Course presentation: “International organizations for economic and political cooperation. International relations (presentation) download Presentation on the topic of international relations between countries
- Foreign policy
- Political forecasting
- Globalization
- Kazakhstan in the modern world
is the sphere of interstate and international communication. In the course of interaction between states and peoples realizing their interests in this area, various relations are formed: social, cultural, informational.
International relations are distinguished by types:
- Economic
- Political
- Military
- Ideological
- Legal
- Diplomatic
A decisive role in the development of the system of international relations is played by the balance of forces of states acting on the world stage. The strength of a state can be represented as its ability, protecting national interests, to influence other states, the course of events in the world.
As a rule, this manifests itself in the struggle for sales markets, for control over raw materials.
Until recently, it was believed that the main thing for this is the military power of the state. Now it is almost impossible to provide your country with economic advantages, the growth of its wealth by forcibly seizing the resources of other states.
Trends in the development of international relations
The first trend in the development of modern international relations- dispersal of power. Everything today big role acquire new centers in international life. There are integration processes in Europe that led to the creation of the European Union.
The second feature of modern international relations was that their practice included a new understanding of the role nuclear weapons in the national security system. It turned out to be insufficient to limit the number of states possessing nuclear weapons and prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. It was necessary to take steps to destroy part of the accumulated nuclear arsenals.
The third trend in the development of international relations was the formation in recent decades a new idea of ways to ensure national security in conditions when the problem of ensuring the security of an individual state develops into the problem of creating conditions for universal security.
The fourth feature of the development of international relations is connected with the development of a system of political methods for the preventive influence of the world community on the participants in conflicts. Increasing importance is attached to the creation of effective non-military guarantees of peace, measures to prevent imminent military clashes.
The fifth trend in the development of international relations one should consider the inclusion in the circle of tasks of ensuring the security of the world community, in addition to military problems, of a different nature. Humanity is increasingly concerned about threats such as climate change and destruction natural environment, international terrorism, disproportions in economic and scientific and technical development.
Foreign policy
Foreign policy- this is the activity of political subjects in the international arena, which involves the regulation of relations of a particular political subject with other political subjects in accordance with its goals, the impact on policy objects in the international arena.
Main actors
- The state and its institutions, as well as political leaders and heads of state.
- Non-governmental organizations, the so-called "people's diplomacy", which includes the activities of both political parties and movements, as well as non-political associations and unions.
Basic goals
- raising the material and spiritual standard of living of the population
- increasing the economic and political power of the state
- ensuring the security of the state, its national sovereignty and territorial integrity
- inadmissibility of outside interference in internal affairs
- increasing the prestige and role of the state in international relations
- defending certain political and economic positions in the outside world
national interest
National interests find expression in foreign policy. It is the basis for the development of government policy. They define the specific goals of a given state in relation to other states and possible ways to achieve them.
Traditionally, the sphere of national interests includes:
- the preservation of the nation as a free and independent state;
- security from outside threats;
- growth of national welfare;
- protection of the economic and political positions of the state in the international arena;
- expanding its influence in world politics.
Foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Foreign policy of Kazakhstan- this is the sphere of foreign policy activity of the state, aimed at strengthening sovereignty, ensuring national and international security and territorial integrity.
President Nursultan Nazarbayev defined the formation and maintenance of favorable external conditions for the successful implementation of reforms within the country, the formation of our republic as a sovereign state as a long-term goal of Kazakhstan's foreign policy. At the same time, the foreign policy of Kazakhstan, based on long-term national interests, is quite diversified and multi-vector.
Global problems of our time
Global problems of our time- these are problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require the joint efforts of all states of the world for their solution.
1. Problems of a socio-political nature:
prevention of nuclear war; cessation of the arms race, resolution of regional and interstate conflicts.
2. Problems of a socio-economic nature:
- overcoming underdevelopment and related poverty and cultural backwardness;
- ensuring efficient production and reproduction of the world gross domestic product;
- search for ways to resolve the energy, raw material and food crises;
- optimization of the demographic situation, especially in developing countries.
3. Socio-environmental problems
Caused by further deterioration of the natural habitat of people. There is a particular need for action to harmonious development alive and inanimate nature; on the rational use of the natural potential of the planet; to prevent harmful effects on the nature of military activities.
4. Human problems
including the human dimension of social progress: observance of social, economic and individual rights and freedoms; elimination of hunger, epidemic diseases, ignorance; spiritual development of the personality; overcoming the alienation of a person from nature, society, the state, other people and the results of their own life.
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The international political process is the interaction and opposition of different-quality subjects of the world community regarding certain objects of international relations. Three components of the structure of the modern international political process: 1. Subjects of the international political process (a sovereign state and public organizations created to resolve bilateral and multilateral relations at the diplomatic level: EU, CIS, NATO, UN).
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The structure of the modern international political process: 2. Objects of the international political process (specific international, economic and political processes of a state or a group of states). International objects can be: bilateral between specific states; multilateral, affecting groups of countries. 3. Normative - legal framework of the international political process (a significant role is played by the institutions of diplomacy, which constitute the basic principles of international law, which in the 40s - 50s of the XX century were fixed in the UN Charter:
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Principles of international law sovereign equality states; non-use of force and threat of force in international relations; territorial value of states; peace resolution international disputes; non-interference in internal affairs; universal respect for human rights; cooperation and mutual assistance; conscientious performance international obligations.
