The global nature of the problem of international terrorism. Terrorism as a global threat to the world

Introduction
Chapter 1. Terrorism as a Phenomenon
1.1 The concepts of "terrorism" and "terror"
1.2 Conditions for the emergence of terrorism
1.3 Typology and classification
1.4 Forms and methods of terrorism
Chapter 2. Attitude towards terrorism in society
2.1. Ethics of terrorism
2.2. Attitude towards terrorism in society
2.3. International terrorism
Conclusion
List of sources used

Introduction

Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and in its scale and intensity, in its inhumanity and cruelty has now become one of the most acute and topical problems of global significance.

The manifestation of terrorism entails massive human casualties, destroys spiritual, material, cultural values ​​that cannot be recreated for centuries. It generates hatred and mistrust between social and national groups. Terrorist acts have led to the need to create an international system to combat it. For many people, groups, organizations, terrorism has become a way to solve problems: political, religious, national. Terrorism refers to those types of criminal violence, the victims of which can be innocent people, anyone who has nothing to do with the conflict.

The scale and cruelty of the manifestations of modern terrorism, the need for a continuous fight against it, primarily by legal methods, confirms the relevance of this topic.

The study of the issue of international terrorism is devoted to the work of such scientists as: the book of the Swiss researcher T. Deniker "Strategy of Anti-Terror"; the book of the French researcher Robert Salé “The Terrorist Challenge”, the book of the West German researcher I. Becker “Children of Hitler”, the book of the Polish researcher A. Bernhard “Strategy of Terrorism”; the book of the Hungarian researcher E.Angel "Myths of the Shocked Creation" and a number of other authors.

However, terrorism, as a global problem, requires constant attention and study, and therefore represents a wide field for research with their subsequent practical application. The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the nature of terrorism, its negative consequences in the development of the world community, the study of the phenomenon of terrorism in international and national conflicts; as well as the current state of the fight against terrorism in the international arena.

Chapter 1. Tterrorism as a phenomenon

1.1. The concepts of "terrorism" and "terror"

Terrorism(Terrorism) is one of the variants of political struggle tactics associated with the use of ideologically motivated violence.

The essence of terrorism is violence for the purpose of intimidation. The subject of terrorist violence is individuals or non-governmental organizations. The object of violence is the authorities in the person of individual civil servants or society in the person of individual citizens (including foreigners, or civil servants of other states). In addition - private and public property, infrastructure, life support systems. The purpose of violence is to achieve the development of events desirable for terrorists - revolution, destabilization of society, unleashing a war with a foreign state, gaining independence by a certain territory, falling prestige of the authorities, political concessions from the authorities, etc.

Defining terrorism is not an easy task. Forms and methods of terrorist activities have changed significantly over time. This phenomenon has a stable negative assessment, which gives rise to an arbitrary interpretation. On the one hand, there is a tendency for an unjustifiably extended interpretation, when some political forces, without sufficient grounds, call their opponents terrorists. On the other hand, unjustified narrowing. The terrorists themselves tend to call themselves soldiers, partisans, saboteurs behind enemy lines, and so on. Hence the difficulties of both legal and legal definitions and the general theoretical understanding of terrorism.

Legislators in different countries have not come to a common definition of terrorism. Investigating and summarizing the acts and signs of terrorist crimes, recorded in the Criminal Codes of the CIS member states, V.P. for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the adoption of any decision or the rejection of it in the interests of terrorists.

Terrorism is associated with a more general, generic concept of terror for it. Terror is a way of managing society through preventive deterrence. Both the state and organizations (or forces) that set themselves political goals can resort to this method of political action. For many years, the tactics of preventive deterrence, regardless of the nature of the subject of terrorist action, was designated by the general concept of terror. In the 1970s and 1980s, a terminological distinction between terror and terrorism developed. Today, "terror" is interpreted as illegitimate violence on the part of the state in relation to society as a whole or to dissidents and opposition. "Terrorism" is the practice of illegitimate violence implemented by forces and organizations opposing the state.

Terror relies on violence and achieves its goals through defiant physical suppression of any opponents who are at all active in order to intimidate and deprive all potential opponents of power of will to resist. It is important to emphasize that terror is a policy of preventive violence, and this distinguishes it from the harshest repression against lawbreakers. Terror is resorted to by the authorities, seeking to radically change the existing order of things. In cases such as foreign conquest, or social revolution, or the assertion of authoritarianism in a society with democratic traditions - that is, whenever political reality changes radically, and these changes inevitably provoke resistance from a significant part of society - the new government's arsenal of political strategies is politics terror.

