Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system "BUK-M2" (Russia). How the BUK anti-aircraft missile system works (26 photos)

The Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Engineering was appointed as its main developer, and the 9A39 launchers and chargers were created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were developed at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, while the design of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau Novator. The 9S18 Kupol detection and target designation station was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments. In the West, the complex received the designation SA-11 Gadfly ("Bumblebee").

The Buk air defense system included:

— anti-aircraft missile SAM 9M38 It was equipped with a dual-mode solid-propellant engine (total operating time - 15 seconds), and in front of it were sequentially placed a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power sources and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead.

- Command post 9S470 Its function is to receive and process information about targets coming from the 9S18 detection station and six self-propelled firing installations, select targets and distribute them between installations. The command post processed messages about 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km.

- Detection and target designation station 9S18 "Kupol" A three-coordinate coherent-pulse station of the centimeter range with electronic beam scanning in the sector and mechanical rotation of the antenna was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges up to 120 km and transmit information to the command post.

- Self-propelled firing system 9A310 The time for transferring the installation from traveling to combat was no more than 5 minutes, and the time for transferring from standby to working mode was no more than 20 seconds, it took no more than 12 minutes to charge the installation with four missiles. Length 9A310 - 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), and height - 3.8 m (7.72 m, respectively).

- Launcher-loader 9A39 It was intended for the transportation and storage of eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradles), launching four missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from cradles and self-loading eight missiles from a transport vehicle (in 26 minutes). The composition of the launcher, in addition to the launcher, crane and lodgements, included: a digital computer, navigation equipment, topographic reference and orientation, a communication system, power supply and power supply units. The launcher is 9.96 m long, 3.316 m wide and 3.8 m high.

Joint tests of the Buk complex were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba training ground in Kazakhstan. "Buk" has surpassed all complexes of a similar purpose that preceded it (SAM "Kub-M3" and "Kub-M4"), demonstrating higher combat and operational characteristics.

The installation ensured the simultaneous shelling of up to six targets by the division, and, if necessary, the performance of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems. The Buk was distinguished by greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection station and six self-propelled firing systems.

According to the results of fire tests, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides shelling of non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m / s) and with a probability of defeat equal to 0.7−0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads up to 8 units, the probability of hitting was reduced to 0.6. As a result, the Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces in 1980.

"Buk-M1"

In accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979, the Buk air defense system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. The combat means of the Buk-M1 complex were interchangeable with the Buk air defense system without modifications, the regular organization of combat formations and technical units is also similar to the Buk complex.

The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing mount, compared to the 9A310 mount, ensured the detection and capture of a target for escort at long ranges (by 25-30%), as well as the recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.

The 9S470M1 command post, compared to the 9S470 command post of the Buk complex, ensured the simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the control point.

The complex used a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 ("Kupol-M1"), which has a self-propelled tracked chassis GM-567M, of the same type with a command post, a self-propelled firing system and a launcher-loader.

"Buk-M1−2"

Cooperation of enterprises headed by NIIP named after V.V. Tikhomirov in 1994-1997, work was carried out to create a modernized Buk-M1-2 complex. As a result, it has become a universal fire weapon: through the use new rocket 9M317 and the modernization of other means, for the first time, it was possible to destroy tactical combat missiles, aviation missiles at ranges up to 20 km, elements of high-precision weapons, ships at ranges up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launchers, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of the destruction was also increased, the boundaries of the affected zones were increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in height.

The Buk-M1-2 complex differs from its predecessor before in the use of the new 9M317 missile. In addition, it is planned to introduce a new tool into the complex - radar illumination of targets and guidance of missiles with the placement of the antenna in the working position at a height of up to 22 meters using a telescopic device. Thanks to this, the combat capabilities of the complex to defeat low-flying targets, in particular, modern cruise missiles, have significantly expanded.

The complex is offered in two versions - mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM-569 family of the type used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles with semi-trailers. In the automotive version, with a slight decrease in cost, the cross-country performance deteriorates and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system increases from 5 to 15 minutes.

The composition of the self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2 includes: — radar station(radar) - launcher with four missiles - digital computer system - television optical sight - laser range finder - navigation and communication equipment - radio direction finder

"Buk-M2"

Multifunctional highly mobile anti-aircraft missile system medium range 9K317 "Buk-M2" is designed to destroy tactical and strategic aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and others. aircraft throughout their range practical application in conditions of intense enemy electronic and fire countermeasures, as well as to combat tactical ballistic, aviation missiles and other elements of high-precision weapons, destroy surface and ground targets. The Buk-M2 air defense system can be used for air defense of troops, in various forms of hostilities, administrative and industrial facilities and territories of the country.

"Buk-M2" was intended to replace the anti-aircraft systems "Cube" and "Buk" previous generations and was supposed to enter service in the early 1990s, but this did not happen due to the collapse of the USSR and the difficult economic situation. Work on improving the complex continued in 2008, and the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant began mass production of the modern version of the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex, which began to enter the army. In parallel, taking into account the requirements of foreign customers, an export version of the Buk-M2E - Ural was developed. Currently, the Buk air defense system is in service with Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Cyprus, Serbia, Syria, Ukraine, and Finland.

