United Nations Organization: History of Creation and Tasks. United Nations Structure of the International Economic Organizations of the UN System

The United Nations system comprises the United Nations itself and its specialized agencies, funds and programmes. Organizations of the World Bank Group - IMF belong to the specialized agencies of the UN, but they are not included in the general system. Most of these structures have agreed to standardize civil service conditions and participate in the work of the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC). This means that they agreed to build a civil service on the principles of science, consistency, functionality, international legal order, and high moral stability.

The structure of the UN civil service naturally corresponds to the structure of the UN itself.

* The IAEA is not a specialized agency; it is an intergovernmental organization linked to the UN not through ECOSOC, but through the UN General Assembly.

Each international organization has its own civil service. However, since the emergence of the UN and its specialized agencies, the idea of ​​creating a unified international civil service has appeared. To this end, inter-organizational personnel agreements have been concluded between the UN and a number of specialized agencies aimed at resolving a number of common problems facing the international civil services of the UN system.

The concept of international civil service is now universally accepted. World practice has shown that when employees different countries work in the secretariats and are financially completely independent of their state, they are much more efficient and can perform a wide variety of functions where an impartial approach is required. It is largely due to this independence that the UN Secretariat and many specialized organizations have, on the whole, successfully passed the test " cold war", to refrain from sliding into the position of one or another of the conflicting parties or groups.

In order to prevent political divisions within the UN itself from having a direct impact on the work of the specialized agencies, the founding states gave the common system of the international civil service decentralized character, which gives each of them considerable independence. Over time, the system has evolved, becoming more ambitious and multifaceted. Accordingly, the task of intrasystem coordination became more complicated. States and international organizations themselves have matured understanding that a coherent policy in personnel and administrative matters is one of the few factors that bind organizations common system.

Summarizing the above, it can be determined that the United Nations system includes a number of autonomous organizations that, on the basis of the agreements reached, have become participants in the mechanisms that ensure common ground human resource management. Its main elements are those elements of the Human Resources Framework that the organizations of the United Nations system bring together in order to (a) avoid any competition in recruitment that may result from significant pay differentials; b) promote the common values ​​of the international civil service; c) promote mobility and, to some extent, rotation of staff, in this case within the system.

At the same time, it should be noted that the United Nations system organizations are characterized by three other features inherent only to them, which in one way or another affect the management of human resources and draw a clear line of distinction between national and international civil services:

Their management system: all organizations are accountable to a large number Member States, which define their tasks, mandates and strategies;

Their legal status: These organizations are extraterritorial and are not subject to national legislation and international conventions about labor;

Their international, multicultural nature: the goals and activities of the organizations are global in nature, and their employees are recruited from different countries of the world.

The characteristics that distinguish the international civil service from the national one should also include the fact that the latter, being part of the state system, participates in ensuring the implementation constitutional law a citizen of his country to work, i.e. permanent employment.

The international civil service has no such obligations. From this angle, one can view the entire human resources management system in MMPO, including the terms of employment and the duration of employment agreements/contracts, the objectives and meaning of professional training and retraining of personnel, and a number of other elements, including mobility or staff rotation.

Mobility is of particular importance in the management of human resources, including both the rotation of personnel within and between organizations of the common system, and with national civil services, other national organizations and institutions, allowing the recruitment of personnel necessary to carry out the ever-increasing tasks of the MMPO, which are far from always have sufficient time and funds to train such personnel from internal resources, including human resources.

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In April 1945, in San Francisco, after almost a month of negotiations between the head Soviet diplomacy, People's Commissar (since 1946 - Minister) of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V. Molotov and the head of the American delegation, Republican Senator Arthur Hendrik Vandenberg, the drafting of the UN Charter was completed. It was submitted for approval to the conference, to which 42 countries were invited that had declared war on Germany or Japan before March 1, 1945. Invitations were sent out on behalf of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and China, which signed on January 1, 1942. United Nations Declaration. Subsequently, the number of participants in the San Francisco Conference increased to 50 states. The conference continued until June 26, 1945, and ended with the signing of the Charter, which entered into force in October of that year.

UN: who created the organization and why!

The United Nations was to become the main instrument of world political regulation, just as the Bretton Woods institutions were to become the basis for world economic regulation. The Soviet Union, evading participation in the regulation of international economic relations, focused on world political regulation. There were reasons for this, the main of which was the statutory decision-making procedure in the UN favorable for the USSR. This procedure was two-stage. The bottom link of the organization is the general meeting of the UN member states, General Assembly - had the right to make only advisory decisions. Top link - Security Council - had broad powers, including the right to apply sanctions against certain states.

According to the UN Charter, the USSR, along with the United States, Great Britain, France and China, received a place as a permanent, irremovable member of the Security Council. In addition, all key decisions of the Council, according to the Charter, were taken not by a majority of votes, but by consensus- with the obligatory consent with the decision of all five permanent members of the Security Council. In other words, each of the permanent members received the right to veto any decision.

The UN turned out to be the only institution where the US and the USSR could cooperate in matters of world politics. But their interests in it almost always clashed.

International public law. Test 1

Therefore, in fact, the main real function of the UN was not to improve the world, but not to allow war between the USSR and the USA.

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A samurai woman, more precisely an onna-bugeisha (Jap. 女武芸者) is a woman belonging to the samurai class in feudal Japan and trained in weapon skills.

Delio Onnis (Spanish Delio Onnis; born March 24, 1948, Rome, Italy) is an Argentine footballer, center forward, and coach.

Onnagata or Oyama (jap.

What is the UN and why was this organization created?

女形 or 女方, lit. "[actors] female style / image") - the role of the kabuki theater; male performers playing the roles of women, as well as the corresponding style of play.

Eike Onnen (German Eike Onnen; born August 3, 1982, Hannover, Germany) is a German athlete specializing in the high jump.

Onnen (fr. Onnaing) is a commune in France, Nord region - Pas de Calais, Nord department, Valenciennes district, Anzin canton.

The Japanese language (jap. 日本語 nihongo) is the language of the Japanese and actually the state language of Japan, with a controversial systematic position among other languages.

Onnia felt (lat. Onnia tomentosa), also Trutovik felt - a type of mushroom. Found in coniferous forests, often in groups.

Onnyud-Qi (Chinese: 翁牛特旗, pinyin: Wēngniútè Qí) is a huoshun in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (PRC).

Onnyeonseongwon (Korean: 옥련선원?, 玉蓮禪院?) is a Buddhist monastery in Suyeong-gu, Busan Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea.

V.T. Batychko
International law
Lecture notes. Taganrog: TTI SFU, 2011.

Lecture 7. International organizations

7.2. United Nations

The idea of ​​creating the United Nations arose during the Second World War as an organization aimed at maintaining international peace and security. For the first time, the need to create an international organization designed to promote the maintenance of international peace and security was expressed in the Atlantic Charter on August 14, 1941. The term "United Nations" itself arose at the Washington Conference in 1942, in which 26 states of the anti-Hitler coalition took part, where it was adopted Declaration of the United Nations on the unification of the efforts of states in the fight against the Triple Alliance. The Moscow Conference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, USA, Great Britain in October 1943 adopted a Declaration on General Security, which provided for the need to create an international organization on issues of general security. The 1943 conference in Tehran expressed the correctness of the general thrust of the Moscow Declaration of 1943 and reinforced its provisions at a higher level. An important step towards the creation of a new international organization was the conference in Dumbarton Oaks (1944), at which the draft Charter of the new organization was basically worked out. June 26, 1945

UN system

The Charter of the United Nations was adopted at a conference in San Francisco with the participation of 51 states.