A mandatory condition for terrorism is the resonance of a terrorist action in society. Terrorism is fundamentally declarative. Widespread dissemination of information about a terrorist attack, turning it into the most discussed event, is a key element of terrorist tactics. A terrorist attack left unnoticed or classified loses all meaning.

This distinguishes a terrorist act from such close phenomena as sabotage or political assassination. Sabotage is a forceful act of a subversive nature carried out by the special services of the state. Sabotage is valuable in direct damage to the enemy, the public outcry of the operation is of no interest to the saboteur and is even dangerous. Ideally, sabotage imitates a man-made disaster, an accident, or a force action committed by another force. Such acts of sabotage as political assassinations committed by the special services, the real perpetrators prefer to blame on the false perpetrators.

Public response to a terrorist act is necessary for terrorists to change public sentiment. Attacks affect mass psychology. Terrorist organizations demonstrate their strength and readiness to go to the end, sacrificing both their own lives and the lives of victims. The terrorist loudly declares that in this society, in this world there is a force that under no circumstances will accept the existing order of things and will fight it to victory, or to its end.

Terrorism is the most dangerous (in terms of resources invested / results obtained) method of political destabilization of society. Such methods of destabilization as military intervention, insurrection, unleashing a civil war, riots, a general strike, etc. require significant resources and require broad mass support of those forces that are interested in destabilization. To launch a campaign of terrorist acts, it is enough to support the cause of terrorists by a relatively narrow stratum of society, a small group of extreme radicals who agree to everything, and modest organizational and technical resources. Terrorism undermines power and destroys the political system of the state. Lawyers classify terrorist actions as "crimes against the foundations of the constitutional order and state security."

According to the general opinion of jurists, terrorism in any of its forms is the most socially dangerous of all crimes described by criminal law (in the sanctions of articles providing for criminal liability for a crime of a terrorist nature, there should be the most severe punishment of all types of punishment provided for by criminal law).

1.2. Atconditions for the emergence of terrorism

Terrorism is not a ubiquitous phenomenon. The use of this tactic involves a set of socio-cultural and political characteristics of the society. If these characteristics are absent, the tactics of terrorism cannot be implemented.

A terrorist attack requires a nationwide, and ideally a global audience. From this follows the first condition for the emergence of terrorism - the formation of an information society. In its modern forms, terrorism arises in the 19th century. in Europe. That is, where there is a society that regularly reads newspapers. And further, the more powerful the mass media become, the more they permeate society, the higher their role in shaping public sentiments, the wider the wave of terrorism. As the habit of reading newspapers and magazines is complemented by the habit of listening to the radio, watching TV, “surfing” the Internet, the field of potential impact of terrorism on society grows, its possibilities expand. Both technological and political prerequisites are significant here. Totalitarian regimes that have the technological aspects of the information society (fascist Germany, the USSR, North Korea), but at the same time block the free exchange of information using police methods, are not so vulnerable to terrorism.

The second condition for the emergence of terrorism is related to the nature of technology and the laws of development of the technological environment of human existence. The bottom line is that as scientific and technological progress unfolds, the technogenic environment becomes more complex and vulnerable. The development of technology gives a person the opportunity to destroy the social, technological and natural environment pointwise.

For the destruction of any material object, energy is needed that is equal to or correlated with the energy necessary to create this object. In ancient times, the destruction of a dam or a pyramid would have required a significant number of people and a fairly long time, and such an action would not have gone unnoticed. The development of technology has made it possible to accumulate energy and use it pointwise to destroy an objective or natural environment. The dagger and crossbow give way to dynamite, a rifle with a telescopic sight, a grenade launcher, a compact surface-to-air missile, etc.

The technological environment is becoming denser and more vulnerable. The ability of the state to block the activities of terrorists in every point of social space at any arbitrary moment turns out to be lower than the ability of attackers to strike. In the modern world, man-made disasters occur even without any intervention of terrorists.

The third essential condition for the emergence of terrorism is associated with the erosion of traditional society and the formation of a modernized society oriented towards liberal values. Terrorism occurs when traditional culture is replaced by a society familiar with the concept of social contract. Liberal values ​​and ideas of the social contract give an idea of ​​the guarantee of human life and the responsibility of the authorities to citizens.