The composition of the complex 9K317 "Buk-M2":- combat means - 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missiles - 9A317 and 9A318 self-propelled firing systems (towed) - 9A316 and 9A320 launchers - controls - 9S510 command post - 9S18M1-3 target detection radar - 9S36 missile illumination and guidance radar

Self-propelled firing system 9A317 is made on the tracked chassis GM-569. In the process of combat operation of a self-propelled firing system, it detects, identifies, auto-tracks and recognizes the type of target, develops a flight mission, solves a launch task, launches a rocket, illuminates the target and transmits radio correction commands to the rocket. The installation is capable of firing at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system when targeting from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility. The complex can be transported without limitation of speed and distance by rail, air and water transport.

"Buk-M3"

Currently, work is underway to create new complexes military air defense, including the promising Buk-M3 air defense system. Expected that new complex will have 36 target channels and will be capable of hitting air targets flying at speeds up to 3 km/s at a distance of up to 70 km and an altitude of up to 35 km, which will allow attacking highly maneuverable targets in conditions of strong radio countermeasures, hitting all existing aerodynamic targets, ground and surface targets, operational-tactical missiles. The modernized self-propelled firing system will receive a modified seven-roller tracked chassis and 6 missiles in transport and launch containers.

The uniqueness of the Buk complex and all its modifications lies in the fact that with a significant size of the affected area in terms of range, height and parameter, a combat mission can be performed by the autonomous use of only one fire ground facility- self-propelled fire mount. This quality makes it possible to ensure the surprise of shelling air targets from ambush and autonomous operational change of combat position, which significantly increases the survivability of the installation.

The development of the Buk complex was started by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, in terms of the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 Uragan air defense system was determined for Navy using a single missile system with the Buk complex.

The military air defense system "Buk" was intended to combat aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m / s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - and with Lance ballistic missiles.

Developers of the complex and its systems

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was determined by the Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (general director V.K. Grishin). A.A. Rastov was appointed chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole, G.N. semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.

Launcher-charging units (ROM) 9A39 were created at the Machine-Building Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were created in OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau Novator, headed by L.V. Lyulyev. The detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 ("Dome") was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of the chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (later - Yu.P. Shchekotov).

In the west, the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".

Compound

The composition of the air defense system "Buk" includes the following weapons:

• SAM 9M38;
• Command post 9С470;
• Detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome";
• Self-propelled firing system 9А310;
• Launcher-loader 9A39.

SAM 9M38

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is made using a dual-mode solid-propellant engine (total operating time is about 15 seconds), according to a normal aerodynamic configuration with "X"-placement of small elongation wings.

In front of the rocket, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power sources and a warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of centering over the flight time, the solid propellant rocket engine combustion chamber is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the elements of the steering drive are located. The rocket does not have parts that separate in flight. A new GOS with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implemented homing missiles using the method of proportional navigation. Warhead - high-explosive fragmentation type.

Command post 9С470

Placed on the GM-579 chassis, the 9С470 command post provided:

• receiving, displaying and processing information about targets received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;
• selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launcher-charging installations, about the letters of the transmitters for illumination of self-propelled firing installations, about their work on targets, about operating modes of the detection and target designation station;
• organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles by the enemy;
• documenting the work and training the calculation of the CP.

The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per cycle of review of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing installations with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m - in range.
The mass of the command post with a combat crew of 6 did not exceed 28 tons.

Station detection and target designation 9S18 ("Dome")

Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station 9S18 ("Dome") of the centimeter range with electronic beam scanning in the sector in elevation (30 ° or 40 ° is set) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) antenna rotation in azimuth (using an electric drive or hydraulic drive) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to KP 9S470.

The space survey rate, depending on the set sector in elevation angle and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s with a circular view and from 2.5 to 4.5 s with a view in a 30 ° sector. Radar information was transmitted over a telecode line to the CP 9S470 in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 s). The root-mean-square errors (RMS) of measuring the coordinates of the targets were: no more than 20 "in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130m in range, the resolution in range was not worse than 300m, in azimuth and elevation - 4 °.

To protect against targeted interference, the carrier frequency was tuned from pulse to pulse, from the response - the same was the blanking of the range intervals along the auto-pick channel, from non-synchronous pulses - a change in the slope of the linear-frequency modulation and blanking of the range sections. With noise barrage interference of self-cover and external cover of given levels, the detection and target designation station ensured the detection of a fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station provided target tracking with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection scheme with automatic wind speed compensation. The station was protected from anti-radar missiles by implementing a software reconfiguration of the carrier frequency in 1.3 s, switching to circular polarization of sounding signals or to intermittent radiation (flickering) mode.

The station included an antenna post, consisting of a truncated parabolic profile reflector, a feed in the form of a full-flow line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotary device, and a device for adding the antenna to the stowed position; transmitter (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise factor no more than 8) and other systems.

The time for transferring the station from traveling to combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and from standby to working mode - no more than 20 seconds. The mass of the station with the calculation of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.

Self-propelled firing system 9A310

The transfer time from traveling to combat was no more than 5 minutes. The time of transferring the installation from the standby mode to the operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, was no more than 20 s. The 9A310 self-propelled firing system was loaded with four missiles from a launcher-loader in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes.

The mass of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 did not exceed 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system was 9.3 m, width -3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height - 3.8 m (7.72 m).