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World politics - the total activity of states in the international arena. International relations - a system of political, economic, cultural, military, diplomatic and other relationships and relationships between states and peoples. The development of international relations is influenced by such an important factor as global politics. The arena of international relations cannot be called peaceful as long as there is a war or armed clashes or conflicts in at least one of its sections.
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International relations include specific types of relations between states - political, economic, scientific and technical, ideological, cultural, military. The primacy of political international relations lies in the fact that any problem that has become the subject public policy acquires a political character and finds expression in interstate political relations.
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Among the positive trends in the development of modern international relations are the following: 1. The process of deideologization of international relations. - With the collapse of the bipolar world system, the ideological confrontation that divided peoples and states into two warring camps ceased. The Iron Curtain that separated the peoples of the socialist and capitalist camps fell with the beginning of perestroika in the USSR, and with it the idea of class struggle disappeared. The idea of peaceful international relations and peaceful coexistence is being cultivated, which will be based on consensus with all the variety of types of socio-economic state structure.
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2. The consequence of the process of deideologization of international relations is the transition from confrontation to partnership and cooperation: peoples and governments understand the expediency and mutual benefit of cooperation between states in various areas of trade, mutual economic assistance, development of cultural relations, scientific exchanges, etc. In the recent past, the dominant position in the world was occupied by two superpowers - the USA and the USSR. With the collapse of the USSR, only one superpower remained on the world stage - the United States. This is fraught with diktat by the superpower to weaker countries and infringement of their own interests.
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Therefore, in the modern world, a trend has arisen and is gaining momentum towards the formation international system mutual deterrence, which will disperse forces and influence in world politics. The 3rd trend of modern international relations is the democratization and humanization of world politics. Global community came to the understanding that international relations should be evaluated in terms of universal priorities, the right of every person to life, freedom and normal conditions existence. From this point of view main value becomes an individual, not the state and its interests.
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4th trend - expansion of the sphere of international relations, the participants of which are already becoming not only government officials, but also political parties, social movements, church, cultural, sports organizations, everyday communication people over the Internet. 5th trend - awareness of the common for all mankind, global problems that have become vital important issues world politics and international relations. Among them: the problem of world security; environmental, demographic, raw materials, energy, food, space and ocean exploration, elimination of dangerous diseases.
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Geopolitics is the field of politics that examines international relations in context geographical location countries (arose at the beginning of the 20th century). The study of world politics and international relations within the framework of the geopolitical direction involves an emphasis on territorial and demographic conditions, as well as power potentials various countries in the study of global and national interests, foreign policy priorities of states.
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The basic concepts of the geopolitical direction are geopolitical space, geostrategic region, geopolitical region, state territory. Geopolitical space - a set of state territories of all countries of the world, together with international straits, open sea and Antarctica. Geostrategic regions are large spaces that include, in addition to the territories of the region-forming countries, their zones of control and influence, so their number is limited.
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Part of the geostrategic region are geopolitical regions - characterized by close and stable political, economic, cultural ties and their compactness compared to the geostrategic region. In geopolitical studies, great importance is given to the category of "border", which in political science is understood as a certain framework that limits the space to which national sovereignty extends. The border is not just a demarcation line of state territories, it ensures the viability and security of the state, determines the area for the formation of national identity.
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Geopolitical research makes it possible to predict and model possible options for the development of international relations and the formation of a world order. In modern geopolitical conditions, experts in the field of international politics predict three possible options for the development of international relations. one. future world appears as a bipolar antagonistic model, where the place of the USSR as a great non-capitalist power opposing America on the world stage will be taken by socialist China.
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Possible options international relations: 2. The world will be a unipolar authoritarian system led by the United States, which will remain the only superpower in the world, and this world will be economically and politically subordinate to the interests of the United States. 3. A non-confrontational democratic system of the world community of peoples, which will be based on the observance of all norms of international law and the establishment of a balance of economic and political opportunities between states.
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Globalization in the World Order The term originated in the 1960s. 20th century At the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, global world problems appeared: international terrorism, new types of diseases that claimed the lives of thousands of people (AIDS, "chicken flu"), etc. Globalization is a historical process of rapprochement of nations and peoples, between which traditional boundaries are gradually erased.
Supranational (global) units of various scales: political and military blocs (NATO), imperial spheres of influence (former socialist camp), coalitions of ruling groups (G7), continental associations (European Union), world international organizations(UN), traced the contours of the world government in the face of the European Parliament and INTERPOL.
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In economic terms, the process of globalization is expressed by the concept of "world capitalist economy": the role of regional and world economic agreements is increasing, a global division of labor is observed, the role of multinational and transnational corporations is increasing (which have an income exceeding the income of an average national state): These are companies: "Toyota ”, “McDonald's”, “Pepsi-Cola”, “General Motors”, which have lost their national roots and operate around the world.
