor the air situation, it was proposed to use the detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome", to launch missiles it was necessary to use a self-propelled firing system (SOU) 9A310 and a launcher-charging installation (ROM) 9A39. The coordination of the actions of the complex was to be carried out by the command post 9S470. The means of defeating targets was an anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM) 9M38.

Launcher-loader 9A39 of the Buk complex

SOC 9S18 "Kupol" was a self-propelled vehicle on a tracked chassis, equipped with a three-coordinate coherent-pulse radar designed to monitor the situation and issue data on targets to the command post. An electrically driven rotary antenna was installed on the roof of the base chassis. The maximum target detection range reached 115-120 km. In the case of low-flying targets, this parameter was seriously reduced. Thus, an aircraft flying at an altitude of 30 m could only be detected from a distance of 45 km. The SOC equipment had the ability to automatically tune the operating frequency to maintain performance when the enemy used active interference.

The main task of the Kupol station was to search for targets and transmit data to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 s, 75 marks were transmitted. The 9S470 command post was made on the basis of a self-propelled chassis and equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing information and issuing target designation to launchers. The calculation of the command post consisted of six people. For this, the 9С470 machine was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post made it possible to process reports of 46 targets at ranges up to 100 km and altitudes up to 20 km in one SOC survey period. Provided issuance of firing installations of information about six targets.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be the 9A310 self-propelled gun mount. This machine was a further development of the 9A38 SOU of the Buk-1 complex. A rotary launcher with four guides for missiles and a set of special electronic equipment was installed on a self-propelled tracked chassis. In front of the launcher there was a target tracking radar, also used to guide missiles.

To transport additional ammunition and charge the SOU, the Buk air defense system included the 9A39 launcher-loader. This tracked vehicle is designed to carry eight missiles and reload the SOU 9A310 launcher. The missiles were transported on four fixed cradles and a special launcher. Depending on the situation, the calculation of the machine could reload missiles from the launcher to the SDA or launch independently. At the same time, however, due to the lack of its own tracking radar, external target designation was required. A special crane was provided for reloading missiles.

The 9M38 rocket was made according to a single-stage scheme. She had a cylindrical body of high elongation with an ogive head fairing. In the middle part of the hull, X-shaped wings of small elongation were provided, in the tail - rudders of a similar design. The rocket with a launch weight of 690 kg and a length of 5.5 m was equipped with a semi-active radar homing head, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a dual-mode solid-propellant engine. In order to avoid a change in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was placed in the central part of the body and equipped with a long gas duct nozzle.

Scheme ZUR 9M38

The new anti-aircraft missile system 9K37 "Buk" made it possible to attack targets at ranges up to 30 km and altitudes up to 20 km. The reaction time was 22 s. It took about 5 minutes to get ready. A missile accelerating in flight to 850 m/s could hit a fighter-type target with a probability of up to 0.9. The defeat of a helicopter with one missile was provided with a probability of up to 0.6. The probability of destroying the cruise missile of the first missile did not exceed 0.5.

Joint tests of the new air defense system started in November 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. The Emba test site became the test site. During the tests, the combat work of the complex was practiced in various conditions and for various conditional targets. In particular, regular means (SOTS 9S18) or other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was found that the new 9K37 air defense system has a number of important advantages over existing equipment. The composition of the SOC and SDA electronic equipment ensured greater reliability of target detection due to simultaneous monitoring of the air situation. A complex with six 9A310 machines could simultaneously attack up to six targets. At the same time, the possibility of simultaneously performing several combat missions at the expense of their own equipment of self-propelled firing systems was not ruled out. Updated equipment composition various elements complex, including missiles, provided greater noise immunity. Finally, the missile carried a warhead of greater weight, which made it possible to increase the probability of hitting the target.

According to the results of tests and improvements, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. As part of the air defense of the ground forces, the new systems were used as part of anti-aircraft missile brigades. Each such formation included one brigade command post from the Polyana-D4 ACS, as well as four divisions. The division had its own command post 9S470, a detection and target designation station 9S18 and three batteries with two SOU 9A310 and one ROM 9A39 in each. In addition, the brigades had communications, technical support and maintenance units.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1" / "Kub-M4"

In connection with the need to start re-equipping the air defense units of the ground forces in 1974, it was decided to develop a simplified version of the 9K37 complex, built using existing components and assemblies. It was assumed that the new air defense systems, called 9K37-1 Buk-1, would be able to supplement the existing Kub-M3 systems in the troops. So, each of the five batteries of the regiment was supposed to have a new self-propelled firing system 9A38 of the Buk-1 complex.

Launcher-charging installations

Calculations showed that the cost of one 9A38 vehicle would be about a third of the cost of all other battery assets, but in this case it would be possible to ensure a noticeable increase in combat capabilities. The number of target channels of the regiment could be increased from 5 to 10, and the number of missiles ready for use grew from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units with the help of new combat vehicles fully paid off.

In terms of its architecture, the 9A38 SOU differed little from the 9A310 machine. A turntable with a launcher and a 9C35 detection, tracking and illumination radar station was mounted on a tracked chassis. The SAU 9A38 launcher had interchangeable guides for using two types of missiles. Depending on the situation, combat mission and available resources, the complex could use new 9M38 missiles or 9M9M3 available to the troops.

State tests of the 9K37-1 air defense system started in August 1975 and were carried out at the Emba training ground. The tests used the new SOU 9A38 and existing machines of other types. Targets were detected using the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit of the Kub-M3 complex, and the missiles were launched from the 9A38 and 2P25M3 SOU. Rockets of all available types were used.

During the tests, it was found that the 9S35 radar of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system is capable of independently detecting air targets at distances up to 65-70 km (at altitudes of at least 3 km). When flying a target at an altitude of no more than 100 m, the maximum detection range was reduced to 35-40 km. At the same time, the actual target detection parameters depended on disabilities equipment from the Kub-M3. Combat characteristics, such as the range or height of the target, depended on the type of missile used.

SOU complex "Buk-M1"

The new 9K37-1 air defense system as part of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile was put into service in 1978. As part of the adoption, the Buk-1 complex received a new designation. Since the SOU and the rocket were actually only an addition to the existing means of the Kub-M3 complex, the complex using the 9A38 machine received the designation 2K12M4 Kub-M4. Thus, the 9K37-1 air defense system, being a simplified version of the Buk complex, was formally assigned to the previous Cube family, which at that time was the basis of the air defense systems of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

On November 30, 1979, a new resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued, which required the development new version SAM "Buk". This time it was necessary to raise combat characteristics complex, as well as to increase the level of protection against interference and anti-radar missiles. By the beginning of 1982, the organizations involved in the development of the project had completed the creation of updated elements of the complex, due to which it was planned to increase the main parameters of the system.