Launcher-loader 9A39

The 9A39 launcher-loader placed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for the transportation and storage of eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradles), launching 4 missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradles, self-loading eight missiles from the transport vehicle ( for 26 min), from ground lodgements and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. In addition to a launcher with a power servo drive, a crane and cradles, the launcher-charging installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographic and orientation equipment, telecode communications, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people is no more than 35.5 tons.
The launcher was 9.96 m long, 3.316 m wide and 3.8 m high.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Testing and operation

Joint tests of the Buk complex in the full specified composition of funds were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba test site (head of the test site V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The command post of the complex received information about the air situation from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile 6 brigade "Buk" (ACS "Polyana-D4") and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued it to self-propelled firing installations, which searched for and captured targets for auto tracking. missiles were launched into the affected area.Missile guidance was carried out using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of targeting.When approaching the target, the GOS issued a close cocking command to the radio fuse.When approaching the target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead was blown up on command. If the radio fuse did not work, the missile self-destructed.If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.

Compared to the previous complexes of a similar purpose (SAM "Kub-M3" and "Kub-M4"), the Buk complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:

• simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, the performance of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
• greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing installations;
• increased noise immunity due to the use of the GOS onboard computer and special kind backlight signal;
• greater efficiency of hitting the target due to the increased power of the warhead of the missile defense system.

According to the results of firing tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides shelling of non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speed up to 300 m / s) with a course parameter up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with g-loads of up to 8 units, the probability of hitting was reduced to 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk air defense system was reduced to anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: KP (point combat control brigades from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), four anti-aircraft missile battalions with their own 9S470 command post, a 9S18 detection and target designation station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and one 9A39 launcher-loader in each, and as well as technical support and maintenance units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces in 1980.

Today we will get acquainted with the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, which is considered one of the best representatives of its class on the world stage. The machine is capable of destroying enemy aircraft and missiles, ships and buildings. Consider also the options for execution and the differences between the modifications.

What is the air defense system (anti-aircraft missile system) "Buk"

The machine in question (Buk military anti-aircraft missile system), according to the GRAU index, is designated as 9K37, and it is known to NATO and the United States specialists as SA-11 Gadfly. The technique is classified as an anti-aircraft complex on a self-propelled chassis. Missiles are used to destroy targets. The complex is designed to destroy enemy aircraft, as well as other aerodynamic targets at low and medium altitudes, within 30-18000 meters. When creating, it was supposed to effectively deal with maneuvering objects that are capable of providing intense radio countermeasures.

The history of the creation of the Buk air defense system

Work on the creation of the machine began in January 197272, the start was given by government decree Soviet Union. It was assumed that the new car will replace its predecessor, the Cube, at the post. The developer of the system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, which at that time was managed by A.A. Rastov. It is noteworthy that the new car was supposed to be put into operation by the army literally three years after the start of development, which greatly complicated the task for the designers.

To make it possible to complete the work in such a short time, it was divided into two stages:

1. First, a deep modification of the "Cuba" was put into operation - the Kub-M3 air defense system, index 9A38. A machine on a self-propelled chassis with 9M38 missiles was supposed to be introduced into each battery. In the course of the work, a complex was created with the M4 mark in the title, which was put into service in 1978;
2. The second step meant the final commissioning of the complex, which included: a command post, a target detection station in the air, the self-propelled unit itself, as well as a launch-loading system and a missile defense system (anti-aircraft guided missile).

The designers coped with the task, and already in 1977, tests of both machines began. For two years, the capabilities and potential of the systems were evaluated at the Emba training ground, after which the installations began to enter service with the country.

It is worth noting that, in addition to the land variation of the system, an installation for the Navy was also created on a single missile defense system. The caterpillar chassis was created by the machine-building plant in Mytishchi (MMZ), the missiles were developed by the Novator bureau of Sverdlovsk. The target designation / tracking station was designed at NIIIP MRP.

The principle of operation of the Buk missile system

The characteristics of the complex make it possible to effectively deal with various air targets, the speed of which does not exceed 830 m / s, maneuvering with overloads up to 12 units. It was believed that the machine would be able to fight even with Lance ballistic missiles.

During the development, it was supposed to achieve a twofold increase in the efficiency of the existing air defense systems by increasing the channeling when working with aerodynamic targets. A necessary part of the work was the automation of processes, starting with the detection of a potential enemy and ending with his destruction.

It was supposed to add an innovative installation to each battery of the Kubov-M3 regiment, which, at minimal cost, made it possible to increase the capabilities of the unit at times. The cost of funds for modernization amounted to no more than 30% of the initial investment in the formation, but the number of channels doubled (increased to 10), the number of missiles ready for combat missions increased by a quarter - up to 75.

It is worth noting that, based on the results of testing the systems, it was possible to obtain the following characteristics:

• in autonomous mode, aircraft at a three-kilometer altitude could be detected at 65-77 kilometers;
• low-flying targets (30-100 m) could be detected from 32-41 km;
• helicopters were spotted from 21-35 km;
• in a centralized mode, the reconnaissance / guidance installation did not allow the full potential of the complex to be fully manifested, therefore, aircraft at an altitude of 3-7 km could only be detected at a distance of 44 km;
• under similar conditions, low-flying aircraft were spotted from 21-28 km.

Processing targets by the system offline takes no more than 27 seconds, the probability of hitting a target with one projectile reached 70-93 percent. At the same time, the means under consideration could destroy up to six enemy objects. Moreover, the developed missiles are able to work effectively not only against enemy aircraft and strike weapons, but also against surface and ground targets.