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At the global level, society is becoming world system called the global community. There are two forms of the system - world empires - civilization as global systems - (many territories politically united into one public education) and global economic systems(countries developing a similar economy, but politically not united in one state).
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In accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the CIS Member States of March 26, 2010, based on the letter of the Department general education The Ministry of Education of Russia dated 13.12.2010 No. 03-390 was recommended in December 2010 - January 2011 to conduct lessons (class hours) dedicated to the Commonwealth of Independent States in general educational institutions. Week of the One class hour Today at modern school an important role in the development of the child is given to socialization - the assimilation of moral norms and rules, patterns of behavior necessary for the development of positive personality traits. A necessary part of personality development is the education of love for the native country, for its laws and symbols. Therefore, the key tasks of the class hour were: on the basis of the knowledge gained by schoolchildren at the previous stage, to expand their understanding of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the symbols of each state and the legal framework, the role of the CIS in the international arena, the economic interaction of the CIS member states; promote respect for social norms and values, laws and symbols of the CIS member states.
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Targets and goals single lesson Purpose: To show students the importance of cooperation between the countries that are part of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the spiritual, economic, political and social spheres Tasks: To acquaint students with the history of the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, with the achievements of the CIS countries in various spheres of public life. To form a meaningful attitude to the intercultural and interethnic problems of modern society. Cultivate a tolerant, humane attitude and respect for national differences, the desire for cultural interaction
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What is CIS? The CIS stands for the Commonwealth of Independent States, which was formed on December 8, 1991 in the Belarusian capital of Minsk. Initially, the CIS included the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Ukraine and Belarus. Later, other allied states joined them: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The most recent state to join the CIS was Georgia. The CIS was created for cooperation between countries in many areas: politics, economics, culture, science, etc.
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The history of the creation of the CIS December 8, 1991 - in Belovezhskaya Pushcha(Belarus) the leaders of Russia - President B. Yeltsin and Secretary of State G. Burbulis, of Ukraine - President L. Kravchuk and Prime Minister V. Fokin and of Belarus - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the BSSR S. Shushkevich and Chairman of the Council of Ministers V. Kebich announced the termination of the USSR “as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality”. The formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, open for accession by former members of the Union and other states, was announced, and an agreement was signed on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Agreement formulates the main directions and principles of cooperation, defines the scope joint activities implemented on an equal basis through the coordinating structures of the Commonwealth. The contracting parties undertook to guarantee all the norms arising for them from treaties and agreements of the former USSR.
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Member states of the organization According to the current Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the founder states of the organization are those states that, by the time the Charter was adopted, had signed and ratified the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS of December 8, 1991 and the Protocol to this Agreement of December 21, 1991. Member states of the Commonwealth are those founding states that have assumed obligations arising from the Charter within 1 year after its adoption by the Council of Heads of State. To join the organization, a potential member must share the goals and principles of the CIS, accepting the obligations contained in the Charter, and also obtain the consent of all member states. In addition, the Charter provides for categories of associate members (these are states participating in certain types activities of the organization, on the terms determined by the associate membership agreement) and observers (these are states whose representatives may attend meetings of the Commonwealth bodies by decision of the Council of Heads of State). The current Charter regulates the procedure for the withdrawal of a member state from the Commonwealth. To do this, the Member State must notify in writing the depositary of the Constitution 12 months prior to withdrawal. At the same time, the state is obliged to fully fulfill the obligations that arose during the period of participation in the Charter.
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The main stages in the development of the CIS On December 11, 1991, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced their accession to the CIS. On December 13, 1991, at the initiative of the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev, a meeting of the heads of Kazakhstan and 4 republics took place Central Asia in Ashgabat. They also agreed to join the CIS, but on condition of absolute equality with the parties that signed the Belovezhskaya agreements. On December 21, 1991, in Alma-Ata, the heads of 9 republics: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed the Declaration on the Formation of the Commonwealth of Sovereign States. Later, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova joined them - in total, 12 of the 15 republics that were part of the USSR joined the CIS. At subsequent meetings of their leaders, the Councils of Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Defense, the Coordinating and Consultative Committee, the Collective Security Council, etc. were created. The Inter-Parliamentary Assembly was formed. Unlike the former union bodies, they did not have power functions, but could only coordinate the interests of the republics. On January 22, 1993, the Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States was adopted in Minsk. The Charter of the Commonwealth defines the conditions for membership of states in the CIS, formulates the goals and principles of interstate cooperation, interaction in the economic, social and legal areas, in the sphere of inter-parliamentary relations, the sovereign equality of all its members is enshrined.