The goals of the UN are: maintaining international peace and security; development of friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; implementation international cooperation states in resolving problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature; developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction.

The principles of the organization's activities are the basic principles of international law, enshrined in Art. 2 of the UN Charter.

The organs of the United Nations carry out their functions through the principal and subsidiary organs created by them. The main organs of the UN are: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

United Nations General Assembly is the only body in which all Member States are represented. Each of them has an equal position, regardless of its size, power and significance. Decisions of the UN General Assembly on issues of international peace and security are in the nature of legally non-binding recommendations. The UN General Assembly meets in ordinary, special or emergency sessions. Regular sessions are held throughout the year. The provisional agenda for the regular session of the UN General Assembly is being developed General Secretary UN, is brought to the attention of the UN member states and discussed within 2-3 weeks after the start of the UN session. Within the framework of the UN General Assembly, 7 main committees of the UN have been created:

1) Political and Security Committee;

2) Special political committee;

3) Committee on Economic and Financial Affairs;

4) Committee on social, humanitarian and cultural issues;

5) Trusteeship and Non-Self-Governing Territories Committee;

6) Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Affairs;

7) Legal Affairs Committee.

United Nations Security Council bears the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It is organized as a small, fast and timely body, which should provide prompt and effective measures for the maintenance or restoration of international peace. Currently, the UN Security Council consists of 15 states (it is planned to increase to 20 in the future), of which 5 states are permanent members of the UN Security Council.

The UN Security Council considers international disputes or situations, the continuation of which could threaten the maintenance of international peace and security. It may decide to apply measures of an economic or military nature against a violator of international peace. Members of the UN agree, in accordance with the Charter, to obey and comply with the decisions of the UN Security Council (Articles 39-50 of the UN Charter). There are two types of UNSC actions, sometimes referred to as sanctions or collective measures: action without the use of armed forces or with their use.

The UN Security Council takes its decisions when 8 members voted for them, including 5 permanent members of the Security Council. The permanent members of the UN Security Council have the "right of veto", i.e. the right to block the decision of the UN Security Council. The UNSC has two standing committees:

— Committee of Experts;

— Committee for the Admission of New Members to the United Nations. Economic and Social Council under the direction of

The UN General Assembly carries out extensive activities in connection with its tasks in the field of development of economic, social, cultural and humanitarian cooperation between the member states of the organization. EcoCoC currently consists of 54 Member States, which are elected by the UN General Assembly for 3 years. ECOCOC makes all its decisions by a majority of members present and voting. Various special committees and commissions have been established in EcoSoS (for example, a committee for natural resources, on the fight against crime, on negotiations with international organizations, etc.).

Guardian Council is the principal organ of the United Nations, acting under the authority of the UNGA. The Trusteeship Board is charged with the responsibility of overseeing the executive duties that the administering authorities have over trust territories (such territories include the Pacific Islands).

UN Secretariat consists of the General Secretary and staff.

It is the apparatus of management of the United Nations and serves its main organs.

The main problems of the UN include:

- the problem of the budget of the organization, characterized by a constant budget deficit of the organization associated with non-payment of membership dues of member states;

- the problem of reforming the UN bodies. The proposed reform of the UN bodies has not yet been implemented (expansion of the UN Security Council to 20 states, including permanent members of the UN);

- the problem of the effectiveness of the organization, characterized by the adoption of measures aimed at preventing wars. At present, there is a tendency to underestimate the role of the UN before NATO;

- the problem of trust in the organization, characterized by the passive role of the UN in the Balkan crisis, in solving the problems of the Kurds, East Timor.

Global economic organizations under the auspices of the UN.

On a global scale, international economic cooperation develops mainly within the framework of the United Nations (UN).

The formation of the UN was historically associated with the victory of the countries participating in the anti-Hitler coalition, which predetermined the natural priority in the consideration of foreign policy issues. However, gradually with the solution in most of the victorious states in the Second World War of the tasks of normalizing their economic situation, with the growth in the number of sovereign states that have liberated from colonial dependence and their entry into the UN, as well as with the growth of the objective interconnection of various states, the United Nations began to equally consider not only foreign policy, but also social, economic and general humanitarian problems of our time with the aim of solving them in the most favorable form for the entire world community.

At present, the UN is the largest international organization established on the basis of the voluntary union of efforts of sovereign states in order to maintain and strengthen peace and security, as well as to develop international cooperation between states.

The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat.

One of them, directly related to international economic relations, is ECOCOS - the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, under whose auspices most of the other economic bodies of this organization operate.

The functions of ECOCOS include the organization of research and the preparation of various kinds of reports and recommendations on the widest range of international economic, social, cultural and related issues.

ECOCOS is also vested with the right to create various bodies on the basis of which its organizational structure in the area of ​​decision making. Currently, 54 states are members of ECOCOS, elected for a term of 3 years. At the same time, every three years, a third of the composition of ECOCOS changes. By geographical regions, the representation is formed as follows: for Asia - 11 places, for Africa - 14, for Latin America -10, for countries Western Europe and other countries - 13, for the countries of Eastern Europe - 6 places.

Currently, within the framework of ECOCOS, various intergovernmental and functional commissions and committees operate in the UN system: statistical, commission on population, commission on transnational corporations, committee on natural resources, commission on human rights, commission on the status of women; Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations and others, which are grouped under the general name "ECOCOS subsidiary bodies".

In addition, there are five regional economic commissions within ECOCOS:

— European Economic Commission;

- Economic Commission for Africa;

- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific;

- Economic Commission for Latin America;

— Economic Commission for Western Asia.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is an international body designed to regulate world trade relations. The fact is that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), created after World War II, operated until 1997 outside the UN framework. Therefore, many countries have set the task for the UN to create in its structures a more independent and universal body, called upon to regulate the complex problems of international trade on behalf of the world community.

Ministry of Economic Development of Russia

To this end, in 1964, the Commission on Trade and Development was established as an autonomous UN body to promote international trade, negotiate and develop international treaties and recommendations in this area. The main body of UNCTAD is the conference, which meets in session twice a year. Secretariat located in Geneva

Since 1997, the GATT, by the decision of its members, has been transformed into the World Trade Organization, as a specialized agency of the UN.

A significant role both in the structure of the UN and according to the results of ongoing activities related to certain aspects of international economic relations is occupied by a number of specialized institutions, the creation and functioning of which is provided for by the UN Charter. These include:

— International Labor Organization (ILO);

— Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO);

— International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA);

— World Meteorological Organization (WMO);

— World Health Organization (WHO);

— World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO);

— Universal Postal Union (UPU);

— International Maritime Organization (IMO);

— International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO);

— International Telecommunication Union (ITU);

— International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD);

- Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and some others.