In the Buk-M1 project, it was proposed to upgrade the on-board equipment of several vehicles, which made it possible to improve their performance. At the same time, the modernized complex did not have significant differences from the existing one. Thanks to this, various machines from the Buk and Buk-M1 air defense systems were interchangeable and could work as part of one unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex were finalized. The Buk-M1 air defense system was supposed to use the upgraded SOC 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 to detect targets. On a tracked chassis, it was now proposed to mount a new radar station with a phased antenna array. In order to increase the degree of unification of air defense systems, it was decided to build the Kupol-M1 station based on the GM-567M chassis, similar to that used in other elements of the complex.

9S18M1 detection and target designation station of the Buk-M1 complex

To process information received from the SOC, it was now proposed to use the updated 9S470M1 command post with a new set of equipment. The modernized command post ensured the simultaneous reception of data from the SOC of the complex and from the air defense command post of the division. In addition, a training mode was provided, which made it possible to train the calculations of all the means of the complex.

The self-propelled firing system 9A310M1 of the Buk-M1 air defense system received an updated tracking and illumination radar. Due to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the target capture range by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing aerodynamic and ballistic targets has been increased to 0.6. To increase the noise immunity, the SDA had 72 lettered backlight frequencies, i.e. twice as much as the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations affected the combat effectiveness of the complex. While maintaining the general parameters of the range and height of hitting targets, as well as without using a new missile, the probability of hitting an enemy fighter with one missile increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, and a similar parameter for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

From February to December 1982, the upgraded 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system was tested at the Emba training ground. The checks showed a noticeable increase in the main characteristics in comparison with the existing complexes, which made it possible to adopt the new system into service. The official adoption of the complex by the air defense forces of the ground forces took place in 1983. Serial production of modernized equipment was carried out at enterprises that had previously participated in the construction of the Buk complexes of the first two models.

Command post 9S470 of the Buk-M1-2 complex

Serial equipment of a new type was operated in anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. The elements of the Buk-M1 complex were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization of individual facilities of the complex, staff organization anti-aircraft units did not change. In addition, if necessary, the simultaneous use of machines of the Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in the same units was allowed.

The Buk-M1 air defense system was the first system of its family to be offered to foreign customers. The complex was supplied to foreign armies under the name "Ganges". For example, in 1997, several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the repayment of public debt.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

Back in the late eighties, the development of an updated air defense system of the Buk family was completed with new missile 9M317, which received the designation 9K317 "Buk-M2". Due to the new guided munition, it was planned to significantly increase the range and height of target destruction. In addition, the use of a number of new equipment installed on different machines of the complex should have affected the characteristics of the system.

Unfortunately, the economic situation in the country did not allow the adoption of a new complex in the late eighties or early nineties. The issue of updating the equipment of air defense units was eventually resolved at the expense of the "transitional" complex "Buk-M1-2". At the same time, the development of the 9K317 system continued. Work on the updated project "Buk-M2" and its export version "Buk-M2E" continued until the middle of the 2000s.

SOU complex "Buk-M2"

The main innovation of the Buk-M2 project was the new 9M317 guided missile. The new SAM differed from the 9M38 in wings of shorter length, a modified hull design and a starting weight of about 720 kg. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the maximum firing range to 45 km. The maximum flight altitude of the attacked target has increased to 25 km. To expand the combat capabilities of the hull, the rocket received the ability to turn off the remote fuse with the detonation of the warhead at the command of the contact. A similar mode of operation is proposed for the use of missiles against ground or surface targets.

The 9K317 complex received an updated type 9A317 self-propelled gun based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. The general architecture of the firing plant has remained the same, but the new machine is being built on the basis of a modern element base and new equipment. As before, the JMA is capable of independently finding and tracking the target, launching the 9M317 missile and tracking its trajectory, making adjustments if necessary using the radio command system.

SOU 9A317 is equipped with a tracking and illumination radar station with a phased antenna array. The station is capable of tracking targets in a sector 90° wide in azimuth and from 0° to 70° in elevation. Provides target detection at ranges up to 20 km. In tracking mode, the target can be within a sector 130° wide in azimuth and from -5° to +85° in elevation. The station simultaneously detects up to 10 targets and can provide a simultaneous attack of four.

To improve the characteristics of the complex and ensure operation in difficult conditions, the self-propelled firing system has an optoelectronic system with day and night channels.

Launcher-loader of the complex "Buk-M2"

The Buk-M2 complex can be equipped with two types of launcher-loader. A self-propelled vehicle based on the GM-577 chassis and towed with an automobile tractor has been developed. The overall architecture remains the same: four missiles are located on the launcher and can be launched or reloaded on the SDA. Four more are transported on transport cradles.

The modernized complex included a new command post 9С510 based on the GM-579 chassis or on a towed semi-trailer. Command post automation can receive information from surveillance equipment and track up to 60 routes simultaneously. It is possible to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. The reaction time does not exceed 2 s.

The main means of target detection as part of the Buk-M2 air defense system is the SOC 9S18M1-3, which is a further development of the family systems. The new radar is equipped with a phased array antenna with electronic scanning and is capable of detecting air targets at ranges up to 160 km. Modes of operation are provided that ensure the detection of targets when the enemy uses active and passive interference.

In the composition of the self-propelled / towed vehicles of the Buk-M2 complex, it was proposed to introduce the so-called. target illumination and missile guidance station. New car 9С36 is a caterpillar chassis or a towed semi-trailer with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Such equipment allows you to raise the phased array antenna to a height of up to 22 m and thereby improve the performance of the radar. Due to the relatively high altitude, targets are detected at ranges up to 120 km. According to the characteristics of tracking and guidance, the 9S36 station corresponds to the radar of self-propelled firing vehicles. It provides tracking of 10 targets and simultaneous firing of 4.

All innovations and changes in the composition of the complex have significantly improved its characteristics. The maximum target interception range is declared at the level of 50 km, the maximum height is 25 km. longest range achieved when attacking non-maneuvering aircraft. The interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles can be carried out at ranges up to 20 km and altitudes up to 16 km. There is also the possibility of destroying helicopters, cruise and anti-radar missiles. If necessary, the calculation of the air defense system can attack surface or radio-contrast ground targets.

Radar for target illumination and guidance of 9S36 missiles of the Buk-M2 complex. Antenna raised to working position

The first version of the 9K317 project was developed back in the late eighties, but the difficult economic situation did not allow the new air defense system to be put into service. The operation of this complex in the troops began only in 2008. By this time, the air defense system had undergone some improvements, which made it possible to further improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous economic and political problems prevented the adoption and production of the new 9K317 air defense system. For this reason, in 1992, it was decided to develop a simplified "transitional" version of the complex, which would use some elements of the Buk-2, but would be simpler and cheaper. A similar version of the air defense system received the designations "Buk-M1-2" and "Ural".