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State Date of ratification of the Agreement on the establishment of the CIS (December 8, 1991) Date of ratification of the Protocol to the Agreement on the establishment of the CIS (December 21, 1991) Date of ratification of the CIS Charter Azerbaijan not signed September 24, 1993 December 14, 1993 Armenia February 18, 1992 February 18, 1992 March 16, 1994 Belarus December 10, 1991 December 10, 1991 January 18, 1994 Kazakhstan 23 декабря1991 23 декабря1991 20 апреля1994 Киргизия не подписано 6 марта1992 12 апреля1994 Молдавия 8 апреля1994 8 апреля1994 27 июня1994 Россия 12 декабря1991 12 декабря1991 20 июля1993 Таджикистан не подписано 26 июня1993 4 августа1993 Туркмения не подписано 26 декабря1991 не подписан Узбекистан 4 января1992 4 января1992 9 февраля1994 Украина 10 декабря1991 December 10, 1991 not signed Georgia not signed December 3, 1993 April 19, 1994
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The main stages of development of the CIS In September 1993, the heads of state of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed an agreement on the creation Economic Union, which contains the concept of transformation of economic interaction within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, taking into account the realities that have developed in it. In March 1994, the UN General Assembly granted the Commonwealth of Independent States observer status. The key stages on the way to the formation of the CIS were the conclusion of the Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Zone on April 15, 1994, as well as the Agreement on the Establishment of the Interstate Economic Committee as a permanent body of the Economic Union, and the Agreement on the Establishment of the Payments Union of the CIS Member States on October 21, 1994. Subsequently, the development of the CIS was characterized by the creation of interstate sub-regional structures, bodies responsible for resolving special issues on the regional agenda, the further development of the regulatory framework of the Commonwealth, and the creation of coordinating interdepartmental supranational organizations.
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What countries are part of the CIS? The countries that united in the CIS used to be part of the USSR, then separated, and then united again, but already as part of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The CIS includes the following countries: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Russia. The CIS also included Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Turkmenistan is a member of the CIS as an observer. The capital of this country is Ashgabat. The population density in Turkmenistan is 9.6 people per square kilometer. The main languages of Turkmenistan are Russian and Turkmen. The main religion in this country is Islam.
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Members of the CIS - 11 states Working language - Russian Executive Secretary - Sergey Lebedev (RF) Country Chairman (RF) Education - December 8, 1991 Population 273,006,000 Official website of the CIS - http://cis.minsk.by/
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Statutory goals and activities of the CIS implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields; comprehensive and balanced economic and social development member states within the common economic space, interstate cooperation and integration; development of an equal and mutually beneficial partnership in the economic sphere through the formation of a free trade zone; ensuring human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with generally recognized norms of international law and OSCE documents; cooperation among participating States in ensuring international peace and security, the implementation of effective measures to reduce the arms race and military spending, the elimination of nuclear and other types of WMD, the achievement of general and complete disarmament; achieving closer interaction between the CIS states with the UN and other international organizations in the field of settlement international conflicts; assistance to citizens of the participating states in free communication, contacts and movement in the Commonwealth; mutual legal assistance and cooperation in other areas of legal relations; unification of forces and means in the fight against organized crime, international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism; peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between members of the Commonwealth.
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The governing bodies of the CIS The interaction of countries within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States is carried out through its coordinating institutions: the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Heads of Government, the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, the Executive Committee, etc.
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Council of Heads of State The Council of Heads of State, as the supreme body of the Commonwealth, discusses and resolves any fundamental issues of the Commonwealth related to the common interests of the member states. The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth makes decisions at its meetings concerning: amending the Charter of the CIS; creating new or abolishing existing bodies of the Commonwealth; optimization of the CIS structure; improving the activities of the Commonwealth bodies; hearing reports on the activities of the CIS bodies; appointment (approval) of heads of bodies within its competence; delegation of powers to lower bodies; approval of regulations on the bodies of the CIS, referred to its competence.
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Council of Heads of Governments The Council of Heads of Governments of the CIS coordinates the cooperation of executive authorities in the economic, social and other areas of common interests of the CIS member countries. The Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth decides on the following issues: implementation of the instructions of the Council of Heads of State given to the Council of Heads of Government; implementation of the provisions fixed in the Treaty on the Establishment of the Economic Union, as well as the practical functioning of the free trade zone; adoption of joint programs for the development of industry, agriculture and other sectors of the economy and their financing; development of transport, communications, energy systems, cooperation in tariff, credit, financial and tax policy; development of mechanisms aimed at the formation of scientific and technological space; creation of Commonwealth bodies within its competence; appointments (approvals) of the heads of the Commonwealth bodies, referred to its competence; financial support activities of the Commonwealth.
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The governing bodies of the CIS The Council of Foreign Ministers of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CMFA) was established by the Decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of September 24, 1993 to coordinate foreign policy activities. Interparliamentary Assembly The Interparliamentary Assembly of States Members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (IPA) was formed on March 27, 1992 on the basis of the Alma-Ata Agreement signed by the heads of the parliaments of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Assembly was established as an advisory institution to discuss issues and consider draft documents of mutual interest.
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Russia Russia is the largest state in the world, occupying a significant part of Europe and Asia and one of the three countries that is washed by the seas of three oceans at once: the Baltic and Black Seas Atlantic Ocean; Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi seas of the Arctic Ocean; Bering, Okhotsk and Seas of Japan Pacific Ocean.
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Moldova Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe. The country takes its name from the Moldova River in Romania. The origin of the name of the river is not known for certain, there are two main versions: a) the waters of the river were used for quarrying, and “molde” is the German term for such mining; b) the name came from the Goth language, in which “mulda” means dust. Moldova is part of the CIS.
