Experienced anti-aircraft missile system MEADS. Ground-based air defense radars of NATO countries American missile defense system

Guided by aggressive aims, the military circles of the imperialist states pay great attention to weapons of an offensive nature. At the same time, many military experts abroad believe that in a future war, the participating countries will be subjected to retaliatory strikes. That is why these countries attach special importance to air defense.

Due to a number of reasons, the means of air defense designed to hit targets at medium and high altitudes. At the same time, the capabilities of means for detecting and destroying aircraft operating from low and extremely low altitudes (according to NATO military experts, the ranges of extremely low altitudes are from a few meters to 30 - 40 m; low altitudes - from 30 - 40 m to 100 - 300 m, medium altitudes - 300 - 5000 m; high altitudes - over 5000 m.), remained very limited.

The ability of aircraft to more successfully overcome military air defense at low and extremely low altitudes led, on the one hand, to the need for early radar detection of low-flying targets, and on the other hand, to the emergence of highly automated systems of anti-aircraft guided missile weapons (ZURO) and anti-aircraft artillery (ZA ).

The effectiveness of modern military air defense, according to foreign military experts, largely depends on equipping it with advanced radar facilities. In this regard, in recent years, many new ground-based tactical radars for detecting air targets and target designation, as well as modern highly automated ZURO and ZA systems (including mixed ZURO-ZA systems), equipped with both usually radar stations.

Tactical detection and target designation radars of military air defense, which are not directly included in anti-aircraft systems, are intended mainly for radar cover of areas where troops are concentrated and important objects. They are entrusted with the following main tasks: timely detection and identification of targets (primarily low-flying ones), determining their coordinates and the degree of threat, and then transmitting target designation data either to anti-aircraft weapons systems or to control posts of a certain military air defense system. In addition to solving these problems, they are used to target fighter-interceptors and bring them to their base areas in difficult meteorological conditions; the stations can also be used as control rooms in the organization of temporary airfields for army (tactical) aviation, and, if necessary, they can replace the disabled (destroyed) stationary radar of the zonal air defense system.

As the analysis of foreign press materials shows, general directions development of ground-based radars for this purpose are: increasing the ability to detect low-flying (including high-speed) targets; increasing mobility, reliability of operation, noise immunity, ease of use; improvement of basic performance characteristics(detection range, coordinate accuracy, resolution).

When developing new models of tactical radars, the latest achievements in various fields of science and technology are increasingly taken into account, as well as the positive experience gained in the production and operation of new radar equipment for various purposes. So, for example, increasing the reliability, reducing the weight and dimensions of tactical detection and target designation stations is achieved by using the experience in the production and operation of compact onboard aerospace equipment. Electrovacuum devices are almost never used in electronic assemblies (with the exception of cathode-ray tubes of indicators, powerful transmitter generators, and some other devices). Block and modular design principles with the involvement of integrated and hybrid circuits, as well as the introduction of new structural materials (conductive plastics, high-strength parts, optoelectronic semiconductors, liquid crystals, etc.) have found wide application in the development of stations.

At the same time, quite a long operation on large ground-based and shipborne radars of antennas that form a partial (multi-beam) radiation pattern, and antennas with phased arrays showed their undeniable advantages over antennas with conventional, electromechanical scanning, both in terms of information content (a quick overview of space in a large sector, definition of three target coordinates, etc.), as well as the design of small-sized and compact equipment.

In a number of samples of military air defense radars of some NATO countries ( , ), created recently, there has been a clear trend towards the use of antenna systems that form a partial radiation pattern in the vertical plane. As for antenna phased arrays in their "classic" design, their use in such stations should be considered a near future.

Tactical radars for detecting air targets and target designating military air defense are currently mass-produced in the USA, France, Great Britain, Italy, and some other capitalist countries.

In the United States, for example, in recent years, the following stations of this purpose have entered service with the troops: AN / TPS-32, -43, -44, -48, -50, -54, -61; AN/MPQ-49 (FAAR). In France, mobile stations RL-521, RM-521, THD 1060, THD 1094, THD 1096, THD 1940 were adopted, and new stations Matador (TRS 2210), Picador (TRS2200), Volex were developed. III (THD 1945), Domino series and others. In the UK, mobile radar systems S600, AR-1 stations and others are produced to detect low-flying targets. Several samples of mobile tactical radars were created by Italian and West German firms. In many cases, the development and production of radar equipment for the needs of military air defense is carried out by the combined efforts of several NATO countries. The leading position is occupied by American and French firms.

One of the characteristic trends in the development of tactical radars, which has become especially evident in recent years, is the creation of mobile and reliable three-coordinate stations. According to foreign military experts, such stations significantly increase the ability to successfully detect and intercept high-speed low-flying targets, including aircraft flying on terrain tracking devices at extremely low altitudes.

The first three-coordinate radar VPA-2M was created for military air defense in France in 1956-1957. After modification, it became known as THD 1940. The station operating in the 10-cm wavelength range uses the VT series antenna system (VT-150) with an original electromechanical irradiating and scanning device that provides beam sweep in the vertical plane and determination of three target coordinates at ranges up to 110 km. The station antenna forms a pencil beam with a width of 2° in both planes and circular polarization, which makes it possible to detect targets in adverse weather conditions. The accuracy of determining the height at the maximum range is ± 450 m, the sector of view in elevation is 0-30 ° (0-15 °; 15-30 °), the radiation power in the pulse is 400 kW. All station equipment is placed on one truck (transported version) or mounted on a truck and trailer (mobile version). The antenna reflector has dimensions of 3.4 X 3.7 m, for ease of transportation, it is disassembled into several sections. The block-modular design of the station has a low total weight (in a lightweight version, about 900 kg), allows you to quickly collapse the equipment and change position (deployment time is about 1 hour).

The design of the VT-150 antenna in various versions is used in many types of mobile, semi-stationary and shipborne radars. So, since 1970, the French mobile three-coordinate military air defense radar "Picador" (TRS 2200) has been in serial production, on which an improved version of the VT-150 antenna is installed (Fig. 1). The station operates in the 10-cm wavelength range in a pulsed radiation mode. Its range is about 180 km (for a fighter, with a detection probability of 90%), the altitude determination accuracy is approximately ± 400 m (at maximum range). The rest of its characteristics are slightly higher than those of the THD 1940 radar.

Rice. 1. Three-coordinate French radar station "Picador" (TRS 2200) with a VT series antenna.

Foreign military experts note the high mobility and compactness of the Picador radar, as well as its good ability to select targets against the background of strong interference. The electronic equipment of the station is made almost entirely on semiconductor devices using integrated circuits and printed wiring. All equipment and apparatus are placed in two standard container cabins, which can be transported by any means of transport. Station deployment time is about 2 hours.

The combination of two antennas of the VT series (VT-359 and VT-150) is used on the French Volex III (THD 1945) three-coordinate transportable radar. This station operates in the 10 cm wavelength range in a pulsed mode. To improve noise immunity, a method of working with a separation in frequency and polarization of radiation is used. The range of the station is approximately 280 km, the accuracy of determining the height is about 600 m (at maximum range), the weight is about 900 kg.

One of the promising directions in the development of tactical three-coordinate PJIC detection of air targets and target designation is the creation of antenna systems for them with electronic beam (beam) scanning, which form, in particular, a radiation pattern that is partial in the vertical plane. Azimuth survey is carried out in the usual way - by rotating the antenna in a horizontal plane.

The principle of formation of partial diagrams is used in large stations (for example, in the French radar "Palmier-G" system), It is characterized by the fact that the antenna system (simultaneously or sequentially) forms a multi-beam diagram in the vertical plane, the beams of which are located with some overlap on top of each other , thus covering a wide field of view (practically from 0 to 40-50 °). With the help of such a chart (scanning or fixed), accurate determination of the elevation angle (height) of detected targets and high resolution are provided. In addition, using the principle of forming beams with frequency spacing, it is possible to determine the angular coordinates of the target with greater certainty and to carry out more reliable tracking.

The principle of creating partial diagrams is being intensively introduced in the creation of tactical three-coordinate military air defense radars. An antenna that implements this principle is used, in particular, in the American tactical radar AN / TPS-32, the mobile station AN / TPS-43 and the French mobile radar "Matador" (TRS 2210). All these stations operate in the 10 cm wavelength range. They are equipped with effective anti-jamming devices, which allows them to detect air targets in advance against the background of strong interference and issue target designation data to control systems. anti-aircraft weapons.

The AN/TPS-32 radar antenna feed is made in the form of several horns arranged vertically one above the other. The partial diagram formed by the antenna contains nine beams in the vertical plane, and the radiation for each of them is carried out at nine different frequencies. The spatial position of the beams relative to each other remains unchanged, and by means of their electronic scanning a wide field of view in the vertical plane, increased resolution and determination of the target height are provided. A characteristic feature of this station is its interface with a computer that automatically processes radar signals, including “friend or foe” identification signals coming from the AN / TPX-50 station, as well as controlling the radiation mode (carrier frequency, radiation power in a pulse, duration and frequency of repetition of impulses). A light version of the station, all the equipment and equipment of which are arranged in three standard containers (one with a size of 3.7X2X2 m and two - 2.5X2X2 m), provides target detection at ranges up to 250-300 km with an altitude determination accuracy at a maximum range of up to 600 m .

The mobile American radar AN / TPS-43, developed by Westinghouse, having an antenna similar to the antenna station AN / TPS-32, forms a six-beam pattern in the vertical plane. The width of each beam in the azimuthal plane is 1.1°, the overlap sector in elevation is 0.5-20°. The accuracy of determining the elevation angle is 1.5-2 °, the range is about 200 km. The station operates in a pulsed mode (3 MW per pulse), its transmitter is assembled on a twistron. Features of the station: the possibility of frequency tuning from pulse to pulse and automatic (or manual) transition from one discrete frequency to another in the 200 MHz band (there are 16 discrete frequencies) in case of a difficult electronic environment. The radar is placed in two standard container cabins (with a total weight of 1600 kg), which can be transported by all modes of transport, including air.

In 1971, at the aerospace exhibition in Paris, France demonstrated the three-coordinate radar of the Matador military air defense system (TRS2210). NATO military experts highly appreciated the prototype of the station (Fig. 2), noting that the Matador radar meets modern requirements, being, moreover, quite small.

Rice. 2 Three-coordinate French radar station "Matador" (TRS2210) with an antenna that forms a partial radiation pattern.

A distinctive feature of the Matador station (TRS 2210) is the compactness of its antenna system, which forms a partial diagram in the vertical plane, consisting of three beams rigidly connected to each other with scanning controlled by a special computer program. The irradiator of the station is made of 40 horns. This creates the possibility of forming narrow beams (1.5°X1>9°)> which in turn allows you to determine the elevation angle in the viewing sector from -5° to +30° with an accuracy of 0.14° at a maximum range of 240 km. Radiation power per pulse 1 MW, pulse duration 4 μs; signal processing when determining the target flight altitude (elevation angle) is performed by a monopulse method. The station is highly mobile: all equipment and apparatus, including a collapsible antenna, are placed in three relatively small packages; deployment time does not exceed 1 hour. Serial production of the station is scheduled for 1972.