A special place in the international economy is occupied by the international financial specialized agencies of the United Nations

The oldest intergovernmental specialized financial institution of the UN, founded in 1944, is the International Bank for Development and Reconstruction - IBRD, which began functioning in 1946. The Bank provides medium-term and long-term loans to the governments of its countries or private organizations under the guarantee of governments and controls their use. Recipient countries are required to comply with the Bank's recommendations, provide it with reports on the use of loans and provide it with all necessary information. The interest rate on IBRD loans is set in accordance with the value of loans received by the Bank in the international capital markets, and ranges from approximately 7.5 to 8.5%. In accordance with the charter of the IBRD, only members of the International Monetary Fund - the IMF, which was also founded in 1944 and began to function with the Bank in 1946, can be its members. The purpose of the functioning of the IMF, as an intergovernmental specialized agency of the United Nations, is to coordinate the monetary and financial policies of its member countries and provide them with loans to regulate balance of payments and maintain exchange rates. The third specialized intergovernmental agency of the United Nations in the field of consideration of financial issues is the International Development Association - IDA, founded in 1960 to provide loans to developing countries on especially favorable terms. Since March 1988, IDA annual interest rates have averaged no more than 0.5%.

All three specialized UN agencies - IBRD, IDA and IMF are part of the International Finance Corporation, founded in 1956 as an affiliate of the IBRD with the aim of using its own resources and attracting investments from the private and mixed sectors of the national economy, mainly in developing countries.

In addition to financing capital investments, the functions of the International Finance Corporation include providing developing countries with a variety of financial and technical services, as well as organizational and advisory assistance to private investors in developing countries.

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The main bodies according to the Charter are:

— General Assembly (GA),

— Security Council (SC),

– Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC),

- Board of Trustees

- International Court,

— Secretariat.

Over 300 subsidiary bodies have been created in the history of the UN.

General Assembly- the most representative body of the UN, has the widest competence. The General Assembly is a democratic body. Each member, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power has one vote. Each member of the UN can be represented in all bodies by one person (official representative, adviser, expert). Decisions on important issues are taken by a 2/3 majority of the members of the General Assembly present and voting. The work of the General Assembly may be attended by states that are not members of the UN, having permanent observers at the UN (Vatican, Switzerland) and not having them. Heads the General Assembly General Secretary. Consists of delegations from all member states. The composition of the delegation is up to 5 delegates and up to 5 deputies, as well as the required number of advisers, experts and assistants. Delegations are headed by heads of states, governments, departments of foreign affairs or other senior officials. In exceptional cases, when a threat to the peace is created or the peace is violated, and the Security Council cannot take action due to the lack of unity among its permanent members, the GA is authorized on the basis of the resolution " Unity for Peace adopted in November 1950 to immediately consider the matter and adopt a decision recommending that Member States take collective measures, including, in the event of a breach of the peace or an act of aggression, the use, if necessary, of armed forces to maintain or restore peace.

The official and working languages ​​of the GA are English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish.

Order of GA meetings

— plenary sessions with the participation of all delegations,

— meetings of sessional main committees,

— meetings of subsidiary bodies created on a permanent or temporary basis (committees, commissions, centers, programs, funds, etc.).

In total there are 6 main committees of the GA:

First Committee (questions of disarmament and international security),

Second Committee (economic and financial matters),

Third Committee (social, humanitarian and cultural issues),

· Fourth Committee (special political issues and decolonization),

Fifth Committee (administrative and budgetary matters),

· Sixth Committee (legal matters).

Committees create subcommittees, working groups, in which members of state delegations take part.

Their activities are coordinated by the General Committee - created at each session, consists of the Chairman of the General Assembly, his deputies and chairmen of the committees.

Operating procedure:

- annual regular sessions(opening - 3rd Tuesday of September, ending - on the eve of the opening of the regular session),

– special(convened within 15 days from the date of the relevant request from the Security Council or from the majority of UN members),

- emergency special sessions(convened by the Secretary General within 24 hours from the date of receipt of the relevant request from the Security Council, supported by any 9 votes in the Security Council, or at the request of the majority of UN members).

At the beginning of the session, the agenda is approved, including, as a rule, 160-170 issues.

Competence of the General Assembly.

· Discusses any questions or matters within the Charter.

· Examines the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of peace, including the principle of disarmament, and makes appropriate recommendations.

· Considers any questions related to the maintenance of peace.

· Promotes international cooperation in the political field and the progressive development of international law and its codification.

· Forms UN bodies, receives reports from them on their activities.

· Together with the Security Council elects a member of the International Court of Justice.

Security Council consists of 15 members: 5 permanent - Russia, China, France, Great Britain, USA - and 10 non-permanent - elected by the General Assembly for a period of 2 years. It has the primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security. The Council acts on behalf of the UN member states and is the main executive body of the UN, it is assigned the main role in the peaceful resolution of disputes. Decisions on procedural matters in the Council are taken by a majority of 9 votes. For other issues, a majority of 9 votes is required, but this number must include the votes of the permanent members.

SB in accordance with Art. 39 of the Charter defines Existence any threat to the peace, any breach of the peace or act of aggression and does recommendations or decides about what measures should be taken in accordance with Art. 41 and 42 to maintain or restore international peace and security.

To implement its decisions, the Security Council may adopt various sanctions.

The Security Council is assigned the role of a guarantor in resolving disputes by peaceful means. In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 33 " The Security Council shall, when it deems it necessary, require the parties to resolve their dispute by such means.».

These powers of the Security Council do not deprive states of their inalienable right to individual or collective self-defence.

If an armed attack occurs on a member of the Organization, then the victim state has the right to self-defense until the Security Council takes its own measures necessary to maintain international peace and security (Article 51 of the Charter).

The Security Council is authorized, in case of ineffectiveness or insufficiency of the measures taken or non-fulfillment of its decisions, to apply the following measures to the guilty party in their following sequence:

United Nations

Preventive (temporary) measures (Articles 33-40 of the Charter), expressed in:

- the requirement of the Council to the disputing parties to resolve the dispute through negotiations, examination, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial trial, appeal to regional bodies or other peaceful means of their choice;

— the Council's own investigation into the dispute or threat;

2. Coercive measures of a non-military nature (Article 41 of the Charter), expressed in a complete or partial interruption by UN members with the offending state of economic relations, rail, sea, air, postal, telegraph, radio or other means of communication, as well as the severance of diplomatic relations;

3. Coercive measures of a military nature (Article 42 of the Charter), expressed in the implementation of a demonstration, blockade and other military actions against the aggressor state by air, sea or land forces necessary to restore peace.

To ensure the coercive military measures taken, the Member States, on the basis of special agreements with the Council, must place at its disposal military contingents, from which the Council forms the UN Armed Forces (the so-called "blue helmets").

Competence of the Security Council.

· Monitoring the implementation of UN principles by states.

· Preparation of plans for the regulation of armaments.

· Determining whether there is a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or acts of aggression.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)- is responsible for the performance of the functions set out in Chapter IX of the UN Charter. Consists of 5 members elected annually by the General Assembly for a term of three years.

Competence of the Economic and Social Council.

Undertakes research and writes reports on international issues in the field of economics, social sphere, culture, education, health care and similar fields.

· Concludes agreements with specialized institutions and coordinates their activities, receives reports from them.

· Communicates with non-governmental international organizations.