The guidance method is combined: when entering the flight path - an inertial method, an adjustment is made from the command post or the installation itself. At the final stage, immediately before the destruction of the target, a semi-active mode is activated using automation.

The last two options became possible to destroy thanks to the laser rangefinder, which appeared on the military modification M1-2. It is possible to process objects with microwave radiation turned off, which had a positive effect on the survivability of the entire system, its secrecy from the enemy, as well as immunity from interference. The mode of coordinate support introduced in the specified modification is aimed at combating interference.

The effectiveness of the installation is in its high mobility: it takes only 5 minutes to deploy from traveling to combat position. The system moves on specially designed tracked chassis, there are options with a wheelbase. In the first version, the car develops up to 65 km / h on the highway and rough terrain, the stock of fuel tanks allows you to march up to 500 km and still save the necessary volume for work for two hours.

The complex for coordinated work is equipped with the following tools:

• Communication - a channel for uninterrupted reception / transmission of information is formed;
• Orientation / navigation systems, for a minimum period of time, a binding to the terrain is formed;
• Equipment for autonomous power supply of the entire complex;
• Equipment for ensuring protection and life in the conditions of the use of nuclear or chemical weapons.

For combat duty, autonomous power systems are used, if necessary, external sources can be connected. The total duration of work without stopping is a day.

The device of the 9K37 complex

To ensure the operability of the complex, it includes four types of machines. There are attached technical means for which the Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 chassis are used. The bulk of the systems under consideration is based on caterpillar tracks. However, some installation options were equipped with a wheel drive.

The combat means of the complex are as follows:

1. One command post coordinating the actions of the entire group;
2. Target detection station, which not only identifies a potential enemy, but identifies its belonging and transmits the received data to the command post;
3. Self-propelled firing system, which ensures the destruction of the enemy in a certain sector in a stationary position or autonomously. In the course of work, it detects targets, determines the ownership of the threat, its capture and shelling;
4. Launcher-loader capable of launching projectiles, as well as loading additional portable ammunition. Machines of this type enter the formations at the rate of 3 to 2 SDA.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system uses 9M317 missiles, which are classified as anti-aircraft guided missiles. Projectiles ensure the destruction of the enemy with a high probability in a wide range: air targets, surface and ground, subject to the creation of dense interference.

The command post is designated by the index 9S470, it is able to communicate simultaneously with six installations, one target detection system and receive tasks from the higher command.

The 9S18 detection station is a three-coordinate radar operating in the centimeter range. It is capable of detecting a potential enemy for 160 km, the review of space is carried out in a regular or sector mode.

Modifications of the Buk complex

With the modernization of aviation and means of protection against air defense, the complex was modernized to increase efficiency and speed. In parallel improved own funds system protection, allowing to increase survivability in combat conditions. Consider the modifications of the "Buk".

SAM Buk-M1 (9K37M1)

The modernization of the system began almost immediately after being put into service. In 1982, an improved version of the machine with the index 9K37 M1, using the 9M38M1 missile, entered service. The technique differed from the basic performance in the following aspects:

1. Significantly expanded the affected area;
2. It became possible to distinguish between ballistic missiles, aircraft and helicopters;
3. Improved counteraction to enemy missile defense.

ZRK Buk-M1-2 (9K37M1-2)

By 1997, the next modification of the Buk air defense system appeared - the 9K37M1-2 index with a new 9M317 guided missile. Innovations affected almost all aspects of the system, which made it possible to hit Lance-class missiles. The radius of destruction increased to 45 km along the horizon and up to 25 km in height.

ZRK Buk-M2 (9K317)

9K317 is the result of a deep modernization of the base installation, which has become much more efficient in all respects, in particular, the probability of hitting enemy aircraft has reached 80 percent. The collapse of the Union ruled out mass production, but in 2008 the car nevertheless entered the Armed Forces.

ZRK Buk-M3 (9K317M)

A novelty of 2016 - the Buk M3 has received higher characteristics, has been developed since 2007. Now there are 6 missiles on board in closed containers, it works automatically, after launch, the projectile reaches the target on its own, and the probability of hitting the enemy is almost 100 percent, with the exception of a million chance of a miss .

ZRK Buk-M2E (9K317E)

The export version is a modification of the M2 on the chassis of the Minsk AZ.

SAM Buk-MB (9K37MB)

This option is a base developed by the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union. It was presented by Belarusian engineers in 2005. Improved radio-electronic equipment, resistance to jamming and ergonomics of calculation workplaces.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Given the scale of modernization and the abundance of modifications, each model has its own performance characteristics. clearly combat effectiveness demonstrates the probability of hitting various targets:

Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1"

Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1-2"

Anti-aircraft missile system Buk-M2

Anti-aircraft missile system Buk-M3

Combat use

Per long history on combat duty in various countries, the Buk missile system managed to fight. However, a number of episodes of its use create a controversial picture regarding its capabilities:

1. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, an L-39 attack aircraft of Abkhazia was destroyed, which led to the death of the commander of the air defense of the state. According to experts, the incident occurred due to incorrect identification of the target by the Russian installation;
2. A division of these machines participated in the first Chechen war, which made it possible to assess their potential in real conditions;
3. The Georgian-South Ossetian conflict of 2008 was remembered official recognition the Russian side lost four aircraft: Tu-22M and three Su-25. According to reliable information, all of them became victims of Buk-M1 vehicles used by the Ukrainian division in Georgia;
4. As for the controversial cases, the first one is the destruction of a Boeing 777 in the east of the Donetsk region. In 2014 car civil aviation was destroyed, according to official data international commission, complex "Buk". However, opinions differ regarding the ownership of the air defense system. The Ukrainian side claims that the system was controlled by the 53rd Air Defense Brigade of Russia, however, there is no reliable evidence of this. Is it worth believing the accusing side?
5. There is also conflicting information coming from Syria, where a host of Russian-made air defense systems, including the vehicles in question, were used in 2018. The Russian Ministry of Defense reports 29 missiles fired by Buk missiles, with only five misses. The United States reports that none of the missiles fired hit their targets. Whom to believe?