The need to work in difficult conditions, the frequent change of positions during hostilities, the long duration of trouble-free operation - all these very stringent requirements are imposed when developing radars for military air defense. In addition to the previously noted measures (increasing reliability, introducing semiconductor electronics, new structural materials, etc.), foreign firms are increasingly resorting to the unification of elements and systems of radar equipment. So, in France, a reliable transceiver THD 047 has been developed (included, for example, in the Picador, Volex III and other stations), a VT series antenna, several types of small-sized indicators, etc. Similar unification of equipment is noted in the USA and Great Britain .

In the UK, the tendency to unify equipment in the development of tactical three-coordinate stations manifested itself in the creation of not a single radar, but a mobile radar complex. Such a complex is assembled from standard unified units and blocks. It may consist, for example, of one or more two-coordinate stations and one radar altimeter. According to this principle, the English tactical radar complex S600 is made.

The S600 complex is a set of mutually compatible, unified blocks and assemblies (transmitters, receivers, antennas, indicators), from which you can quickly assemble a tactical radar for any purpose (air target detection, altitude determination, anti-aircraft weapons control, air traffic control). According to foreign military experts, this approach to the design of tactical radars is considered the most progressive, as it provides more high technology production, simplifies maintenance and repair, and also increases the flexibility of combat use. There are six options for completing the elements of the complex. For example, a complex for a military air defense system may consist of two detection and target designation radars, two radar altimeters, four control cabins, one cabin with data processing equipment, including one or more computers. All equipment and equipment of such a complex can be transported by helicopter, C-130 plane or by car.

The trend of unification of radar equipment nodes is also observed in France. The proof is the military air defense complex THD 1094, consisting of two surveillance radars and a radar altimeter.

In addition to three-coordinate radars for detecting air targets and target designation, two-coordinate stations of a similar purpose are also in service in the military air defense of all NATO countries. They are somewhat less informative (they do not measure the flight altitude of the target), but they are usually simpler, lighter and more mobile in design than three-coordinate ones. Such radar stations can be quickly transferred and deployed in areas that need radar cover for troops or objects.

Work on the creation of small two-coordinate detection and target designation radars is being carried out in almost all developed capitalist countries. Some of these radars are interfaced with specific ZURO or ZA anti-aircraft systems, others are more universal.

Two-coordinate tactical radars developed in the USA are, for example, FAAR (AN / MPQ-49), AN / TPS-50, -54, -61.

The AN / MPQ-49 station (Fig. 3) was created by order of the US Army specifically for the mixed complex ZURO-ZA "Chaparel-Vulcan" military air defense. It is considered possible to use this radar for target designation of anti-aircraft missiles. The main distinguishing features of the station are its mobility and the ability to work in the frontline on rough and mountainous terrain. Special measures have been taken to improve noise immunity. According to the principle of operation, the station is pulse-Doppler, it operates in the 25-cm wavelength range. The antenna system (together with the AN/TPX-50 Identification Antenna Station) is mounted on a telescopic mast, the height of which can be automatically adjusted. Remote control of the station is provided at distances up to 50 m using a remote control. All equipment, including the AN / VRC-46 communication radio station, was mounted on a 1.25-ton M561 articulated vehicle. The American command, ordering this radar, pursued the goal of solving the problem of operational control of military air defense systems.

Rice. 3. Two-coordinate American radar station AN / MPQ-49 for issuing target designation data to the military complex ZURO-ZA "Chaparel-Vulcan".

The AN / TPS-50 station, developed by Emerson, is light in weight and very small in size. Its range is 90-100 km. All station equipment can be carried by seven soldiers. Deployment time is 20-30 minutes. In 1968, an improved version of this station was created - AN / TPS-54, which has a longer range (180 km) and "friend or foe" identification equipment. The peculiarity of the station lies in its efficiency and the layout of high-frequency units: the transceiver unit is mounted directly under the horn irradiator. This eliminates the rotating joint, shortens the feeder and therefore eliminates the inevitable loss of RF energy. The station operates in the 25-cm wavelength range, the pulse power is 25 kW, the beam width in azimuth is about 3°. The total weight does not exceed 280 kg, the power consumption is 560 watts.

From other two-coordinate tactical early warning and target designation radars, US military experts also distinguish the AN / TPS-61 mobile station weighing 1.7 tons. It is housed in one standard cabin measuring 4 X 1.2 X 2 m, installed in the back of a car. During transportation, the disassembled antenna is located inside the cab. The station operates in a pulsed mode in the frequency range 1250-1350 MHz. Its range is about 150 km. The use of noise protection circuits in the equipment makes it possible to isolate a useful signal, which is 45 dB below the noise level.

Several small-sized mobile tactical two-coordinate radars have been developed in France. They are easily interfaced with the ZURO and ZA military air defense systems. Western military observers consider the Domino-20, -30, -40, -40N radar series and the Tiger radar (TRS 2100) to be the most promising stations. All of them are designed specifically for detecting low-flying targets, operate in the 25-cm range (Tiger in 10-cm) and, according to the principle of operation, are coherent pulse-Doppler. The detection range of the Domino-20 radar reaches 17 km, Domino-30 - 30 km, Domino-40 - 75 km, Domino-40N - 80 km. The range accuracy of the Domino-30 radar is 400 m and azimuth 1.5 °, weight 360 kg. The range of the Tiger station is 100 km. All marked stations have an automatic scanning mode in the process of tracking the target and identification equipment "friend or foe". Their layout is modular, they can be mounted and installed on the ground or any vehicles. Station deployment time 30-60 min.

The radar stations of the ZURO and ZA military complexes (directly included in the complex) solve the tasks of searching, detecting, identifying targets, target designation, tracking and controlling anti-aircraft weapons.

The main concept in the development of military air defense complexes of the main NATO countries is the creation of autonomous highly automated systems with mobility equal to or even slightly higher than the mobility of armored forces. Their characteristic feature is their placement on tanks and other combat vehicles. This imposes very stringent requirements on the design of radar stations. Foreign experts believe that the radar equipment of such complexes must meet the requirements for aerospace onboard equipment.

Currently, the military air defense of the NATO countries consists (or will do so in the near future) of a number of autonomous ZURO and ZA systems.

According to foreign military experts, the French all-weather complex (THD 5000) is the most advanced mobile air defense ZURO system designed to combat low-flying (including high-speed at M = 1.2) targets at ranges up to 18 km. All its equipment is located in two armored vehicles with high cross-country ability (Fig. 4): one of them (located in the control platoon) has a Mirador II detection and target designation radar, an electronic computer and target designation data output equipment; on the other (in the firing platoon) - a target tracking and missile guidance radar, an electronic computer for calculating the flight paths of a target and missiles (it simulates the entire process of destroying detected low-flying targets immediately before launch), a launcher with four missiles, infrared and television systems tracking and transmission devices for missile guidance radio commands.

Rice. 4. French military complex ZURO "Krotal" (THD5000). A. Radar detection and target designation. B. Radar station for target tracking and missile guidance (combined with the launcher).

The Mirador II detection and target designation station provides radar search and capture of targets, determining their coordinates and transmitting data to the tracking and guidance radar of the fire platoon. According to the principle of operation, the station is coherent - pulse - Doppler, it has a high resolution and noise immunity. The station operates in the 10-cm wavelength range; the antenna rotates in azimuth at a speed of 60 rpm, which provides a high data rate. The radar is capable of simultaneously detecting up to 30 targets and providing the information necessary for their classification according to the degree of threat and the subsequent selection of 12 targets for issuing target designation data (taking into account the importance of the target) on the radar of firing platoons. The accuracy of determining the range and height of the target is about 200 m. One Mirador II station can serve several tracking radars, thus increasing the firepower of covering areas of concentration or troop movement routes (stations can work on the march) from air attack. The tracking and guidance radar operates in the 8-mm wavelength range, its range is 16 km. The antenna forms a 1.1° beam with circular polarization. To increase noise immunity, a change in operating frequencies is provided. The station can simultaneously track one target and aim two missiles at it. An infrared device with a beam pattern of ±5° ensures the launch of the rocket in the initial part of the trajectory (the first 500 m of the flight). The “dead zone” of the complex is an area within a radius of no more than 1000 m, the reaction time is up to 6 seconds.

Although the tactical and technical data of the Krotal ZURO complex are high and it is currently in mass production (purchased by South Africa, the USA, Lebanon, Germany), some NATO experts prefer the layout of the entire complex on one vehicle (armored personnel carrier, trailer, car) . Such a promising complex is, for example, the Skygard-M ZURO complex (Fig. 5), a prototype of which was demonstrated in 1971 by the Italian-Swiss firm Kontraves.

Rice. 5. Model of the mobile complex ZURO "Skygard-M".

The Skygard-M ZURO complex uses two radars (a detection and target designation station and a target and missile tracking station) mounted on the same platform and having a common 3-cm range transmitter. Both radars are coherent-pulse-Doppler, and the tracking radar uses a monopulse signal processing method, which reduces the angular error to 0.08 °. The range of the radar is about 18 km. The transmitter is made on a traveling wave tube, in addition, it has an instantaneous automatic frequency hopping circuit (by 5%), which turns on in case of strong interference. The tracking radar can simultaneously track the target and its own missile. The reaction time of the complex is 6-8 sec.
The control equipment of the Skygard-M ZURO complex is also used in the Skygard ZA complex (Fig. 6). A characteristic feature of the design of the complex is the radar equipment retractable inside the cabin. Three variants of the Skygard ZA complex have been developed: on an armored personnel carrier, on a truck and on a trailer. The complexes will go into service with military air defense to replace the Superfledermaus system of a similar purpose, widely used in the armies of almost all NATO countries.

Rice. 6. Mobile complex FOR "Skygard" Italian-Swiss production.

The military air defense of NATO countries is armed with several more mobile ZURO systems (clear-weather, ", mixed all-weather complex and others), which use advanced radars that have approximately the same characteristics as the stations of the Crotal and Skygard complexes, and decisive similar tasks.

The need for air defense of troops (especially armored units) on the move has led to the creation of highly mobile military complexes of small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery (MZA) based on modern tanks. Radar facilities of such complexes have either one radar operating sequentially in the modes of detection, target designation, tracking and guidance of guns, or two stations between which these tasks are divided.