The modernized Ural air defense system includes several updated vehicles, which are a further development of older types of equipment. To launch missiles and illuminate the target, the 9A310M1-2 SOU was proposed, working in conjunction with the 9A38M1 launcher-loader. SOC remained the same - the Buk-M1-2 complex was supposed to use the 9S18M1 station. Auxiliary facilities of the complex have not undergone major changes.

In order to increase the secrecy of work and, as a result, survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks to be solved, the self-propelled firing system received the ability to passively find the target. For this, it was proposed to use a television-optical sight and a laser rangefinder. Such equipment should have been used when attacking ground or surface targets.

The modernization of various elements of the complex and the creation of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target firing zone. In addition, the probability of hitting an aerodynamic or ballistic target with a single missile has increased. There was a full-fledged opportunity to use the 9A310M1-2 SOU as an independent air defense system capable of finding and destroying air targets without outside help.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system was adopted by the Russian army in 1998. Subsequently, several contracts were signed for the supply of such equipment to domestic and foreign customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

In the second half of the 2000s, an export version of the Buk-M2 complex was presented under the designation 9K317E Buk-M2E. It is a modified version of the basic system, which has some differences in the composition of electronic and computing equipment. Due to some improvements, it was possible to improve some indicators of the system, primarily related to its operation.

SOU "Buk-M2E" on a wheeled chassis

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the base one are the modernization of electronic equipment, carried out with the widespread use of modern digital computers. Due to the high performance, such equipment allows not only to perform combat missions, but also to work in a training mode for the preparation of calculations. Information about the operation of systems and the air situation is now displayed on liquid crystal monitors.

Instead of the original teleoptical viewfinder, a tele-thermal imaging system was introduced into the surveillance equipment. It allows you to find and take on automatic tracking of a target at any time of the day and in any weather conditions. Communication facilities, equipment for documenting the operation of the complex and a number of other systems were also updated.

The self-propelled firing machine of the 9K317E complex can be built on a tracked or wheeled chassis. A few years ago, a variant of such a combat vehicle based on the MZKT-6922 wheeled chassis was presented. Thanks to this, a potential customer can choose a chassis that fully meets his requirements for the mobility of air defense systems.

SAM "Buk-M3"

A few years ago, the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family was announced. SAM 9K37M3 "Buk-M3" should be a further development of the family with enhanced performance and combat capabilities. According to some reports, it was proposed to fulfill the requirements by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 complex with new modern digital equipment.

Estimated appearance of the Buk-M3 missile launcher

According to reports, the means of the Buk-M3 complex will receive a set of new equipment with improved performance. Combat qualities are planned to be improved through the use of a new missile in combination with a modified self-propelled firing system. Instead of an open launcher, the new SOU should receive lifting mechanisms with mounts for transport and launch containers. The new 9M317M missile will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Among other things, such changes in the complex will increase the ready-to-use ammunition load.

The available photo of the Buk-M3 missile defense system shows a vehicle based on a tracked chassis with a turntable, on which two swinging packages with six missile containers are fixed on each. Thus, without a radical reworking of the design of the SOU, it was possible to double the ammunition load ready for firing.

Detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 air defense system are still unknown. Domestic media, citing unnamed sources, reported that the new 9M317M missile would allow attacking targets at ranges up to 75 km and hitting them with one missile with a probability of at least 0.95-0.97. It was also reported that until the end current year the Buk-M3 experimental complex must pass the entire set of tests, after which it will be put into service. Serial production and delivery of new equipment to the troops, thus, can begin in 2016.

According to rumors, the domestic defense industry intends to continue the development of Buk anti-aircraft missile systems. The next air defense system of the family, according to some sources, may receive the designation "Buk-M4". It is too early to talk about the characteristics of this system. To date, apparently not even defined General requirements To her.

According to the websites:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
http://pvo.guns.ru/
http://nevskii-bastion.ru/
http://vz.ru/
http://lenta.ru/

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Today we will talk about such a type of weapons as Buk missile systems. This article has nothing to do with politics, so we will consider the purely technical side of the issue. Let's try to figure out a little what this self-propelled army is, let's get acquainted with its tactical and technical characteristics, firing range, in short, with all its abilities. So, before us is the Buk installation.

The beginning of the story

First you need to decide on the purpose of this installation. It consists in the destruction of aerodynamic targets flying at medium and low altitudes at speeds up to 830 m / s, maneuvering with 12-unit overloads and at a distance of up to 30 kilometers. In accordance with the well-known Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and dated January 13, 1972, they began to develop it. A team of developers and manufacturers, who had previously participated in the creation of the Kub air defense system, was involved in this. Along with this, they appointed the development of the M-22 complex, called "Hurricane", for the Navy using a missile that is fully compatible with the Buk.

Developers

The following were identified as developers: the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, as well as the scientific and design association, which has the name "Fazotron". Rastov A. A. was appointed chief designer of this complex. The launcher-loader was created at the Machine-Building Design Bureau "Start", where Yaskin A.I. was the head. Tracked chassis, unified for the machines of the complex, were developed by the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, which was led by Astrov N.A. The Sverdlovsk Design Bureau "Innovator" was instructed to develop 9M38 missiles. The detection station and, of course, target designation "Kupol" was created at the Research Institute of Measuring and Precision Instruments of the Ministry of Radio Industry. In order for the Buk installation to fully function, a set of maintenance and technical support facilities was developed on an automobile chassis. Completion of the preparatory phase was scheduled for the second quarter of 1975.

Change of plans

By the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of May 22, 1974, in view of the need for an early strengthening of air defense with the build-up of the Kub regiments that are part of these divisions, it was ordered to create the Buk complex in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to quickly develop a guided anti-aircraft missile and a self-propelled firing system of the complex, which could launch 9M38 missiles, as well as 3M9M3 missiles of the already existing Kub-M3 complex. Then, on this base, the Buk, a new-generation missile system, was to be created. And in September 1974, ensure its participation in joint tests. But, regardless of this, the previously appointed deadlines had to be fully respected.

Self-propelled fire mount 9A38

It was mounted on the GM-569 chassis, and in one installation it combined the functions of a self-propelled launcher and SURN, which were used in the Kub-M3. The created 9A38 installation provided a high-quality search in a given sector, performed detection and subsequent capture of targets for automatic tracking. She also solved the problems before the launch, launch and homing of the three missiles that were located on it, and the other three 3M9M3-guided missiles from the 2P25M3 launcher associated with it.

The firing unit could operate both from the SURN and autonomously. Its weight is 34 tons. The Buk air defense system consisted of: radar 9s35; computing digital system; optical-television sight; starting devices with power servo drive; radar ground interrogator, which operates in the "Password" system; equipment with SPU and SURN; gas turbine generator; equipment for orientation, topographic reference and navigation; life support systems.

Functions of the 9S35 radar station

By the time described, significant progress has been made in terms of creating quartz and electromechanical filters, microwave devices, digital computers, which made it possible in 9S35, which is part of the Buk complex, to combine the functions of illumination, detection and target tracking stations. It used two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation, she herself worked in the centimeter wave range. One transmitter detected and tracked targets, the other illuminated targets and guided anti-aircraft missiles.