Despite provocations and disinformation, the Buk complex is a worthy adversary to any modern helicopters/aircraft, which has been proven in practice. The complex is used not only by Russia, but also as part of combat units in Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, Syria, Ukraine.

Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system / air defense system of the operational (army) level of air defense of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out by the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov. The chief designer of the air defense system is A.A. Rastov.

The development of a complex to replace the military air defense system "Cube" was started by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1972 by almost the same composition of enterprises that created the air defense system "Cube":

• . Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov (former OKB-15 GKAT):
• - complex as a whole (chief designer A.A. Rastov);
• - command post 9С470 (lead designer G.N. Valaev, later - V.I. Sokiran);
• - self-propelled firing systems 9A38 (lead designer V.V. Matyashev);
• - semi-active radar seeker 9E50 of the 9M38 missile (lead designer I.G. Akopyan);
• . Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP - detection and target designation station 9S18 "Kupol" (chief designer A.P. Vetoshko, later - Yu.P. Shchekotov);
• . OKB "Novator" - rocket 9M38 (chief designer L.V. Lyulyev);
• . MKB "Start" (former OKB-203 GKAT) - launcher-loader 9A39 (chief designer A.I. Yaskin);
• . OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) - the chassis of the complex facilities (chief designer N.A. Astrov);

It was originally planned to complete the development of the air defense system in the second quarter of 1975, but when it became clear that the task was somewhat more difficult than it seemed, it was decided to divide the development of the air defense system into two stages (Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974):

• . The first stage involved the development of the 9M38 missile defense system and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and their inclusion as the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system in the 2K12 Kub-M3 air defense system. It was supposed to include one 9A38 self-propelled firing system in each battery of the Kub-M3 air defense system. Joint testing of such an air defense system was planned to begin in September 1974. In this configuration, the air defense system became known as 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" and was put into service in 1978.
• . The second stage envisaged the creation of the Buk air defense system itself as part of the 9S18 detection station, the 9S470 command post, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, and the 9A39 launcher-loader with 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Tests of the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system took place at the Emba training ground from August 1975 to October 1976 as part of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system (SURN), 9A38 self-propelled firing system (SOU), self-propelled launcher (SPU ) 2P25M3, with 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles, with a maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881. Under the name of the air defense system 2K12M4 "Kub-M4", the complex was adopted by the air defense of the ground forces of the USSR in 1978. After the start of mass production, the new air defense system entered the troops.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in full force (without the means of the Kub air defense system) were carried out at the Emba training ground from November 1977 to March 1979. In 1980, the 9K37 Buk air defense system in full force was put into service.

SAM 9K37M1. From left to right: command post 9S470M1, SOC 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1", SOU 9A310M1, PZU 9A39M1 and transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (photo by Leonid Yakutin, archive http://vpk-news.ru).

The modernization of the 9K37 air defense system (9K37M1 "Buk-M1") was launched by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979 in order to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. Tests of the modernized version of the 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system were carried out at the Emba training ground from February to December 1982. It was found that the new air defense system has larger area destruction, ensures the destruction of cruise missiles with a probability of at least 0.4 and helicopters with a higher probability than 9K37. After testing in 1983, the new air defense system was adopted by the air defense of the ground forces of the USSR. Serial production was carried out by the same cooperation of enterprises that produced the components of the Buk air defense system.

In 1994-1997. The cooperation of enterprises headed by the NIIP named after V.V. Tikhomirov modernized the Buk-M1-2 air defense system using a new missile as part of the complex and making the air defense system capable of hitting ballistic missiles of the Lance type, high-precision small-sized and ground targets.

SAM assignments:
9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" - the complex is designed to strengthen military air defense systems of the 2K12M3 "Kub-M3" type in terms of channel and missile ammunition. Each battery of the Kub air defense system was supplemented with one 9A28 self-propelled firing system, which could be used with both 9M38 missiles and 3M9M3 missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1978.

SOU 9A38 with 3M9M3 missiles.

SAM 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" - launched by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979. The purpose of modernization is to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. The means of the air defense system ensured recognition of the types of targets - aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1983. The export name is "Ganges".

SAM 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" - a modernized version of the SAM "Buk-M1". The complex is designed for air defense of troops and facilities from modern and advanced high-speed maneuvering aircraft of tactical and strategic aviation, fire support helicopters, including hovering, tactical ballistic, cruise and aviation missiles, in conditions of a massive raid using intense radio and fire countermeasures, as well as destruction of surface and ground targets and can be used in anti-aircraft, anti-missile and coastal defense systems. A modernized version of the Buk-M1 air defense system using a new generation of electronic equipment and with the possibility of using a new 9M317 missile.

