Enclave in the Russian Federation. Enclave - term -encyclopedic fund
After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, a new non-sovereign enclave formation appeared on the political map of the world. "Vlast" conducted an audit of the existing enclaves: how they appeared, what role they play, how their relations with the "mother" territory and surrounding countries are built.
1. Sovereign military base Akrotiri
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Great Britain
Surrounding State: Cyprus
Year of occurrence: 1960
Area (sq. km): 121,6
Population (people): ~5000
Administrative status:
The establishment of the sovereign military bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (see N17) was part of the agreement to grant independence to Cyprus in 1960. The Cypriot authorities periodically make statements about the elimination of the bases as a "legacy of colonialism." London is linking the issue with negotiations on the unification of the Turkish and Greek parts of the island, currently frozen. Akrotiri is home to the British Air Force base and the headquarters of the British forces in Cyprus, the commander of which simultaneously heads the civil administration. The enclave has its own court and police, some of the powers in relation to the citizens of Cyprus from the service personnel have been transferred to Cypriot officials. There is no border control in the enclave.
What is an enclave
The term "enclave" usually refers to a part of a state completely surrounded by the territory of another. At the same time, the geographical and political variations of this phenomenon are diverse.
The type of formations described above belongs to the category complete enclaves(see diagram above). If, instead of land, a region is separated by foreign territorial waters, we are talking about island enclaves, which are divided into sea and lake.
If the territory is surrounded by another state on land, but has access to the sea, it is considered semi-enclave or coastal enclave.
There is also a category peneenclaves(lat. paene - "almost") - territories that are de jure connected with the parent country, but de facto separated from it due to natural conditions, that is, practically achievable only through third countries. As a rule, peneenclaves are located in mountainous areas. In some cases, it is difficult to determine the difference between a peneenclave and simply hard-to-reach terrain, so the list of enclave formations in this guide is not exhaustive. First of all, this concerns territories that have a de facto enclave status only at certain times of the year.
In most cases, the same territorial entity acts as an exclave in relation to the parent state and an enclave in terms of the surrounding state. However, there are also clean exclaves Separated parts of a country bordering more than one state. Pure exclaves are subdivided into land and sea types.
If several enclaves connected with each other are located in a limited area at once, we are talking about enclave complexes.
Sometimes enclaves can be organized like a nesting doll, one within the other. For example, Nahwa is an enclave of the UAE within Oman's Madha, which itself is an enclave of the UAE. Territorial fragments like Nakhwa are called enclaves of the second order. There are 32 such enclaves in the world and one unique third-order enclave- a jute field in Bangladesh, three times surrounded by Indian and Bangladeshi enclaves as part of the Cooch Bihar enclave complex.
The key characteristic of any enclave entity is the sovereignty of the parent state over it. Therefore, territories under the control of international organizations (for example, the UN headquarters in New York) cannot be considered enclaves. Similarly, the US military base Guantanamo Bay in Cuba or the Baikonur Cosmodrome leased by Russia from Kazakhstan cannot be classified as enclaves.
2. Alusemas
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Spain
Surrounding State: Morocco
Year of occurrence: 1559
Area (sq. km): 0,046
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 158
Administrative status: administered by the central government of Spain
In 1559, Morocco gave Alusemas to Spain as a thank you for their support in the war with the Ottoman Empire. De facto, the Spaniards occupied the island in 1673. Alusemas was used as a prison and a trading port. After the shift of trading activity to the coast, the resident population left the island. The enclave consists of three islands: Alusemas, Tierra and De Mar. The largest island - Alusemas - is located 300 meters from the Moroccan coast, it houses a garrison of 25-30 people from the 32nd mixed artillery regiment based in Melilla. Since 2005, civilian visits to the island have been restricted. NATO's responsibility does not extend to Alusemas.
How enclaves come and go
Enclaves reflect the most important milestones in world history on the political map of the world.
The term "enclave" in its modern sense began to be used in diplomatic circulation at the beginning of the 16th century. By that time, enclaves had already taken place as a phenomenon in the feudal system, which implied a patchwork principle of ownership of territories. In the course of the formation of nation-states, almost all feudal enclaves disappeared or became intra-state. For example, in the composition German Empire included more than 170 enclaves. Some, like San Marino, have survived to this day as an enclave state.
The second stage of the emergence of enclaves is associated with the formation colonial empires. The outposts captured in Africa and Asia eventually turned into separate administrative units of the metropolises. With the collapse of the colonial system, the vast majority of them were absorbed by the surrounding states. This, in particular, happened with the French and Portuguese possessions in India. For example, popular resort Goa was an exclave of Portugal until 1961.
The last wave of appearance and disappearance of enclaves began after cold war. Its completion was marked by the elimination of one of the main symbols of confrontation - the enclave of West Berlin. At the same time, the disintegration of the USSR and Yugoslavia led to the emergence of many new enclaves that were previously subnational. During the demarcation of the borders of new states, some of them were eliminated. Such a fate befell, in particular, the Lithuanian enclave in Belarus Pagiriai, which existed since 1955. In 1996, the parties exchanged territories, and Pagiriai became the Belarusian Pogiri.
The exchange of territories is only one of the ways to end the existence of the enclave. It can also occur through the annexation of the enclave by the surrounding state or, conversely, by the seizure by the mother state of the territory separating it from the exclave. The latter option illustrates the example of the "Polish corridor" separating Germany from East Prussia and served as one of the reasons for the beginning of the Second World War. In addition, for "de-enclave" it is possible to create a special transport corridor with a special status. Finally, the enclave may lose its status if it gains independence.
Despite the fact that the problem of separatism is considered, especially in Russia, to be closely related to the enclave problem, in modern history there were only two examples of enclaves separating from the parent state. In 1961, Syria withdrew from the United Arab Republic, which it joined in 1958. In 1971, as a result civil war East Bengal seceded from Pakistan and became the independent state of Bangladesh.
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: USA
Surrounding State: Canada
Year of occurrence: 1799
Area (sq. km): 1 717 856
Population (people): 736 732
Distance to mother state (km): 847
Administrative status: state in the USA
In 1867, the United States bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. In 1912, it received the status of a territory, and in 1959 it became the 49th state of the United States. The development of Alaska was predetermined by the development of gold and oil deposits, which have been mined to date in the amount of more than $ 670 billion. Alaska is the largest US state in terms of area and at the same time the state with the lowest population density. Due to long distances and harsh climate for a long time the only way to connect Alaska with the rest of the American territory was by sea. During the Second World War, a 2.7 thousand km long highway was built across Canada.
Largest enclave entities
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The smallest enclaves
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Excluding enclaves within enclave complexes.
Most populated enclaves
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Most sparsely populated enclaves
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Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Argentina
Surrounding State: Paraguay
Year of occurrence: 1876
Area (sq. km): ~320
Population (people): 2000
Distance to mother state (km): 1,1
Administrative status: part of Itusaigo Department of Corrientes Province
The Apipe Islands (Apipe Grande, Apipe Chico, San Martin and Los Patos) on the Parana River began to be settled in the 16th century. In the middle of the 19th century, they became the subject of a territorial dispute between Paraguay and Argentina. According to the 1852 treaty, Apipa went to Argentina, and the 1876 agreement defined the border along the main fairway of Parana, passing between the islands and the Argentine coast. You can get to and leave Apipe, surrounded by the territorial waters of Paraguay, only after going through immigration procedures. Conflicts related to the order of movement of people and goods, as well as fishing, periodically lead to border incidents.
5. Arnasay
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Kazakhstan
Surrounding State: Uzbekistan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): ~1
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 15
Administrative status: part of Shardara district of South Kazakhstan region
After the delimitation and demarcation of the border between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the village of Arnasay was surrounded on three sides by the territory of Uzbekistan, and on the fourth side by the Shardara reservoir. In 2010, Uzbek border guards blocked all entrances to the village. After that, the district authorities decided to resettle all residents (71 families) to " big land". Now the border outpost of Kazakhstan is located in the semi-enclave.
6. Artsvashen (Bashkend)
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Armenia
Surrounding State: Azerbaijan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 40
Population (people): no data
Distance to mother state (km): 3,3
Administrative status: part of Gegharkunik region
As a result of a series of changes in administrative boundaries in Transcaucasia in the 1930s, the village turned out to be an enclave of the Armenian SSR on the territory of the Azerbaijan SSR. In 1992, it was occupied by Azerbaijani troops. Armenian refugees from Artsvashen (almost 3 thousand people) settled in nearby settlements in Armenia. The administration of Artsvashen in exile operates in the Armenian city of Chambarak.
7. Baarle-Nassau
Type of: enclave complex
Mother State: Netherlands
Surrounding State: Belgium
Year of occurrence: 1198
Area (sq. km): 0,151
Population (people): 130
Distance to mother state (km): 0,027
Administrative status: part of the community of the same name in the province of North Brabant
The enclave complex arose during the delimitation of the lands of different feudal lords, typical for that era. With short breaks at the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries, when Barle united as part of France and the Netherlands, the complex has existed for more than 800 years and is considered the oldest in the world. Baarle-Nassau comprises eight enclaves, closely intertwined with the 22 Belgian enclaves of Baarle-Hertog (see N8). The final demarcation of the borders was completed only in 1995, but in the EU, the border stones play the role of a tourist attraction.
8. Barle-Hertog
Type of: enclave complex
Mother State: Belgium
Surrounding State: Netherlands
Year of occurrence: 1198
Area (sq. km): 2,345
Population (people): 2250
Distance to mother state (km): 0,039
Administrative status: commune in the province of Antwerp
During the First World War, Germany strictly observed the neutrality of the Netherlands, therefore, having captured Belgium, it was forced to put up with the activity of Entente intelligence in the enclaves of Baarle-Hertog, which remained inaccessible to German troops. After the Second World War and until the early 1990s, the enclaves of Baarle were a major center for smuggling. Almost half of the inhabitants of Baarle-Hertog are Dutch by nationality. Due to the prevalence mixed marriages and common historical destiny, both in the Belgian and in the Dutch part of Baarle, the idea of a special identity of the inhabitants, indirectly connected with the mother states, prevails.