The antenna system carried out the search by sectors, the processing of the received signals was performed by the central computer using the electromechanical method. The transition time for 9S35, part of the Buk air defense system, from standby to combat was less than twenty seconds. The speed of the targets was determined with an accuracy of +10 to -20 m/s, which ensured their selection in a moving state. Possible errors: the root-mean-square when measuring the angular coordinates was 0.5 d.c., the maximum in range was 175 meters. The station was protected from all active, combined and passive interference.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

In this rocket, which is part of the Buk air defense system, a solid-propellant dual-mode engine was used. Due to the complexity of mining, they abandoned the use of direct-flow. In addition, he had a lot of resistance in some, mostly passive, sections of the trajectory and, at a large angle of attack, was unstable in operation. For these reasons, the deadline for the creation of the Kub air defense system was disrupted. The scheme of the rocket was normal, standard, X-shaped, with a low elongation wing. At first glance, its appearance resembled anti-aircraft missiles of the US-made "Tartar" and "Standard" ship families, which fully complied with the size restrictions for the Soviet Navy.

In front of the 9M38, there was an autopilot equipment, a semi-active HMN, a warhead and power. The rocket did not have parts that separated in flight, its length was 5.5 meters, its diameter was 400 millimeters, and the steering span was 860 millimeters. It was equipped with a homing head, which had a combined control system using proportional navigation. "Buk" - a missile system with such a missile - could hit targets flying at an altitude of 25 meters to 20,000 and a range of three and a half to 32 kilometers, its speed was 1000 m / s. The rocket had a weight of 685 kg, including 70 kg of the warhead.

Tests of the Buk installation

The Buk installation from August 1975 to the end of October of the next, 1976, passed state tests. Bimbash P.S. led them, and they were carried out on the territory of the Emba training ground. As you can see, the Buk installation (its photo is presented in the review) consisted of: 1S91M3 SURN, 9A38 firing system, 3M9M3 and 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, as well as maintenance vehicles. As a result, some amendments were made: the detection range of helicopters was 21-35 kilometers at low altitudes, aircraft - 32-41 km.

The time from the moment the target was detected was 24-27 seconds. Charging time, as well as discharge - nine minutes. The defeat of the aircraft with the 9M38 missile was ensured: at a distance of 3.5-20.5 km - at a flight altitude of more than 3000 meters, 5-15.5 km - at a height of 30 meters. in terms of the course parameter it was 18.5 km, in height - from 30 m to 14.5 km. The probability of fire damage is 0.70-0.93 when launching one rocket. In 1978, the Buk-1 (Kub-M4) installation was put into service.

Characteristics of the Buk, command post

We have now learned a lot of details about the weapons we are considering. It's time to group the most basic in one place. So, before us is the Buk complex. The characteristics of his combat means are as follows. 9S470 - a command post installed on the GM-579 - provided display, reception and processing of all data coming from the target designation and detection station, as well as six 9A310 - self-propelled firing systems.

He ensured the selection of the necessary dangerous targets and their correct distribution in manual and automatic modes between firing self-propelled installations, assigned them responsible sectors and many other important activities. The Buk complex, thanks to the CP, works normally when using missiles against radar and with interference. The command post can process 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20,000 m in a zone with a radius of 100,000 m. Up to six target designations were issued in one station survey cycle. 28 tons - the mass of the KP, given from six people.

Target designation and detection station "Kupol"

We continue the conversation about what the Buk installation is. The characteristics of the “Dome” are the next stage of its consideration. This station has an electronic beam scanning in elevation in a 30-40 degree sector with a mechanical rotation of the antenna along a given azimuth. The purpose of the 9S18 is to detect and identify targets in the air at an altitude of 30 meters to 45.5 kilometers, at a distance of up to 120 kilometers. Then information about the situation in the air is transmitted to the CP 9S470. Depending on the set sector and the presence of interference, the viewing speed is 5-18 seconds with a circular view and 2.5-4.5 seconds with a 30-degree sector view. The received information was transmitted over the telecode line during the review period, which is 4.5 seconds, in the amount of 75 marks. Protection against aiming, response, non-synchronous impulse noise was also developed.

Also, regardless of the presence of barrage noise interference, the detection of a fighter located at an altitude of up to 5,000 meters was ensured. The “dome”, which is part of the Buk anti-aircraft complex, in turn, consisted of a rotary device, an antenna post, an antenna tracking device, a receiving device, a transmitting device and other systems. The station went into combat position in five minutes from the marching position, from the duty position - in 20 seconds.

Differences between firing systems 9A310 and 9A38

The first installation differed from the second (“Buk-1”) in that it communicated via telecode line not with the self-propelled launcher 2P25M3 and with SURN 1S91M3, but with the ROM 9A39 and the command post 9S470. Also, the 9A310 had four 9M38 guided anti-aircraft missiles on its launcher, rather than three. It was loaded in 12 and a half minutes from a ROM and 16 minutes from a transport supply vehicle. Weight - 32.4 tons, including four people of the combat crew. The width of the self-propelled launcher is 3.25 meters, the length is 9.3 meters, and the height is 3.8 meters. Let's look further at what the Buk complex consists of. Photos will help us in this, as always.

9A39 - launcher-loader

This ROM was installed on the GM-577 chassis. Its purpose is the storage and transportation of guided anti-aircraft missiles - eight pieces, four of which were on fixed cradles, four - on the launcher. It was also intended for launching four guided missiles, their further self-loading from their cradles, and subsequent self-loading of eight missiles from a transport support vehicle. Thus, the Buk is a missile system that combined in one ROM the functions of the self-propelled launcher of the earlier Kub complex and the TZM.

It included: a starting device with a servo drive, lodgements, a crane, a digital computer, telecode communication equipment, navigation, topography references, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation is 35.5 tons, including the calculation of three people, dimensions: width - 3.316 meters, length - 9.96 meters, and height - 3.8 meters.

Possibilities of the air defense system "Buk"

This complex had higher combat, external and operational characteristics compared to the Kub-M4 and Kub-M3 complexes. Even if you just look at what the Buk installation is like, a photo of its weapons, then any person will understand all its power, which provided:

Conclusion

According to the results of modeling and testing, it was determined that the firing range of the Buk launcher is from 3 to 25 kilometers at an altitude of up to 18 kilometers and a speed of up to 800 m/s. In this case, high-quality shelling of targets that do not maneuver was ensured. The probability of defeat was 0.7-0.8 when one guided missile was fired and the course parameter was up to 18 km. If the target is maneuvering, then the probability of hitting is 0.6. The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces in 1980. Since that moment, it has been modernized several times in order to increase combat capabilities and security.