An example of the first solution is the French Black Eye MZA complex, made on the basis of the AMX-13 tank. The MZA DR-VC-1A (RD515) radar of the complex operates on the basis of the coherent-pulse-Doppler principle. It is distinguished by a high rate of data output and increased noise immunity. The radar provides a circular or sector view, target detection and continuous measurement of their coordinates. The received data is sent to the fire control device, which within a few seconds calculates the coordinates of the target and provides guidance on it with a 30-mm twin anti-aircraft installation. The target detection range reaches 15 km, the error in determining the range is ± 50 m, the radiation power of the station in a pulse is 120 watts. The station operates in the 25 cm wavelength range (operating frequency from 1710 to 1750 MHz). It can detect targets flying at speeds of 50 to 300 m/s.

In addition, the complex, if necessary, can be used to combat ground targets, while the accuracy of determining the azimuth is 1-2 °. In the stowed position, the station is folded and closed with armored curtains (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Radar antenna of the French mobile complex MZA "Black Eye" (automatic deployment to a combat position).

Rice. 8. West German mobile complex 5PFZ-A based on a tank: 1 - radar antenna for detection and target designation; 2 - radar antenna identification "friend or foe"; 3 - radar antenna for target tracking and guidance of guns.

Promising MZA systems based on the Leopard tank, in which the tasks of searching, detecting and identifying are solved by one radar, and the tasks of tracking a target and controlling a twin anti-aircraft gun by another radar, are considered: 5PFZ-A (Fig. 5PFZ-B , 5PFZ-C and "Matador" 30 ZLA (Fig. 9) These complexes are equipped with highly reliable pulse-Doppler stations capable of searching in a wide or circular sector and isolating signals from low-flying targets against a background of high levels of interference.

Rice. 9. West German mobile complex MZA "Matador" 30 ZLA based on the tank "Leopard".

The development of radars for such MZA systems, and possibly for medium-caliber ZA systems, as NATO experts believe, will continue. The main direction of development will be the creation of more informative, small-sized and reliable radar equipment. The same development prospects are possible for the radar systems of ZURO systems and for tactical radar stations for detecting air targets and target designation.

The integrated air defense-missile defense system in the theater of operations provides for the integrated use of forces and means against air and ballistic targets in any part of the flight path.

The deployment of a joint air defense-missile defense system in the theater is carried out on the basis of air defense systems by including new and modernized means in their composition, as well as introducing "network-centric principles of construction and operational use" (network-centric architecture & operation).

Sensors, fire weapons, centers and command posts are based on ground, sea, air and space carriers. They may belong to different types of aircraft operating in the same zone.

Integration technologies include the formation of a single picture of the air situation, combat identification of air and ground targets, automation of combat control and weapon control systems. It provides for the fullest possible use of the control structure of existing air defense systems, interoperability of communication and data transmission systems in real time and the adoption of common standards for data exchange based on the principles of open architecture.

The formation of a unified picture of the air situation will be facilitated by the use of heterogeneous physical principles and placement of sensors integrated into a single information network. Nevertheless, the leading role of ground-based information facilities will remain, the basis of which is over-the-horizon, over-the-horizon and multi-position air defense radar.

MAIN TYPES AND TECHNICAL FEATURES OF RADAR AIR DEFENSE OF NATO COUNTRIES

Ground-based over-the-horizon air defense radars as part of an information system solve the problem of detecting targets of all classes, including ballistic missiles, in a complex jamming and target environment when exposed to enemy weapons. These radars are modernized and created on the basis of integrated approaches, taking into account the criterion "efficiency / cost".

The modernization of radar facilities will be carried out on the basis of the introduction of elements of radar subsystems developed as part of ongoing research to create advanced radar facilities. This is due to the fact that the cost of a completely new station is higher than the cost of upgrading existing radars and reaches about several million US dollars. At present, the vast majority of air defense radars in service with foreign countries are stations in the centimeter and decimeter ranges. Representative examples of such stations are radars: AN / FPS-117, AR 327, TRS 2215 / TRS 2230, AN / MPQ-64, GIRAFFE AMB, M3R, GM 400.

Radar AN / FPS-117, designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin. uses a frequency range of 1-2 GHz, is a completely solid-state system designed to solve the problems of early warning, positioning and identification of targets, as well as for use in the ATC system. The station provides the possibility of adapting the operating modes depending on the emerging interference situation.

Computing tools used in the radar station allow you to constantly monitor the state of the radar subsystems. Determine and display the location of the failure on the monitor of the operator's workplace. Work continues to improve the subsystems that make up the AN / FPS-117 radar. which will make it possible to use the station to detect ballistic targets, determine their place of impact and issue target designation to interested consumers. At the same time, the main task of the station is still the detection and tracking of air targets.

AR 327, developed on the basis of the AR 325 station by specialists from the USA and Great Britain, is capable of performing the functions of a complex of low-level automation tools (when it is additionally equipped with a cabin with additional jobs). The estimated cost of one sample is 9.4-14 million dollars. The antenna system, made in the form of headlights, provides phase scanning in elevation. The station uses digital signal processing. The radar and its subsystems are controlled by the Windows operating system. The station is used in the automated control systems of European NATO countries. In addition, interfaces are being upgraded to enable the operation of the radar.

AR 327, developed on the basis of the AR 325 station by specialists from the USA and Great Britain, is capable of performing the functions of a complex of low-level automation tools (when equipped with a cab with additional jobs), the estimated cost of one sample is 9.4-14 million dollars. The antenna system, made in the form of headlights, provides phase scanning in elevation. The station uses digital signal processing. The radar and its subsystems are controlled by the Windows operating system. The station is used in the automated control systems of European NATO countries. In addition, interface means are being upgraded to ensure the operation of the radar with a further increase in the power of computing facilities.

A feature of the radar is the use of a digital system of the SDC and an active interference protection system, which is capable of adaptively reconfiguring the operating frequency of the station in a wide frequency range. There is also a “pulse-to-pulse” frequency tuning mode, and the accuracy of determining the height at low target elevation angles has been improved. It is planned to further improve the transceiver subsystem and equipment for coherent processing of received signals to increase the range and improve the accuracy of air targets detection.

French three-coordinate radars with phased array TRS 2215 and 2230, designed to detect, identify and track ATs, developed on the basis of the SATRAPE station in mobile and transportable versions. They have the same transceiver systems, data processing facilities and constituent elements antenna system, and their difference lies in the size of the antenna arrays. Such unification makes it possible to increase the flexibility of the logistics of stations and the quality of their service.

Transportable three-coordinate radar AN / MPQ-64, operating in the centimeter range, created on the basis of the station AN / TPQ-36A. It is designed to detect, track, measure the coordinates of air objects and issue target designation to interception systems. The station is used in the mobile units of the US Armed Forces in the organization of air defense. The radar is able to work in conjunction with both other detection radars and with short-range air defense information systems.

The GIRAFFE AMB mobile radar station is designed to solve the problems of detecting, determining coordinates and tracking targets. This radar uses new technical solutions in the signal processing system. As a result of the modernization, the control subsystem makes it possible to automatically detect helicopters in hovering mode and assess the degree of threat, as well as automate combat control functions.

The M3R mobile modular multifunctional radar was developed by the French company Thales as part of the project of the same name. This is a new generation station designed for use in the combined GTVO-PRO system, created on the basis of the Master family of stations, which, having modern parameters, are the most competitive among mobile detection radars long range. It is a multifunctional three-coordinate radar operating in the 10-cm range. The station uses the technology of "intelligent radar control" (Intelligent Radar Management), which provides for optimal control of the waveform, repetition period, etc. in various operating modes.

The GM 400 (Ground Master 400) air defense radar, developed by Thales, is intended for use in the integrated air defense-missile defense system. It is also being created on the basis of the Master family of stations and is a multifunctional three-coordinate radar operating in the 2.9-3.3 GHz band.

In the radar under consideration, a number of such promising construction concepts as “fully digital radar” (digital radar) and “fully environmentally friendly radar” (green radar) are successfully implemented.

The features of the station include: digital control of the antenna pattern; long target detection range, including NLC and BR; the ability to remotely control the operation of radar subsystems from remote automated workstations of operators.

In contrast to over-the-horizon stations, over-the-horizon radars provide longer warning times for airborne or ballistic targets and advance the detection line of air targets to considerable distances due to the characteristics of the propagation of radio waves in the frequency range (2-30 MHz) used in over-the-horizon systems, and also make it possible to significantly increase effective scattering surface (ESR) of detected targets and, as a result, increase the range of their detection.

The specificity of the formation of transmitting radiation patterns of over-the-horizon radars, in particular ROTHR, makes it possible to carry out multi-layer (all-altitude) coverage of the viewing area in critical areas, which is relevant in solving the problems of ensuring the security and defense of the US national territory, protection against sea and air targets, including cruise missiles . Representative examples of over-the-horizon radars are: AN / TPS-7I (USA) and Nostradamus (France).

The United States has developed and is continuously upgrading the AN / TPS-71 ZG radar, designed to detect low-flying targets. A distinctive feature of the station is the possibility of its transfer to any region of the globe and relatively fast (up to 10-14 days) deployment to previously prepared positions. For this, the station equipment is mounted in specialized containers.

Information from the over-the-horizon radar enters the target designation system of the Navy, as well as other types of aircraft. For media detection cruise missiles in areas adjacent to the United States, in addition to stations located in the states of Virginia, Alaska and Texas, it is planned to install an upgraded over-the-horizon radar in the state of North Dakota (or Montana) to control the airspace over Mexico and the surrounding areas of the Pacific Ocean. A decision was made to deploy new stations to detect carriers of cruise missiles in the Caribbean, over Central and South America. The first such station will be installed in Puerto Rico. The transmitting point is deployed on about. Vieques, reception - in the southwestern part of about. Puerto Rico.

In France, under the Nostradamus project, the development of an oblique-reciprocating sounding radar, which detects small targets at ranges of 700-3000 km, has been completed. Important distinguishing features of this station are: the ability to simultaneously detect air targets within 360 degrees in azimuth and the use of a monostatic construction method instead of the traditional bistatic one. The station is located 100 km west of Paris. The possibility of using elements of the over-the-horizon radar "Nostradamus" on space and air platforms to solve the problems of early warning of a raid by means of air attack and effective management interception weapon.

Foreign specialists consider over-the-horizon surface-wave radar stations (OSW radars) as relatively inexpensive means of effective control over the air and surface space of the territory of states.

The information received from such radars makes it possible to increase the warning time necessary for making appropriate decisions.

A comparative analysis of the capabilities of over-the-horizon and over-the-horizon surface wave radars for the detection of air and surface objects shows that the ground-based ZG radars are significantly superior to conventional ground-based radars in terms of detection range and ability to track both low-observable and low-flying targets, and surface ships of various displacements. At the same time, the ability to detect airborne objects at high and medium altitudes is reduced slightly, which does not affect the effectiveness of over-the-horizon radar facilities. In addition, the costs of acquiring and operating a surface bath MG radar are relatively low and commensurate with their efficiency.

The main models of surface wave radars adopted by foreign countries are SWR-503 stations (an upgraded version of SWR-603) and OVERSEER.