The terrorist attacks loudly proclaim that the authorities are not able to guarantee the life, health and tranquility of citizens; therefore, the government is responsible for it. Here is the essence of the mechanism of political blackmail, which is used by terrorists. If the society does not react in any way to the actions of terrorists, or unites around the powers that be, then terrorism loses all effect.

The fourth condition of terrorism is the real problems that arise in the course of historical development. They can have very different dimensions - political, cultural, social. In a prosperous country, solitary acts of mentally unbalanced outcasts are possible, but terrorism as a phenomenon is poorly expressed. The most common grounds for terrorism are separatism and national liberation movements, as well as religious, ethnic, ideological conflicts. Terrorism is a phenomenon inherent in the crisis stages of the modernization transition. Characteristically, the completion of modernization reforms removes the grounds for terrorism.

Terrorism arises at the boundaries of cultures and epochs of historical development. The most striking example of this is the situation in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, where the Islamic world is confronted with the outpost of European civilization advanced deep into Asia, and the deeply traditional Palestinian society is in contact with the modernized society of Israel. Culturally and phasically homogeneous societies (Holland, Switzerland) are more protected from terrorism.

Terrorism does not exist, and cannot exist in totalitarian and authoritarian societies. There are no conditions for its occurrence, and any manifestation of anti-state activity is fraught with terror against entire regions, peoples, confessions or social categories. Equally, terrorism is not effective in disintegrating countries where power has crumbled and does not control society - such as Somalia or Afghanistan.

Terrorism is possible if at least a part of society sympathizes with the cause of terrorists. Unlike saboteurs - specially trained professionals who can work in a hostile environment - terrorists, like guerrillas, need support among the population. The loss of this support leads to the extinction of terrorist activity.

Terrorism is an indicator of crisis processes. This is an emergency feedback channel between society and the authorities, between a separate part of society and society as a whole. It testifies to acute trouble in a certain zone of social space. In this regard, terrorism does not have a purely forceful, police solution. The localization and suppression of terrorists is only part of the fight against this evil. The other part involves political, social and cultural transformations that remove the grounds for the radicalization of society and the recourse to terrorism.

1.3. Thypology and classification

Considering the infinite variety, merging and intertwining of various forms of terrorism, its classification is not an easy task.

According to the nature of the subject of terrorist activity, terrorism is divided into:

1. Unorganized or individual.

In this case, a terrorist attack (less often, a series of terrorist attacks) is committed by one or two people who are not behind any organization. Individual terrorism is the rarest phenomenon in the modern world.

2. Organized, collective - terrorist activities are planned and implemented by a special organization. Organized terrorism is the most widespread in the modern world.

According to its goals, terrorism is divided into:

1. Nationalist - pursues separatist or national liberation goals.

2. Religious - associated either with the struggle of adherents of one religion with adherents of another, or aims to undermine secular power and establish religious power.

3. Ideologically predetermined, social - aims to radically or partially change the economic or political system of the country. Sometimes this type of terrorism is called revolutionary. Anarchist, Socialist-Revolutionary, fascist, European "left" terrorism, etc. serve as an example of ideologically given terrorism.

However, the goals pursued can be intertwined. Thus, using the methods of terrorism, the Kurdish Workers' Party pursues the goal of creating a national state and, at the same time, the social transformation of society in the spirit of Marxism.

In addition, there are movements that do not fit into the proposed classifications. For example, the terrorist group "We who built Sweden", which protested against the holding of the Olympic Games in Sweden, carried out a series of explosions at sports facilities in 1997.

1.4. Fforms and methods of terrorism

Analyzing the methods of terrorist activity, researchers distinguish:

1. Explosions of state, industrial, transport, military facilities, editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, various offices, party committees, residential buildings, railway stations, shops, theaters, restaurants, etc.
2. Individual terror or political assassinations - officials, public figures, bankers, law enforcement officers, etc.
3. Political kidnappings. As a rule, major statesmen, industrialists, journalists, military men, foreign diplomats, etc. are kidnapped. The purpose of the kidnapping is political blackmail (demands to fulfill certain political conditions, release of accomplices from prison, ransom, etc.)
4. The seizure of institutions, buildings, banks, embassies, etc., accompanied by the taking of hostages. Most often, this is followed by negotiations with representatives of the authorities, but history also knows examples of the destruction of hostages. Possession of hostages allows terrorists to negotiate "from a position of strength". Today it is one of the most widespread forms of terrorism.
5. The seizure of aircraft, ships or other vehicles, accompanied by the taking of hostages. This form of terrorist activity became widespread in the 1980s.
6. Robbery of banks, jewelry stores, individuals, taking hostages for ransom. Robbery is an auxiliary form of terrorist activity that provides terrorists with financial resources.
7. Non-fatal wounds, beatings, bullying. These forms of terrorist attacks are aimed at psychological pressure on the victim and at the same time are a form of so-called "propaganda by deed".
8. biological terrorism. For example, mailing letters with anthrax spores.
9. The use of toxic substances and radioactive isotopes.

The arsenal of methods and forms of terrorism is constantly expanding. Now they are talking about computer terrorism. In principle, any infrastructure of society, any industrial facilities, technological structures, waste storage facilities, damage to which is fraught with environmental disasters, can become the object of terrorist attacks.

GChapter 2. Attitudes towards terrorism in society

2.1. Ethics of terrorism

The problem of ethics arises in the terrorist movement from the very beginning. By the time of the emergence of terrorism (the beginning of the 19th century), there was an ethical code of tyranny, according to which the despot must be struck with a dagger, and the murderer does not try to escape from the scene of the crime.

Among the main problems of the ethics of terrorism are the problem of justifying terror and the problem of criteria for the admissibility of terrorist attacks as a means of political struggle. Theorists and ideologists of terrorism proceeded from the tyranny-fighting attitude they inherited. They started with the fact that terror is acceptable in tyrannical societies that did not give their citizens the opportunity to legally (through the parliamentary process and democratic procedures) fight for the assertion of their ideals and the reorganization of society. The logic of the historical evolution of terrorism led the ideologists of the movement to the fact that all and any governments, both authoritarian and democratic, were declared satraps and bloody dictatorships. The principle of revolutionary necessity is affirmed, according to which all means are good if they serve the cause of overthrowing the “anti-people regime”.

No less significant is the problem of accidental victims of terrorist attacks. The practice of terrorism began with the desire to avoid and minimize accidental victims. However, the logic of the terrorist struggle moved the militants to more and more victims. Accordingly, the ideologists of terrorism began to develop the thesis about the admissibility and justification of any, including accidental victims. The latter are declared "bourgeois" ("infidels", "foreigners") or their "servants". The idea that everyone who tolerates this power is responsible for it wins. They are regular taxpayers, with their consent and with their money this government exists, they are its servants, and so on. There is another answer - the authorities, with which the terrorists are fighting, are to blame for the death of random victims.

2.2. Oattitudes towards terrorism in society

The attitude towards terrorism depends on the degree of consolidation of society around the political goals of terrorists, on the rootedness in this society of liberal and humanistic values ​​(the price of human life), on the level of legal awareness.

If there is a real problem behind terrorism - social, cultural, political - then some segment of society sensitive to this problem will sympathize, if not with the methods of terrorists, then with the goals or ideas that they defend. Within this segment, terrorism finds support and recruits personnel. Without the support of at least a part of society, terrorist movements fade away. Accordingly, the resolution of acute problems removes the split in society and deprives terrorist movements of the necessary social base.

A society that is confronted with terrorism, as a rule, is going through an evolution in its attitude towards this phenomenon. The rise of terrorism is dividing the population. Some reject terrorism completely and completely, others allow it in certain situations, others accept and justify it. As terrorism unfolds, society faces the consequences of acts of terror, sees the suffering of the victims. This information reinforces the negative attitude towards terrorism. The group of those who justify and allow terrorism is consistently shrinking. By the time the phenomenon is eliminated, the moral rejection of terrorism becomes absolutely dominant, the image of a terrorist becomes negative, and the circle of support becomes extremely narrow.

The attitude of people towards terrorism in any country of the world is influenced by the general historical evolution of the assessment of this phenomenon. Attitudes towards terrorism have also undergone changes in the framework of the world-historical process. Terrorism was born in Europe. At the first stages of its history, the image of a terrorist for a significant part of society merged with the image of a fighter for freedom, national independence, and social justice. At the beginning of the XX century. state support for movements using terrorist tactics in the countries of a potential or actual enemy was considered by many governments as normal practice. Then states committed to liberal values ​​abandon this practice. In the interwar period, and especially after the Second World War, the sponsorship of terrorism becomes the exclusive property of aggressive regimes preoccupied with the tasks of ideological and political expansion.