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Kyrgyzstan
Surrounding State: Uzbekistan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 2,07
Population (people): 150
Distance to mother state (km): 1,5
Administrative status: part of Ak-Tash rural administration of Kara-Suu district of Osh region
Due to Islamist activism and ethnic tensions in the Ferghana Valley, Uzbek authorities have periodically blocked access to the enclave since 1999. AT last time this happened in January 2013 due to a border incident in the exclave of Uzbekistan Sokh in the territory of Kyrgyzstan. In 2011, residents of the enclave turned to US President Barack Obama for help in solving their problems, promising to add his last name to the name of the village if successful. By 2015, most of the population of Barak left the village, having received land plots in the Osh region of Kyrgyzstan.
10. Barkhudarly
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Azerbaijan
Surrounding State: Armenia
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 22
Population (people): no data
Distance to mother state (km): 0,73
Administrative status: part of Gazakh region
During the Armenian-Azerbaijani war in 1992, the village came under the control of Armenia. More than 2,000 Azerbaijanis left the enclave. The positions of the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan are located in the Barkhudarly region, military incidents periodically occur.
11. Brezovica Zhumberachka
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Croatia
Surrounding State: Slovenia
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 0,03
Population (people): 19
Distance to mother state (km): 0,1
Administrative status: part of the municipality of Ozal, Karlovac County
The village of Brezovica on the Slovenian-Croatian border is divided into two parts: the Slovenian Brezovica pri Metlika and the Croatian Brezovica Žumberachka. Croatian Brezovica is an enclave, but there are no actual border controls and people move freely across the border.
12. Büsingen am Hochrhein
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Germany
Surrounding State: Switzerland
Year of occurrence: 1465
Area (sq. km): 7,62
Population (people): 1352
Distance to mother state (km): 0,689
Administrative status: commune in the Constance district of Baden-Württemberg
In the 15th century, the enclave became part of the Austrian Landgraviate of Nellenburg. As a result of the Napoleonic wars, it became part of the German state of Baden and subsequently the German Empire. In 1918, in a referendum, 96% of the inhabitants voted in favor of joining Switzerland. This did not happen because the Swiss side did not offer territorial compensation. It is under partial Swiss jurisdiction in terms of customs regulation and maintenance of public order. Both German and Swiss police operate in Büsingen, the Swiss franc is used along with the euro, two postal codes and telephone codes are used simultaneously.
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Tajikistan
Surrounding State: Kyrgyzstan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): ~96,7
Population (people): 23 121
Distance to mother state (km): 5,3
Administrative status: rural community of Isfara district of Sughd region
Vorukh is the only road that connects the Leilek district of the Batken region in the far west of Kyrgyzstan with the rest of the country. The enclave is 95% Tajik and 5% Kyrgyz. The border in the enclave area has not yet been completely delimited. In 2014, there were a number of incidents between Tajik and Kyrgyz border guards, including gunfights. The negotiations that followed culminated in an agreement to build a separate road from Vorukh to the Tajik city of Isfara.
14. Gaza Strip
Type of: pure exclave
Mother State: Palestine
Surrounding State: Egypt, Israel
Year of occurrence: 1949
Area (sq. km): 360
Population (people): 1 816 379
Distance to mother state (km): 33,84
Administrative status: includes five provinces (governances) of the partially recognized state of Palestine
The partition plan for Palestine singled out the city of Gaza with the surrounding area for the creation of an Arab state. As a result of the war of 1947-1949, Egyptian troops held a narrow strip, called the Gaza Strip. From that moment on, the territory was alternately controlled by Egypt and Israel. In 2005, the Israelis withdrew their troops and settlements from the sector, handing over control to the Palestinian Authority. Over 80% of the population of the Gaza Strip depends on international assistance, over? residents have refugee status. Crossing the border is strictly limited and is possible only through the checkpoint Rafah (Egypt) and Eretz (Israel). Because of this, the main flow of people and goods to the exclave goes through a network of illegal underground tunnels.
15. Gibraltar
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Great Britain
Surrounding State: Spain
Year of occurrence: 1713
Area (sq. km): 6,5
Population (people): 32 734
Distance to mother state (km): 1535
Administrative status: overseas territory
In 1713, as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession, Gibraltar was ceded to Great Britain. In 1967 and 2002, residents voted against leaving British sovereignty. Nevertheless, official Madrid continues to advocate the "decolonization" of Gibraltar. More than 80% of the population is represented by Gibraltarians - descendants of migrants who came to the "British" period in the history of this territory, who separated into a separate people. In Gibraltar, a separate Yanito dialect (a mixture of English and Spanish) is common, and its own currency (the Gibraltar pound) is in circulation. The enclave is not part of the common customs territory of the EU and the Schengen Agreement, so transport and documents are checked at the border with Spain.
16. Tomb of Suleiman Shah
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Turkey
Surrounding State: Syria
Year of occurrence: 1921
Area (sq. km): no data
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 0,2
Administrative status: no separate status
According to the agreement concluded in 1921 between Turkey and France, the tomb of Suleiman Shah, the grandfather of the founder Ottoman Empire Osman I, was recognized as Turkish possession in Syria with the right to deploy a military contingent there. In 1973, during the construction of the El Asad reservoir, the memorial was moved 85 km north of its original location. Since the beginning of the civil war in Syria, the Turkish authorities have repeatedly stated that they consider the tomb to be Turkish territory and, moreover, part of NATO. The Syrian side believes that the legal status implies possession without the right of sovereignty. Due to the threat of destruction from Islamic State militants, on February 22, 2015, Turkey conducted an army operation to evacuate the tomb.
17. Dekelia Sovereign Military Base
Type of: pure exclave
Mother State: Great Britain
Surrounding State: Cyprus, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Year of occurrence: 1960
Area (sq. km): 129,3
Population (people): ~5700
Distance to mother state (km): 3150
Administrative status: part of the overseas territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Unlike Akrotiri (see N1), Dhekelia borders not only on Cyprus, but also on the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), recognized only by Turkey, and also adjoins the UN buffer zone separating the Greek and Turkish parts of the island. Movement across the border with the TRNC is carried out through a checkpoint. Four Cypriot enclaves are located on the territory of the base at once: the villages of Xylotimbou and Ormidia, as well as the Dhekelia power station and the refugee camp of the Cypriot electricity company (see N18) separated by a road under British sovereignty. The Agios Nikolaos electronic intelligence station, presumably part of the Echelon global tracking system, operates as part of the base.
18. Dekelia Power Plant
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Cyprus
Surrounding State: Great Britain
Year of occurrence: 1960
Area (sq. km): ~0,161
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 3,617
Administrative status: no separate status
Dhekelia Power Plant is a second-order Cypriot enclave completely surrounded by the British sovereign military base of the same name. It has access to the sea, but the water area belongs to British territorial waters, so it cannot be considered a semi-enclave.
19. Jangail
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Uzbekistan
Surrounding State: Kyrgyzstan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): ~1
Population (people): no data
Distance to mother state (km): 0,76
Administrative status:
Of the four enclaves of Uzbekistan in Kyrgyzstan, Dzhangail is the smallest and closest to the border of the mother state. According to satellite images, it is a cultivated field without a permanent population.
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Russia
Surrounding State: Estonia
Year of occurrence: 1990
Area (sq. km): ~1
Population (people): 4
Distance to mother state (km): 1,96
Administrative status: a village in the rural settlement of Kuleyskaya volost, Pechorsky district, Pskov region
Since 1920, Dubki has been part of the Pechora district of Estonia. In 1944, the county was transferred to the RSFSR. When preparing the border treaty, options for liquidating the enclave were discussed, but in the final document of 2014, Dubki remained Russian territory. The settlement is located on the shores of Lake Pskov and is surrounded by the territory of Estonia by land. Since the access to the lake is limited by Estonian territorial waters, it can be considered a complete enclave. According to the 2002 census, six people lived in Dubki, all Russians. Subsequently, the media reported on four elderly residents. In 2004, the enclave was visited by State Duma deputy Alexei Mitrofanov, who came up with a proposal to create a tax offshore there.
21. Dubrovnik-Neretva
Type of: pure exclave
Mother State: Croatia
Surrounding State: Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 1781
Population (people): 122 568
Distance to mother state (km): 2,37
Administrative status: county (region) within Croatia
In 1699, the city-state of Dubrovnik handed over a small section of the Adriatic coast near the city of Neum to the Ottoman Empire, creating a buffer zone with the possessions of the Venetian Republic. The "Neum Corridor" has been preserved as part of Bosnia and Herzegovina and separates part of the county of Dubrovnik-Neretva from the rest of Croatia. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, the authorities of the two states could not agree on a simplified transit procedure. The situation worsened in 2013 with the entry of Croatia into the EU, where Bosnia and Herzegovina is not included. Due to the expected accession to the Schengen in the summer of 2015, the Croatian authorities are considering options for building a bridge or tunnel to bypass the Neumsky corridor.
22. Cabinda
Type of: pure exclave
Mother State: Angola
Surrounding State: Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Year of occurrence: 1885
Area (sq. km): 7 273,25
Population (people): 688 285
Distance to mother state (km): 49
Administrative status: province of Angola
Modern Cabinda took shape as a protectorate of Portugal in 1885. Until 1956, the region was administered as a separate administrative unit. With the beginning of oil development in the 1950s, the liberation movement FLEC unfolded in Cabinda. After Angola gained independence in 1975, FLEC began an armed struggle with the central authorities and continues to do so to this day. The people of Cabinda are related to the related ethnic groups of the Congo Basin and have never associated themselves with Angola. Communication between the exclave and the "mainland" is carried out by air and sea transport due to the underdevelopment of land infrastructure.
23. Kairagach (Western Kalach)
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Tajikistan
Surrounding State: Kyrgyzstan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): ~0,88
Population (people): 150
Distance to mother state (km): 2,36
Administrative status: part of Isfara district of Sughd region
Due to the incomplete process of demarcation and delimitation of the border between Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, conflicts regularly occur along the perimeter of the enclave over access to pastures and water.