The SWR-503 surface wave radar was developed by the Canadian branch of Raytheon in accordance with the requirements of the Canadian Department of Defense. The radar is designed to monitor the air and surface space over the ocean areas adjacent to the eastern coast of the country, detect and track surface and air targets within the boundaries of the exclusive economic zone.

Station SWR-503 Can also be used to detect icebergs, monitor the environment, search for ships and aircraft in distress. Two stations of this type and an operational control center are already in use to monitor air and sea space in the Newfoundland region, in whose coastal zones there are significant fish and oil reserves. It is assumed that the station will be used to control the air traffic of aircraft over the entire range of altitudes and to monitor targets below the radar horizon.

During testing, the radar detected and tracked all targets that were also observed by other air defense and coastal defense systems. In addition, experiments were carried out aimed at ensuring the possibility of detecting missiles flying over the sea surface, however, in order to effectively solve this problem in full, according to the developers of this radar, it is necessary to expand its operating range to 15-20 MHz. According to foreign experts, countries with a long coastline can install a network of such radars at intervals of up to 370 km to ensure complete coverage of the air and sea surveillance zone within their borders.

The cost of one sample of the SWR-5G3 air defense radar in service is 8-10 million dollars. The processes of operation and complex maintenance of the station cost about 400 thousand dollars a year.

The OVERSEER ZG radar represents a new family of surface wave stations, which was developed by Marconi and is intended for civil and military use. Using the effect of wave propagation over the surface, the station is able to detect air and sea objects of all classes at long ranges and different heights, which cannot be detected by conventional radars.

The subsystems of the station combine many technological advances that allow you to get a better information picture of targets over large areas of sea and air space with fast data updates.

The cost of one sample of the OVERSEER surface wave radar in a single-position version is approximately 6-8 million dollars, and the operation and comprehensive maintenance of the station, depending on the tasks being solved, are estimated at 300-400 thousand dollars.

In the implementation of the principles of "network-centric operations" in future military conflicts, according to foreign experts, it necessitates the use of new methods for building information system components, including those based on multi-position (MP) and distributed sensors and elements that are part of the information infrastructure of advanced detection systems and air defense and missile defense control, taking into account the requirements of integration within NATO.

Multi-position radar systems can become the most important component of the information subsystems of advanced air defense and missile defense control systems, as well as an effective tool in solving problems of detecting UAVs of various classes and cruise missiles.

MULTIPLE LONG-RANGE RADAR (MP RLS)

According to foreign experts, in NATO countries much attention is paid to the creation of advanced ground-based multi-position systems with unique capabilities for detecting various types of air targets (ATs). An important place among them is occupied by long-range systems and "distributed" systems created under the programs "Silent Sentry-2", "Rias", CELLDAR, etc. Such radars are designed to work as part of control systems when solving problems of detecting CC in all altitude ranges in the conditions of the use of electronic warfare. The data they receive will be used in the interests of advanced air defense and missile defense systems, detection and tracking of targets carried out at long ranges, as well as detection of ballistic missile launches, including through integration with similar means within NATO.

MP radar "Silent Sentry-2". According to foreign press reports, radars, which are based on the possibility of using radiation from television or radio broadcasting stations to illuminate targets, have been actively developed in NATO countries since the 1970s. A variant of such a system, created in accordance with the requirements of the US Air Force and the US Army, was the Silent Sentry MP radar, which, after improvement, received the name Silent Sentry-2.

According to foreign experts, the system makes it possible to detect aircraft, helicopters, missiles, control air traffic, control airspace in conflict zones, taking into account the secrecy of the work of US and NATO air defense and missile defense systems in these regions. It operates in the frequency ranges corresponding to the frequencies of TV or radio broadcasting transmitters existing in the theater.

The radiation pattern of the experimental receiving phased array (located in Baltimore at a distance of 50 km from the transmitter) was oriented towards Washington International Airport, where targets were detected and tracked during the testing process. A mobile version of the radar receiving station has also been developed.

In the course of work, the receiving and transmitting positions of the MP radar were combined by broadband data transmission lines, and the system includes processing facilities with high performance. According to foreign press reports, the capabilities of the Silent Sentry-2 system for detecting targets were confirmed during the flight of the MTKK STS 103 equipped with the Hubble telescope. During the experiment, targets were successfully detected, tracking of which was duplicated by onboard optical means, including a telescope. At the same time, the capabilities of the Saileng Sentry-2 radar to detect and track more than 80 ATs were confirmed. The data obtained during the experiments were used for further work on the creation of a multi-position system of the STAR type, designed to track low-orbiting spacecraft.

MP radar "Rias". Specialists from a number of NATO countries, according to foreign press reports, are also successfully working on the problem of creating MP radars. The French firms Thomson-CSF and Onera, in accordance with the requirements of the Air Force, carried out the relevant work within the framework of the Rias program. It was reported that in the period after 2015, such a system could be used to detect and track targets (including small-sized and made using stealth technology), UAVs and cruise missiles at long ranges.

According to foreign experts, the Rias system will allow solving the problems of air traffic control for military and civil aviation aircraft. Station "Rias" is a system with correlation processing of data from several receiving positions, which operates in the frequency range of 30-300 MHz. It consists of up to 25 distributed transmitters and receivers equipped with omnidirectional dipole antennas, which are similar to over-the-horizon radar antennas. Transmitting and receiving antennas on the 15th masts are located at intervals of tens of meters in concentric circles (up to 400 m in diameter). An experimental model of the "Rias" radar deployed on about. Levant (40 km from Toulon), during the test, ensured the detection of a high-altitude target (such as an airplane) at a distance of more than 100 km.

According to the foreign press, this station provides a high level of survivability and noise immunity due to the redundancy of the system elements (the failure of individual transmitters or receivers does not affect the efficiency of its operation as a whole). During its operation, several independent sets of data processing equipment with receivers installed on the ground, on board the aircraft (when forming MP radars with large bases) can be used. As reported, the version of the radar, designed for use in combat conditions, will include up to 100 transmitters and receivers and solve the tasks of air defense, missile defense and air traffic control.

MP radar CELLDAR. According to foreign press reports, specialists from NATO countries (Great Britain, Germany, etc.) are actively working on the creation of new types of multi-position systems and means that use the radiation of transmitters of cellular networks of mobile communications. The research is carried out by Roke Mainsr. "Siemens", "BAe Systems" and a number of others in the interests of the Air Force and the Ground Forces as part of the creation of a variant of a multi-position detection system for solving air defense and missile defense tasks using correlation processing of data from several receiving positions. The multi-position system uses radiation generated by transmitting antennas mounted on cell phone towers, which provides target illumination. As receiving devices, special equipment is used, operating in the frequency bands of the GSM 900, 1800 and 3G standards, which receives data from antenna subsystems in the form of phased array.

According to foreign press reports, the receivers of this system can be placed on the surface of the earth, mobile platforms, on board aircraft by integrating the AWACS system and transport and refueling aircraft into structural elements of aircraft. To improve the accuracy characteristics of the CELLDAR system and its noise immunity, together with receiving devices, it is possible to place acoustic sensors on the same platform. To make the system more efficient, it is also possible to install individual elements on UAVs and AWACS and control aircraft.

According to foreign experts, in the period after 2015 it is planned to widely use MP radars of this type in air defense and missile defense detection and control systems. Such a station will provide detection of moving ground targets, helicopters, submarine periscopes, surface targets, reconnaissance on the battlefield, support for actions special forces, protection of objects.

MP radar "Dark". According to foreign press reports, the French company "Thomson-CSF" conducted research and development to create a system for detecting air targets under the "Dark" program. In accordance with the requirements of the Air Force, the specialists of the lead developer, Thomson-CSF, tested an experimental sample of the Dark receiver, made in a stationary version. The station was located in Palaiseau and solved the problem of detecting aircraft flying from the Paris Orly airport. Radar signals for target illumination were formed by TV transmitters placed on eiffel tower(more than 20 km from the receiver), as well as television stations in the cities of Bourges and Auxerre, located 180 km from Paris. According to the developers, the accuracy of measuring the coordinates and speed of movement of air targets is comparable to those of the detection radar.

According to foreign press reports, in accordance with the plans of the company's management, work on further improvement of the receiving equipment of the "Dark" system will be continued, taking into account the improvement in the technical characteristics of the receiving paths and the choice of a more efficient operating system of the computer complex. One of the most convincing arguments in favor of this system, according to the developers, is the low cost, since in the course of its creation, well-known technologies for receiving and processing radio and TV signals were used. After completion of work in the period after 2015, such a MP radar will effectively solve the problems of detecting and tracking ATs (including small ones and those made using the Stealth technology), as well as UAVs and KR at long ranges.

AASR radar. As noted in foreign press reports, the specialists of the Swedish company Saab Microwave Systems announced that they are working on the creation of a multi-position air defense system AASR (Associative Aperture Synthesis Radar), which is designed to detect aircraft developed using stealth technology. According to the principle of operation, such a radar is similar to the CELLDAR system, which uses the radiation of transmitters of cellular mobile communication networks. According to the publication AW & ST, the new radar will ensure the interception of stealth air targets, including KR. It is planned that the station will include about 900 junction stations with diversity transmitters and receivers operating in the VHF band, while the carrier frequencies of the radio transmitters differ in ratings. Aircraft, KR and UAVs made using radio absorbing materials will create inhomogeneities in the radar field of transmitters due to absorption or re-reflection of radio waves. According to foreign experts, the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the target after joint processing of data received at the command post from several receiving positions can be about 1.5 m.

One of the significant drawbacks of the radar station being created is that effective target detection is possible only after it passes through the defended airspace, so there is little time left to intercept an air target. The design cost of the MP radar will be about $156 million, taking into account the use of 900 receiving units, which theoretically cannot be disabled by the first missile strike.

NLC Homeland Alert 100 detection system. Specialists from the American company Raytheon, together with the European company Tkhels, have developed a passive coherent NLC detection system designed to obtain data on low-speed low-altitude ATs, including UAVs, CR and targets created using stealth technology. It was developed in the interests of the Air Force and the US Army to solve air defense tasks in the context of the use of electronic warfare, in conflict zones, and to ensure the actions of special forces. protection of facilities, etc. All Homeland Alert 100 equipment is placed in a container mounted on the chassis (4x4) of an off-road vehicle, however, it can also be used in a stationary version. The system includes an antenna mast that can be deployed in a working position in a few minutes, as well as equipment for analyzing, classifying and storing data on all detected sources of radio emission and their parameters, which makes it possible to effectively detect and recognize various targets.