Specially for "Defend Russia" Chief Editor website and blog "Vestnik PVO" Said Aminov delved into the analysis of generations of domestic air defense systems and talked about what kind of anti-aircraft missile systems "Buk" are.

Unfortunately, we did not see the latest Buk-M3 air defense system live - self-propelled firing systems and launchers of the Buk-M2 air defense system were walking in festive columns. But the image of the Buk-M3 complex has already officially appeared not only on corporate calendar Concern VKO "Almaz-Antey", but also on the cover of the book "Tikhomirov's Constellation", published on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the V.V.

The Buk is, indeed, a complex that consists of a number of elements: a self-propelled firing system, a launcher-loader, an air target detection radar, a command post and a number of technical machines. It can successfully function in the complex of these machines and devices.

Cube

NIIP was the developer of one of the massive anti-aircraft missile systems of the Kub ground forces, which was not only actively exported to the allied countries of the USSR, but also underwent baptism of fire in the Middle East in the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. As its developers note, the Kub (aka Kvadrat for export) air defense system perfectly demonstrated its capabilities in that war, but its shortcomings were also revealed. During the hostilities between Israel and Lebanon in the Bekaa Valley in 1982, in a few days of hostilities, guided bombs destroyed 9 self-propelled reconnaissance and missile guidance systems (SURN) of the Syrian Kub air defense system.

In 1970, the USSR Ministry of Defense issued an order for the creation of a new generation complex, which received the name "Buk". When shaping the appearance of the new air defense system, experience was taken into account combat use"Cubes". Basically, the combat capability of the Kubov battery depended on one SURN 1S91, which also had restrictions on the height of target detection - 7 km. In the event of a malfunction or incapacitation by the enemy, all four 2P25 launchers became useless. Given this, the new Buk provided for the presence of a self-propelled firing system with four missiles and a radar station, which not only provided target illumination, but could also survey the airspace. In addition, a separate powerful Kupol radar station was introduced into the new complex, which had twice the detection range of air targets than in the Kub air defense system.

Another lesson in the combat use of the Kub air defense system was the fact that the Kub battery of four launchers with 12 missiles was destroyed by the enemy during the battle after the ammunition was used up, and reloading launchers with TZM2T7 in battle conditions was impossible. Therefore, as part of the new complex, it was decided to provide the possibility of firing directly from the means of transporting reserve ammunition - this is how a new unit of the complex, a launcher-loader, appeared. It has no analogues abroad. The ROM provided not only the reloading of two SOUs, but also, if necessary, could launch four missiles from its launcher, and then replenish it with four other missiles from the lower tier.

Photo: Vestnik PVO

The decision to develop the 9K37 Buk complex was adopted on January 13, 1972. At the same time, NPO Altair was given the task of creating a shipborne air defense system M-22 Uragan for the Navy using a single anti-aircraft missile with the Buk complex.

The development of the complex was carried out by NIIP. The chief designer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was A.A. Rastov, G.N. Valaev (later V.A. Rastov, then V.I. Sokiran) was responsible for the creation of the command post 9С470, V.V. .Matyashev (hereinafter Yu.I. Kozlov), semi-active homing head 9E50 - I.G. Akopyan, missile control loop - L.G. Voloshin, maintenance and repair vehicles - V.A. Roslov.

The launcher-loader was created in the Design Bureau "Start" of the USSR Minaviaprom under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin (hereinafter - G. M. Murtashin). A unified tracked chassis for combat units of the complex was developed at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine Plant under the leadership of N.A. Astrov (hereinafter V.V. Egorkin). The 9S18 radar detection and target designation station was created at NIIIP (Novosibirsk) under the leadership of A.P. Vetoshko (then - Yu.P. Shchekotov).

At the beginning, the developer of the 3M9 missile of the Kub air defense missile system, the Vympel Design Bureau, was working on the 3 M9-M40 solid-propellant rocket (chief designer A.L. Lyapin). Per short term design and technical documentation was issued, 10 missiles and a launch container mounted on an all-terrain vehicle were manufactured. In October-December 1965, five missile launches were carried out at site No. 1 in Faustovo (Moscow region, now GKNIPAS) with their self-destruction within the range. However, the Vympel Design Bureau focused its efforts on creating air-to-air missiles, and the task of creating the 9M38 missile defense system for the Buk was assigned to the Sverdlovsk Design Bureau Novator under the leadership of L.V. Lyulyev. The Novator Design Bureau had experience in creating missiles for army air defense systems - the long-range (for its time) Krug air defense system was equipped with a missile created by L.V. Lyulyev.

It was planned to complete the work on the creation of the Buk complex in the second quarter of 1975. However, the deadlines could not be met. The development of a self-propelled firing system was ahead of work on other means of air defense systems and on a rocket. Taking into account the actual state of work on the complex, as well as the need to strengthen air defense ground forces, it was decided to break the work on the Buk air defense system into two stages. Initially, it was envisaged to rapidly develop an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled firing system capable of using both new 9M38 missiles and old 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create a "transitional" air defense system 9K37-1 "Buk-1", which was planned to be transferred for joint testing in September 1974. At the second stage, it was supposed to create a full-fledged Buk air defense system.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned that each of the five anti-aircraft batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and four self-propelled launchers, should have one 9A38 self-propelled firing unit. Thus, due to the introduction of the SOU into the complex, the number of target channels of the regiment increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.

The structure of the SOU included a starting device with power servo drives, a 9S35 radar station, supplemented by a television-optical sight with a ground-based radar interrogator, a digital computer system, telecode communication equipment with SURN from the Kub-M3 air defense system and wired connection with SPU. The 9A38 self-propelled firing system had a launcher with interchangeable rails for either three 3 M9 M³ SAMs or three 9M38 SAMs. The mass of the SOU with a combat crew of four was 35 tons.

Technological progress in the field of microwave devices, element base, as well as digital computers made it possible to create a 9S35 radar with the functions of a station for detecting, tracking and highlighting a target. The station operated in the centimeter range of radio waves.

For an anti-aircraft missile, a 9E50 radar homing head was developed.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 complex passed state tests at the Emba test site. The tests were led by a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.

On tests of the autonomous operation of a self-propelled firing system, the detection range of aircraft was confirmed from 65 to 77 km at altitudes above 3000 m. At low altitudes, the detection range was reduced to a range of 32 to 41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were spotted from a distance of 21 to 35 km.

With a centralized mode of operation, due to limitations in the operation of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation, the detection range of aircraft was reduced to 44 km for altitudes from 3000 to 7000 m and to 21-28 km for low altitudes.

The operating time (the period from target detection to missile launch) of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode was 15-20 seconds. Reloading the complex with three 9M38 missiles is about 15 minutes.

The defeat of aircraft at altitudes of more than 3000 m was provided at a distance of 3.4 to 20.5 km. The affected area in height ranged from 30 m to 14 km, according to the heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 missile is from 0.70 to 0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978 under the designation 2K12M4 "Kub-M4", instead of the previously used name "Buk-1". The reason was the fact that the SOU 9A38 and SAM 9M38 are only additions to the Kub-M3 air defense system.