24. Kaliningrad region
Type of: pure exclave
Mother State: Russia
Surrounding State: Poland, Lithuania
Year of occurrence: 1990
Area (sq. km): 15 125
Population (people): 968 256
Distance to mother state (km): 365
Administrative status: subject (region) within the Russian Federation
Kaliningrad (Kenigsberg) was founded in 1255. Together with the adjacent lands of East Prussia, it is an example of the historical sustainability of the existence of enclave formations. In 1701-1772 it was an exclave of the Kingdom of Prussia, in 1919-1939 - Germany, since 1990 - Russia. The area is surrounded by the territory of the EU countries and the Schengen agreement. To travel by land transport from the Russian Federation, a foreign passport and a transit document issued by Lithuania are required. At the same time, there is a simplified procedure for obtaining short-term visas to Poland for local residents. According to polls, more than 40% of the inhabitants of the Kaliningrad region have never been to "continental" Russia.
25. Campione d "Italy
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Italy
Surrounding State: Switzerland
Year of occurrence: 1512
Area (sq. km): 2,68
Population (people): 2067
Distance to mother state (km): 0,72
Administrative status: commune in the province of Como in the Lombardy region
Located on the shores of Lake Lugano, the city of Campione has been known since the 1st century BC. e. Since 777, it was owned by one of the abbeys of the Archbishopric of Milan. With the transition in 1512 of the adjacent lands to the Swiss canton of Ticino, Campione turned into an enclave. At the beginning of the 19th century, several attempts were made to incorporate the city into Switzerland, all of which ended in failure. The largest, according to its own data, casino in Europe operates in Campione d "Italy. Since the main source of income is gambling, the enclave has a unique low-tax regime (no VAT and municipal taxes). The Swiss franc, border control between the enclave and the territory, is in circulation Switzerland is not.
26. Kita-Suegno
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Colombia
Surrounding State: Nicaragua
Year of occurrence: 2012
Area (sq. km): ~290
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 762,7
Administrative status:
The Kita Sueño Shoal in the Caribbean has been the subject of a territorial dispute for many years between Colombia on one side and the United States and Nicaragua on the other. The US unilaterally dropped its claims in the 1970s. In 2012, the International Court of Justice in The Hague recognized the sovereignty of Colombia over the islands. At the same time, the court determined that the archipelago was completely surrounded by the waters of Nicaragua, which turned it into an island enclave.
27. Kleinwalsertal
Type of: peneenclave
Mother State: Austria
Surrounding State: Germany
Appearance: 14th century
Area (sq. km): 96,85
Population (people): 4982
Distance to mother state (km): 0
Administrative status: Mittelberg municipality in the Bregenz district of Vorarlberg
The Kleinwalsertal Alpine valley was settled in the 14th century. In the middle of the 15th century, the region became a possession of Austria. In 1891, the valley joined the customs territory of Germany while maintaining Austrian sovereignty. After World War II, the Kleinwalsertal became a popular ski resort. The only land road to the peneenclave passes through the German city of Oberstdorf.
28. Republic of Crimea
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Russia
Surrounding State: Ukraine
Year of occurrence: 2014
Area (sq. km): 26 081
Population (people): 1 893 245
Distance to mother state (km): 4,7
Administrative status: subject (republic) within the Russian Federation
March 16, 2014 against the background political crisis in Ukraine, over 96% of Crimean residents voted in a referendum for joining Russia. Most countries in the world new status Crimea is not recognized, a number of Western states have imposed sanctions against the Crimean economy. Previously, the peninsula was almost completely dependent on supplies from the mainland of Ukraine. The only way to get to Crimea by land transport, bypassing Ukrainian territory, is by ferry across the Kerch Strait. Currently, in order to solve Crimea's infrastructure problems, several expensive projects are being implemented or are being developed.
29. Xylotimbu
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Cyprus
Surrounding State: Great Britain
Year of occurrence: 1960
Area (sq. km): 0,947
Population (people): 3593
Distance to mother state (km): 2,114
Administrative status: part of Larnaca District
Xylotimbu is one of four second-order Cypriot enclaves located inside the British sovereign base of Dhekelia (N17). After the Second World War, there was a camp in which the British kept more than 50,000 Jews who wanted to emigrate to Israel. Most of the residents work at the Dhekelia base or are employed in the tourism industry. Freedom of movement is not limited.
30. Cooch Bihar
Type of: enclave complex
Mother State: Bangladesh
Surrounding State: India
Year of occurrence: 1713
Area (sq. km): 69,695
Population (people): ~40 000
Distance to mother state (km): no data
Administrative status: no separate status
It appeared as a result of an agreement between the Mughal Empire and the Indian principality of Cooch-Bihar in 1713. The Mughals annexed most of the principality, but some lands remained in the ownership of the former feudal lords. According to local legend, the enclaves arose during a game of chess between the rajas, who staked land plots. With the division of British India in 1947, the enclaves acquired an interstate character. Bangladesh owns 92 enclaves in the districts of Cooch Bihar and Jalpaiguri in the Indian state of West Bengal. The largest of them, Dahargram-Angarpota, is connected to the main territory by a corridor 178 meters long. Due to the complex configuration of the border and the access control, access to some enclaves is impossible even for official authorities.
31. Cooch Bihar
Type of: enclave complex
Mother State: India
Surrounding State: Bangladesh
Year of occurrence: 1713
Area (sq. km): 49,728
Population (people): 37 369
Distance to mother state (km): no data
Administrative status: no separate status
The Principality of Cooch Bihar officially joined independent India only in 1949, so the problem of frontier enclaves was not resolved when British India was partitioned. India owns 106 enclaves in Bangladesh. They play a disproportionate role in Indian politics. Since changes to state borders require amendments to the constitution, the Indian side has not ratified the 1974 agreement on the exchange of a number of enclaves and the "straightening" of the border with Bangladesh.
32. Kyarki (Tigranashen)
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Azerbaijan
Surrounding State: Armenia
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 19
Population (people): no data
Distance to mother state (km): 3,85
Administrative status: part of the Sadarak region of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic
The village of Kyarki was occupied by Armenian armed formations in January 1990. Azerbaijani refugees from the enclave moved to the territory of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. In Armenia, the village was renamed Tigranashen.
33. Cyprus Electricity Refugee Camp
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Cyprus
Surrounding State: Great Britain
Year of occurrence: 1974
Area (sq. km): ~0,28
Population (people): 700
Distance to mother state (km): 3,613
Administrative status: no separate status
This enclave of the second order appeared after the invasion of the north of Cyprus by the Turkish army as a camp for the temporary accommodation of refugees. Subsequently, local authorities transformed it into a permanent settlement. The main population is the Greeks who left the nearby Famagusta. The enclave is separated from another Cypriot enclave, the Dhekelia power station (N18), under British sovereignty by a road. Freedom of movement is not limited.
34. Likoma
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Malawi
Surrounding State: Mozambique
Year of occurrence: 1953
Area (sq. km): 17
Population (people): 9000
Distance to mother state (km): 55
Administrative status: county within Malawi
At the end of the 19th century, the island was chosen as the headquarters of the British University Missionary Mission. When drawing the borders between the colonial possessions of Great Britain and Portugal, it turned out to be part of Nyasaland, now independent Malawi, but at the same time it is completely surrounded by the territorial waters of Mozambique in Lake Nyasa. The island is home to one of the largest cathedrals in Africa - St. Peter's. There are regular air and water links between Likoma and Malawi.
35. Llivia
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Spain
Surrounding State: France
Year of occurrence: 1660
Area (sq. km): 12,83
Population (people): 1665
Distance to mother state (km): 1,644
Administrative status: municipality of the province of Girona
Under the treaty, after the Franco-Spanish war of 1635-1659, France annexed all the Catalan villages north of the Pyrenees. Since Llivia had the official status of a city, it remained Spanish, but became an enclave surrounded by French territory. Llivia and the rest of Spain are connected by a highway, which until the mid-1990s had a neutral status, implying a ban on the movement of cars from third countries. At its intersection with the French road, there was a "war of signs" for a long time - each side considered its own road to be the main one. The confrontation lost its relevance with the accession of both countries to the EU and the Schengen Agreement.
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Oman
Surrounding State: UAE
Year of occurrence: 1969
Area (sq. km): 75
Population (people): 2260
Distance to mother state (km): 30
Administrative status: vilayet (district) of the governorate (province) of Musandam
The Madha exclave of Oman within the UAE includes the Nahwa exclave belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah (see N45). Administratively, Madha is part of another territory separate from Oman, the Musandam semi-enclave (see N42). The main population is concentrated in the only existing settlement of New Madha. There are no border controls at the entrance to the enclave.
37. Maktaaral district
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Kazakhstan
Surrounding State: Uzbekistan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 1800
Population (people): 294 208
Distance to mother state (km): 14
Administrative status: district of South Kazakhstan region
The territory of the modern Maktaaral (formerly Pakhtaaral) region was part of the natural and climatic region, known since the 19th century as the Hungry Steppe. In the 1920s, the area became the center of a large-scale artificial irrigation project for the development of cotton growing. In the 1960s-1970s, he changed borders several times and was transferred from the Kazakh SSR to the Uzbek SSR and back. After the collapse of the USSR and the demarcation of new borders, it ended up in the position of a semi-enclave surrounded by the territory of Uzbekistan and the waters of the Shardara reservoir. A dam and a road are being built along the shore of the reservoir, which should connect the Maktaaral region with Kazakhstan.
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Argentina
Surrounding State: Uruguay
Year of occurrence: 1973
Area (sq. km): 1,84
Population (people): 170
Distance to mother state (km): 0,9
Administrative status: part of the La Plata district of the province of Buenos Aires
In the 19th century, the island was of strategic importance for the control of the La Plata estuary. In 1845, it was captured by Uruguayan troops under the command of the future unifier of Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi. The Argentines regained control of the island in 1852. In the 20th century, Marin Garcia was used as a prison for high-ranking Argentine political prisoners. According to the 1973 agreement, Argentine sovereignty is recognized over the island, and Uruguay over the surrounding water area. The document also stipulates that Martin Garcia can be used as a nature reserve. Tourism is actively developing on the island, air and sea communication with the Argentine territory is supported.