According to foreign press reports, the Homeland Alert 100 system uses signals generated by digital VHF broadcasting stations, analog TV broadcast transmitters, and terrestrial digital TV transmitters to illuminate targets. This provides the ability to receive signals reflected by targets, detect and determine their coordinates and speed in the azimuth sector of 360 degrees, elevation - 90 degrees, at ranges up to 100 km and up to 6000 m in height. Round-the-clock all-weather monitoring of the environment, as well as the possibility of autonomous operation or as part of an information network, allow relatively inexpensive ways to effectively solve the problem of detecting low-altitude targets, including in difficult jamming conditions, in conflict zones in the interests of air defense and missile defense. When using the Homeland Alert 100 MP radar as part of network control systems and interacting with warning and control centers, the Asterix / AWCIES protocol is used. The increased noise immunity of such a system is based on the principles of multipositional information processing and the use of passive modes of operation.

Foreign media reported that the Homeland Alert 100 system was planned to be acquired by a number of NATO countries.

Thus, the ground-based air defense-missile defense radar stations in the theater that are in service with NATO countries and are being developed remain the main source of information about air targets and are the main elements in the formation of a unified picture of the air situation.

(V. Petrov, S. Grishulin, "Foreign Military Review")

NATO command the following purpose of the unified air defense system is definitely:

Ø to prevent the intrusion of aircraft assets of a possible enemy into the airspace of NATO countries in peacetime;

Ø to maximally prevent them from delivering strikes during hostilities in order to ensure the functioning of the main political and military-economic centers, strike groups of the Armed Forces, RTS, aviation assets, as well as other objects of strategic importance.

To accomplish these tasks, it is considered necessary:

Ø provide advance warning of the command of a possible attack by continuously monitoring the airspace and obtaining intelligence data on the state of the enemy’s means of attack;

Ø cover from air strikes of nuclear forces, the most important military-strategic and administrative-economic facilities, as well as areas of concentration of troops;

Ø maintaining high combat readiness of the maximum possible number of air defense forces and means to immediately repel an attack from the air;

Ø organization of close interaction of air defense forces and means;

Ø in the event of a war - the destruction of enemy air attack means.

The creation of a unified air defense system is based on the following principles:

Ø covering not individual objects, but entire areas, bands

Ø allocation of sufficient forces and means to cover the most important directions and objects;

Ø high centralization of command and control of air defense forces and assets.

The overall management of the NATO air defense system is carried out by the Supreme Commander of the NATO Allied Forces in Europe through his Deputy for the Air Force (he is also the Commander-in-Chief of the NATO Air Force), i.e. commander in chief The Air Force is the commander of the air defense.

The entire area of responsibility of the joint NATO air defense system is divided into 2 air defense zones:

Ø northern zone;

Ø southern zone.

Northern air defense zone occupies the territories of Norway, Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the coastal waters of countries and is divided into three air defense regions ("North", "Center", "Northeast").

Each region has 1-2 air defense sectors.

Southern air defense zone occupies the territory of Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, basin mediterranean sea and the Black Seas and is subdivided into 4 air defense areas

Ø "Southeast";

Ø "South-center";

Ø “Southwest;

Air defense areas have 2-3 air defense sectors. In addition, 2 independent air defense sectors have been created within the boundaries of the Southern Zone:

Ø Cypriot;

Ø Maltese;

For air defense purposes:

Ø fighters - interceptors;

Ø ADMS of long, medium and short range;

Ø anti-aircraft artillery (FOR).

A) armed NATO air defense fighters The following groups of fighters are composed:

I. group - F-104, F-104E (capable of attacking one target at medium and high altitudes up to 10000m from the rear hemisphere);

II. group - F-15, F-16 (capable of destroying one target from all angles and at all heights),

III. group - F-14, F-18, "Tornado", "Mirage-2000" (capable of attacking several targets from different angles and at all heights).

Air defense fighters are tasked with intercepting air targets at the highest possible strike heights from their base over enemy territory and outside the SAM zone.

All fighters have cannon and missile armament and are all-weather, equipped with a combined weapon control system designed to detect and attack air targets.

This system typically includes:

Ø Radar interception and aiming;

Ø calculating and deciding device;

Ø infrared sight;

Ø optical sight.

All radars operate in the range λ=3–3.5cm in pulsed (F–104) or pulsed Doppler mode. All NATO aircraft have a radar radiation receiver operating in the range λ = 3–11.5 cm. Fighters are based at airfields 120-150 km from the front line.

B) Fighter tactics

When performing combat missions, fighters use three ways to fight:

Ø interception from the position "On duty at the road";

Ø Interception from the “Air Duty” position;

Ø free attack.

"On duty at the a / d"- the main type of combat missions. It is used in the presence of a developed radar and provides energy savings, the presence of a full supply of fuel.

Flaws: displacement of the interception line to its territory when intercepting low-altitude targets

Depending on the threatening situation and the type of alert, the duty forces of air defense fighters can be in the following degrees of combat readiness:

1. Got. No. 1 - departure in 2 minutes, after the order;

2. Got. No. 2 - departure in 5 minutes, after the order;

3. Got. No. 3 - departure in 15 minutes, after the order;

4. Got. No. 4 - departure in 30 minutes, after the order;

5. Got. No. 5 - departure 60 minutes after the order.

The possible boundary of the meeting of the military-technical cooperation with a fighter from this position is 40–50 km from the front line.

"Air Watch" – used to cover the main group of troops in the most important objects. At the same time, the band of the army group is divided into duty zones, which are assigned to air units.

Duty is carried out at medium, low and high altitudes:

-In PMU - by groups of aircraft up to the link;

-In the SMU - at night - by single planes, change of cat. produced in 45–60 minutes. Depth - 100-150 km from the front line.

Flaws: -possibility of quick opponents of duty areas;

Ø are forced to adhere to defensive tactics more often;

Ø the possibility of creating superiority in forces by the enemy.

"Free Hunt" – for the destruction of air targets in a given area that do not have a continuous cover of the air defense system and a continuous radar field. Depth - 200–300 km from the front line.

Air defense and tactical fighters, equipped with radar for detection and aiming, armed with air-to-air missiles, use 2 methods of attack:

1. Attack from the front HEMISPHERE (under 45–70 0 to the target's course). It is used when the time and place of interception is calculated in advance. This is possible with longitudinal target wiring. It is the fastest, but requires high pointing accuracy both in place and in time.

2. Attack from the rear HEMISPHERE (in the aisles of the heading angle sector 110–250 0). It is used against all targets and with all types of weapons. It provides a high probability of hitting the target.

With a good weapon and moving from one method of attack to another, one fighter can perform 6–9 attacks , which makes it possible to break 5–6 BTA aircraft.

A significant disadvantage air defense fighters, and in particular the radar of fighters, is their work, based on the use of the Doppler effect. There are so-called "blind" heading angles (approach angles to the target), in which the fighter's radar is not able to select (select) the target against the background of interfering ground reflections or passive interference. These zones do not depend on the attacking fighter's flight speed, but are determined by the target's flight speed, heading angles, approach angles, and the minimum radial component of the relative approach speed ∆Vbl., set by the performance characteristics of the radar.

Radar is capable of isolating only those signals from the target, the cat. have a certain ƒ min Doppler. Such ƒ min is for radar ± 2 kHz.

According to the laws of radar
, where ƒ 0 is the carrier, C–V light. Such signals come from targets with V 2 =30–60 m/s. => 790–110 0, and 250–290 0, respectively.

The main air defense systems in the joint air defense system of NATO countries are:

Ø Long-range air defense systems (D≥60km) - "Nike-Ggerkules", "Patriot";

Ø SAM medium range(D = from 10-15km to 50-60km) - improved "Hok" ("U-Hok");

Ø Short-range air defense systems (D = 10–15 km) - Chaparel, Rapra, Roland, Indigo, Krosal, Javelin, Avenger, Adats, Fog-M, Stinger, Bloommap.

NATO anti-aircraft defenses principle of use subdivided into:

Ø Centralized use, applied according to the plan of the senior chief in zone , area and air defense sector;

Ø Troop air defense systems that are part of the ground forces according to the state and are used according to the plan of their commander.

To funds applied according to plans senior leaders include long-range and medium-range air defense systems. Here they work in automatic guidance mode.

The main tactical unit of anti-aircraft weapons is– division or equivalent parts.

Long-range and medium-range air defense systems, with a sufficient number of them, are used to create a zone of continuous cover.

With a small number of them, only individual, most important objects are covered.

Short-range air defense systems and FOR used to cover the ground forces, a / d, etc.

Each anti-aircraft weapon has certain combat capabilities for firing and hitting a target.

Combat capabilities - quantitative and qualitative indicators that characterize the capabilities of air defense units to perform combat missions at a specified time and in specific conditions.

The combat capabilities of the SAM battery are estimated by the following characteristics:

1. The dimensions of the zones of fire and destruction in the vertical and horizontal planes;

2. The number of simultaneously fired targets;

3. System reaction time;

4. The ability of the battery to conduct a long fire;

5. The number of launches during the shelling of a given target.

Specified characteristics can be predetermined only for a non-maneuvering target.

fire zone - a part of the space, at each point of which it is possible to point p.

Kill zone - part of the firing zone within which, the meeting p with the target and its defeat with a given probability is ensured.

The position of the affected area in the firing zone may change depending on the direction of the target's flight.

When the air defense system is operating in the mode automatic guidance the affected area occupies a position in which the bisector of the angle limiting the affected area in the horizontal plane always remains parallel to the direction of flight towards the target.

Since the target can be approached from any direction, the affected area can occupy any position, while the bisector of the angle limiting the affected area rotates following the turn of the aircraft.

Consequently, a turn in the horizontal plane at an angle greater than half the angle limiting the affected area is equivalent to the exit of the aircraft from the affected area.

The affected area of any air defense system has certain boundaries:

Ø on H - lower and upper;

Ø on D from start. mouth - far and near, as well as restrictions on the heading parameter (P), which determines the lateral boundaries of the zone.

Lower limit of the affected area - determined Hmin firing, which provides a given probability of hitting the target. It is limited by the influence of the reflection of the radiated from the ground on the operation of the RTS and the angles of closing positions.

Position closing angle (α)– is formed in the presence of an excess of the terrain and local objects over the position of the batteries.

Top and Data Bounds zones of lesions are determined by the energy resource of the river.

near border the affected area is determined by the time of uncontrolled flight after launch.

Side borders the affected areas are determined by the heading parameter (P).

Heading parameter P - the shortest distance (KM) from the position of the battery and the projection of the aircraft track.

The number of simultaneously fired targets depends on the amount of radar irradiation (illumination) of the target in the batteries of the air defense system.

The reaction time of the system is the time elapsed from the moment an air target is detected to the moment the missile is admitted.

The number of possible launches on the target depends on the early detection of the target by the radar, the heading parameter P, H of the target and Vtarget, T of the system reaction and the time between missile launches.

Brief information about weapon guidance systems

I. Command telecontrol systems - flight control is carried out with the help of commands generated on the launcher and transmitted to fighters or missiles.

Depending on the method of obtaining information, there are:

Ø - command telecontrol systems of type I (TU-I);

Ø - command telecontrol systems of the II type (TU-II);

- target tracking device;

Missile tracking device;

Device for generating control commands;

Command radio link receiver;

Launchers.