The composition of the complex(divisional set):

TTX SAM type "Buk":

Command posts (CP) provides reception, display and processing of information about targets coming from the detection and target designation station (SOC) and self-propelled firing systems (SDA), as well as from higher command posts - for example, from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade (ACS "Polyana"). Provides target distribution between the SDA in automatic and manual mode and setting the sectors of responsibility of the SDA. Recording and display of information about combat-ready missiles on the SDA and ROM, about the letters of the SDA target illumination transmitters, about their work on targets.

Information about the targets was redistributed between the SOU, which carried out tracking of targets in their sectors and carried out the destruction of targets when they entered the affected area. The missile division could simultaneously fire at 6 targets.

Detection and target designation station (SOC)- a self-propelled station with a three-coordinate coherent-pulse radar provides detection of air targets with the transfer of information about them to the command post of the division. Radar information from the SOC was transmitted to the command post via a telecode communication line. The SOC includes an antenna post (a truncated parabolic profile reflector, feed), an antenna folding device, a transmitting device (power up to 3.5 kW), a receiving device (noise factor no more than 8).

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Kupol" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Kupol" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" in the stowed position (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Self-propelled firing systems (SOU): The SDA provides the search for air targets in the established sector, the detection and capture of targets for tracking, guidance of the SDA itself and the associated SPU or PZU, the SDA receives target designation from the SURN (SOU 9A38) or from the command post of the division (9A310, etc.).

The SOU carried out search and capture of targets by target designation from the command post of the complex (with SURN in the case of the Buk-1 air defense system) and launched missiles at the captured target after the target entered the affected area. If the target was not hit, the second missile was launched on the target. The SOU could carry out the fire mission of hitting a target autonomously - without target designation from the command post of the division.

Launcher-charging installations(ROM) - were intended for transportation, storage, reloading and launch of 9M38 missiles. combat work The ROM was carried out under the control of SOU 9A310. Self-loading was provided from a transport vehicle or from the ground using its own crane.

Anti-aircraft guided missiles: the Buk missile system uses 9M38 missiles, created taking into account the experience of creating missiles of the Kub 3M9 air defense missile system. Missiles 9M38 and 9M317, in addition to the Buk air defense system, were also used in the M-22 Uragan naval air defense system.

Modifications:
The 9K37-1 Buk-1 complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-X-11 GADFLY - the first version of the complex, was put into service in 1978 as part of the 2K121M4 Kub-M4 air defense system. Included in its composition SOU 9A38 and missiles 9M38.

The 9K37 Buk complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY - the first full-fledged modification of the Buk air defense system. It included in its composition KP, SOC, SOU, ROM, 9M38 missiles and maintenance equipment. The air defense system was put into service in 1980.

Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY - the first modification of the air defense system "Buk". Launched by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979. The air defense system was put into service in 1983.

The 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" complex, the 9M38 and 9M317 missiles - SA-11 GADFLY - a variant of the deep modernization of the Buk air defense system with the capabilities of the Buk-M1 air defense system approaching the capabilities of the Buk-M2 air defense system. Adopted in 1998

Infrastructure:
SAM 9K37 "Buk" organizationally reduced to anti-aircraft missile brigades consisting of:
- KP / point of combat control of the anti-aircraft missile brigade ACS "Polyana-D4";
- 4 anti-aircraft missile battalions of 9K37 "Buk" complexes with their communications platoons (2 batteries per battalion, each battery has 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39);
- subdivisions of technical support and maintenance.

Organizationally, the anti-aircraft missile brigade was subordinate to the army air defense command post.

Status: USSR / Russia
- 1978 - the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system was adopted, which includes components of the 9K37-1 "Buk-1" air defense system.

1980 - The 9K37 Buk air defense system was adopted.

1983 - The 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system was adopted for service.

1991 - about 300 SOU 9A310 and PZU 9A39 were transferred from the USSR Armed Forces to the armed forces of the CIS countries after the collapse of the USSR ( ist. - Beech).

2016 - at least 350 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems in the ground forces, there are no 9K37 air defense systems in other military branches.

Export: The Buk-M1 air defense system was offered for export under the name "Ganges".

Azerbaijan:
- 2013 - 1 SAM 9K317 or 9K37MB and 100 SAM 9M317 delivered in 2013 from Belarus ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 June 26 - at a military parade in Baku, the means of the modernized Buk-MB air defense system purchased from Belarus are shown, in particular 6 SOU 9A310MB, 3 ROM 9A39MB, combat control point 9S470MB and radar station 80K6M. The complex is equipped with 9M317 missiles.

Belarus:
- 2005 May - the Belarusian version of the modernization of the 9K37 Buk complex - the 9K37MB Buk-MB air defense system was presented. The composition of the complex:
- 6 SOU 9A310MB
- 3 ROM 9A39MB
- command post 9S470MB
- radar station 80K6M
The means of the complex have been modified for the use of the 9M317 missile defense system (manufactured by JSC Dolgoprudnenskoye Scientific and Production Enterprise). In addition, the regular radar of the Buk-M1 air defense system 9S18M1 was replaced by a mobile three-coordinate all-round radar 80K6M on the wheeled chassis of the MZKT Volat, a joint Belarusian-Ukrainian development.
- 2016 - armed with 12 batteries of air defense systems 9K37 / 9K317 ( ist. - Beech).