Guardian Council. Built for Leadership international system UN guardianship. The guardianship system covered three categories of territories:

1) former mandated territories of the League of Nations,

2) the territories that departed from the enemy states following the results of the Second World War,

3) territories voluntarily included in the trusteeship system by the states responsible for their administration. This body, under the leadership of the GA, supervised the performance of their duties by the administering authorities in relation to the territories under the trust system.

On November 1, 1994, it actually suspended its activities in connection with the political independence of the last trust territory (Palau - a region of Micronesia in the Pacific Ocean).

UN Secretariat — the main, permanent administrative body of the Organization.

The main purpose of the Secretariat is to serve the activities of all UN bodies, including subsidiary ones, to manage the programs of activities of these bodies. According to Art. 97 of the Constitution, the Secretariat shall consist of the Secretary-General and such personnel as the Organization may require. The Secretary General manages the work of the Secretariat. The Secretary General is the chief official of the UN, appointed by the GA on the recommendation of the Security Council for a 5-year term with the right to re-election. He is present in his personal capacity at meetings of all principal organs, provides an annual report on the work of the Organization, and acts as a depositary of international treaties. Citizens of all Member States may be members of the UN Secretariat. In the performance of their duties, they must be completely independent. UN employees enjoy international privileges and immunities as defined in the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations. The headquarters of the Secretariat and other principal organs of the UN (except the International Court of Justice) is New York (USA).

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In accordance with the Charter, the main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. The competence and legal status of each of them are clearly stated in the Charter. They are the central links in their field of activity, but this does not mean that they are equivalent in their role and legal status. Most importance to ensure the purposes and principles of the United Nations, have the General Assembly as the broadest international forum in which all member countries of the United Nations are represented, and the Security Council as the body entrusted with the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and which, in the performance of its duties, acts on behalf of all members of the Organization.

ECOSOC exercises its functions under the direction and control of the General Assembly and, in some cases, the Security Council. The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the UN. The secretariat is called upon to serve the activities of all other bodies.

Subsidiary Bodies may be established by all principal organs of the United Nations on the basis of the Charter, and their competence must be part of the competence of the principal organ.

As a rule, UN bodies consist of all or some of the Member States, represented by a plenipotentiary representative or delegation. Sometimes organs are recruited on the basis of personal representation. Thus, the UN International Law Commission consists of persons with recognized authority in the field of international law.

To organize the work of bodies in the UN system, six official languages ​​have been established: Russian, English, French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic. They publish all major UN documents, including resolutions. The rules of procedure of each body define the working languages. Thus, the working languages ​​of the General Assembly are all six languages ​​listed above, the Security Council - the first five. Verbatim records are issued in the working languages ​​and speeches delivered in any official language are translated into them.

United Nations General Assembly consists of all states– Members of the United Nations represented at its sessions by no more than five representatives. Regardless of the number of representatives, each state has one vote.

The General Assembly is authorized to discuss any questions or matters within the limits of this Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any of the organs of the UN and to make recommendations in respect of them to Member States and the Security Council (Article 10 of the Charter).

The UN Charter provides for two restrictions that are important for delimiting the competence of the General Assembly and the Security Council in the field of maintaining peace and security:

1) The General Assembly may not make any recommendation concerning any dispute or situation in respect of which the Security Council is exercising its functions unless the Council so requests it (art. 12);

2) The General Assembly cannot take action on behalf of the UN: any matter requiring action is referred to the Council before or after discussion (art. 11, paragraph 2).

The General Assembly is responsible for:

3) promote the development of non-self-governing and trust territories in the political, economic, social and cultural fields. The General Assembly must approve trusteeship agreements for territories not classified as strategic and supervise their implementation through the Trusteeship Council.

The Charter also entrusted the General Assembly with the important task of assisting in the implementation of international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian cooperation.

The General Assembly also performs other functions, in particular, elects non-permanent members of the Security Council, members of ECOSOC, and the Trusteeship Council. Together with the Security Council, it elects the judges of the International Court of Justice, appoints the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Council, and admits new members to the Organization. It considers annual and special reports on the activities of all UN bodies and its specialized agencies.

The General Assembly is a sessional body. It meets in annual, regular (on the third Tuesday of September), special and emergency special sessions.

The work of ordinary sessions is carried out in plenary meetings and in the main committees, which include all Member States:

The First Committee (Questions of disarmament and international security) deals with questions of disarmament and international security.

The second committee (Economic and financial questions) considers economic questions.

The Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs) deals with social and humanitarian issues.

The Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization Questions) deals with a wide variety of political issues not dealt with by any other committee or plenary meeting of the Assembly, including decolonization matters.

The Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary) deals with the administration and budget of the United Nations.

The Sixth Committee (Legal Affairs) considers questions of international law.

The session is led by general committee, which consists of the chairman of the session, 21 vice-chairs and 7 chairmen of the main committees.

To carry out its functions, the General Assembly creates permanent and temporary subsidiary bodies. The activities of the General Assembly have developed the practice of creating bodies on the rights of autonomous organizations dealing with international cooperation in some special areas, for example, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Environment Program ( UNEP), etc.

Security Council - This is the most important permanent body, to which the UN member states have assigned the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. In the performance of the duties arising from this responsibility, the Council acts on their behalf (Article 24 of the Charter). In accordance with Art. 25 of the Charter, members of the UN have committed themselves to obey the decisions of the Security Council and to carry them out.

The Council consists of 15 states with the status of permanent and non-permanent members. In accordance with the Charter, the five permanent members are Russia, the USA, Great Britain, France and China.

The ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term, without the right to immediate re-election, based on the principle of equity and territorial location:

5 countries - from the countries of Africa, Asia

2 countries - from Latin America

1 country - from the countries of Eastern Europe

2 countries - from the countries of Western Europe

In its activities, it resolves procedural and non-procedural issues.

To resolve a procedural issue, 9 votes voting "for" are enough. All other questions are classified as non-procedural. To make a decision, the consent of 9 votes is required, of which 5 must belong to the permanent members. Absence does not prevent decision making.

The Security Council is the only body in the UN system that is required to take action on behalf of all UN members in the maintenance of international peace and security. To this end, it is authorized to investigate any situation that may lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute, in order to determine whether the continuation of this dispute or situation may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security (Article 34 of the Charter). If the Council considers that it is dealing with disputes or situations that threaten the maintenance of peace, then it is obliged to seek peaceful settlement of such disputes and settlement of such situations (Chapter VI of the Charter).

In doing so, he can:

1) require the parties to the dispute to fulfill their obligation to resolve disputes by peaceful means (art. 33, paragraph 2);

The Security Council is empowered to establish the existence of any threat to the peace, any breach of the peace or act of aggression, and to determine what measures should be taken to maintain or restore international peace and security. It can resort to measures not related to the use of armed forces (complete or partial severance of economic relations, termination of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraph, radio or other means of communication), or to actions by the combined armed forces of the UN member states. The armed forces are made available by the UN member states to the Council on the basis of special agreements concluded between them and the Council (Article 43 of the Charter).

The Security Council adopts legal acts of two kinds: recommendations and decisions. Unlike recommendations, decisions of the Security Council under the UN Charter are legally binding on states.

Each member of the Council has one vote. Nine votes of any members of the Council are sufficient to make decisions on procedural matters. Decisions on all other issues related to the activities of the Council require at least nine votes, including the concurring votes of all permanent members of the Council. This formula is called the principle of unanimity of the permanent members of the Council.