39. Medvezhye-Sankovo
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Russia
Surrounding State: Belarus
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 4,54
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 0,57
Administrative status: part of the Vyshkovsky urban settlement of the Zlynkovsky district of the Bryansk region
It is believed that the enclave appeared when the peasants of the Bryansk village of Dobrodeevka, having been working in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, bought land for themselves in the villages of Medvezhya Dubrava and Sanina Polyana. In 1926, with the administrative expansion of the borders of the Byelorussian SSR, both villages remained part of the RSFSR. In 1943, they were burned to the ground by German troops, after the war they were restored. In 1986, as a result of an accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant the enclave was exposed to radiation contamination and ended up in the exclusion zone. The last inhabitants left it in the 1990s. The exclave is separated from the mother territory by impenetrable swamps.
40. Mezhduriyeche
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Surrounding State: Serbia
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): ~3,958
Population (people): 100
Distance to mother state (km): 1,13
Administrative status: part of the Rudo community of Republika Srpska
As a result of the Berlin Congress of 1878, Austria-Hungary received the right to occupy Bosnia and place military garrisons in some areas of the Ottoman Empire, including Mezhduriech. Bosnian jurisdiction over the enclave was preserved during the existence of Yugoslavia and after its collapse. In 2001, Serbia offered to exchange Mezhduriech for another territory, but Bosnia refused. Since almost all the inhabitants of the village are Serbs, the sovereignty of Bosnia is nominal. The local population bypasses the existing border checkpoints in order not to go through customs procedures.
41. Melilla
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Spain
Surrounding State: Morocco
Year of occurrence: 1497
Area (sq. km): 13,4
Population (people): 84 509
Distance to mother state (km): 153
Administrative status: autonomous city
Melilla was captured by the Spaniards in 1497 and was used primarily as a prison until the 19th century. In 1902, it received the status of a free port and gradually became an important naval base. The performance of the military on July 17, 1936 in Melilla against the republican government is considered the beginning of the civil war in Spain. 56% of the population are Hispanic Catholics, 41% are Muslims. There is a large Jewish community. Despite the fact that Spain has been a member of NATO since 1982, Melilla, like other Spanish territories in North Africa, is not included in the alliance's area of responsibility. The border of the semi-enclave is adjacent to the neutral zone and is equipped with a 12-kilometer fence with six meters of barbed wire.
42. Musandam
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Oman
Surrounding State: UAE
Appearance: 19th century
Area (sq. km): 1800
Population (people): 31 425
Distance to mother state (km): 73,3
Administrative status: governorate (province)
The Musandam Peninsula is one of the least developed places in the region, but it is of strategic importance, as it adjoins the Strait of Hormuz. The enclave was formed when the British colonial authorities drew boundaries between parts of the former Omani Empire. The main population is represented by the Shihu tribe, who, unlike most of the inhabitants of the rest of Oman, are not Ibadis, but Sunnis. The peninsula can be reached by highway with border control at the entrance and exit. In addition, there is a regular ferry service between the Omani capital Muscat and Musandam.
43. Münsterbildchen
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Germany
Surrounding State: Belgium
Year of occurrence: 1919
Area (sq. km): 1,826
Population (people): 50
Distance to mother state (km): 0,02
Administrative status: part of the municipality of Roethgen in North Rhine-Westphalia
In 1889, the construction of the Fennbahn railway line bordering Belgium was completed in Germany. After the defeat in the First World War, part of the German territory was transferred to Belgium, including the road itself, to the west of which five micro-enclaves were formed (see also N44, 53, 54, 55), including Münsterbildchen. The railroad ceased operation in 2001. In 2009, it was dismantled, but the de jure border still runs along the former track.
44. Mützenich
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Germany
Surrounding State: Belgium
Year of occurrence: 1919
Area (sq. km): 12,117
Population (people): 2 237
Distance to mother state (km): 0,02
Administrative status: there is no separate status;
One of the Germanic enclaves located along the closed Fennbahn railway line (see N43, 53, 54, 55). After the Second World War, it became one of the largest centers for coffee smuggling to Germany. Local residents were in favor of joining Belgium, but the Belgian government refused to take this step, primarily for economic reasons. In 2012, a monument to the Unknown Smuggler was unveiled at the former border post in Mützenich.
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: UAE
Surrounding State: Oman
Year of occurrence: 1971
Area (sq. km): no data
Population (people): 1000
Distance to mother state (km): 3
Administrative status: no separate status
A second order enclave completely surrounded by the exclave of Oman in the UAE Madha (N36). Part of the emirate of Sharjah. Appeared during the demarcation of the boundaries of the territories of various tribal clans. The border with Madha is not demarcated, but the enclave has its own police station.
46. Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic
Type of: pure exclave
Mother State: Azerbaijan
Surrounding State: Armenia, Iran, Turkey
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 5502,75
Population (people): 435 400
Distance to mother state (km): 25,2
Administrative status: autonomous republic
The Nakhichevan Khanate became part of Russia in 1828. In 1924, the region received the status of an autonomous SSR within Azerbaijan. With the outbreak of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict in the 1990s, land communication with the rest of Azerbaijan was blocked. You can get to the mother state by air or transit through Iran. For citizens of Azerbaijan in Iran (as well as in Turkey) there is a visa-free regime.
47. Ocusi-Ambenu
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Timor Leste
Surrounding State: Indonesia
Year of occurrence: 1859
Area (sq. km): 817,23
Population (people): 67 266
Distance to mother state (km): 56,6
Administrative status: county
The semi-enclave appeared in the 19th century when the island of Timor was divided between Portugal and the Netherlands. In 1975, the Portuguese part of the island declared independence, but was occupied by Indonesia. In 1999, residents voted for independence in a referendum, and the new state officially appeared in 2002. Due to tense relations with Indonesia, land transit from the enclave remained limited for a long time. Air and sea communication was carried out with international assistance. There are currently no regular flights to Okushi-Ambenu. A transit visa is required to cross Indonesian territory, so the main way to reach the enclave is by ferry from the country's capital, Dili, which takes 12 hours.
48. Ormidia
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Cyprus
Surrounding State: Great Britain
Year of occurrence: 1960
Area (sq. km): 1,694
Population (people): 4189
Distance to mother state (km): 3,983
Administrative status: part of Larnaca district
One of the Cypriot enclaves of the second order inside the British Sovereign Base Dhekelia (N17). About 30% of the inhabitants are refugees who left their homes in 1974 after the Turkish troops invaded the north of the island. Freedom of movement is not limited.
49. Hos de Sivis
Type of: peneenclave
Mother State: Spain
Surrounding State: Andorra
Year of occurrence: no data
Area (sq. km): no data
Population (people): 158
Distance to mother state (km): 0
Administrative status: part of the municipality of Les Valls de Valira in the province of Lleida of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia
The small village of Os de Sivis in the Spanish Pyrenees can only be reached by car via Andorra. There is no border control. Medieval buildings have been preserved in the village, so visiting it is usually included in the standard program of tourist trips around Andorra.
50. Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Spain
Surrounding State: Morocco
Year of occurrence: 1508
Area (sq. km): 0,04
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 150
Administrative status:
Peñón de Velez de la Gomera was captured by Spain in the 16th century. Gradually, it lost its military significance, and the Spanish authorities even discussed the option of abandoning it. In the 20th century it was used as a prison. In 1934, a storm created a sandy isthmus with Moroccan territory 85 m wide, which is considered the shortest land border in the world. The Spanish military contingent is stationed on the island. visit civilians limited.
51. Perehil
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Spain
Surrounding State: Morocco
Year of occurrence: 1415
Area (sq. km): 0,15
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 15,5
Administrative status: administered directly by the central government
In 1415 the island was captured by the Portuguese. Later, Portugal and Spain formed a dynastic union, after which, in 1640, Perejil remained with the Spaniards. It is not mentioned in historical documents and maps, so Morocco disputes its ownership. On July 11, 2002, a group of Moroccan military men landed on the island under the pretext of fighting illegal migration. A week later, the Spanish commandos carried out a bloodless special operation, regaining control of Perejil. After the intervention of the United States, the parties agreed to return the status quo: the military was withdrawn from the island and the flag of Spain was removed.
52. Point Roberts
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: USA
Surrounding State: Canada
Year of occurrence: 1846
Area (sq. km): 12,65
Population (people): 1 314
Distance to mother state (km): 15,86
Administrative status: part of Watcombe County, Washington
It was formed after the signing in 1846 of an agreement between the United States and Great Britain on the drawing of the continental border along the 49th parallel. The only way to get to Point Roberts by land is through the Canadian border post. The enclave has a small airfield and a bay. Canadians often go shopping here because of the relatively low prices. Some Vancouver companies choose to send mail to the US from Point Roberts to avoid cross-border shipping fees. Due to its enclave status, it is considered one of the safest places in the United States. According to unofficial data, more than 50 people from the witness protection program live in Point Roberts.
53. Retgenwald
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Germany
Surrounding State: Belgium
Year of occurrence: 1919
Area (sq. km): 9,98
Population (people): 1000
Distance to mother state (km): 0,02
Administrative status: part of the communes of Roethgen and Simmerath in North Rhine-Westphalia
One of the Germanic enclaves located along the closed Fennbahn railway (see N43, 44, 54, 55). Until 1958 it was divided into two parts by a road under Belgian sovereignty.
54. Ruitzhof
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Germany
Surrounding State: Belgium
Year of occurrence: 1919
Area (sq. km): 0,937
Population (people): 70
Distance to mother state (km): 0,02
Administrative status: part of the city of Monschau in North Rhine-Westphalia
One of the Germanic enclaves located along the closed Fennbahn railway (see N43, 44, 53, 55). First mentioned in 1501. Until the beginning of the 19th century, it was a monastery property. After the Second World War, Belgium announced its intention to annex the Ruitzhof, but in 1949 these plans were abandoned.
55. Backpack
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Germany
Surrounding State: Belgium
Year of occurrence: 1919
Area (sq. km): 0,016
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 0,02
Administrative status: part of the city of Monschau in North Rhine-Westphalia
The smallest of the Germanic enclaves located along the closed Fennbahn railway (see N43, 44, 53, 54). It consists of one house, in which no one lives, and an adjoining land plot.