Georgia:
- 2008 - several air defense systems of the 9K37 type, previously delivered from Ukraine, were in service and took part in the Georgian-Ossetian armed conflict in August 2008.
- 2008 August 7-12 - Georgian air defense systems shot down several aircraft of the Russian Air Force - Tu-22MR (Tu-22M3R) - shot down the Buk-M1 air defense system, as well as several Su-25s.
- 2016 - in the armed forces of the 1-2 division of the Buk-M1 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Egypt:
- 1992 - shows interest in the acquisition of air defense systems.
- 2007 - SAM 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" and 100 SAM 9M317 ( ist. - Beech).
- 2016 - in service with more than 40 units of air defense systems 9K37 (SOU + PZU) ( ist. - Beech).

Iran:
- 1993 - according to the newspaper "Mond" (France) in 1992 were the first deliveries of SA-11 air defense systems.

Myanmar:
- 2007 - negotiations were held with Rosoboronexport on the supply of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Syria:
- 1986 - the first deliveries of air defense systems.
- 2008 - according to the Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade, 18 Buk-M2E air defense systems were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2010-2013 - according to SIPRI, 8 Buk-M2E air defense systems and 160 9M317 air defense systems were to be delivered to Syria ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 - in service with 6 to 20 air defense systems "Buk-M1" and "Buk-M2" with 9M317 missiles. According to The Military Balance, as of 2013, there were 20 Buk air defense systems in Syria ( ist. - Beech).

Ukraine:
- 1991 - a large number of The air defense system remained in the Ukrainian Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR.
- 2016 - armed with 72 Buk-M1 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Finland:
- 1997 January - the first division of the Buk-M1 air defense system was delivered, until May 1997 another 2 divisions should be delivered. Deliveries are carried out on account of the debts of the USSR to Finland. In total, 3 divisions (18 SOU and PZU, 288 SAM 9M38) of the Buk-M1 air defense system were delivered.
- 2008 - SAM "Buk" decommissioned. The air defense systems were on combat duty to protect Helsinki. The decision was made due to the fact that the ADMC control systems are subject to decryption.

Sources:
Angelsky R.D., Shestov I.V. Domestic anti-aircraft missile systems. M, Astrel Publishing House, AST Publishing House, 2002
Buk (anti-aircraft missile system). 2017 (

Multifunctional highly mobile anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) of medium range 9K317 "Buk-M2" is designed to destroy tactical and strategic aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters (including hovering) and other aerodynamic aircraft in the entire range of their practical application in conditions of intense electronic and fire countermeasures of the enemy, as well as to combat tactical ballistic, aviation missiles and other elements of high-precision weapons in flight, destroy surface and ground radio-contrast targets. The Buk-M2 air defense system can be used for air defense of troops (military facilities), in various forms of military operations, administrative and industrial facilities and territories of the country.

The lead developer of the complex is the V.V. Tikhomirova (Chief Designer - E.A. Pigin). The 9K317 Buk-M2 air defense system was intended to replace the Kub and Buk anti-aircraft systems of previous generations in air defense units and was put into service in the early 90s of the last century. However, the difficult economic situation prevailing in the country did not allow the launch of its mass production. In order to save money, as an intermediate option, the developers proposed the option of upgrading the 9K37 Buk-M1 complex using the new 9M317 missile from the 9K317 Buk-M2. This intermediate version was designated "Buk-M1-2".

Work to improve the complex "Buk-M2" continued in 2008. The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (UMZ) began serial production of the modern version of the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex, which began to enter the army.

In parallel, taking into account the requirements of the requirements of foreign customers, an export version of the Buk-M2E - Ural was developed. For the first time, the export version was presented at the MAKS-2007 exhibition. It was reported that a contract was signed with Syria for the supply of the Buk-M2E air defense system.

At the MAKS-2011 aerospace show, the 9K317E Buk-M2E complex was presented, combat vehicles which are made on the MZKT-6922 wheeled chassis (see photo1, photo2, photo3, photo4).

NATO code - SA-17 "Grizzly".

Compound

The composition of the complex 9K317 "Buk-M2":

• combat means
  • anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M317 (see photo),
  • self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A317 and 9A318 (towed),
  • launchers (ROM) 9A316 and 9A320;
• controls
  • command post 9S510,
  • target detection radar station 9S18M1-3,
  • radar station for illumination and guidance of missiles (RPN) 9S36.

The 9K317 complex provides for the use of two types of firing sections:

• up to 4 sections consisting of 1 SOU and 1 PZU, providing simultaneous shelling of up to 4 targets (relief height up to 2m);
• up to 2 sections consisting of 1 RPN 9S36 and 2 PZU, providing simultaneous shelling of up to 4 targets (relief height up to 20m).

Ready time from the march: 1st section - 5 minutes; 2nd section - 10-15 min. It takes only 20 seconds to change positions with the equipment turned on.

Anti-aircraft guided missile 9M317. The 9M317 missile has an extended kill zone up to 45-50 km in range and up to 25 km in height and parameters, as well as a large range of targets to be hit. It provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a new semi-active Doppler radar seeker 9E420 (see photo). Warhead: rod, weight - 70 kg, target destruction zone radius - 17 m. Flight speed - up to 1230 m / s, overload - up to 24 g. The mass of the rocket is 715 kg. Wingspan - 860 mm. The engine is a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine. The rocket has high level reliability, a fully assembled and loaded rocket does not require checks and adjustments during the entire service life - 10 years.