A decision is considered rejected if at least one permanent member votes against it. In this case, one speaks of a veto. In the practice of the Security Council, a rule has developed according to which a reasoned abstention by a permanent member is considered not to impede the adoption of a decision. It is even possible for the decision to be passed by the votes of the non-permanent members, with all the permanent members abstaining.

The voting formula in the Security Council to a certain extent requires concerted action not only by the permanent members of the Council, but also by the non-permanent ones, since in addition to the five votes of the permanent members, at least four concurring votes of the non-permanent members are also required to make a decision. The Security Council is a permanent body. All its members must be permanently represented at the seat of the UN. The Council meets in meetings as needed.

The Security Council may create subsidiary bodies, either permanent or temporary. The Committee of Experts (on matters of procedure) and the Committee for the Admission of New Members have been established under the Council. The charter provided for the creation of a Military Staff Committee (composed of the chiefs of staff of the permanent members of the Council), designed to assist the Council in resolving military issues related to the maintenance of peace and international security. This body has actually been inactive for almost the entire period of the existence of the UN.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

ECOSOC is established by the Charter of the United Nations as the main body responsible for coordinating the economic, social and other relevant activities of the 14 UN specialized agencies, nine functional commissions and five regional commissions. The Council also receives reports from 11 UN funds and programmes. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) serves as the central forum for discussion of international economic and social problems and making policy recommendations to Member States and the United Nations system.

It includes 54 states, changing 1/3 of the composition every 3 years.

The main functions can be divided into 2 parts:

1. Self-made:

Conducting social, economic research

Development of measures

2. Intermediary:

Maintaining cooperation between states, specialized agencies, UN bodies, exchange of experience

Development of joint programs

Formation of contracts.

He is responsible for:

promoting the improvement of living standards, full employment of the population and economic and social progress;

identifying ways to resolve international problems in the economic and social fields and in the field of health;

promotion of international cooperation in the field of culture and education; and

promotion of universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

It is authorized to carry out or organize studies and draw up reports on these matters. It also has the mandate to assist in the preparation and organization of major international conferences on economic and social problems and related issues, and to promote agreed follow-up to such conferences. Under its broad mandate, the Council has more than 70 per cent of the human and financial resources of the entire UN system at its disposal.

ECOSOC in last years assumes a leading role in key strategic areas:

During the meeting phase high level In 2010, the Council organized its second Development Cooperation Forum and dedicated its fourth Annual Ministerial Review (AMR) to the issue of gender equality and the empowerment of women. The adoption of the ministerial declaration coincided with the establishment of a new Entity, United Nations Women. ECOSOC Chairman Hamidon Ali described the main session of 2010 as "a turning point". The main message of the high-level segment is that gender equality and the empowerment of women are the very foundation of development and world peace, and the international community must remain fully committed to these efforts.

During the 2009 high-level segment, the Council adopted a ministerial declaration on the theme of the third Annual Ministerial Review (AMR), "Implementing the internationally agreed goals and commitments for global health". ECOSOC President Silvia Lucas said the ministerial declaration proposed concrete measures to accelerate the achievement of global health goals.

The 2008 high-level segment saw the first biennial Development Cooperation Forum and the second Annual Ministerial Review. The Annual Review concluded with a Ministerial Declaration under the theme "Implementing the Internationally Agreed Goals and Commitments on Sustainable Development". ECOSOC Chairman Leo Merores called the main session of 2008 "historic" in view of the fact that it was fully in line with the new functions of ECOSOC.

International Court

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the main judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established by the Charter of the United Nations signed on June 26, 1945 in San Francisco, to achieve one of the main purposes of the UN: "to conduct by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the settlement or settlement of international disputes or situations that may lead to disruption of the peace. The Court functions in accordance with the Statute, which is part of the Charter, and its Rules. It began operating in 1946, replacing the Permanent Court of International Justice (PPJ), which was established in 1920 under the auspices of the League of Nations. The seat of the Court is the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).

un i is the main judicial organ of the United Nations. Its Statute forms an integral part of the UN Charter. Jurisdiction comes into force if the states of the plaintiff and the respondent agree to it.

The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges, and it cannot include two citizens of the same state. The members of the Court are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council from among persons listed on the proposal of the national groups of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Judges are elected on the basis of citizenship. However, in the appointment, care is taken to ensure that the main legal systems of the whole world are represented in the Court. A national group may nominate no more than four candidates. Candidates who receive an absolute majority of votes in the General Assembly and the Security Council are considered elected. Rotation of staff 1 time in 3 years. While holding the position of a judge, they cannot hold another position.

Members of the Court, in the performance of their judicial duties, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities. The seat of the Court is The Hague, the Netherlands.

The jurisdiction of the Court includes all cases that will be submitted to it by the parties, and all matters specifically provided for by the Charter of the United Nations or existing treaties and conventions.

Only states and only parties to the Statute of the Court can be parties to a dispute considered by the Court. The latter may at any time declare that they recognize, without special agreement to that effect, ipso facto, in respect of any other State which has accepted such an undertaking, the jurisdiction of the Court as binding in all legal disputes concerning:

a) interpretation of the contract;

b) any question of international law;

c) the existence of a fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation;

d) the nature and amount of compensation due for violation of international obligations. Such declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary-General and shall constitute acceptance of the binding jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice.

The Court cannot consider disputes between individuals and legal entities and international organizations. The statute of the Court does not restrict its right to decide a case ex aequo ex bono (in equity and not under formal law), if the parties so agree. The law of dispute resolution is governed by customary law, there is no codified source. The activity of the Court is based on the principle of peaceful settlement of disputes.

The decision of the Court is binding only on the parties involved in the case and only in this case. It is final and not subject to appeal. If any party does not fulfill the obligations imposed on it by the Court, then the Security Council, at the request of the other party, may, if it deems it necessary, make recommendations or decide on the adoption of measures to enforce the decision (paragraph 2 of article 94 of the UN Charter ).

In addition to adjudicating a dispute, the Court may give advisory opinions on any legal question at the request of any institution empowered to make such requests by the Charter of the United Nations itself or under the Charter. The Court delivers its advisory opinions in open session.

UN Secretariat and Secretary General .

The Secretariat is an international staff based in institutions around the world and carries out the various day-to-day activities of the Organization. It also serves the other principal organs of the United Nations and implements the programs and policies adopted by them. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of 5 years with the possibility of re-election for a new term.

The responsibilities of the Secretariat are as varied as those of the UN, from leading peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from reviewing economic and social trends and issues to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development. In addition, Secretariat staff guide and inform the world's media about the work of the UN; organizes international conferences on problems of global importance; monitors the implementation of the decisions of the UN bodies and translates speeches and documents into the official languages ​​of the Organization.

As of June 30, 2010, the Secretariat has a total staff of approximately 44,000.

By virtue of their status as international civil servants, staff members and the Secretary General are responsible for their activities only to the UN. By accepting appointment, staff members undertake to perform their functions and conduct their conduct in the best interests of the United Nations, without seeking or receiving instructions from any government or authority external to the Organization. In accordance with the Charter, each Member of the Organization undertakes to respect the strictly international nature of the duties of the Secretary-General and the staff of the Secretariat and not to attempt to influence them in the performance of their duties.