II. homing systems -systems in which flight control p is carried out by control commands formed on board the rocket itself.

In this case, the information necessary for their formation is issued by the on-board device (coordinator).

In such systems, self-guided r are used, in the flight control of which the launcher does not take part.

According to the type of energy used to obtain information about the parameters of the movement of the target, systems are distinguished - active, semi-active, passive.

Active - homing systems, in the cat. the source of target exposure is installed on board the river. Reflection from the target signals are received by the onboard coordinator and serve to measure the parameters of the target's movement.

Semi-active - the TARGET radiation source is placed on the launcher. The signals reflected from the target are used by the onboard coordinator to change the mismatch parameters.

Passive - to measure the motion parameters of the TARGET, the energy emitted by the target is used. It can be thermal (radiant), light, radiothermal energy.

The homing system includes devices that measure the mismatch parameter: a calculating device, an autopilot and a steering path

III. TV guidance system - missile control systems, in the cat. flight control commands are formed on board the rocket. Their value is proportional to the deviation of the rocket from the equal-signal control created by the radar sights of the control point.

Such systems are called radio beam guidance systems. They are single beam and double beam.

IV. Combined guidance systems – systems, in a cat. missile guidance on targets is carried out sequentially by several systems. They can be used in long-range complexes. It can be a combination of the command system. remote control in the initial section of the missile's flight path and homing in the final one, or radio beam guidance in the initial section and homing in the final one. This combination of control systems ensures that missiles are guided to targets with sufficient accuracy at long ranges.

Let us now consider the combat capabilities of individual air defense systems of NATO countries.

a) Long range SAM

–SAM - "Nike-Hercules" - designed to hit targets at medium, high altitudes and in the stratosphere. It can be used to destroy ground targets with nuclear weapons at a distance of up to 185 km. It is in service with the armies of the USA, NATO, France, Japan, Taiwan.

Quantitative indicators

Ø fire zone- circular;

Ø D max the marginal zone of destruction (where it is still possible to hit the target, but with a low probability);

Ø The nearest border of the affected area = 11km

Ø Lower The boundary of the zone is pore-1500m and D=12km and up to H=30km with increasing range.

Ø V max p.–1500m/s;

Ø V max hit.r.–775–1200m/s;

Ø n max cancer–7;

Ø t guidance (flight) of the rocket–20–200s;

Ø Rate of fire-for 5min→5 missiles;

Ø t / ream. Mobile air defense system -5-10 hours;

Ø t / clotting - up to 3 hours;

Qualitative indicators

The control system of the N-G missile defense system is radio command with separate radar stacking behind the missile target. In addition, by installing special equipment on board, it can homing to a source of interference.

The following types of pulse radars are used in the battery management system:

1. 1 targeting radar operating in the range λ=22–24cm, type AN/FRS–37–D max rel.=320km;

2. 1 targeting radar s (λ=8.5–10cm) s D max rel.=230km;

3. 1 target tracking radar (λ=3.2–3.5cm)=185km;

4. 1 radar identified. range (λ=1.8cm).

A battery can fire only one target at a time, because only one target and one missile can be tracked to a target tracking radar and a missile at the same time, and one of such radars can be in batteries.

Ø Mass of conventional warhead.– 500kg;

Ø Nuclear warhead. (trot. equiv.) – 2–30kT;

Ø Start m cancer.–4800kg;

Ø Fuse type– combined (contact + radar)

Ø Damage radius at high altitudes:– OF BCH–35–60m; Poison. Warhead - 210-2140m.

Ø Probable Non-maneuvering defeats. goals 1 cancer. on effective. D–0,6–0,7;

Ø T reload PU-6 min.

Strong zones of the N-G air defense system:

Ø large D defeat and a significant reach in H;

Ø the ability to intercept high-speed targets "

Ø good noise immunity of all radar batteries in terms of angular coordinates;

Ø homing to the source of interference.

Weaknesses of the N-G air defense system:

Ø the impossibility of hitting a target flying at H> 1500m;

Ø with an increase in D → the accuracy of missile guidance decreases;

Ø highly susceptible to radar interference over the range channel;

Ø decrease in efficiency when firing at a maneuvering target;

Ø low rate of fire of the battery and the impossibility of firing more than one target at the same time

Ø low mobility;

SAM "Patriot" - is an all-weather complex designed to destroy aircraft and ballistic missiles for operational-tactical purposes at low altitudes
in conditions of strong enemy radio countermeasures.

(In service with the United States, NATO).

The main technical unit is a division consisting of 6 batteries of 6 fire platoons in each.

The platoon consists of:

Ø multifunctional radar with phased array;

Ø up to 8 launchers of missiles;

Ø truck with generators, power supply for radar and KPUO.

Quantitative indicators

Ø Firing zone - circular;

Ø Kill zone for a non-maneuvering target (see fig.)

Ø Far border:

on Nb-70km (limited by V targets and R and missiles);

at Nm-20km;

Ø The near boundary of the defeat (limited by t uncontrollable missile flight) - 3 km;

Ø The upper limit of the affected area. (limited by Ru missiles = 5 units) - 24 km;

Ø Minimum the boundary of the affected area - 60m;

Ø Vcancer. - 1750m/s;

Ø Vts.- 1200m/s;

Ø t pos. crayfish.

Ø tpol.cancer-60sec.;

Ø nmax. crayfish. - 30 units;

Ø reaction syst. - 15sec;

Ø Rate of fire:

One PU -1 cancer. after 3 sec.;

Different launchers - 1 cancer. after 1sec.

Ø tdep.. complex -. 30 minutes.

Qualitative indicators

Control system SAM "Periot" combined:

At the initial stage of the rocket flight, control is carried out by the command method of the 1st type, when the rocket approaches the target (for 8-9 seconds), a transition is made from the command method to met. guidance through a rocket (command guidance of the 2nd type).

The guidance system uses a radar with HEADLIGHTS (AN / MPQ-53). It allows you to detect and identify air targets, track up to 75-100 targets and provide data for guiding up to 9 missiles at 9 targets.

After the launch of the rocket, according to a given program, it enters the radar coverage area and its command guidance begins, for which, in the process of reviewing the space, all selected targets and those induced by the rocket are tracked. At the same time, 6 missiles can be aimed at 6 targets using the command method. In this case, the radar operates in a pulsed mode in the range l = 6.1-6.7 cm.

In this mode, the sector of view Qaz=+(-)45º Qum=1-73º. Beam width 1.7*1.7º.

The command guidance method stops when 8-9 seconds remain until R. meets C. At this point, there is a transition from the command method to the guidance method through the rocket.

At this stage, when irradiating C. and R., the radar operates in a pulse-Doppler mode in the wavelength range = 5.5-6.1 cm. In the guidance mode through the rocket, the tracking sector corresponds, the beam width when illuminated is 3.4 * 3.4 .

D max update at \u003d 10 - 190 km

Start mr - 906 kg

On this day:

Toughie

On October 24, 1702, Peter the Great, with an army and fleet, captured the Swedish fortress of Noteburg, which was originally Russian and was previously called Oreshek. The first information about it is in the Novgorod Chronicle, which tells that "in the summer of 6831 ... (i.e., in 1323) a wooden fortress called Orekhova was built by the Novgorod prince Yuri Danilovich, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky."

Toughie

At the end of the 15th century Velikiy Novgorod with his possessions became part of the Muscovite state, which began to strengthen all the former Novgorod fortresses.

The old Nut Fortress was demolished to its foundations, and a new powerful defensive structure was built in its place, meeting all the requirements for protection during a siege with the help of artillery. Along the perimeter of the entire island rose stone walls twelve meters high, 740 meters long, 4.5 meters thick, with six round towers and one rectangular. The height of the towers reached 14-16 meters, the diameter of the interior - 6 meters. All towers had four battle tiers, the lower of which was covered with a stone vault. Loopholes and special openings for lifting ammunition were located in different tiers of the towers. Inside this fortress there is another fortification - a citadel with three towers, between which there were vaulted galleries for storing food and ammunition and a combat move - "vlaz". Canals with folding bridges that skirted the citadel not only blocked the approaches to it, but also served as an inner harbor.

Oreshek Fortress, located on an important trade route along the Neva to the Gulf of Finland Baltic Sea, blocked the constant rivals - the Swedes from the entrance to Lake Ladoga. In the second half of the 16th century, the Swedes made two attempts to capture the fortress, but both times were successfully repulsed. In 1611 Swedish troops nevertheless, they captured Oreshok after a two-month blockade, when as a result of hunger and disease, out of 1300 defenders of the fortress, no more than a hundred remained.

During the Northern War (1700-1721), Peter the Great set the capture of the Noteburg fortress as a top priority. Her island position required the creation of a fleet for this. Peter ordered to build thirteen ships in Arkhangelsk, of which two ships - "Holy Spirit" and "Courier" - were dragged through the swamps and taiga by Zaonezhsky men from the White Sea to Lake Onega, where they launched, and then along the Svir and Lake Ladoga ships came to the sources of the Neva.

The first Russian detachments led by Peter I appeared near Noteburg on September 26, 1702, the next day the siege of the fortress began. October 11, Art. Art., after a ten-day bombardment, the Russians launched an assault that lasted 13 hours. Noteburg again became a Russian fortress, the official transfer took place on October 14, 1702. Regarding the capture of the fortress, Peter wrote: "It is true that this nut was very cruel, but, thank God, it was happily gnawed." By royal decree, in memory of the capture of Noteburg, a medal was knocked out with the inscription: "He was with the enemy for 90 years." The fortress of Noteburg was renamed by Peter Shlisselburg, which means "Key City" in German. For more than 200 years, the fortress performed defensive functions, then it became a political prison. Since 1928 there has been a museum here. During the Great Patriotic War, the Shlisselburg Fortress heroically defended itself for almost 500 days and withstood, preventing the blockade around Leningrad from closing. The garrison of the fortress also contributed to the liberation of the city of Shlisselburg, which in 1944 was renamed Petrokrepost. Since 1966, the Shlisselburg Fortress (Oreshek) has again become a museum.

Scout Nadezhda Troyan

On October 24, 1921, Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan (d. 2011) was born, a Soviet intelligence officer and nurse of the Storm partisan detachment, Hero of the Soviet Union, candidate of medical sciences, senior lieutenant of the medical service.

Scout Nadezhda Troyan

Her childhood was spent in Belarus. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, being in the territory temporarily occupied by German troops, she participated in the work of an underground organization in the city of Smolevichi, Minsk region. Members of the underground Komsomol organization, created at the peat plant, collected intelligence about the enemy, replenished the ranks of the partisans, assisted their families, wrote and posted leaflets. From July 1942 she was a liaison, scout, nurse of the partisan detachments "Stalin's Five" (commander M. Vasilenko), "Storm" (commander M. Skoromnik), the brigade "Uncle Kolya" (commander - Hero of the Soviet Union P. G. Lopatin) in Minsk region. She participated in operations to blow up bridges, attack enemy carts, and participated in battles more than once. On the instructions of the organization, she took part, together with M. B. Osipova and E. G. Mazanik, in the operation to destroy the German Gauleiter of Belarus Wilhelm Kube. This feat of the Soviet partisans is described in the feature film The Clock Stopped at Midnight (Belarusfilm) and the series Hunt for the Gauleiter (directed by Oleg Bazilov, 2012). The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 1209) was awarded to Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan on October 29, 1943 for her courage and heroism shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders.