In the 1960s and 1970s, a system of international terrorism was formed. Since that time, the process of realizing terrorism as an unconditional danger threatening the foundations of international stability has been unfolding. As a result, public sentiment changes. Today, in the information and cultural panorama of societies belonging to the Euro-Atlantic civilization, the justification of terrorism, the glorification of the image of a terrorist is becoming a sign of extreme marginalism.

Now the centers of terrorism have shifted to non-European spaces. The societies of the East still have to go through the evolution of their attitude towards terrorism and realize it as an absolutely criminal and immoral practice.

2.3. International terrorism

International terrorism is an essential element of the international criminal community. Like a criminal community, international terrorism is strong by merging with the state. The difference is that the alliance between terrorists and the state is ensured not by corruption, but by the conscious political choice of the ruling regimes of the sponsoring states of terrorism.

The confrontation between the state and a separate terrorist organization develops according to a certain scenario. In the second half of the XX century. between the emergence of an active terrorist organization and its defeat, on average, 3-5 years pass. In other words, a terrorist organization by itself always loses to the state. If behind the back of this organization there is a “liberated area” not controlled by the authorities and controlled by anti-government rebels, or another state, then terrorist activity can continue almost indefinitely.

Usually a new terrorist organization is inevitably penetrated by agents of special services. Militants are arrested or killed during special operations. The average term of a terrorist's activity is three years. Then he either dies or goes to jail. Significant organizational, technical and financial resources are needed for the constant reproduction of the destructible structure of terrorism. Bases, instructors, weapons and other equipment, infiltration channels, false documents, intelligence data, etc. are needed. In a word, effective terrorist activity today requires the full support of the sponsoring state.

Note that one state cannot contain the entire system of international terrorism. To reproduce the system of international terrorism, a coalition of several states (covering different continents, representing different races and civilizations) is needed. Such a coalition took shape in the second half of the 20th century. The tactical alliance of sponsors of terrorism from the countries of socialism and the authoritarian regimes of the Arab world ensured the unfolding of the global offensive of terrorism in the 1960s and 1970s.

To date, the palette of state sponsors of terrorism has decreased in volume and changed significantly. After September 11, 2001, real preconditions for the formation of a global antiterrorist coalition arose. We are witnessing the establishment of a norm of international relations, according to which the proven sponsorship of terrorism is a sufficient basis for military actions against the sponsoring country, up to the overthrow of the ruling regime. Destruction of the link between terrorism and the state is called upon to solve the problem of international terrorism. Deprived of the resources of the state and the support of special services, terrorists will not be able to continue their activities in the same volume. Single terrorist attacks, apparently, are unavoidable. As for organized terrorism, without outside support, it is possible only as one of the forms of civil war, as a harbinger of the unfolding revolution. In other words, in the case when a significant part of the population is behind the terrorists.

It can be seen that the history of the elimination of the slave trade unfolded in a similar way. Initially, the slave trade was banned as an international practice. The leaders of the world community (in this case, Great Britain) imposed a ban on the slave trade on the rulers of the traditional societies of the East. Deprived of the support of the state and the status of legal activity, the slave trade was strangled by police measures.

Wconclusion

International terrorism is one of the most dangerous threats to modern civilization. Ways to eradicate this phenomenon are still being determined by the international community, although much is already being done. The scale of the spread of terrorism has taken on such a character that no country in the world has a full guarantee against the commission of terrorist acts on its territory. In this regard, along with the most effective domestic measures aimed at preventing terrorist activities, it is necessary to consider this problem as having a global character and accordingly build a strategy to combat it. Without the closest international cooperation aimed at a comprehensive and solidary counteraction of all subjects of international life to new threats and challenges, the future of mankind will hardly be able to meet our expectations.

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Abstract on the topic “Terrorism is a global problem of mankind” updated: September 8, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

The systematic and coordinated use of violence by organized groups on an international scale, as well as the threat of such violence. The goal of international terrorism is to destabilize the situation in a large region or the world as a whole, sow panic among the population and ensure that the states that have become targets of attack comply with the demands of the terrorists.
International terrorism is the reaction of certain social, confessional and ethnic groups to the processes of globalization. As a result of the contact of civilizations and the modernization of traditional (pre-industrial) societies, these groups, for one reason or another, feel infringed on their rights. Lacking the strength to fight for their interests by legal means, they resort to terrorism as a strategy to fight the weak against the strong. For terrorism, it is not violence in itself that is important, but the feeling of horror and helplessness that arises in society after another terrorist act.
Terrorism is blackmail, the object of which is the governments of democratic countries (elected by the population and therefore directly dependent on public opinion).