Appeared in military air defense the Kub-M4 complexes significantly increased the effectiveness of the air defense of the tank divisions of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army.

Serial production of the 9A38 SOU was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, 9A38 missiles - at the Dolgoprudny Machine-Building Plant, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.

Beech

Joint tests of the Buk complex in full-time were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba training ground. It should be noted that the careful development of the complex’s means during the period of autonomous tests, as well as a significant degree of continuity with the Kub-M4 air defense system, led to the fact that during the factory, as well as joint tests with the Ministry of Defense, no fundamental problems were identified. The complex fully met the specified tactical and technical requirements. In 1979, the Buk complex was adopted by the Soviet army. In 1980, the development was awarded the State Prize of the USSR.

The command post of the 9S470 complex, which is part of the Buk air defense system and located on the GM-579 chassis, provided for the reception and processing of information about targets coming from the 9S18 detection and target designation station, as well as from six 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, and from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade " Beech "(" "). The command post processed messages about 46 targets moving at altitudes up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km, for a cycle of review of the detection and target designation station. He gave out to self-propelled firing installations up to six target designations with an accuracy of 1 degree in angular coordinates and 400-700 m in range. The work of the command post was extremely automated. All information was processed by the Argon-15 digital computer. The mass of a self-propelled command post with a combat crew of six did not exceed 28 tons.

Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" centimeter range with electronic beam scanning in a given sector in elevation (30 or 40 degrees) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) antenna rotation in azimuth (by means of electric - or hydraulic) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges up to 110-120 km (45 km at a target flight altitude of 30 m). The SOC provided the transmission of radar information about the air situation to the KP 9S470.

The 9A310 self-propelled firing system, located on the GM-568, differed in its purpose and design from the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) air defense system 9A38 in that it was interfaced with the 9S470 gearbox and the 9A39 launcher-loader using a telecode line , and not with the self-propelled 1S91M2 and 2P25M2 developed for the Kub complex. And most importantly, not three, but already four 9M38 missiles were located on the new self-propelled firing system. The time for transferring the SDA from traveling to combat position did not exceed 5 minutes, and from standby mode to work mode (for example, after changing position with the equipment turned on) - no more than 20 s. The mass of a self-propelled firing system with missiles and a crew of four did not exceed 35 tons.

Placed on the GM-577 chassis, the 9A39 launcher-loader (ROM) served for the transportation and storage of eight missiles (four each on the launcher and on fixed cradles); launch of four missiles; self-loading of its launcher with four missiles from the lodgements; self-loading eight missiles from a transport vehicle; loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. The mass of the ROM with a calculation of three people was 35.5 tons.

Compared with the predecessors "Kub-MZ" and "Kub-M4" ("Buk-1"), the Buk complex achieved a significant improvement in combat and operational characteristics:

• the division simultaneously fired at six targets and could perform up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
• the joint operation of the detection and target designation station with the division's self-propelled firing systems increased the reliability of target detection;
• a new on-board computer for the homing head and an algorithm for generating a backlight signal increased noise immunity;
• SAM received a combat unit of increased power.

Serial production of combat means of the Buk air defense system was carried out by the same cooperation as in the case of the Kub-M4 complex. 9A39 launchers were produced at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant. M.I. Kalinin, and self-propelled firing systems 9A310, detection and target designation stations 9S18 and KP9S470 - at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant.

Buk-M1

Simultaneously with the adoption of the Buk complex, its modernization began. In accordance with the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979, work was carried out to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of its electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. The new complex was supposed to have increased destruction boundaries, an expanded range of targets to be hit, among which were low-altitude cruise missiles of the ALCM and Tomahawk types, hovering attack helicopters.

For the new complex, the Design Bureau of Dolgoprudnensky NPP developed an improved 9M38M1 rocket. At the same time, an increased flight range was provided, the duration of the inertial section was increased, and the accuracy of pointing at a maneuvering target was improved. The 9E50M1 homing head adapted better to flight conditions, interference conditions, and the type of target being fired.

A fundamentally new target type recognition system (airplane, helicopter, ballistic missile) with the transfer of relevant information to the radio fuse of the rocket to ensure the moment of optimal detonation of the warhead.

With regard to the Buk-M1, a set of measures was developed to effectively deal with hovering helicopters - a very difficult goal for both ground defense systems and fighter aviation. During field tests conducted in February-December 1982, it was found that the modernized Buk-M1 complex, compared to the Buk, provides large area destruction of aircraft, capable of shooting down cruise missiles of the ALCM and Tomahawk type with a probability of being hit by one missile of at least 0.4, and highly maneuverable relatively "compact" and well-protected combat helicopters type "Hugh-Cobra" - with a probability of 0.6-0.7 at a distance of 3.5 to 6-10 km.

The radar of the modernized air defense system received 32 lettered illumination frequencies (instead of 16 for the Buk), which contributed to increased protection against mutual and deliberate interference.

SOU 9A310M1 compared with the previous one ensured the detection and capture of a target at a distance of up to 85 km, and auto tracking - at 75 km.

The complex included a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1" with a flat goniometric headlight, placed on a tracked chassis GM-567M, of the same type (unlike the station "Kupol") with other tracked means of the division.

Buk-M1 was put into service in 1983, and since 1985 its serial production has been launched.

Buk-M2 and Buk-M1−2

Simultaneously with the start of work on a small modernization of the complex, which was implemented in the Buk-M1 air defense system, NIIP launched work on a more advanced version of the Buk-M2 complex. The third generation complex provided for the creation of a multi-channel air defense system capable of simultaneously firing up to 24 targets. This necessitated the introduction of combat means radar complex with a phased antenna array (PAR) and providing an intermittent illumination mode.

In the new complex, a significant expansion of the zone of destruction of targets in range and height was achieved. Due to the use of a phased antenna array, one self-propelled unit could simultaneously hit four targets (the Buk-M1 self-propelled gun - only one). The air defense system had greater information content, increased noise immunity and a number of other advantages that ensured its significant superiority over foreign counterparts.

In addition to the improved 9M317 missile, created at the Design Bureau of the DNPP, and a self-propelled firing system with a phased array, the complex also received a new combat weapon - a radar for target illumination and missile guidance (RPN). The transceiver module of this station, also located on the self-propelled GM-562, in its working position, by means of a special telescopic mast, rose to a height of 21 m, which significantly expanded the capabilities of the complex to combat low-flying aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles. The range of destruction of targets flying at extremely low altitudes has increased by 1.5-2 times.

By the Decree of the Central Committee of October 18, 1990, the Buk-M2 air defense system on a tracked chassis was put into service, and the deadlines for its serial development were set.