The United Nations is headquartered in New York, but the Organization maintains a significant presence in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi.

There are currently 15 UN peacekeeping operations deployed on four continents. Serving the cause of peace in the cruel framework of modern reality is an extremely dangerous occupation. Hundreds of brave men and women have died in this service since the founding of the United Nations.

The United Nations system includes the UN with its principal and subsidiary bodies, 18 specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and a number of programmes, boards and commissions. It can be represented as follows:

1. General Assembly / Economic and Social Council (GA/ECOSOC):

1.1. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva (Switzerland).

1.2. United Nations Development Program (UNDP), New York (USA).

1.3. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Nairobi (Kenya).

1.4. World Food Council (WFC), Rome (Italy).

2. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC);

2.1. World Food Program (WFP), Rome (Italy). 2.2. International Trade Center (ITC), UNCTAD/WTO, Geneva (Switzerland).

2.3. Specialized institutions:

2.3.1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome (Italy).

2.3.2. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank), Washington (USA).

2.3.3. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Montreal (Canada),

2.3.4. International Development Association (IDA), Washington (USA).

2.3.5. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome (Italy).

2.3.6. International Finance Corporation (IFC), Washington (USA).

2.3.7. International Labor Organization (ILO), Geneva (Switzerland).

2.3.8. International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington (USA).

2.3.9. International Maritime Organization (IMO), London (UK).

2.3.10. International Telecommunication Union (IEC), Geneva (Switzerland).

2.3.11. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), Washington (USA).

2.3.12. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Geneva (Switzerland).

2.3.13. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna (Austria).

2.3.14. World Trade Organization / General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (WTO/GATT), Geneva (Switzerland).

3. Autonomous organizations:

3.1. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna (Austria).

3.2. World Tourism Organization (WTO), Madrid (Spain).

The main economic body - ECOSOC consists of 54 members (1/3 of them are annually re-elected for a three-year term) and usually holds its sessions twice a year. It is the main body for coordinating the economic and social activities of the UN and relevant specialized agencies and institutions (through research, reports and recommendations). The following regional economic commissions operate under the leadership of ECOSOC: Economic Commission for Europe (ECE, seat - Geneva, Switzerland, 55 member states); United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP, Bangkok, Thailand, 49 member states); United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA, Aleman, Jordan, 13 member states); United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 53 member states); United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, Santiago, Chile, 41 member states). The main task of these commissions is to promote the implementation of coordinated measures for economic cooperation within the framework of the respective region. The commissions conduct research, disseminate information and statistical materials. The commissions have corresponding committees. The permanent executive body of each commission is its secretariat, as well as multilateral monetary and financial and trade organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization, which are formally part of the UN system, but in fact; independent of it and are often referred to as Bretton Woods organizations. An example of an interstate organization of an interregional nature can be the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

First practical step On the way to the creation of the UN was adopted in 1943 at a conference in Moscow, the Declaration of the four powers - the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China - on issues of common security. It noted the need to create in the shortest possible time a world international organization to maintain international peace and security. These provisions were confirmed at the Tehran Conference in 1943.

In turn, the conferences in Dumbarton Oaks in 1944 and Yalta in 1945 determined the main features of the future international organization. On June 26, 1945, the participants in the San Francisco conference signed the UN Charter, and on October 24 of the same year, after it was ratified by a majority of states, the UN Charter came into force.

Together with the delegations of other countries, the delegation of the Ukrainian SSR took an active part in these events.

In Art. 1 of the UN Charter, it is determined that the main objectives of the UN are:

Maintaining peace and security through collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace;

Development of friendly relations between nations;

Implementation of international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature;

To be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving these goals.

In accordance with its goals and objectives, the UN is a universal organization open to all peace-loving states that are able and willing to fulfill these obligations. The admission of a state to membership is carried out by a decision of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. The Articles of Association do not specify how many votes are needed to make such a decision.

UN members are sovereign states. According to the procedure for registering membership, Articles 3-4 of the Charter distinguish between the first members and later accepted members. Among the post-Soviet republics, only Ukraine, Russia and Belarus are among the very first members of the UN (having taken part in the conference in San Francisco, they signed and ratified the UN Charter). Other states - the former republics of the USSR formalized their membership in the UN on the basis of Art. 4 of the Constitution by applying for admission.

The General Assembly has the right, on the recommendation of the Security Council, to suspend the exercise of the rights and privileges of one of the Members of the Organization. The basis for this is the application of measures of a preventive or coercive nature against such a member. The restoration of lost rights and privileges can also be carried out by the Security Council. And as a last resort, on the recommendation of the Security Council, any member of the Organization that systematically violates the principles of the UN Charter may be expelled from the Organization by a decision of the General Assembly (Article 6).

United Nations bodies

The UN Charter (Article 7) provides for the main and subsidiary bodies of the UN. The latter, if necessary, may be based in accordance with the UN Charter. The main organs of the United Nations are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. Although in the text of the Charter the main bodies are given in a single list, in terms of their legal status and real significance, they are far from unambiguous. Central location in the system of organs of the United Nations occupy, of course, the Security Council and the General Assembly.

The UN General Assembly is an advisory representative body in which all UN member states are represented. its structure is:

1) head:

2) vice chairmen;

3) main committees: on political and security issues; on economic and financial issues; on social, humanitarian and cultural issues; Trusteeship and Non-Self-Governing Territories; on legal issues;

4) committees: on administrative and budgetary issues; on deposits; on decolonization; on questions about the policy of apartheid; on atomic energy; on the use of outer space; on disarmament, etc.;

5) sessional bodies: General Committee and Credentials Committee;

6) commissions: revision; international law; on human rights, etc. The General Assembly holds annual regular sessions, and

also special (convened on any issue if the requirements come from the Security Council) and emergency, which are convened within 24 hours from the moment the Secretary General receives a request from the Security Council and is supported by the votes of any members of the Council in the following cases:

If there is a threat to the world;

There was a breach of the peace or an act of aggression and the members of the Security Council did not come to a decision on the issue.

In accordance with the UN Charter, the General Assembly plays an essential role in the activities of the UN. It makes a significant contribution to the development and preparation of a number of important international documents, codification of the principles and norms of international law.

The General Assembly is a democratic body. Each member, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power, has 1 vote. Decisions on important issues are taken by a majority of the Assembly, 2/3 of those present and members voting. The work of the General Assembly may be attended by non-member states of the UN, having permanent observers at the UN (Vatican, Switzerland) and not having them.

The General Assembly is headed by the Secretary General. United Nations Security Council. As noted in the UN Charter (Article 24), in order to ensure the swift and effective action of the Organization, the Security Council is entrusted with the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. In its functions and powers, the Security Council submits to the General Assembly annual reports and, if necessary, special reports.

The Security Council consists of 15 members, of which 5 are permanent members (Great Britain, China, Russia, USA, France); 10 - non-permanent, who are elected by the General Assembly for two years. The places of non-permanent members are distributed as follows: 5 - from the states of Asia and Africa; 1 - from the states of Eastern Europe; 2 - from the states of Latin America; 2 - from the states of Western Europe and other countries.