The 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missile is used to equip the BUK-M1-2 air defense system and the BUK-M2E air defense system and is designed to destroy modern and advanced maneuvering tactical and strategic aircraft, fire support helicopters, including hovering, tactical ballistic, cruise and aviation missiles, and also surface and ground radiocontrast targets. It can be placed on installations with wheeled or tracked chassis.

The 9M317 missile is put into operation in a fiberglass transport container, completely ready for combat use, and does not require checks of on-board equipment during the entire established period of operation. Rocket all-climatic performance and allows operation and combat use at any time of the year and day after exposure and when exposed to it precipitation at ambient temperature from minus 50ºС to plus 50°С, relative humidity 98% at plus 35°С.

Self-propelled firing system 9А317(see photo) made on a tracked chassis GM-569. In the process of combat work, the SOU carries out detection, identification, auto-tracking and recognition of the type of target, development of a flight task, solution of a launch task, missile launch, target illumination and transmission of radio correction commands to the missile, evaluation of firing results. The JMA can fire at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system when targeting from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility.

Radar station SOU 9A317, unlike the previous versions of the complex, is made on the basis of a phased antenna array with electronic beam scanning. Target detection zone: in azimuth - ± 45 °, in elevation - 70 °, in range - 120 km (EPR = 1-2 m2, height - 3 km), 18-20 km (EPR = 1-2 m2, height - 10-15 m). Target tracking area: in azimuth - ± 60 °, in elevation - from -5 to + 85 °. The number of targets being detected is 10. The number of targets being fired is 4. The 9A317 SOU is equipped with an optoelectronic system based on sub-matrix thermal imaging and CCD-matrix television channels, which provides the possibility of all-day operation and significantly increases the noise immunity and survivability of the air defense system. The number of rockets on the installation is 4. The reaction time is 5 s. Ready time after position change - 20 s. Weight - 35 tons. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m. Crew - 4 people.

Launcher 9A316 made on a GM-577 tracked chassis, towed 9A320 - on a wheeled semi-trailer with a KrAZ tractor (road train 9001). Loading time SOU - 13 min. Crane lifting capacity - 1000 kg. Weight - 38/35 tons. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m. Crew - 4 people.

Command post 9S510(see photo ). Chassis - tracked GM-579 / wheeled on a semi-trailer with a KrAZ tractor (road train 9001). The number of accompanied tracks - up to 60 (50-80). The number of target designations issued is 16-36. Number of controlled sections - up to 6. Response time - 2 s. Weight - 30/25 tons. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m. Crew - 6 people.

9S36 target illumination and missile guidance radar(see photo1, photo2, photo3) with an antenna post rising to a height of up to 22m ensures the defeat of targets flying at low and extremely low altitudes, in wooded and rough terrain. Antenna type - phased array with electronic scanning. The station is located on a caterpillar chassis or on a wheeled semi-trailer with a KrAZ tractor (road train 9001). Target detection zone: in azimuth - ± 45 °, in elevation - 70 °, in range - 120 km (EPR = 1-2m2, height - 3 km), 30-35 km (EPR = 1-2m2, height - 10 -15m). Target tracking area: in azimuth - ± 60 °, in elevation - from -5 to + 85 °. The number of detected targets - 10. The number of targets fired - 4. Wind speed - up to 30 m / s. Weight on a tracked chassis - 36t, on a wheeled chassis - 30t. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m. Crew - 4 people.

Target detection radar 9S18M1-3(see photo1, photo2, photo3, photo4, photo5). Three-coordinate coherent-pulse surveillance radar 9S18M1-3 centimeter range with electronic beam scanning in the vertical plane is designed to scan the airspace with subsequent data transmission (via telecode line) for processing to the command post 9S510. The radar is mounted on a GM-567M tracked chassis. Antenna type - phased waveguide-slotted array, scanning in azimuth - mechanically, in elevation - electronically. Target detection zone: in azimuth - 360 °, in elevation - 50 °, in range - 160 km (EPR = 1-2m 2). Review period - 4.5-6 sec. The station is automatically protected from interference by instantaneous tuning of frequency pulses, as well as by blocking range intervals. From the glare of the ground and the underlying surface or other interference of a passive nature, the radar is protected by compensating for losses in the direction, wind speed and selectivity of real targets. The total weight of the radar is 30t. Combat crew of 3 people. Transfer time from traveling to combat position and back - no more than 5 minutes. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m.

The Buk-M2E air defense system, compared to the base model, was additionally modernized in the following areas:

• modern specialized digital computing machines(STSVM), which, due to high performance and memory capacity, provide not only the solution of combat missions, but also the functioning of the simulator modes and training of crews of the complex facilities;
• the teleoptical sight (TOV) was replaced by a tele-thermal imaging system that provides detection, capture and automatic tracking of targets in a passive mode both at night and in difficult weather conditions;
• the system for documenting the operation of the complex was replaced with an Integrated (embedded) system of objective control (ISOK) based on modern computer technologies;
• signal processing and indication equipment was transferred to processor processing with information output to liquid crystal monitors;
• communications facilities have been replaced by modern digital radio stations that provide reception and transmission of both voice information and coded target designation and target distribution data;
• operator workplaces with indicators based on cathode ray tubes(CRT) were replaced by automated workstations.

The 9K317 complex can be operated in various climatic zones, for this purpose the cars are equipped with air conditioners. The complex can be transported without limitation of speed and distance by rail, air and water transport.