56. Sarvak (Sarvan)
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Tajikistan
Surrounding State: Uzbekistan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 8,4
Population (people): 530
Distance to mother state (km): 1,2
Administrative status: part of Asht district of Sughd region
In 1935, Sarvak was leased to the Tajik SSR during the division of pastures between Uzbek and Tajik collective farms. After that, the terms of the lease were regularly extended, the last time - until January 1, 1990. Nevertheless, with the collapse of the USSR, the enclave remained part of Tajikistan. In 1995, the Uzbek authorities set up border posts at the entrances to the enclave, and in 1999 mined the perimeter of the border. Despite belonging to Tajikistan, the entire population of Sarvak is ethnic Uzbeks. Some of them have the citizenship of Tajikistan. Movement across the border is strictly restricted. Since 1999, more than a dozen residents have been killed and injured by anti-personnel mines.
57. Northern Ireland
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Great Britain
Surrounding State: Ireland
Year of occurrence: 1921
Area (sq. km): 13 843
Population (people): 1 841 245
Distance to mother state (km): 21,5
Administrative status: part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
In 1801 Ireland became part of the United Kingdom. In 1921, as a result of the War of Independence, 26 of the 32 Irish counties formed the Free State of Ireland, the remaining six with a predominantly Protestant population remained under British sovereignty. In the 1973 referendum, only 1.1% of the electorate (on a 58.7% turnout) voted in favor of joining Ireland. Northern Irish people are eligible for Irish citizenship. Between the UK and Ireland, there is a common travel zone regime that does not involve passport and customs control.
58. Northwest Corner
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: USA
Surrounding State: Canada
Year of occurrence: 1783
Area (sq. km): 318,81
Population (people): 119
Distance to mother state (km): 21
Administrative status:
Appeared in 1783 due to an error made in the peace treaty between the United States and Great Britain. The diplomats reached an agreement to draw the boundary across Lake Lesnoye to the head of the Mississippi River, which, on the map known as the Mitchell Map, was far north of its true location. In 1998, Congressman Colin Peterson proposed abandoning the enclave in order to save local residents the trouble of regulating fishing. The land border is not serviced by personnel; when crossing it, you must go to a special booth and contact the American (at the entrance) and Canadian (at the exit) customs officers by phone. There is direct air and sea communication with the USA.
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: France
Surrounding State: Netherlands
Year of occurrence: 1648
Area (sq. km): 53,2
Population (people): 35 742
Distance to mother state (km): 6327
Administrative status: overseas community
The settlement of the Caribbean island of St. Maarten by the Dutch and French began in the first half of the 17th century. In 1648, the parties agreed on its division: the northern part went to France, the southern part to the Netherlands. The demarcation line was finally established at the beginning of the 19th century. The document of 1648 is still in force today. Among other things, it stipulates the free movement of people. However, the French Saint Maarten is part of the EU and the eurozone, while the Dutch Sint Maarten is not. Therefore, residents of St. Maarten prefer to shop and do business in the southern, Dutch, part, which is also a tax offshore. To counter this, the French authorities in 2014 announced their readiness to establish a real border.
60. Serrana
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Colombia
Surrounding State: Nicaragua
Year of occurrence: 2012
Area (sq. km): ~322
Population (people): 74
Distance to mother state (km): 683
Administrative status: part of the Department of San Andrés y Providencia
Since the middle of the 19th century, Nicaragua has challenged Colombia's right to the San Andres y Providencia archipelago. In 1928, the countries signed an agreement on the settlement of borders in the Caribbean. However, in 1980, Nicaragua unilaterally annulled the agreement, stating that it had been signed under US pressure. In 2001, Nicaragua filed a lawsuit against Colombia in the International Court of Justice. In 2012, the court recognized Colombian sovereignty over Serrana, but, as in the case of Quita Sueño (see N26), left Nicaragua with the surrounding water area.
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Spain
Surrounding State: Morocco
Year of occurrence: 1415
Area (sq. km): 18,5
Population (people): 84 963
Distance to mother state (km): 25
Administrative status: autonomous city
In 1415 Ceuta was captured by the Portuguese. Later, Portugal and Spain formed a dynastic union, after the collapse of which the city remained with the Spaniards. Portugal formally recognized Spanish possession in 1668. In the list of territories subject to decolonization published by the UN in 1960, the enclave is not mentioned, therefore Spain does not recognize Morocco's claim to it. More than 40% of the inhabitants of Ceuta are Muslims. The city, like the other Spanish enclave of Melilla (see N41), is separated from Moroccan territory by a six-meter barbed-wire border fence that illegal migrants regularly try to overcome. Ferries go to the "mainland" and regular flights are made.
62. Sint Maarten
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Netherlands
Surrounding State: France
Year of occurrence: 1648
Area (sq. km): 34
Population (people): 39 689
Distance to mother state (km): 6819
Administrative status: self-governing country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
In 1648, France and the Netherlands agreed to partition the Caribbean island of St. Maarten (see N59). The southern, Dutch, part was named Sint Maarten. Since 1954, the semi-enclave has been part of the autonomy of the Netherlands Antilles. In 2010, he received the status of a self-governing country. Only 50% of Sint Maarten's population has Dutch citizenship. Due to the influx of illegal immigrants (mainly from the Dominican Republic and Haiti), the proportion of non-citizens is constantly growing. Unlike the French Saint Maarten, it is not part of the EU and the Eurozone. The Antillean guilder is pegged to the US dollar. It is considered one of the largest international tax offshores.
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Uzbekistan
Surrounding State: Kyrgyzstan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 352
Population (people): 51 569
Distance to mother state (km): 4,364
Administrative status: district of Fergana region
The enclave was formed in 1955. In 1999, Uzbekistan partially mined the border of the enclave and sent troops there. Since 2001, the parties have been discussing options for joining Sokh to Uzbekistan by exchanging territories or creating a transport corridor. This is the largest Uzbek enclave in Kyrgyzstan, with 99% of the population being Tajiks. Therefore, residents are in conflict both with their mother (for teaching in schools in their native language) and with the surrounding state (because of border pastures and access to water). After a series of border incidents, the Kyrgyz authorities decided in 2013 to enclose the enclave with barbed wire.
64. Temburong
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Brunei
Surrounding State: Malaysia
Year of occurrence: 1890
Area (sq. km): 1304
Population (people): 9712
Distance to mother state (km): 8,5
Administrative status: district within Brunei
In 1890, the British Protectorate of Sarawak annexed the Limbang Delta, thus separating Temburong from Brunei by a land corridor. Subsequently, Sarawak became part of Malaysia. After Malaysia and Brunei gained independence, Limbang became the subject of a territorial dispute. Brunei recognized Malaysian sovereignty over the corridor in 2009 in exchange for ceding a number of offshore oil concessions. Communication with Temburong is possible by land with the passage of border control or by ferry. In 2012, the Brunei authorities announced the start of construction of a bridge over the Brunei Bay with a length of 13.4 km and a height of 20 m, which will directly connect the semi-enclave with the rest of the sultanate. Completion of construction with a total cost of $1.1 billion is scheduled for 2018.
65. Torres Strait Islands
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Australia
Surrounding State: Papua New Guinea
Year of occurrence: 1985
Area (sq. km): 220
Population (people): 6700
Distance to mother state (km): 43
Administrative status: part of Queensland
In 1879, the rights to most of the Torres Strait Islands were received by the British colony in Australia, Queensland. In 1985, an agreement between Australia and Papua New Guinea on the maritime boundary along the center of the strait came into force, leaving part of the Australian islands to the north of it in foreign territorial waters. The 1985 treaty provides for the free movement of indigenous people in the Strait area, subject to a number of conditions. In particular, a passport and visa are not required if the native crosses the border for a traditional religious ceremony or fishing, and not for shopping, and does so by canoe, not by plane.
66. Philomena Islands
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Uruguay
Surrounding State: Argentina
Year of occurrence: 1961
Area (sq. km): ~23
Population (people): no data
Distance to mother state (km): 1,7
Administrative status: part of the Rio Negro department
The Filomena group of islands is located in the territorial waters of the Argentinean province of Entre Rios on the Uruguay River. Uruguay's sovereignty over the islands is determined by a 1961 treaty. Currently, a number of islands are part of the national park. On one of the islands (Filomena Grande) lives a small community of Guarani Indians.
67. French Guiana
Type of: pure exclave
Mother State: France
Surrounding State: Suriname, Brazil
Year of occurrence: 1667
Area (sq. km): 83 846
Population (people): 250 109
Distance to mother state (km): 6530
Administrative status: overseas department
France received the rights to the exclave in 1667. Since 1852, Guiana has been used as a place of exile for convicts. Since 1946 - overseas department. In 2010, in a referendum, 70% of those who voted (with a turnout of 48%) refused to receive overseas territory status, which implies a greater degree of autonomy from the center. French Guiana is part of the EU and the Eurozone, but is not part of the Schengen Agreement. At the same time, for the citizens of the majority developed countries around the world, a visa is not required for a stay in French Guiana for less than 90 days. The main mode of communication with France is air transport. The exclave contains the Kourou Spaceport, guarded by the 3rd Infantry Regiment of the Foreign Legion.
68. Hinterriss
Type of: peneenclave
Mother State: Austria
Surrounding State: Germany
Year of occurrence: no data
Area (sq. km): no data
Population (people): 54
Distance to mother state (km): 0
Administrative status: part of the municipality of Eben am Achensee in Tyrol
The Alpine village of Hinterriss is separated from the rest of Austria by a mountain range called the Karwendel. You can get into it using the only road through the territory of Germany. The economy of Hinterriss is mainly related to tourism.
69. Chafarinas Islands
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Spain
Surrounding State: Morocco
Year of occurrence: 1848
Area (sq. km): 0,525
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 170,9
Administrative status: administered directly by the central government
The archipelago of three islands (Congreso, Isabella II and Del Rey) was incorporated into Spain on January 6, 1848, when a Spanish expedition landed on the islands. From that moment on, the islands were used primarily as a prison. Currently, a contingent of 30 Spanish troops is stationed on Isabella II Island. There is no permanent population. Visitation by civilians is limited. Morocco has repeatedly tried to challenge the territorial affiliation of the islands, the conflict is diplomatic in nature.