The Security Council has a number of exclusive powers. It is the only body competent to make decisions related to the actions of the UN to maintain or restore international peace and security. Only the Security Council is empowered to decide on the implementation of enforcement action with the use of armed forces. The Security Council may take decisions binding on all members of the Organization. Appeal or review of them in any other body is not allowed. In addition to the main functions and powers, the Security Council performs a number of others: in particular, together with the General Assembly, it participates in the admission of states to UN membership (Articles 2-4), the appointment of the UN Secretary General (Article 97), the election of judges of the International Court of Justice (Article .4 of the Charter of the International Court of Justice) and others.

According to Art. On July 2 of the UN Charter, decisions of the Security Council on questions of procedure are considered adopted if they are voted by nine members of the Council. All other decisions are considered adopted when nine members of the Council, including all the permanent members of this body, voted for them. Therefore, if at least one of the five permanent members votes against one or another proposal from a non-procedural issue, the proposal cannot be adopted (principle of unanimity of the permanent members of the Security Council).

The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for three years with the renewal of a third of the membership of the Council every year. By tradition, permanent members

Security Council are elected to the Economic and Social Council for each another term. Elections to this body are held on the principle of fair geographical representation from Africa - 14, from Asia - 11, from Latin America - 10, from Western Europe 13, from Eastern Europe - 6 states.

The functions and powers of the Economic and Social Council are enshrined in Articles 62-66 of the UN Charter. Its main powers are reduced to;

conducting research and compiling reports on international issues in the economic and social fields; culture, education, healthcare;

preparation of draft conventions on issues within its competence for submission to the General Assembly;

convening international conferences on issues within its competence;

coordinating the activities of the specialized agencies through consultations with and recommendations to such agencies and through the recommendations of the General Assembly;

conclusion of cooperation agreements with specialized institutions.

The Economic and Social Council carries out its functions through permanent commissions, standing committees, and also sessional committees. As a rule, the Economic and Social Council holds two sessions annually (one in New York, the other in Geneva). Its resolutions are adopted by a simple majority of votes.

The Trusteeship Council was created as a body that should exercise control over the administration of trust territories (in the post-war period there were 11 such territories). The Council now consists of the permanent members of the Security Council. According to experts, in modern conditions existence the Council loses its practical value. In November 1994, the Security Council decided to terminate the UN Trusteeship Agreement for the last of the initial 11 Trust Territories, the Pacific Islands Territory (Palau) administered by the United States. Therefore, at present, the Council meets in its sessions only when necessary.

The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the UN. Its Charter, adopted in 1945, is an integral part of the UN Charter. The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges elected for 9 years. The composition of the Court is renewed every three years by a third. For every three years, the Court elects a President and Vice-President and appoints a Registrar for a term of seven years.

In 1967-1970. The Court included the representative of Ukraine V. M. Koretsky, who served as Vice-President of the Court.

The principal areas of activity of the International Court of Justice are defined in Articles 92-96 of the UN Charter, the competence of the Court is also regulated by Articles 34-38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Only states can be parties to cases before the Court, and the jurisdiction of the Court is voluntary, that is, it can consider cases only by agreement of the parties. At the same time, states may recognize for themselves the jurisdiction of the court as binding in all legal disputes concerning:

Interpretation of the contract;

Any question of international law;

The existence of a fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation;

The nature and amount of compensation for breach of an international obligation.

In addition to judicial jurisdiction, the International Court of Justice also has advisory jurisdiction. Thus, he can give advisory opinions on any legal question at the request of the General Assembly and the Security Council, as well as other bodies and specialized agencies of the United Nations.

Where the Court is from is m. The Hague (Netherlands), but this does not prevent the Court from sitting and performing its functions in other places. Since the creation of the International Court of Justice in 1946, States have submitted more than 60 disputes to it, and more than 20 advisory opinions have been declared by organizations.

Secretariat- a permanent administrative body of the United Nations, consisting of the Secretary General and the necessary staff. The Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of 5 years and may be appointed for a new term in the same manner.

Article 98 of the UN Charter authorizes the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly an annual report on the work of the Organization. His powers also include the right to bring to the attention of the Security Council any issues that, in his opinion, may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security (Article 99 of the UN Charter).

The Secretariat as a whole has the responsibility to ensure necessary conditions for the work of other UN bodies: streamlining protocols, interpretation and translation of speeches and documents, published resolutions and other materials. It is intended to carry out practical work for the implementation of programs and regulations adopted by other UN bodies. In particular, the activities of the Secretariat include: the implementation of peacekeeping operations on behalf of the Security Council; organization and holding of international conferences on problems that are of world importance (Conference on maritime law) establishing world economic and social trends and problems; preparation of studies on disarmament, development, human rights. Also, its functions include the registration and publication of international treaties.

The Secretary General appoints the staff of the Secretariat and directs its work. In the performance of their duties, the Secretary-General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government. The members of the Secretariat are appointed by the Secretary General in accordance with rules established by the General Assembly. Recruitment to the Secretariat and determination of its conditions is carried out on a contractual basis, taking into account the need to ensure a high level of efficiency, competence and integrity. The staff of the secretariat, numbering more than 25,000 people (citizens of more than 150 countries), are international public servants.

All personnel are divided into two categories: specialists (specialists) and technical staff. The headquarters of the UN and its Secretariat is located in New York, there are also subdivisions of the Secretariat in Geneva, Vienna, Nairobi, Bangkok and other places.

United Nations specialized agencies

The concept of a specialized agency of the United Nations entered international law along with the UN Charter. In accordance with Articles 57.63 of the Charter, the specialized agencies of the UN are international organizations created by international agreements and endowed with broad international responsibility, determined by constituent acts in the field of economic, social, as well as culture, education, health, etc. and liaise with the UN.

According to their field of activity, they can be divided into three main groups.

The first group - specialized institutions of an economic nature. It includes 12 organizations, namely: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the International Development Association (IDA), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Civil Aviation (ICAO), International Maritime Organization (IMO), Universal Postal Union (UPU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) .

D ° The second group includes specialized institutions of a social nature: the International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO).

The third group consists of institutions of a cultural and humanitarian nature: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

The specialized agencies are permanent international organizations whose legal nature is similar to that of other international organizations.

Communication of specialized agencies with the UN in accordance with the UN Charter (Art. 56.63) is maintained, as a rule, through the UN Economic and Social Council on the basis of special agreements between the relevant specialized agency and the UN.

With all the variety of goals and significant differences in the nature of the activities of specialized institutions, they are, in general, a similar structure and a number of similar provisions of the statutes. For example, membership in the UN is not a prerequisite for membership in the specialized agencies.

According to the statutes of the specialized agencies, their supreme bodies consist of representatives of all member states of this organization. The competence of these bodies includes consideration of all issues related to the development and adoption of draft international agreements and conventions, determination of policies, programs and main activities of the relevant organization.

The operational management of the organization's activities is carried out by the executive bodies. In addition, there are numerous committees and commissions in the structure of specialized institutions.

The main forms of activity of specialized institutions are:

Development of draft international conventions and regulations on special issues;

Coordination of the activities of states in the development of cooperation in special areas;

Providing technical assistance;

Information exchange.

For example, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was established in 1946 Ukraine became its member in 1954 The task of UNESCO is to develop international cooperation in the field of education, science and culture in order to promote lasting peace and improve the well-being of peoples. To fulfill these tasks within the framework of UNESCO, international conferences, meetings, symposia are held, assistance is provided to countries in the creation of educational and research institutions, information, statistical and publishing activities are carried out, cooperation is carried out with more than 400 international organizations.