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Ukraine Ukraine is a state in Eastern Europe; in the south it is washed by the Azov and Black seas. The name "Ukraine" apparently came either from the Slavic "border territory" (outskirts), or from "country" (land). Also, perhaps the first syllable "uk" is a distorted "south". Ukraine is part of the CIS.
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The territory of the state is 33.7 thousand sq. km. The population as of 01.01.2003 is 3 million 618.5 thousand people. The capital of Moldova is the city of Chisinau. In accordance with the Constitution adopted on July 29, 1994, the Republic of Moldova is a sovereign and independent, united and indivisible state. On July 27, 2000, the law on the introduction of a parliamentary form of government in the Republic of Moldova came into force. In accordance with the amendments to the Constitution, a parliamentary form of government has been introduced in the country. The president remains the head of state, but he retains mainly representative functions. The President, in particular, is deprived of the right to initiate the procedure for amending the Constitution, the right to appoint judges of the Constitutional Court. The law provides for the election of the President in Parliament. On September 17, 2009, the Constitutional Court of Moldova officially recognized the interim performance of the duties of the President of the Republic of Moldova by the Chairman of the Parliament, Mihai Ghimpu.
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Belarus is a state in Eastern Europe landlocked. The territory of the country is flat, the eastern part is located on the Central Russian Upland. The highest point is Mount Dzerzhinskaya, 345 m. There are about 11,000 lakes in Belarus, a large number of rivers (the largest: Dnieper, Western Dvina, Neman, Western Bug, Pripyat, Sozh, Berezina). Belarus is part of the CIS.
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Kazakhstan is a large state in Central Asia. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by plains (steppes, semi-deserts, deserts), with the exception of the center of the country, where the destroyed mountains of the Kazakh hills and the east with the Tien Shan, Altai and Dzungarian Alatau ranges are located. In the east, there is also the highest point of the country - Khan-Tengri peak, 6995 m. Major rivers- Irtysh, Syrdarya, Ural, Ili, Ishym, Tobol. Kazakhstan has access to the Caspian and Aral Seas (which, in fact, are lakes); There are many other large lakes on the territory of the country: Balkhash, Zaisan, Sassykol, Alakol, Kamystybas, Tengiz and others. The name of the country comes from the people, its inhabitant (Kazakhs) and the Persian suffix -stan, meaning "land" - i.e. "Land of the Kazakhs". Kazakhstan is part of the CIS.
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The Republic of Azerbaijan occupies the southeastern part of the Caucasian isthmus and occupies an area of over 86.6 thousand square meters. km. The population of the Republic of Azerbaijan as of May 1, 2004 is 8 million 289 thousand people. The capital is the city of Baku. Azerbaijan includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. According to the Constitution adopted on November 12, 1995, the Azerbaijani state is a democratic, legal, secular, unitary republic with a presidential form of government. The head of state is the President, he also has executive power. The President is elected for a term of 5 years. Legislative power is exercised by the Milli Majlis, which is elected for a five-year term. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is Aliyev Ilham Heydarovich.
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The Republic of Armenia occupies an area of 29.8 thousand square meters. km, the population as of 01.01.2003 is 3 million 210.8 thousand people. The capital of Armenia is the city of Yerevan. According to the Constitution adopted on July 5, 1995, the Republic of Armenia is a sovereign democratic, social, legal state. The legislative body of the Republic of Armenia is the National Assembly, which consists of 131 deputies. The term of office of the National Assembly is 4 years. The head of state and executive power is the President, who is elected for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the Government, which consists of the Prime Minister and ministers. The President of the Republic of Armenia is Serzh Azatovich Sargsyan.
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Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked state in Central Asia. "Kyrgyzstan", apparently, came from the Persian "land of forty tribes." Kyrgyzstan is part of the CIS.
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The territory of the state is about 200 thousand square kilometers. The population as of 01.01.2003 is 5 million 012.5 thousand people. The capital of the state is the city of Bishkek. The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan), according to the Constitution adopted on May 5, 1993, is a sovereign, unitary, democratic republic built on the principles of a legal, secular state. On February 2, 2003, a referendum was held. By the majority of voters, President A. Akayev approved and signed the Law No. 40 dated February 18, 2003 "On the new version of the Constitution Kyrgyz Republic. The President is the head of state. He is elected for a term of five years. The Parliament, the Zhogorku Kenesh, is the permanent supreme representative body. The Zhogorku Kenesh exercises legislative power, as well as control functions. He is elected for five years. Executive power in Kyrgyzstan is exercised by the Government, subordinate ministries, state committees, administrative departments, other executive authorities and local state administration. The President of the Kyrgyz Republic is Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva.
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The territory of the state is 447.4 thousand square meters. km. The population as of 01.01.2001 is 24 million 916.4 thousand people. The capital of Uzbekistan - the city of Tashkent - is one of the largest cities in the east. In accordance with the Constitution adopted on December 8, 1992, Uzbekistan is a sovereign democratic republic. The highest state representative body is the Oliy Majlis, which exercises legislative power. The Oliy Majlis is elected for 5 years. The President is the head of state and executive power, and at the same time the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers. The President is elected for a term of five years. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan is Karimov Islam Abduganievich.