After the war in 1947 she graduated from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. She worked as director of the Scientific Research Institute of Health Education of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, associate professor of the Department of Surgery at the 1st Moscow Medical Institute.

Special Forces Day

October 24, 1950 Minister of War of the USSR Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky issued a directive on the formation of 46 special-purpose companies with a staff of 120 people each.

Disaster at the start

On October 24, 1960, an experimental R-16 intercontinental rocket exploded at the launch site in Baikonur. As a result, 74 people died, including the chairman of the state commission, Chief Marshal of Artillery Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin.

Information exchange

If you have information about any event related to the subject of our site, and you want us to publish it, you can use the special form:

Said Aminov, editor-in-chief of the Vestnik PVO website (PVO.rf)

Basic provisions:

Today, a number of companies are actively developing and promoting new air defense systems, which are based on air-to-air missiles used from ground launchers;

Given the large number of aircraft missiles in service with different countries, the creation of such air defense systems can be very promising.

The idea of creating anti-aircraft missile systems based on aviation weapons is not new. Back in the 1960s. The United States created Chaparral self-propelled short-range air defense systems with the Sidewinder aircraft missile and the Sea Sparrow short-range air defense system with the AIM-7E-2 Sparrow aircraft missile. These complexes were widely used and were used in combat operations. At the same time, a ground-based Spada air defense system (and its shipborne version of Albatros) was created in Italy, using Aspide anti-aircraft guided missiles similar in design to Sparrow.

Today, the United States has returned to the design of "hybrid" air defense systems based on the Raytheon AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missile. The SLAMRAAM air defense system, which has been created for a long time, designed to complement the Avenger complex in the US Army and Marine Corps, can theoretically become one of the best-selling in foreign markets, given the number of countries armed with AIM-120 aircraft missiles. An example is the US-Norwegian NASAMS air defense system, which has already gained popularity, also created on the basis of AIM-120 missiles.

The European group MBDA is promoting vertical launch air defense systems based on the French MICA aircraft missile, and the German company Diehl BGT Defense is promoting IRIS-T missiles.

Russia also does not stand aside - in 2005, the Tactical Missile Weapons Corporation (KTRV) presented at the MAKS air show information on the use of an air defense medium-range missile RVV-AE. This missile with an active radar guidance system is designed for use from aircraft. fourth generation, has a range of 80 km and was exported in large quantities as part of the Su-30MK and MiG-29 family fighters to China, Algeria, India and other countries. True, information on the development of the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE has not been received recently.

Chaparral (USA)

The Chaparral self-propelled all-weather air defense system was developed by Ford based on the Sidewinder 1C (AIM-9D) aircraft missile. The complex was adopted by the US Army in 1969, and since then it has been modernized several times. Under combat conditions, Chaparral was first used by the Israeli army in the Golan Heights in 1973, and subsequently used by Israel in 1982 during Israeli occupation Lebanon. However, by the early 1990s. The Chaparral air defense system was hopelessly outdated and was decommissioned by the United States, and then by Israel. Now it has remained in operation only in Egypt, Colombia, Morocco, Portugal, Tunisia and Taiwan.

Sea Sparrow (USA)

The Sea Sparrow is one of the most massive short-range ship-based air defense systems in the NATO navies. The complex was created on the basis of the RIM-7 missile, a modified version of the AIM-7F Sparrow air-to-air missile. Tests began in 1967, and since 1971 the complex began to enter service with the US Navy.

In 1968, Denmark, Italy and Norway came to an agreement with the US Navy on joint work to modernize the Sea Sparrow air defense system as part of international cooperation. As a result, a unified air defense system for NATO surface ships NSSMS (NATO Sea Sparrow Missile System) was developed, which has been in serial production since 1973.

Now a new anti-aircraft missile RIM-162 ESSM (Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles) is being offered for the Sea Sparrow air defense system, the development of which began in 1995 by an international consortium led by the American company Raytheon. The consortium includes companies from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Spain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Turkey. The new missile can be launched from both inclined and vertical launchers. The RIM-162 ESSM anti-aircraft missile has been in service since 2004. The modified RIM-162 ESSM anti-aircraft missile is also planned to be used in the US SLAMRAAM ER land-based air defense system (see below).

RVV-AE-ZRK (Russia)

In our country, research work (R&D) on the use of aircraft missiles in air defense systems began in the mid-1980s. In the Klenka Research Institute, specialists from the Vympel State Design Bureau (today part of the KTRV) confirmed the possibility and expediency of using the R-27P missile as part of the air defense system, and in the early 1990s. Research work "Yelnik" showed the possibility of using an air-to-air missile of the RVV-AE (R-77) type in an air defense system with a vertical launch. A model of a modified missile under the designation RVV-AE-ZRK was demonstrated in 1996 at the Defendory international exhibition in Athens at the stand of the Vympel State Design Bureau. However, until 2005, there were no new references to the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE.

Possible launcher of a promising air defense system on an artillery carriage of an S-60 anti-aircraft gun GosMKB "Vympel"

During the MAKS-2005 air show, the Tactical Missiles Corporation presented an anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE missile without external changes from an aircraft missile. The RVV-AE missile was placed in a transport and launch container (TPK) and had a vertical launch. According to the developer, the missile is proposed to be used against air targets from ground launchers that are part of anti-aircraft missile or anti-aircraft artillery systems. In particular, layouts for placing four TPKs with RVV-AE on the S-60 anti-aircraft gun cart were distributed, and it was also proposed to upgrade the Kvadrat air defense system (an export version of the Kub air defense system) by placing TPKs with RVV-AE on the launcher.

Anti-aircraft missile RVV-AE in a transport and launch container in the exposition of the Vympel State Design Bureau (Tactical Missiles Corporation) at the MAKS-2005 exhibition Said Aminov

Due to the fact that the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE almost does not differ from the aircraft version in terms of equipment and there is no launch accelerator, the launch is carried out using a sustainer engine from a transport and launch container. Because of this, the maximum launch range has decreased from 80 to 12 km. The anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE was created in cooperation with the Almaz-Antey air defense concern.

After MAKS-2005, there were no reports on the implementation of this project from open sources. Now the aviation version of the RVV-AE is in service with Algeria, India, China, Vietnam, Malaysia and other countries, some of which also have Soviet artillery and air defense missile systems.

Pracka (Yugoslavia)

The first examples of the use of aircraft missiles as anti-aircraft missiles in Yugoslavia date back to the mid-1990s, when the Bosnian Serb army created an air defense system on the chassis of a TAM-150 truck with two rails for Soviet-designed R-13 infrared-guided missiles. It was a "handicraft" modification and does not appear to have had an official designation.

A self-propelled anti-aircraft gun based on R-3 missiles (AA-2 "Atoll") was first shown to the public in 1995 (Source Vojske Krajine)

Another simplified system, known as Pracka ("Sling"), was an infrared-guided R-60 missile on an improvised launcher based on the carriage of a towed 20 mm M55 anti-aircraft gun. The actual combat effectiveness of such a system seems to have been low, given such a disadvantage as a very short launch range.

Towed handicraft air defense system "Sling" with a missile based on air-to-air missiles with an infrared homing head R-60

The beginning of the NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999 prompted the engineers of this country to urgently create anti-aircraft missile systems. Specialists from the VTI Military Technical Institute and the VTO Air Test Center quickly developed the Pracka RL-2 and RL-4 self-propelled air defense systems armed with two-stage missiles. Prototypes of both systems were created on the basis of the chassis of a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun with a 30-mm double-barreled gun of the Czech production type M53 / 59, more than 100 of which were in service with Yugoslavia.

New versions of the Prasha air defense system with two-stage missiles based on the R-73 and R-60 aircraft missiles at an exhibition in Belgrade in December 2004. Vukasin Milosevic, 2004

The RL-2 system was created on the basis of the Soviet R-60MK missile with the first stage in the form of an accelerator of a similar caliber. The booster appears to have been created by a combination of a 128mm rocket propulsion system. salvo fire and large tail stabilizers mounted crosswise.

Vukasin Milosevic, 2004

The RL-4 rocket was created on the basis of the Soviet R-73 rocket, also equipped with an accelerator. It is possible that boosters for RL-4

were created on the basis of Soviet 57-mm unguided aircraft missiles of the S-5 type (a package of six missiles in a single body). An unnamed Serbian source, in an interview with a representative of the Western press, stated that this air defense system was successful. The R-73 missiles significantly outperform the R-60 in homing head sensitivity and reach in range and altitude, posing a significant threat to NATO aircraft.

Vukasin Milosevic, 2004

It is unlikely that the RL-2 and RL-4 had a great chance of independently conducting successful firing at suddenly appeared targets. These SAMs depend on air defense command posts or a forward observation post to have at least some idea of the direction to the target and the approximate time of its appearance.

Vukasin Milosevic, 2004

Both prototypes were built by VTO and VTI staff, and there is no information in the public domain about how many (or if any) test runs were made. The prototypes remained in service throughout the 1999 NATO bombing campaign. Anecdotal reports suggest that the RL-4 may have been used in combat, but there is no evidence that RL-2 missiles were fired at NATO aircraft. After the end of the conflict, both systems were withdrawn from service and returned to VTI.

SPYDER (Israel)

Israeli companies Rafael and IAI have developed and are promoting SPYDER short-range air defense systems based on Rafael Python 4 or 5 and Derby aircraft missiles, respectively, with infrared and active radar guidance, in foreign markets. For the first time, the new complex was presented in 2004 at the Indian arms exhibition Defexpo.

Experienced launcher of the SPYDER air defense system, on which Rafael worked out the Jane "s complex

SAM SPYDER is capable of hitting air targets at ranges up to 15 km and at altitudes up to 9 km. The SPYDER is armed with four Python and Derby missiles in the TPK on the Tatra-815 off-road chassis with an 8x8 wheel arrangement. Rocket launch inclined.

Indian version of the SPYDER air defense system at the Bourges air show in 2007 Said Aminov

Derby, Python-5 and Iron Dome rockets at Defexpo-2012

The main export customer of the SPYDER short-range air defense system is India. In 2005, Rafael won the corresponding tender of the Indian Air Force, while the competitors were companies from Russia and South Africa. In 2006, four SPYDER SAM launchers were sent to India for testing, which were successfully completed in 2007. The final contract for the supply of 18 SPYDER systems for a total of $ 1 billion was signed in 2008. It is planned that the systems will be delivered in 2011-2012 Also, the SPYDER air defense system was purchased by Singapore.