Practically next, joint tests of the modernized complex "Buk-M2-1" - "Ural", located on a wheelbase (cross-country vehicles "KrAZ" and trailers of Chelyabinsk production), intended for the country's air defense forces, were completed. According to the plan of the then Air Defense Commander-in-Chief I.M. Tretyak, the Ural towed air defense system was supposed to be integrated with air defense systems of the type, which was supposed to form a very effective echelon system designed to defend large state facilities (Moscow, Leningrad and other key political and economic centers of the country) . Unfortunately, the collapse of the USSR, a sharp reduction in funding for the armed forces and industry did not allow the launch of new complexes in a series.

Of the entire composition of the combat means of the Buk-M2 air defense system in the 90s, only the 9M317 SAM was mass-produced. The missile was developed and manufactured by the Dolgoprudnensky Research and Production Enterprise as an interspecific one: for the SV air defense air defense system and for the Shtil-1 ship air defense system. The presence of a new missile allowed the IIP to initiate the modernization of the Buk-M1 air defense system by introducing a new missile from the Buk-M2 complex. The Main Rocket and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense supported the idea: conducting such an R&D with minimal use of budgetary funds made it possible to obtain a significant increase TTX of the complex- in particular, the possibility of using not only in air defense systems, but also in tactical missile defense systems and in coastal defense.

The complex, called "Buk-M1−2", was created in the most difficult years for the defense industry, when the main task for almost all enterprises was not development and technical re-equipment, but survival in the current conditions.

R&D "Buk-M1−2" was carried out by the former cooperation: NIIP ( CEO- V.V. Matyashev, at the final stage of development Yu.I. Bely, chief designer of the air defense system - E.A. Pigin), Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (general director - V.V. Abanin), DNPP (general director - G.P. Yezhov, general designer- V.P. Ektov), ​​M Research Institute "Agat" (general director and general designer - I.G. Akopyan), NPP "Start" (general director - G. M. Muratshin), MZiK (general director - N.V. .Klein).

Given the meager state funding, the co-executing enterprises created a new complex at the expense of export earnings under contracts for the supply of the Buk-M1 air defense system to Finland and the modernization of the Kvadrat air defense system (the export name of the Kub air defense system) in Egypt. As a result, in the most difficult years for the domestic defense industry, an air defense system unique in its characteristics was created, which at that time had no analogues in world practice in terms of combat use. Having retained the composition of combat assets similar to the Buk-M1 complex, the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, unlike its predecessor, ensures the defeat of tactical, ballistic and aviation missiles, as well as firing at surface and radio-contrast ground targets.

The zone of destruction of aerodynamic targets of the modernized air defense system has been expanded to 25 km in height and up to 42-45 km in range. Provided a doubling of the channel when hitting a target in the "coordination support" mode. The probability of hitting enemy aircraft increased from 0.80‑0.85 to 0.90‑0.95. The command post of the Buk-M1−2 air defense system was integrated with the control post of the short-range air defense system "", which made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the mixed anti-aircraft group.

It is important to note that the documentation for the modernization was made in such a way that the factory brigades, directly in the troops, could modify the Buk-M1 to the Buk-M1-2 at a minimum cost. In 1998, by order of the Minister of Defense No. 515 dated November 21, 1998, the Buk-M1-2 air defense system was adopted by the Russian army.

Only in the early 2000s, when the defense industry began to receive the first orders, the question arose again about the mass production of the third-generation Buk-M2 air defense system. Unfortunately, over the past 15 years after its development, many component suppliers ceased to exist or ended up abroad, and the element base has changed significantly. NIIP and the head manufacturer Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant did a great job of establishing new cooperation, replacing components and introducing new technologies and materials. For example, the basis of the computing facilities of the complex was replaced from the now foreign supplier of the Argon-15 on-board computer (Chisinau) to the domestic Baguette-type computers.

As a result, the Buk-M2 air defense system began to enter service with the Russian army. Since 2008, the complex has been participating in parades on Red Square. At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense system received a high international recognition. Currently, an export contract is being executed for the supply of a complex on a tracked chassis to Syria. In the process of carrying out marketing work by Rosoboronexport to promote the Buk-M2E air defense system to the foreign market, several foreign customers expressed their desire to purchase complexes, but not on a tracked base, but on a wheeled one. Such work was carried out by NIIP together with UMP and NPP Start. A tractor manufactured by the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant (MZKT) was chosen as the base wheeled vehicle. The wheeled version of the air defense system passed all types of tests and was delivered to the first customer - Venezuela. A number of far-abroad countries are next in line.

In 2013, the serial development of the Buk-M2 air defense system was awarded the prize of the government of the Russian Federation.

Buk-M3

The decision to create a new modification of the complex, which received the Buk-M3 index, was made by the Ministry of Defense in 1990. Defense industry enterprises were left to their own devices, and only those who could find export contracts survived. The products of NIIP were well known in the world, which helped the institute to survive a long period of reforms and continue new developments. From the side of the Ministry of Defense and the GRAU, funding did not stop, although insufficient. The main thing was the understanding of the need to preserve a unique school, which has half a century of experience in the development of medium-range air defense systems for the air defense of the Ground Forces.

Despite the difficult conditions that made the development of the Buk-M3 air defense system the longest in the history of NIIP, in 2011 the work was completed with successful launches as part of state tests. At present, the complex is being finalized according to the plan to eliminate the comments received during the CSI process, and the State Armaments Program provides for its serial launch. According to media reports, the Buk-M3 air defense system should begin to enter the troops from the end of 2015.

The main features of the complex compared to its predecessor: increased channel capacity, increased range, a significant increase in noise immunity, placement of missiles in transport and launch containers, an increase in 1.5 times the ammunition capacity of missiles on the SOU (now there are 6 of them). According to media reports, a new 9M317ME missile was developed at the Dolgoprudnensky Research and Production Enterprise, unified for the Buk-M3 land complex and the Shtil-1 ship air defense system with a vertical launch installation. The missile in these complexes will be placed in transport and launch containers. In the ship version, the rocket launch will be vertical, in the land version it will be inclined.

The Buk-M3 complex will hit air targets operating at speeds up to 3,000 meters per second and altitudes of 0.015-35 km. In addition, the Buk-M3 anti-aircraft division will have 36 target channels. These data were given by the head of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Lieutenant-General Alexander Leonov, in his interview with the Ekho Moskvy radio station in December 2013.

The new complex will significantly increase firepower. NPP "Start" created a new system of the complex - a self-propelled launcher with 12 missiles. There are no analogues among the Buk-M3 medium-range air defense systems abroad.

According to materials:
The constellation of Tikhomirov. 60 years of the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirova . OOO Publishing Group Bedretdinov & Co. , M., 2014
Anti-aircraft missile systems air defense SV. Technique and armament "No. 5-6, 1999.