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The territory of Turkmenistan is 488.1 thousand square meters. km. The population as of May 1, 2004 is 6 million 385.7 thousand people. The capital is the city of Ashgabat. Turkmenistan proclaimed independent state in October 1991 as a result of a popular referendum. According to the Constitution adopted on May 18, 1992, Turkmenistan is a democratic legal and secular state. State government carried out in the form of a presidential republic. The President is the head of state and executive power, the highest official Turkmenistan. The highest representative body of people's power is the Halk maslahaty (People's Council) of Turkmenistan. The Mejlis (Parliament) is the legislative body of Turkmenistan. The Cabinet of Ministers is an executive and administrative body. The President heads the Cabinet of Ministers. The President of Turkmenistan is Gurbanguly Myalikgulyevich Berdimuhamedov.
58 slide
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Each nation creates and respects its own national-state symbols. The unity of culture and history of each country is built on common language her symbols. Each element of state symbols has the deepest meaning. These symbols reflect the history of the origin of the state, its structure, its goals, principles, national and other traditions, features of the economy and nature. Turning to state symbols, it is important to understand that in addition to its official elements approved as such - the emblem, flag, anthem, there are other significant symbols for each state - the Constitution, the President, historical monuments, etc.
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Questions Why do we need a coat of arms? Why is a flag needed? Where can I see the image of the flag and coat of arms? Name the colors of the national flag of your country, compare with colors flags of other states.
61 slide
Description of the slide:
Coat of arms and flag At all times, color was given a special meaning. White is peace and purity of conscience, red is fire and courage, blue is heaven, fidelity and truth, green is natural wealth. The colors of the State flags are associated with folk ideas about beauty. White, red colors have long been used in national folk costumes. Shirts were sewn from white linen, elegant sundresses and other clothes were made from red fabric. AT folk art Slavic peoples white and red colors have a special meaning: White color is a symbol of purity, and red is a symbol of life. Blue colour resembles the color of the sky, which means it symbolizes high and pure. The green color symbolizes the natural heritage. That is why these colors were often used by peasants for their clothing and decoration of their homes. We also notice these colors in architecture, for example, white cathedrals and red walls, towers and an elegant combination of blue and white in the decoration of temples. Guests and tourists coming from other states see the State Flag and the State Emblem on the border. We also see the coat of arms on banknotes countries, on seals confirming the authenticity of important documents.
62 slide
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The anthem of the country is a solemn song or melody that is performed on special, solemn occasions, during national holidays, the raising of the State Flag, solemn meetings, during military rituals and sports competitions. When the anthem of any country is played, people stand up, men take off their hats. This shows respect for the country whose anthem sounds. Remember the Olympic Games. When our athletes win gold medals, the anthem of our country is played and the flag of our state is understood. Every morning in our country begins with the National Anthem, which is played on the radio.
International relations International relations are an integral part of
part of modern world society. This
the sphere of public relations is extraordinary
important for the all-round development of the whole country.
Interaction between states, as well as
such a serious aspect as foreign policy -
this is a rather capacious and difficult topic, but in this
presentation project, I will still try
reveal it.
The need for international relations
International relationshipsThe need for international
relations
The need for international relations
can
consider in a simple but illustrative example.
Natural
resources
Precious
metals
State State State
A
B
C
Intellectual
resource and
technology In figure 1, we see three states with resources in different
quantitative ratios. State A has a large number
resources, but it clearly lacks others. State B is dominated by high
technology, other indicators, however, lag behind. In turn, state C
has in abundance precious metals and few other resources.
If each state shares with each other the abundance of its
resources, in exchange for the missing ones, then you get something like this picture
Natural
resources
Precious
metals
intellectual
th resource and
technology
Spheres of interaction between states
Economicinternational legal
cultural
Military-strategic
Political
Economic sphere
This area includes:international division of labor;
exchange of scientific and technical results;
international production cooperation;
international trade;
information, monetary and financial and
credit links between countries;
the movement of capital and labor;
activities of international economic
organizations, economic cooperation in
solving global problems.
International legal sphere
The international legal mechanism allows participantsprotect your interests;
prevent conflicts;
resolve disputes;
maintain peace and security in the interests of all peoples.
International legal
relations
wear
universal character and are based on the system
generally accepted principles. In addition to the generally recognized
norms,
governing
all
kinds
international
relations, there are specific rules
which govern their special directions
(diplomatic law, maritime commercial law,
international arbitration, court, etc.).
Military-strategic sphere
The military-strategic sphere is extensivesphere of international relations, one way or another
related
With
direct
or
indirect
creation, development, redistribution
military force
cultural sphere
This relationship is based onprocesses:
internationalization of public life;
interpenetration and enrichment of cultures;
education systems;
the rapid development of the media.
AT
most
his
basic
meaning
in
them
development
have
non-governmental organizations.
Political sphere
Politicalsphere
includes
processes
development, adoption and implementation of decisions,
affecting the interests of the world community.
national interest
Foreign policynational interest
Since the policy
intended for
implementation
interests, then external
policy implements
national interest
national interest
Morgenthau divided into
permanent and
transient.