SAM SPYDER Singapore Air Force

After the end of hostilities in Georgia in August 2008, evidence appeared on Internet forums that the Georgian military had one battery of SPYDER air defense systems, as well as their use against Russian aircraft. For example, in September 2008, a photograph of the head of a Python 4 missile with serial number 11219 was published. Later, two photographs appeared, dated August 19, 2008, of a SPYDER air defense missile launcher with four Python 4 missiles on the chassis captured by Russian or South Ossetian military Romanian made Roman 6x6. Serial number 11219 is visible on one of the missiles.

Georgian SAM SPYDER

VL MICA (Europe)

Since 2000, the European concern MBDA has been promoting the VL MICA air defense system, the main armament of which is MICA aircraft missiles. The first demonstration of the new complex took place in February 2000 at the Asian Aerospace exhibition in Singapore. And already in 2001, tests began at the French training ground in Landes. In December 2005, the MBDA concern received a contract to create the VL MICA air defense system for the French armed forces. It was planned that these complexes would provide object air defense of air bases, units in the combat formations of the ground forces and be used as shipboard air defense. However, to date, the purchase of the complex by the armed forces of France has not begun. The aviation version of the MICA missile is in service with the French Air Force and Navy (they are equipped with Rafale and Mirage 2000 fighters), in addition, MICA is in service with the Air Force of the United Arab Emirates, Greece and Taiwan (Mirage 2000).

Model of the ship launcher VL MICA air defense system at the LIMA-2013 exhibition

The land version of the VL MICA includes a command post, a three-coordinate detection radar and three to six launchers with four transport and launch containers. VL MICA components can be installed on standard off-road vehicles. Anti-aircraft missiles of the complex can be with an infrared or active radar homing head, completely identical to aviation options. The TPK for the land version of the VL MICA is identical to the TPK for the ship modification of the VL MICA. In the basic configuration of the ship's VL MICA air defense system, the launcher consists of eight TPKs with MICA missiles in various combinations of homing heads.

Model of self-propelled launcher SAM VL MICA at the exhibition LIMA-2013

In December 2007, VL MICA air defense systems were ordered by Oman (for three Khareef project corvettes under construction in the UK), subsequently these complexes were purchased by the Moroccan Navy (for three SIGMA project corvettes under construction in the Netherlands) and the UAE (for two small missile corvettes contracted in Italy project Falaj 2) . In 2009, at the Paris Air Show, Romania announced the acquisition of the VL MICA and Mistral complexes for the country's Air Force from the MBDA concern, although deliveries to the Romanians have not begun so far.

IRIS-T (Europe)

As part of the European initiative to create a promising short-range aviation missile to replace the American AIM-9 Sidewinder, a consortium of countries led by Germany created the IRIS-T missile with a range of up to 25 km. The development and production is carried out by Diehl BGT Defense in partnership with enterprises in Italy, Sweden, Greece, Norway and Spain. The missile was adopted by the participating countries in December 2005. The IRIS-T missile can be used from a wide range of fighter aircraft, including Typhoon, Tornado, Gripen, F-16, F-18 aircraft. Austria was the first export customer for IRIS-T, and South Africa and Saudi Arabia later ordered the missile.

Layout self-propelled launcher Iris-T at the exhibition in Bourges-2007

In 2004, Diehl BGT Defense began developing a promising air defense system using the IRIS-T aircraft missile. The IRIS-T SLS complex has been undergoing field tests since 2008, mainly at the Overberg test site in South Africa. The IRIS-T missile is launched vertically from a launcher mounted on the chassis of an off-road light truck. The detection of air targets is provided by the Giraffe AMB all-round radar developed by the Swedish company Saab. The maximum range of destruction exceeds 10 km.

In 2008, a modernized launcher was demonstrated at the ILA exhibition in Berlin

In 2009, Diehl BGT Defense introduced an upgraded version of the IRIS-T SL air defense system with a new missile, the maximum range of which should be 25 km. The missile is equipped with an advanced rocket engine, as well as automatic data transmission and GPS navigation systems. Tests of the improved complex were carried out at the end of 2009 at the South African test site.

Launcher of the German air defense system IRIS-T SL 25.6.2011 at the Dubendorf Miroslav Gyürösi airbase

In accordance with the decision of the German authorities new version The air defense system was planned to be integrated into the promising MEADS air defense system (created jointly with the United States and Italy), as well as to ensure interaction with the Patriot PAC-3 air defense system. However, the announced withdrawal of the United States and Germany in 2011 from the MEADS air defense program makes the prospects of both MEADS itself and the planned integration of the IRIS-T anti-aircraft missile into its composition extremely uncertain. The complex can be offered to the countries-operators of IRIS-T aircraft missiles.

NASAMS (USA, Norway)

The concept of an air defense system using the AIM-120 aircraft missile was proposed in the early 1990s. by the American company Hughes Aircraft (now part of Raytheon) when creating a promising air defense system under the AdSAMS program. In 1992, the AdSAMS complex was tested, but in the future this project was not developed. In 1994, Hughes Aircraft signed a contract to develop NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System) air defense systems, the architecture of which largely repeated the AdSAMS project. The development of the NASAMS complex together with Norsk Forsvarteknologia (now part of the Kongsberg Defense group) was successfully completed, and in 1995 its production for the Norwegian Air Force began.

The NASAMS air defense system consists of a command post, a Raytheon AN / TPQ-36A three-coordinate radar and three transportable launchers. The launcher carries six AIM-120 missiles.

In 2005, Kongsberg was awarded a contract to fully integrate Norwegian NASAMS air defense systems into NATO's integrated air defense control system. The modernized air defense system under the designation NASAMS II entered service with the Norwegian Air Force in 2007.

SAM NASAMS II Ministry of Defense of Norway

For the Spanish ground forces in 2003, four NASAMS air defense systems were delivered, and one air defense system was transferred to the United States. In December 2006, the Dutch ground forces ordered six upgraded NASAMS II air defense systems, deliveries began in 2009. In April 2009, Finland decided to replace three divisions of Russian Buk-M1 air defense systems with NASAMS II. The estimated cost of the Finnish contract is 500 million euros.

Now Raytheon and Kongsberg are jointly developing the HAWK-AMRAAM air defense system, using AIM-120 aircraft missiles on universal launchers and Sentinel detection radars in the I-HAWK air defense system.

High Mobility Launcher NASAMS AMRAAM on FMTV Raytheon chassis

CLAWS / SLAMRAAM (USA)

Since the early 2000s in the United States, a promising mobile air defense system is being developed based on the AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missile, similar in its characteristics to Russian missile medium range RVV-AE (R-77). Raytheon Corporation is the lead developer and manufacturer of rockets. Boeing is a subcontractor and is responsible for the development and production of the SAM fire control command post.

In 2001, the US Marine Corps signed a contract with Raytheon Corporation to create the CLAWS (Complementary Low-Altitude Weapon System, also known as HUMRAAM) air defense systems. This air defense system was a mobile air defense system, based on a launcher based on an HMMWV off-road army vehicle with four AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missiles launched from inclined rails. The development of the complex was extremely delayed due to the repeated curtailment of funding and the lack of clear views from the Pentagon on the need to acquire it.

In 2004, the US Army ordered Raytheon to develop the SLAMRAAM (Surface-Launched AMRAAM) air defense system. Since 2008, tests of the SLAMRAAM air defense system at the test sites began, during which interaction with the Patriot and Avenger air defense systems was also tested. At the same time, the army eventually abandoned the use of the light HMMWV chassis, and the latest version of SLAMRAAM was already being tested on the chassis of an FMTV truck. In general, the development of the system was also sluggish, although it was expected that the new complex would enter service in 2012.

In September 2008, information appeared that the UAE had applied for the purchase of a certain number of SLAMRAAM air defense systems. In addition, this air defense system was planned to be acquired by Egypt.

In 2007, Raytheon Corporation proposed to significantly improve the combat capabilities of the SLAMRAAM air defense system by adding two new missiles to its armament - an AIM-9X infrared-guided short-range aircraft missile and a longer-range SLAMRAAM-ER missile. Thus, the modernized complex should have been able to use two types of short-range missiles from one launcher: AMRAAM (up to 25 km) and AIM-9X (up to 10 km). Due to the use of the SLAMRAAM-ER missile, the maximum range of the complex's destruction increased to 40 km. The SLAMRAAM-ER missile is being developed by Raytheon on its own initiative and is a modified ESSM ship-based anti-aircraft missile with a homing head and a control system from the AMRAAM aircraft missile. First tests new rocket SL-AMRAAM-ER were held in Norway in 2008.

Meanwhile, in January 2011, information appeared that the Pentagon had finally decided not to acquire the SLAMRAAM air defense system for either the army or the marines due to budget cuts, despite the lack of prospects for modernizing the Avenger air defense system. This, apparently, means the end of the program and makes its possible export prospects doubtful.

Tactical and technical characteristics of air defense systems based on aircraft missiles

Name of air defense system	Developer company	anti-aircraft missile	Type of homing head	Range of destruction of air defense systems, km	Range of destruction of the aviation complex, km
Chaparral	Lockheed Martin (USA)	Sidewinder 1C (AIM-9D) - MIM-72A	IR AN/DAW-2 rosette scan (Rosette Scan Seeker) - MIM-72G	0.5 to 9.0 (MIM-72G)	Up to 18 (AIM-9D)
SAM based on RVV-AE	KTRV (Russia)	RVV-AE	ARL	1.2 to 12	0.3 to 80
Pracka-RL-2	Yugoslavia	R-60MK	IR	n/a	Up to 8
Pracka-RL-4	Yugoslavia	R-73	IR	n/a	up to 20
SPYDER	Rafael, IAI (Israel)	Python 5	IR	1 to 15 (SPYDER-SR)	Up to 15
SPYDER	Rafael, IAI (Israel)	Derby	ARL GOS	1 to 35 (up to 50) (SPYDER-MR)	Up to 63
VL Mica	MBDA (Europe)	IR Mica	IR GOS	To 10	0.5 to 60
VL Mica	MBDA (Europe)	RF Mica	ARL GOS	To 10	0.5 to 60
SL-AMRAAM / CLAWS / NASAMS	Raytheon (USA), Kongsberg (Norway)	AIM-120AMRAAM	ARL GOS	2.5 to 25	up to 48
		AIM-9X Sidewinder	IR GOS	To 10	Up to 18.2
		SL-AMRAAMER	ARL GOS	up to 40	No analogue
Sea Sparrow	Raytheon (USA)	AIM-7F Sparrow	PARL GOS	Under 19	50
Sea Sparrow	Raytheon (USA)	ESSM	PARL GOS	Up to 50	No analogue
IRIS-TSL	Diehl BGT Defense (Germany)	IRIS-T	IR GOS	Up to 15 km (estimated)	25