70. Chisumulu
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Malawi
Surrounding State: Mozambique
Year of occurrence: 1953
Area (sq. km): 101,4
Population (people): 4000
Distance to mother state (km): 7,6
Administrative status: part of Likoma County
The island is completely surrounded by Mozambican territorial waters in Lake Nyasa (see also N34). Received its current status after drawing the boundaries between the possessions of Portugal and Great Britain. The only way to get to the island is by water.
71. Chon-Gara (Kalacha)
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Uzbekistan
Surrounding State: Kyrgyzstan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 3
Population (people): 1000
Distance to mother state (km): 2,3
Administrative status: part of the Sokh district of the Fergana region
It arose in 1925 during the national-state demarcation in Central Asia. It consists of two villages - Chon-Gara and Kalach. Near the territory of the enclave are oil fields, whose ownership of Uzbekistan is disputed by Kyrgyzstan. The government of Kyrgyzstan issued orders several times that the objects should be transferred to its ownership, but the issue has not been resolved so far.
72. Shakhimardan
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Uzbekistan
Surrounding State: Kyrgyzstan
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): ~38,2
Population (people): 5 100
Distance to mother state (km): 14,8
Administrative status: part of the Fergana region of the Fergana region
In 1930, in exchange for other territories, Shakhimardan was transferred to Uzbekistan. Due to the activity of Islamists in 1999, the borders of the enclave were mined, visa control was established. In Soviet times, it was considered a prestigious resort, but after the 1998 flood and the introduction of visa control, the number of tourists has significantly decreased. In 2004, the parliament of Kyrgyzstan raised the issue of the return of Shakhimardan, but negotiations never began. In 2007, an agreement was signed allowing citizens of both countries to make visa-free travel to the enclave for up to two months. However, as in other enclaves in the Ferghana Valley, movement is regularly restricted due to border incidents.
73. Elm Point
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: USA
Surrounding State: Canada
Year of occurrence: 1818
Area (sq. km): 1
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 1,56
Administrative status: part of Lake Woods County, Minnesota
It appeared thanks to an agreement that fixed the border between the United States and British possessions (now Canada) along the 49th parallel from Lake Erie to the Rocky Mountains. The border cut off a piece of land on the Canadian shore of the border lake Lesnoye, which turned out to be south of the 49th parallel. Reach the virtually uninhabited Elm Point with American territory only by boat or by entering Canada. A little to the west, the same parallel cuts off another small ledge from Canada, but it is so small (about 120 meters long) that it has no name and is not considered an enclave.
74. Entre Rios
Type of: island enclave
Mother State: Argentina
Surrounding State: Paraguay
Year of occurrence: 1841
Area (sq. km): 36
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 1,3
Administrative status: part of the department of Beron de Astrada of the province of Corrientes
The uninhabited island of Entre Rios is located in the waters of the Parana River belonging to Paraguay. Attempts to determine the territorial affiliation of the disputed islands of this river have been made since 1841. Argentine sovereignty over the island was recognized by Paraguay in 1996.
75. Erenkey (Kokkina)
Type of: semi-enclave
Mother State: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Surrounding State: Cyprus
Year of occurrence: 1974
Area (sq. km): 2,5
Population (people): 0
Distance to mother state (km): 7,5
Administrative status: part of the Guzelyurt district of the unrecognized republic
The Turkish Cypriot village of Erenkoy (the Greek name for Kokkina) became the center of violent inter-communal clashes with the Greek Cypriots in August 1964 and has been in virtual isolation ever since. In 1974, after the partition of Cyprus, it became an enclave of the unrecognized TRNC, separated from it by the Greek village of Pyrgos and surrounded by a UN buffer zone. You can get to the village from Turkish territory only by sea. The entire civilian population was taken to other areas of the TRNC back in the 1970s, and now only a garrison is stationed there. On the anniversary of the events of 1964, it becomes a place of pilgrimage for Turkish Cypriots.
76. Jungholtz
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Austria
Surrounding State: Germany
Year of occurrence: 1368
Area (sq. km): 7,06
Population (people): 288
Distance to mother state (km): 0
Administrative status: community in the district of Reutte in the federal state of Tyrol
Jungholz was first mentioned in a trade agreement in 1342, according to which a resident of the German Wertach sold this land to a resident of Tannheim (now a commune in the Austrian Tyrol). For several centuries it was the subject of territorial disputes. The status within Austria was finally fixed in the border treaties of 1844 and 1850. Theoretically, the Jungholz touches the rest of Austria at the summit point of the Sorgschrofen mountain. The only way to get there is through Germany. Because of this, before Austria joined the EU, the enclave was part of the German customs zone and used German marks in calculations. Jungholz still has two postal codes - Austrian and German.
77. Yukhari-Askipara
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Azerbaijan
Surrounding State: Armenia
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): 37
Population (people): no data no data
Distance to mother state (km): 1,3
Administrative status: part of Gazakh region
In the early 1990s, during the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, the village was occupied by Armenian troops and almost completely destroyed.
78. Yaradulla
Type of: complete enclave
Mother State: Azerbaijan
Surrounding State: Armenia
Year of occurrence: 1991
Area (sq. km): ~0,16
Population (people): no data
Distance to mother state (km): 0,2
Administrative status: part of Agstafa region
In July 1992, during the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, the enclave was occupied by Armenian troops.
The state of Lesotho is completely surrounded by the territory of the Republic of South Africa.
Dwarf and the smallest officially recognized state in the world of Vatican City inside the territory of Rome, associated with Italy.
Llivia (cat. Llívia) is the territory of Spain surrounded on all sides by the territory of France.
The city is a commune and the Italian municipality of Campione d'Italia (Italian Campione d "Italia) in Switzerland. The Kaliningrad region is a subject of the Russian Federation, borders on Poland, Lithuania and is washed by the Baltic Sea to the west.
All these ex hawse eu words clave, an clave, the ex clave, have the same root and have almost the same meaning in translation. So what is the difference, how do they differ in their "legal status"?
Enclave (fr. enclave from lat. in clavatus
- "closed, locked, prisoner") - part of the territory of the state, completely surrounded by the territory of another state.
Parts of a state completely surrounded by another (one) country are called complete enclaves. The concept of territory includes both land territory and territorial waters.
The concept of "enclave" applies to states only if they are completely surrounded by another (one) country and do not have access to the sea. In this case, the concept of "exclave" does not apply at all. There are three such states: the Vatican and San Marino inside Italy, Lesotho inside South Africa. A number of signs of statehood also has the Order of Malta, which owns an enclave within Italy.
The Kingdom of Lesotho is classified as an enclave state. Until independence in 1966, under the name of Basutoland, it was a British protectorate. But there is no information under whose protectorate the bowels of Lesotho are now .... (Two diamond pipes in Lesotho - Letseng-la-terae and Khao - are among the ten largest in the world, large gem diamonds of the highest quality were found in the first of them. A total of 17 kimberlite pipes were found in the country) Lesotho is a poor African country. She is saved by a happy neighborhood with South Africa, where the inhabitants of the Kingdom leave for seasonal earnings.
So, even if the country is classified as an “independent enclave”, additional information is needed from international treaties, which is usually not widely publicized.
Exclave (from Latin ex - from + clavis - "key") - "non-sovereign region", separated from the main territory of the country and surrounded by other states (one or more)
. The same territory is an exclave for the country to which it belongs, and an enclave for the country to which it does not belong. The exception is a pure exclave - a non-sovereign region, separated from the main territory of the country and surrounded by more than one state.
In this way exclave
- non-sovereign territory of a country outside its territories. it land "excluded" for some reason
.
C is an exclave of country B in country A, surrounded by the territory of country A. It is also an enclave of country A.
Islands are not considered enclaves. Exceptions are rare cases where the islands are completely surrounded by the territorial waters of another state.
Pure enclaves-exclaves initially are territories without access to the sea!
An exclave that has access to the sea is called a semi-exclave.
According to maritime law, blocking access to the semi-exclave by the fleet of other countries is not allowed. The latest UN Convention on the Law of the Sea was consolidated and formulated in 1982. Entered into force on November 16, 1994.
Dark green color - countries where it has been ratified; light green signed but not ratified; gray color is not signed.
More complex relationships territorial units(countries, states, counties, municipalities, etc.)…
Territory A: has 3 "excluded territories" that are in "territorial esclavitud - slavery" (A1, A2 and A3): it is impossible to pass-pass from the main part of A to any of these parts; but:
A1 and A2 are not enclaves: neither is surrounded by just one "foreign" territory;
A3 is an enclave: it is completely surrounded by B;
Territory A contains an enclave in its territory (E): it is a "foreign" territory, it is completely surrounded by territory A;
In turn, inside the territory (E) there are 2 counter-enclaves or enclaves of the second order (A4 and A5): these are territories that belong to territory A
In addition, territory A contains a third-order enclave (E1).
Territory B: contains 2 enclaves (A3 and D).
Territory C: contiguous territory.
Territory D: is an enclave territory: it is territorially continuous, but its territory is completely surrounded by one "foreign" territory (B).
Territory E: is an enclave territory: it is inside A; contains 2 enclaves (A4 and A5) which are counter-enclaves of A; has 1 counter-enclave (E1) located inside A5.
The word enclave is "French" and first appeared in legal treaties in the middle of the 15th century. It comes from the verb en claver
- per turn on
(contract-word).
Wikipedia indicates the French origin of the word, I think this word was understood without translation not only by the French.
Latin cognates:
clavator, clavatoris m. Chapter
= rod-bearer, mace-bearer, also. carrying a fencing cane, stick or club.
clava, ae f.
stick
club, mace, wand, staff, stick.
fencing cane
clavus,
Im.
nail key
steering wheel, helm
purple stripe on tunic
If there is a clavus - a purple stripe on the tunic, is this the "leader"?
Liturgical vestments
Liturgical vestments include items of liturgical vestments that all clerics wear during worship, before the Second Vatican Council, subdeacons, acolytes, readers, exorcists and ostiarii, i.e. all small ranks also wore their vestments, in modern times they are worn by acolytes and readers , as well as ministers, that is, lay people who help for worship. The bishop wears the details of the vestments that are present in the priest and deacon. The term enclave-enclave in property law denoted the disadvantageous position of a certain land plot, surrounded by territory belonging to another owner. In this case, the exploitation and use of the enclave area could not be carried out without crossing foreign land. In legislative practice, this created the term servitude - slavery, service; which was received by the owner of the territory that surrounded the enclave-enclave.