Morgenthau, Hans (1904-1979) -
American political scientist
recognized founder and head
schools of pragmatism and political
realism, leading
US theorist
foreign policy issues. Permanent
transient
territory defense,
population, state
institutions from external
interests of the survival of the nation and
danger
states
development of foreign trade
security and
growth
welfare of society
investment
peripheral, local
protection of private capital for
interests
border
relationship with
allies
external course selection
Types of foreign policy
In pursuit of their national interests, statesoperate differently in the international arena.
Morgenthau
politicians:
highlights
three
basic
models
on the
external
1.
Politics,
oriented
conservation of power.
preservation,
2.
A policy focused on the accumulation of power
powers and increasing power.
3.
Show of force policy.
Foreign policy functions
protectiveand I
information representation
Regulatory
Protective
Associated with the protection of the rights and interests of a given country and itscitizens abroad. The implementation is aimed at
prevention of a threat to a given state, on
search for a peaceful political solution to the emerging
controversial issues.
A threat to the state may be:
territorial claims from neighbors
support for opposition movements in their own
country from another state.
The institutions contributing to this function are
embassies, consulates, representative offices, etc.
Information and representation
information representationThe foreign policy authorities inform their
government about the intentions of other governments,
provide contacts of this state with
other parties. These bodies analyze
emerging situation. As a result, it is possible
assume error-free decision making.
Regulatory
Actions aimed at finding profitable contactsand creation of favorable foreign policy conditions
for the activities of the state. Of great importance
activities of the central bodies of foreign policy
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs, embassies, etc.).
Foreign policy tools
Informationalbut propagandists
cues
Political
Economic
Military
Outreach
Outreachpropaganda
funds include all
arsenal
contemporary
funds
mass
information, propaganda and agitation, which
are used
for
fortifications
authority
states
on the
international
arena,
contribute to the credibility of
allies and potential partners. By using
media is formed in
positive in the eyes of the world community
image of their state, a feeling of sympathy for
him, and, if necessary, antipathy and
condemnation towards other states.
Often propaganda tools are used,
to disguise certain interests and
intentions.
Political
Basictool
–
this is
diplomacy.
Diplomacy is carried out in the form of negotiations,
visits, special conferences and meetings,
meetings, preparation and conclusion of bilateral and
multilateral agreements, diplomatic
correspondence, participation in the work of international
organizations.
Economic
Usageeconomic
capacity
given
countries
for
achievements
foreign policy goals, it is important
economic power of the country.
Military
To the military means of foreign policy adoptedto attribute the military power of the state, which
includes the army, its size and quality
weapons, morale, availability
military bases, possession of nuclear weapons.
Military means can be used as
means of direct influence, and indirect. To
the first are wars, interventions, blockades. Co.
the second is the testing of new types of weapons, exercises,
maneuvers, threat of force
Conclusion
During the projectI tried in short
easily accessible and simple form to consider
main aspects of such a large topic as
international relations, and in particular
aspects of foreign policy. Goal set
successfully achieved. International trade - system
international commodity-money relations,
made up of the foreign trade of all countries
peace.
Monetary and credit relations - financial
relations between subjects of different countries, i.e.
residents and non-residents.
National interests are objectively significant
goals and objectives of the state as a whole.
Diplomacy is a means of implementing foreign
state policy, which is
set of practical activities,
techniques and methods applied taking into account
specific conditions and the nature of the tasks to be solved
Basis for Cooperation Agreement on Trade and Cooperation between the EU and the USSR (25 June 1988) Partnership and Cooperation Agreements (“PCA”) (signed in June 1994, entered into force on 1 December 1997 due to the events in Chechnya). : EU Collective Strategy towards Russia (June 4, 1999). Strategy for the development of relations between the Russian Federation and the EU for the medium term (years), (November 22, 1999). The idea of creating "four common spaces"
Agreement on trade and cooperation between the EU and the USSR On June 25, 1988, after 15 years of negotiations, an agreement was concluded; the agreement was rather symbolic and included the areas of trade, as well as scientific research, communications in the field of transport, environment
Signed in June 1994, entered into force on 1 December 1997 due to the events in Chechnya Economic links: 1. asymmetry between the level of customs duties levied by the Community and the average level of duties adopted in Russia 2. foreign investment in Russia remains very weak Political dialogue: 1. Provisions related to human rights: introduction of a re-consultation procedure in case of difficulties or conflicting interpretations of the human rights situation of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (“PCA”)
EU Collective Strategy towards Russia Cologne, June 3-4, 1999 EUROPEAN COUNCIL Three sets of interrelated problems: a) Russia's status as an independent center of a multipolar world; b) cooperation and partnership between the Russian Federation and the EU directly on a bilateral basis; c) to their joint representation, interaction in the outside world as a partnership precisely between the Russian Federation and the EU. the country wishes to retain the right to independently determine its domestic and foreign policy
November 22, 1999 It is noted that the partnership will be built on a mutually beneficial basis. The task of joining the Russian Federation to the EU is not set. The Russian Federation must retain the freedom to determine and conduct its domestic and foreign policy. During this period, the partnership of the Russian Federation with the EU can be expressed in joint efforts to create collective system security in Europe, in activities to create a free trade area, in high level mutual trust and cooperation. Goals in the military-political area: 1. Ensuring European security by the Europeans themselves without isolation from the US and NATO, but also without the latter's monopoly on the continent. 2. Practical cooperation with Russia in the field of security (peacekeeping), crisis management, various aspects of arms limitation and reduction. 3. Military-technical cooperation, taking into account the prospect of creating a European "defense identity", preventing and eliminating local conflicts and crime in Europe. Strategy for the development of relations between the Russian Federation and the EU for the medium term (gg.).