Said Aminov

During the Second World War, the main enemy of tanks on the battlefield was enemy artillery or armored vehicles, but soon the situation changed dramatically and enemy aircraft became one of the main enemies of tanks. The threat from the air has especially increased with the appearance of combat helicopters over the battlefield. These vehicles have become real "tank hunters". In October 1973, eighteen Israeli Air Force Cobra helicopters destroyed ninety Egyptian tanks in one sortie without losing a single helicopter.

It became clear that the air defense forces should not only, as before, cover settlements and stationary objects, but also to cover their troops on the march. The Soviet military very quickly came to understand this fact. Work on the creation of MANPADS was intensified, and at the end of the 50s, the development of the Kub self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system began in the USSR. Its main task was to protect ground forces, including tank formations, from enemy aircraft and helicopters operating at medium and low altitudes. The complex was put into service in 1967. But already at the beginning of 1972, a resolution was adopted ordering the development of a new self-propelled air defense system, which was supposed to replace the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. Thus began the creation of "Buk" - one of the most effective complexes air defense in the world.

The history of the creation of the Buk air defense system

The main enterprise-developer of the new air defense system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (this organization was engaged in the creation of "Cuba"). At the same time, work began on the development of the Uragan anti-aircraft complex for the needs of the Navy using a single missile.

The developers had to invest in a very short time, so the commissioning of the complex was divided into two stages. Initially, all forces were thrown into the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile (SAM) 9M38 and a self-propelled firing system (SOU). They became part of the batteries of the Kub complex and significantly increased its combat power. It was in this form that in 1978 the 2K12M4 Kub-M4 air defense system was adopted by the USSR Ground Forces.

The new upgraded "Cube" had much better technical characteristics: the number of target channels increased (from 5 to 10), the range and height of hitting air targets increased, and now the complex could destroy faster targets.

The second stage of the creation of a new air defense system involved the creation of an integral complex consisting of a 9A310 self-propelled launcher armed with new M938 anti-aircraft missiles, a 9S18 target detection station, a 9S470 command post and a 9A39 charging unit. In 1977, tests of the new air defense system began, which continued until 1979. The tests were successful, and the complex was put into service. He received the designation "Buk-1".

The new anti-aircraft missile system was intended to combat air targets at low and medium altitudes (25-18000 meters) and at a distance of 3 to 25 kilometers. The probability of hitting the target was 0.6. All elements of the complex are placed on unified tracked vehicles, increased cross-country ability.

Almost immediately after the adoption of the 9K37 air defense system, in 1979, work began on its modernization. They were completed in 1982, in the same year they successfully tested and the upgraded Buk-M1 air defense system was put into service. The new anti-aircraft missile system has been significantly improved a number of basic characteristics. The affected area was significantly increased, the probability of hitting cruise missiles and helicopters increased, and it became possible to recognize targets. In addition, the Buk-M1 has become much less vulnerable to anti-radar missiles.

The next stage of modernization of the Buk air defense system was experienced in the early 90s of the last century. A new 9M317 anti-aircraft missile was installed on the anti-aircraft complex, which had much more “advanced” characteristics compared to its predecessor (although the complex can also be armed with the standard 9M38M1 missile for the Buk). This missile hit air targets at an altitude of up to 25 kilometers and at a distance of up to 50. The new anti-aircraft missile system received the designation 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2". Work on the air defense system took place from 1993 to 1996. In 1998, the Buk-M1-2 was adopted by the Russian army. Also, the Buk-M1-2 complex provides for the introduction of a new component - a special vehicle with radar, which serves to illuminate targets and guide missiles. At the same time, the radar antenna is located on a telescopic lift, which raises it to a height of 22 meters. This additional element significantly increases the effectiveness of the air defense system, especially against low-flying, high-speed targets (cruise missiles).

Starting from the mid-80s, work was in full swing on another modification of the Buk complex, which was supposed to be able to fire at 24 air targets and have a much larger radius of destruction (up to 50 kilometers). This modification was named 9K317 Buk-M2. This modification was also planned to be equipped with the 9M317 rocket. In the 90s, tests of a new complex were carried out, however, due to the difficult situation in the country and in Russian economy, he never went into the series. Only fifteen years later, the Buk-M2 was finalized and began to be delivered to the troops only in 2008.

Currently, work is underway on the next modification of the legendary air defense system - 9K317M Buk-M3. He will be able to track and hit up to 36 targets simultaneously. The complex is planned to be equipped with a new missile with a radar guidance system. The complex will be able to successfully operate in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures. The new anti-aircraft missile system is planned to be put into service in 2015.

Description of the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk"

The Buk-M1 air defense system is designed to destroy army, tactical and strategic aircraft, fire support helicopters, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles. This complex is able to effectively withstand massive enemy air raids and reliably cover troops or military-industrial facilities. This complex can successfully operate in the conditions of electronic suppression and in all weather conditions. SAM "Buk-M1" has a circular radius of destruction of targets.

One Buk battery consists of six self-propelled launchers, three loading vehicles, a target detection station and a command post. The GM-569 tracked chassis is used as a base for all machines of the complex. It provides "Bukam" with high cross-country ability, maneuverability and speed of deployment of the complex. All systems of the complex have autonomous power supply.

The command post (CP) of the Buk complex is designed to control the operation of the complex. It can work in conditions of active use of electronic interference by the enemy. The command post can process information about 46 air targets, it receives and processes data from six SOA and a target detection station, as well as from other air defense units. The command post identifies air targets, determines the most dangerous of them, and gives a task to each SOA.

A target detection station (SOC) is a 9S18 Kupol radar operating in the centimeter range, capable of detecting air targets at an altitude of up to 20 and a range of up to 120 kilometers. The station has high level noise immunity.

The Buk-M1 self-propelled firing system (SOU) is equipped with four missiles and a 9S35 centimeter-range radar. The SOU is designed to search, track and destroy air targets. The installation has a digital computer system, communication and navigation equipment, a television-optical sight, and an autonomous life support system. The SOU can operate autonomously, without being tied to a command post and a target detection station. True, in this case, the affected area is reduced to 6-7 degrees in angle and 120 degrees in azimuth. The control system can perform its functions in the conditions of setting radio-electronic interference.

The charging installation of the Buk complex can store, transport and load eight missiles.

The complex is armed with anti-aircraft solid propellant single-stage missile 9M38. It has a radar guidance system with a semi-active principle of operation and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. On the initial stage flight correction is carried out by radio signals, and at the final - due to homing.

To destroy air targets, a warhead weighing 70 kilograms is used, which is detonated using a proximity fuse 17 meters from the target. The striking elements of the rocket are the shock wave and fragments. The length of the rocket is 5.5 meters, its largest diameter is 860 mm, the total weight is 685 kilograms. The rocket is equipped with a solid-propellant engine operating in two modes, with a total operating time of 15 seconds.

Specifications

To date, more than ten countries are armed with the Buk air defense system of various modifications. Negotiations are currently underway with several other countries. There are several export options complex. Further work is underway to modernize it.