The first diplomatic document containing the word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid, signed in 1526, an agreement between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and King Francis I of France. (There were several Madrid treaties in 1526, 1750, 1880, 1891)
Later, the term enclave-enclave began to be used to refer to sections of countries, districts, feudal lords, communities, cities, parishes, etc., which were surrounded by foreign territory.
In English theology, subnational enclaves were known by the term peculiars (Royal Peculiar)
Royal Peculiar
Royal Peculier
- a parish church exempt from the jurisdiction of the diocese in which it is located and subject to the direct jurisdiction of the monarch. Peculier "peculiar", cognate with the French peculier meaning personal guardianship - guardianship of the monarch
.
Enclave - what does this concept mean? The word comes from the Latin "inclavo", which translates as "I lock it with a key." This term is applied to the territory or to a part of any state, which is distinguished by the following features:
Landlocked;
- is completely surrounded by the land territory of another country or several.
Political affiliation
Enclave - what is this territory? It is an integral part of the state to which it belongs. Sometimes such territory has a partial access to the sea. Then it is called a semi-enclave or a coastal enclave.
The presence of a separate part of the country's territory also implies some related international legal relations. For example, to get to the area that is an enclave, you need to pass through the territory of another state. In addition, vital problems may appear in such a region that must be resolved for its normal existence. All emerging issues, as a rule, are resolved by signing agreements between the countries concerned.
Varieties
What is an enclave? The definition of this concept has already been given. Simply put, this is a piece of one country, which is located inside another. However, there are cases when in any isolated territory there is another separate island. Such an entity is called a second-order enclave. In such a situation, in order to get to the part of the country's territory that is located inside, it will be necessary to cross two borders.
There is another similar concept - an exclave. It refers to a non-sovereign region that is separated from the main territory of the state and surrounded by other countries. At the same time, the semi-exclave has access to the sea.
The same separated region can be called differently. For the country to which it belongs, it will be an exclave. Other states consider it an enclave. The same terminology exists for semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves.
Examples
There is a fairly large number of territories and settlements, which can be said to be an enclave. An example of this is Sankovo-Medvezhye, located in Belarus on the territory. Administratively, it belongs to the Bryansk region of the Russian Federation. For Russia, Sankovo-Medvezhye is an exclave, and for Belarus it is an enclave.
Another example is Alaska. This territory is considered a semi-exclave of the United States and a semi-enclave of Canada. Melilla and Ceuta have access to the Mediterranean. These are semi-enclaves for Morocco and semi-exclaves for Spain. The village of Dubki is located on the cape. It is separated from Russia by Estonian territory. Therefore, it is a semi-exclave from the point of view of Russia and a semi-enclave from the Estonian side.
Enclave countries
The term, indicating the isolation of the territory, can be applied not only to the part separated from the main state. This concept is also used in a slightly different interpretation. In world practice, there are state-enclaves. For them, the term "exclave" is not used.
An enclave state is a country whose territory is completely surrounded by another one country. However, they have no access to the sea. There are three such states in the world. Their list includes San Marino and the Vatican. These countries are within Italy. The third enclave state is Lesotho. It is located in South Africa. The Order of Malta is also endowed with some signs of statehood. He owns territory inside Italy.
In world practice, there are also states-semi-enclaves. They have access to the sea. An example is Brunei. surrounded by Malaysia and the South China Sea. Another semi-enclave state is Portugal. It is surrounded by the territory of Spain and has access to the Atlantic Ocean.
A certain part of Fort St. Angelo, which is located on the territory of Malta and belongs to the Order of Malta, is also considered a semi-enclave.
Settlements
What is an enclave? The definition given above refers to this concept not only states. It also applies to residential areas. Thus, the German enclave city of Büsingen am Upper Rhine is completely surrounded by Swiss territory. Its population is almost one and a half thousand people. The city is separated from Germany only by a strip of land, the width of which is less than one kilometer. Moreover, on the narrowest part of this jumper there is a Swiss village called Dorflingen. In 1918 a referendum was held in Büsingen. On it, ninety-six percent of the inhabitants voted for joining Switzerland. However, this did not happen. Switzerland failed to offer Germany anything in return.
There is also an enclave city in Ukraine. This is Slavutych. This settlement and the territory adjacent to it administratively belong to the Kyiv region. However, on all sides it is surrounded by lands that are subordinate to the Chernigov authorities.
Administratively, the city of Zelenograd is part of Moscow. However, its territory is separated from the capital. Surrounds Zelenograd Moscow region.
Enclave life
Why do sovereign territories of one state appear on the territory of another? Enclave - what is it? Anomaly? After all, this is a region that can be reached only when crossing another state. At the same time, it is inconvenient for the functioning of the economy and administrative management. In addition, the very existence of an enclave contradicts the idea of the inseparability of the nation-state. It would seem that any country would be simply happy to get rid of the territory divided with it. However, this does not happen in practice. Zones of many enclaves - very resistant even in the face of the threat of war, changes economic systems or borders. In addition, the enclaves of the world are increasing. A large number of such territories appeared after the collapse Soviet Union. Almost twenty new enclaves arose during that period in Asia and Europe.
From the point of view of the economic sphere, the enclaves are cut off from the mother states. Under such unusual conditions, some of them manage to flourish, while others fall into decay. For example, Hong Kong. By the time of the transition under the sovereignty of the PRC, it had become a vivid example of world globalization and free trade.
On the basis of developed trade and tourism, small enclaves located in Western Europe thrive. Among them are the Belgian Baarle-Hertog, the Austrian Jungholz and the Italian Campione. The American Point Roberts achieved the same success. However, there are other examples as well.
Nearly 200 Indo-Bangladeshi enclave territories suffer from poverty and lack electricity. Separate territories in the Ferghana Valley, despite the presence of fertile lands and magnificent landscapes, are developing much worse than their surrounding neighbors. In an intermediate position are the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation, as well as the Spanish Melilla and Ceuta. For their economic well-being, they are endowed with federal subsidies and benefits.
Maritime territories
Russia owns an enclave in the Sea of Okhotsk. This is a territory of fifty-two thousand square kilometers, recognized by the UN as part of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation.
This enclave is in the very center Sea of Okhotsk. Previously, the entire imposing territory was considered open sea. Here, ships of all countries of the world could freely fish and move around. In November 2013, Russia proved its rights to the water area, the area of which is larger than the territory of Belgium, Switzerland and Holland. At the moment, this enclave is the inland sea of the Russian Federation. On its territory, the requirements of Russia for fishing, protection environment, security, etc.
The concept of ethnic enclaves
There are certain territories in which one people lives compactly, surrounded by a territory inhabited by another people. Such places are ethnic enclaves. These territories are generally considered sources of tension. For example, the Somali ethnic enclave in Ethiopia.
Reasons for the appearance
Ethnic enclaves arise for a variety of reasons. Such formations are the result of the following processes:
Migrations of entire ethnic communities;
- striving for a compact settlement in an environment alien to it;
- forced territorial concentration of a certain nationality.
science city
In the Moscow region there is a kind of enclave - Dubna, a city on the territory of which a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type has been created. This status is assigned to this settlement in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, which was signed on December 21, 2005 No.
Within the boundaries of the site of this zone, a preferential regime is applied for taxation in the field of technical and innovative activities.
The history of the city of Dubna, located on both banks of the great Volga, began in 1956. This settlement is located not far from Moscow, one hundred and twenty kilometers to the north, near the border with the Tver region. So is connected by Dmitrov highway, waterway and railway. One hundred kilometers from Dubna is Sheremetyevo Airport.
The city is world famous as a major scientific center. The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is located in Dubna. It is an intergovernmental international research organization that cooperates with almost 200 global scientific centers. Scientists working at JINR have made about forty different discoveries in the field of nuclear physics throughout the history of the institute.
The city has a great scientific and production potential. In its institutions there is a modern laboratory, testing and scientific base, high-tech production capacity which are serviced by a highly qualified staff. Dubna ensures the priority of the Russian Federation in the field of applied and fundamental science, security, defense, instrumentation, communications and medical equipment.
Enclave(from lat. inclavo - I lock it with a key, fr. enclave) - the territory or part of the territory of a state, completely surrounded by the land territory of another state or several states, without access to the sea. The enclave is an integral part of the territory of the state to which it belongs. If part of the territory of a state is surrounded partly by the territory of another state, and partly by maritime territory, i.e. has access to the sea, then it is semi-enclave. The presence of enclaves entails certain international legal consequences associated, for example, with the right to travel to it through the territory of another country, as well as with other vital important issues existence of the enclave and its inhabitants. Such issues are resolved on the basis of an agreement between the interested states.
exclave(from Latin ex - outside + clavis - key) - a part of the territory of the state that does not have common borders with its main part and is completely surrounded by foreign territory. At the same time, an exclave can have a border with both one and several states.
Enclaves and exclaves
In Figure 1: C is an enclave of country A, surrounded by its territory. It is also an exclave of country B.
In figure 2: D is an exclave of country B, surrounded by the territory of countries A and C
An exclave that is not completely surrounded by foreign territory, but has access to the sea, is called semi-exclave.
An exclave (semi-exclave) can be simultaneously called an enclave (semi-enclave) only if we are talking about a part of the territory surrounded (in whole or in part) by the territory of only one state.
Russia is surrounded by the Baltic Sea, Poland and Lithuania, which means it is a Russian semi-exclave, but not a semi-enclave.
The state of Alaska is both a semi-exclave of the United States and an American semi-enclave in relation to Canada, as it borders only on it.
Ceuta and Melilla are Spanish semi-exclaves and semi-enclaves in relation to Morocco.
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, which is part of Azerbaijan, is surrounded by Armenia, Iran and Turkey, and therefore Nakhichevan is an exclave of Azerbaijan, but not an enclave.
The Ukrainian city of Slavutych with adjacent territories belongs to the Kyiv region, being surrounded on all sides by the territory of the Chernihiv region; thus, Slavutych is an exclave of the Kyiv region and its enclave in the Chernihiv region.