Four Security Spaces 31 May 2003 a common economic space; common space of freedom, security and justice; space for cooperation in the field of external security; space for scientific research and education, including cultural aspects
« Road map» on the common economic space 1) General issues of trade and economic cooperation: a) development of harmonized and compatible standards, regulations and procedures for assessing the conformity of goods b) Improving the legislative and enforcement systems for the protection of intellectual property rights in order to increase competitiveness and improve the investment climate through convergence of systems regulation with the best international standards and agreements c) Improving the investment climate, promoting and facilitating mutual investment 2. Trade facilitation and customs: Facilitate, standardize and automate procedures related to foreign trade, including transit operations; 3. Telecommunications, information society and e-commerce: cooperation to create a common space of the Information Society Russia - EU 4) Environment: Promoting environmental protection and compliance with international environmental agreements such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the UN biodiversity, as well as regional conventions such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Waterways and International Lakes for Sustainable Development development
"Roadmap" for a common space of freedom, security and justice 1) Commitment to common values, democracy and the rule of law, their application by the judiciary; 2) respect for human rights; respect for and observance of the principles and norms of the IL, including humanitarian provisions; respect for fundamental freedoms, including ensuring the freedom and independence of the media. In the field of security, the task is to improve cooperation to counter terrorism and all forms of organized crime and other types of illegal activities in order to ensure security. In the area of justice, the challenge is to promote efficiency judicial system Russia and EU members and the independence of the judiciary, develop judicial cooperation.
"Road map" on the common space of external security 1) Russia and the EU will intensify cooperation in the fight against terrorism through the exchange of information, through consultations in Moscow and Brussels. 2) Russia and the EU intend to conduct enhanced dialogue and cooperation, fight terrorism and cooperate in crisis management, in the fight against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Russia and the EU intend to pay special attention to ensuring international stability.
Simplification of visa procedures Facilitate the adoption of a system of comparable higher education degrees, integration of cooperation within the European Higher Education Area in line with the Bologna Process. Bologna Process dialogue, deepening knowledge of the history and cultural heritage of the peoples of Europe. "Roadmap" for the common space of science and education
Today, the EU consumes 13% of Russian oil and 24% of Russian gas. 50% is the EU's share in the structure of Russia's foreign economic relations, of which 75% is oil and gas. 4% - the share of Russia in the system of foreign economic relations of the EU 40% - the share of FDI in the Russian economy Russia had the opportunity to protect its market from the export of certain European goods before joining the WTO. As a result, the weighted average tariff of the EU towards Russia did not exceed 1%, while in the Russian Federation this figure remained at the level of 16-18%. Economic relations. Trade.
Deliveries of Russian gas and oil account for more than 25% of the total energy consumption in the EU member states and there is potential for their growth. Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Slovakia are almost completely dependent on Russian gas, while Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic are two-thirds or more dependent. As for oil, Russia supplies the EU with 44% of its total imports. - about 80% of Russian exports, mainly energy carriers, are imported duty-free; At the moment, the volume of capital investments of European investors in the Russian oil and gas complex is about $55-58 billion. The volume of capital investments of Russian investors in EU member states exceeds $7 billion The gas crisis with Ukraine has sunk EU interests Energy dialogue
1. Consequences for Russia: Foreign trade reorientation Closing the markets of the acceding countries from Russian exports of agricultural products. Consequences for Russia from the application of EU anti-dumping rules: east at the same time as NATO J. Delors: EU members (strategy of separation of allies of the post-Soviet space gravitating towards Russia) Probability of emergence of states within the EU prone to anti-Russian rhetoric EU enlargement
Russia's claims to the EU relate to: EU proposals for conducting a dialogue with Russia within the framework of the New Partnership program of a single plan for EU cooperation with its bordering states, which puts Russia on the level of North African states; Unsettled issues of transportation of goods and passengers between the main territory of Russia and the Kaliningard region; Infringement of the rights of Russian-speaking minorities in Latvia and Estonia; EU attempts to resist the preservation of Russia's foreign policy influence (?) in the post-Soviet space; The EU's claims against Russia concern: violations of human rights and civil liberties in Chechnya; the preservation of Russian military bases in Transnistria and Georgia, Russia's intervention in internal Georgian conflicts; underestimated domestic prices for energy carriers in comparison with world prices; collection of compensatory payments by Russia from European airlines for their use of the non-stop Trans-Siberian route. The lack of progress in relations between Russia and the EU led, in particular, to the postponement of the EU Russia summit, scheduled for November 11. The summit did take place on November 25, 2004, but was almost entirely devoted to discussing the results of the presidential elections in Ukraine and did not bring any progress in relations between EU and Russia. Problems:
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