The main bodies of UNESCO is the General Conference - the highest body, meets at its sessions every two years, determines the direction and general line of the organization's activities; Executive Committee, which includes 45 Member States Secretariat headed by the Director General. From where UNESCO is the city of Paris.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) founded in 1944, but started functioning in 1946. About 180 states are members of the IMF, incl. Ukraine. The tasks of the IMF include: coordinating the monetary policy of member states, providing them with loans to adjust balances and maintain exchange rates; concessional lending to the least developed countries. The supreme body of the Fund is the Board of Governors, which includes two representatives from each member of the IMF. The day-to-day activities of the IMF are managed by the Executive Directorate, which consists of 21 directors. The Chairman of the Directorate is the Managing Director. The headquarters of the IMF is located in Washington (USA).

International Maritime Organization (IMO) established and functioning since 1959 (until 1982 - Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization - IMCO). The IMO includes more than 190 states, incl. Ukraine (since 1994). The tasks of the IMO range of issues related to ensuring cooperation on issues of navigation and safety of navigation, the development of recommendations and draft conventions on the law of the sea. The supreme body of the IMO is the Assembly, which consists of all its members and is convened every 2 years. In the period between meetings of the Assembly, the work of the IMO is managed by the Council, elected by the Assembly in the amount of 18 members. The Assembly elects a 16-member Maritime Safety Committee whose main task is to develop recommendations on maritime safety rules. The IMO Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General. its location is London (UK).

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) founded in accordance with the Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation of 1944, is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for organizing and coordinating international cooperation between states in all aspects of civil aviation. Almost 190 states are members of ICAO, incl. on the basis of succession and Ukraine.

ICAO investigates the problems of organizing international civil aviation, air routes, the creation of airports and air navigation facilities, develops international standards for the design and operation of aircraft, rules for the use of equipment, communications and flight control; contributes to the unification of customs, immigration and sanitary regulations, etc. Within the framework of ICAO, draft international conventions are being developed. The supreme body of the canine, consisting of representatives of the member states, is the Assembly, which is convened at least once every 3 years. The executive body of ICAO is the Council, consisting of representatives of 30 states elected by the Assembly from among the countries with the most developed air transport. The Council is headed by the president elected by it.

Ensures the work of ICAO Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General of ICAO. its location is Montreal (Canada).

International Labor Organization (ILO) is one of the oldest MMUA, because it was created back in 1919 by decision of the Paris Peace Conference as an autonomous organization of the League of Nations. Thirty-one thousand nine hundred and forty-six years. The ILO is the first specialized organization of the UN (Ukraine is a member of the ILO). Trade unions and employers are represented in the ILO along with more than 170 states. The aims and objectives of the ILO are:

Promoting the establishment of social justice; improving working conditions and raising the living standards of workers;

The structure of the ILO consists of: the General Labor Conference, the Administrative Council, the International Labor Office, Tripartite Committees, Regional and Special Conferences. The General Labor Conference consists of delegations of the participating countries (two representatives from the government, one each from entrepreneurs and workers), is the supreme body of the ILO. The activities of the International Labor Office (ILO Secretariat), committees and commissions of the ILO are managed by a Governing Body consisting of 56 members (including 28 government representatives, 14 workers' representatives and 14 employers' representatives). 10 seats in the government group of the Council are occupied by representatives of the 10 most industrialized countries (Brazil, Great Britain, Germany, India, Italy, China, Russia, USA, France, Japan). The International Labor Office is managed by a Director General and has three functional bodies: an administrative body, a research and documentation center and a coordinating body. Tripartite committees in the most important sectors of the economy (construction, inland transport, chemistry, ferrous metallurgy, oil industry, etc.) and expert councils on vocational education, advanced training of management personnel, labor protection, on the problems of working women and youth provide an opportunity for government agents, employers and workers to express their views within this organization. Regional and special conferences dedicated to issues of regional or national interest.

The chief administrative officer of the ILO is the Director General. The headquarters of the ILO is located in Geneva (Switzerland). The capitals of more than 40 member countries host regional and sectoral offices of the International Labor Office.

World Health Organization (WHO) is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1946. The WHO Charter, adopted in 1946, entered into force on April 7, 1948, when it was ratified by 26 states. This date is celebrated annually as World Health Day.

The goals of the WHO are:

Strengthening national health services;

Promoting the training of health professionals;

Fight against dangerous diseases; maternal and child health care;

Improvement of the state of the environment.

The supreme body of the WHO is the World Health Assembly, convened annually, in which all members of the organization are represented. The Executive Committee consists of 33 members and meets at least twice a year. The Secretariat is an administrative body and consists of the Director General and staff. There are 6 regional organizations in WHO (European - in Copenhagen (Denmark), American - in Washington (SELA), Southeast Asia - in Delhi (India), Eastern Mediterranean - in Alexandria (Egypt), Western Pacific - in Manila (Philippines), African - in Brazzaville (Congo) Periodically, WHO publishes a series of technical reports, statistical collections, etc. Address of the WHO Secretariat - Geneva (Switzerland) Ukraine is a member state of WHO.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) based on the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883 and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1886 The WIPO Establishment Convention was signed in 1967 p. and entered into force in 1970. WIPO became a UN specialized agency on December 17, 1974 on the recommendation of the General Assembly. Ukraine participates in the activities of WIPO along with more than 150 states of the world.

The tasks of WIPO include: promoting the protection of intellectual property throughout the world, ensuring the administrative cooperation of 18 IMAOs (unions) involved in various aspects of providing assistance in the protection of intellectual property and copyright.

The governing bodies of WIPO are:

Conference, which includes all WIPO Member States;

The General Assembly, composed of those member states, are also members of the Paris (100 states) or Berne (83 states) unions.

The governing bodies of WIPO and the unions administered by WIPO (9 of which have their own intergovernmental bodies) usually meet in joint session to adopt their programs and budgets. The Assembly elects the International Bureau (executive body). The Chief Administrative Officer is the Director General of WIPO. The seat of WIPO is Geneva (Switzerland).

In a certain connection with the UN there is also such an international organization as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This organization in the field of the use of atomic energy was created by a decision of the UN on international conference in New York. The Charter of the Agency was adopted in 1956 p., Headquarters is located in Vienna.

According to the agreement of the IAEA with the UN General Assembly one thousand nine hundred and fifty seven p.

The main activities of the IAEA are the organization and coordination of research and development in the field of nuclear energy, issues of radiation safety, rendering technical assistance to the Member States of the Agency in the field of peaceful use of atomic energy, exercising control (guarantees) on peaceful research of atomic energy, regulation of activities on issues related to atomic danger.

One of the main functions of the Agency is the application of a control system to ensure that nuclear materials and equipment intended for peaceful use are not used for military purposes. Non-Nuclear States Parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty nuclear weapons 1968 must conclude agreements with the IAEA on control over the peaceful nuclear activities of states. Control is carried out by IAEA inspectors.

There are also a number of other international organizations that are part of the UN system, but are not specialized agencies. In particular, these are the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).

The specialized bodies of the UN on human rights are the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the Commission on Human Rights, etc.