The city of Zelenograd is administratively part of Moscow, but is surrounded on all sides by the territory of the Moscow Region, which means that it is an exclave of Moscow and an enclave of Moscow in the Moscow Region.
Moscow itself is an enclave on the territory of the Moscow region, but by no means an exclave.
The Republic of Adygea, surrounded on all sides Krasnodar Territory, is also only an enclave on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory.
Enclave states
(an enclave in Italy)
(an enclave in Italy)
(an enclave in South Africa)
Brunei (semi-enclave with respect to Malaysia)
East Timor (semi-enclave with respect to Indonesia)
Gambia (semi-enclave with respect to Senegal)
Monaco (semi-enclave in relation to France)
Portugal (semi-enclave in relation to Spain)
Denmark (semi-enclave in relation to Germany, has a maritime border with Sweden)
Canada (semi-enclave in relation to the US, has a maritime border with the Danish territory of Greenland and the French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon)
Qatar (semi-enclave in relation to Saudi Arabia, has a maritime border with Bahrain and the UAE)
Republic of Korea (semi-enclave in relation to the DPRK, has a maritime border with Japan)
Papua New Guinea (semi-enclave in relation to Indonesia, has a maritime border with Australia and the Solomon Islands)
Dominican Republic - Haiti (mutual semi-enclaves)
Ireland - UK (mutual semi-enclaves, UK has a maritime border with France)
Territories-enclaves
Azerbaijani exclaves
The villages of Kyarki, Upper Askipara, Lower Askipara, Barkhudarly, Sofulu and Kyzylkhadzhyly (enclaves in Armenia), as well as the village of Zyugyuloba (enclave in Russia).
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is an Azerbaijani autonomous republic bordering Armenia, Iran and Turkey.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia are territories in Cyprus under the actual jurisdiction of Great Britain and occupied by its military installations.
Alaska is an American semi-exclave, washed by the waters of the Arctic and Pacific oceans; borders Canada and is a semi-enclave.
Artsvashen is an Armenian village in Azerbaijan.
Bangladeshi exclaves - 92 Bangladeshi exclave villages in India.
Barak is a Kyrgyz village in Uzbekistan.
Büsingen am Upper Rhine is a German exclave (7.62 km²), completely surrounded by Swiss territory: on three sides by the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen and from the south by the cantons of Rhine-Zurich and Thurgau. It has a population of about 1450 inhabitants. The city is separated from Germany only by a narrow bridge, less than 1 km in its narrowest part, on which the Swiss village of Dorflingen is located.
Gibraltar is a British semi-enclave on the Spanish coast. Separated from Spanish territory by a neutral zone.
Guantanamo is a territory on the coast of Cuba, over which US sovereignty is actually established.
Jaber (Jaber Kalesi) - Turkish castle in Syria; in accordance with the Turkish-French agreement of 1921, it is considered Turkish territory.
Dubrovnik - a city in the Croatian county of Dubrovnik-Neretva, bordering the Adriatic Sea; borders with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Indian enclaves - 106 Indian villages in Bangladesh.
Indonesian semi-exclaves: West New Guinea (Papua New Guinea), East Lesser Sunda Islands (East Timor), Kalimantan (Malaysia).
The Spanish semi-exclaves are the cities of Ceuta, Melilla, and the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera peninsula in Morocco, washed by the Mediterranean Sea.
Cabinda is a semi-exclave of Angola bordering the Atlantic Ocean; borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Campione d'Italia is an Italian town in Switzerland.
Musandam is an Omani semi-exclave in the UAE. By the end of the 13th century, the Omanites ruled a vast empire. At its height in the 19th century, during the reign of Sultan Said bin Sultan, Oman controlled Mombasa and Zanzibar and operated trading posts on the African coast. As a result of the collapse of the empire in the second half of the 19th century, Oman lost its former positions, but continued to control Musandam when the United United Arab Emirates. See also: Possessions of Muscat and Oman.
Ocusi-Ambeno - a semi-exclave of East Timor, washed by the Savu Sea; borders only with Indonesia, which means it is a semi-enclave in relation to it.
Russian exclaves
The village of Sankovo-Medvezhye in Belarus. Khrakhuba and Uryanob villages in Azerbaijan.
Dubki is a semi-exclave of Russia, separated by the territory of Estonia. In relation to Estonia itself, it is a semi-enclave.
The Kaliningrad region is a Russian semi-exclave that has access to the Baltic Sea and borders on Lithuania and Poland.
Sastavci - exlav of Bosnia and Heregovina in Serbia.
Gaza Strip - semi-exclave, coastal area mediterranean sea allocated by the UN for the Arab state of Palestine. It borders Israel and Egypt.
Saint-Martin is a semi-exclave of France in the northern part of the island of the same name, which is part of the Netherlands Antilles. It is also a semi-enclave.
Tajik exclaves are the villages of Vorukh (an enclave in Kyrgyzstan), as well as the villages of Kairagach and Sarvan (enclaves in Uzbekistan).
Temburong is a semi-exclave of Brunei bordering the South China Sea; borders only with Malaysia, that is, it is a semi-enclave in relation to it.
Chizumulu and Likoma are the islands of Malawi located in the territorial waters of Mozambique.
Sources used:
1.pioss.net
2 enc-dic.com
3. Great Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia 1969-1978
4. Big Economic Dictionary Borisov A.B., M.: KNIZHNY WORLD, 2008
The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. It should be noted that our site provides data from different sources- encyclopedic, explanatory, derivational dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.
The meaning of the word enclave
enclave in the crossword dictionary
enclave
Economic glossary of terms
enclave
the territory or part of the territory of a country surrounded on all sides by the territory of another state.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.
enclave
A, m. (special). Part of the territory of a state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of other states and not having access to the sea.
adj. enclave, th, th.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
enclave
m. The territory or part of the territory of the state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of a smth. another state and not having a seashore (in international law).
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
enclave
ENCLAVE (enclave) (French enclave, from Latin inclavo - I lock it with a key) the territory or part of the territory of one state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of another state (for example, Lesotho). If an enclave has access to the sea, it is called a semi-enclave.
Big Law Dictionary
enclave
(fr. enclave, from lat. inclavo - I lock it with a key) - a part of the territory of one state, completely surrounded by the land territory of another or several states. The presence of A. entails certain international legal consequences associated, for example, with the right to travel to it through the territory of another country, as well as with other vital problems. Such issues are resolved on the basis of an agreement between the interested states.
Enclave
enclave (French enclave, from Late Latin inclavo ≈ I lock it with a key: lat. clavis ≈ key), in international law, the territory or part of the territory of a state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of some other state (for example, the Republic of San Marino on the territory Italy). If Azerbaijan has a seashore, it is called a semi-enclave (for example, East Prussia in the period 1919–39).
Wikipedia
Enclave
Enclave(from - "closed, closed"") - a part of the territory of the state, completely surrounded by the territory of another state. Parts of a state that are completely surrounded by another country are called complete enclaves. The concept of territory includes both land territory and territorial waters.
For states, the concept of "enclave" applies only if they are completely surrounded by another country and do not have access to the sea. In this case, the concept of "exclave" does not apply at all. There are three such states: the Vatican and San Marino inside Italy, Lesotho inside South Africa. A number of signs of statehood also has the Order of Malta, which owns an enclave within Italy.
Semi-enclave- a part of a state surrounded by the territory of another state on land, but having access to the sea. Enclaves of this type are also called coastal enclaves. Examples of semi-enclave states are Brunei, which is surrounded by Malaysia and the South China Sea, and Portugal, which is surrounded by Spain and the Atlantic Ocean. A semi-enclave is also part of Fort St. Angelo in Malta, belonging to the Order of Malta. In states whose main territory is outside the semi-enclave, the territory of the semi-enclave is called the semi-exclave. Such a semi-enclave may be surrounded by the sea and several other countries. In everyday speech, semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves may simply be called enclaves and exclaves.
Enclave (disambiguation)
- Enclave part of the territory of a state completely surrounded by the territory of another state
- "Enclave" is a Ukrainian-made portable jammer. In 2007 JSC HC "Ukrspetstekhnika" announced the development of the device, which was completed by the end of 2014
- Buick Enclave - car
- "The Enclave" ("De Enclave") - 2002 Dutch film
- Enclave is a 2002 computer game produced by Starbreeze Studios.
Examples of the use of the word enclave in the literature.
Having found out, the Albanians from the surrounding villages began to converge to the borders enclave.
There are no classical signs of self-organization of the environment - but history has recorded the case of the creation of an artefacal biocybernetic enclave.
It was becoming abundantly clear that the Art League had sent him not to hunt down those who were poaching valuable slaves from the League-owned Pharaoh, but to lead the League to enclave genchey on Suuk.
The night they flew out enclave to Libreville, he was only thirty years old.
Mayor of the municipality enclave, 85 percent Serb, has an Albanian appointed.
Well, who could expect that in the field of our enclave an eyewitness could be found who was ready to cross Igor, so to speak, to remind him of the measure of sobriety that was weighed out to him in the pre-moire experience.
The diplomatic service, due to its strict and rigid selection system and its frank predilection for intellectual, conservative young candidates from good families, was the only calm enclave in this raging element of petty elitism, in which a true gentleman could serve for the good of his country without compromising his conscience.
They are taught how to handle weapons and sent to Presevo, an Albanian enclave in Serbia, on the very border with Kosovo.
Apparently, the purpose of the landing is to deliver to this enclave ammunition and medicines.
A significant part of the paratroopers still managed to break into enclave delivering ammunition and medical supplies.
Muslims continue their offensive in central Bosnia and capture the Croatian enclave Varesh.
Then this artery was in some places just a country road, along which they broke through into the Serbian rear enclave and back caravans - convoys of trucks.
During the patrol, they escorted the Kforo convoy that was carrying the Serbs to the Serbian enclave Brezovitsa.
Rebelled Serbian enclave Strepche, located immediately beyond the Serbian Brezovica, which borders on us, too, by the way.
And if we sometimes give permission to Serbian-speaking Bosniaks to travel there, then Albanians have a way to enclave ordered.
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