The mass media that has proliferated as a result of the information revolution has provided terrorists with an excellent way to influence the societies of developed countries. The degree of coverage of a terrorist act in the media depends on its impact on society. An unknown terrorist act becomes meaningless (this is how it differs from sabotage or political assassination).
With the development of high technologies, the emergence of new sources of energy (nuclear power plants) and means of transmitting information (global navigation and communications systems), humanity is becoming increasingly vulnerable even to pinpoint terrorist attacks. Destruction or damage to a key facility (within a technological complex) has catastrophic consequences for a large region or the planet as a whole. The number of such objects is constantly growing, and accordingly, the ability of states to ensure their proper protection is decreasing. This makes even the threat of a terrorist act more weighty. Thus, thanks to the development of modern types of weapons, a small professional organization with a minimum of financial and material resources is capable of inflicting enormous damage on a powerful state.

International terrorism arose when regional terrorist organizations realized the unity of current (tactical) goals (destabilization of the situation in developed capitalist countries), began to exchange information, weapons, technologies (since the 1960s), conduct joint training of militants (since the 1970s .), coordinate their actions (since the 1980s) and jointly carry out a series of terrorist attacks in different parts of the world (since the 1990s).
The grounds for regional terrorism are usually separatism and the national liberation struggle, political, religious, ethnic and/or ideological confrontation, and criminal interests. Regional terrorism can only exist if part of society supports the goals and methods of terrorists.

International terrorism does not need such support. It relies on covert assistance from certain states and financial structures interested in destabilizing the situation on the territory of the enemy state or in obtaining super profits as a result of a sharp change in world prices (for example, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in New York and The Pentagon led to a collapse in the shares of the largest transnational corporations, world oil prices are sensitive to major terrorist attacks).
The greatest threat today is the so-called. Islamic terrorism, which has a confessional character. This segment of international terrorism is based on the idea of ​​jihad, which is interpreted (contrary to the generally accepted teachings of Islam) as an uncompromising "holy war" against any non-believers. Osama bin Laden is considered the leader of international terrorism, sponsors are some states (Iran, Syria, Libya, Sudan, etc.) and financial structures of the Arab East, private individuals, enterprises of the legal and shadow economy (including drug trafficking, while merging international terrorism and organized crime).

The connection between regional terrorist organizations, and especially the connection of terrorists with those who finance their activities, is carefully disguised. To identify the links in this chain and prevent another terrorist act is the main task of the special services of the state. Carrying out anti-terrorist measures may be accompanied by restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens (subjects).
After September 11, 2001, an anti-terrorist coalition of states emerged (led by the United States), international terrorism was declared the most terrible threat to world civilization, and the fight against it was declared one of the most important tasks of any democratic state. The support of terrorism by any state becomes the basis for an economic blockade and even forceful actions of the world community against this country.

International terrorism is a relatively new threat to human development that emerged in the 1970s. Meanwhile, the destruction of political opponents is a phenomenon as old as politics in general. But can, say, Brutus be considered a terrorist? Hardly, since such actions were one-time, aimed at eliminating specific figures. Terrorism in the proper sense of the word performs a "symbolic" function - "intimidation" (as it is written in the dictionary of V. I. Dahl), which is achieved as a result of systematic actions, as well as resonance in society. If you do not go completely into the distant past (the Sicarii in Palestine, the Ismaili Assassins in the Arab Middle Ages, the European Inquisition, etc.), then the origin of modern terrorism can be traced back to the days of Narodnaya Volya in Russia. After 100 years, terrorism turns into an international phenomenon, acquires the features of a global problem of human society, the so-called plague of the 20th century, and now the 21st century.

Despite the huge amount of both foreign and domestic scientific literature devoted to the study of terrorism (including in its international form), the analysis of this phenomenon presents considerable difficulties. In the origin of terrorism there is something ominously mysterious, as if irrational, not fully understood (G. Mirsky). They also talk about the gloomy charm of terrorism and the difficulty of its interpretation (W. Lacker). Wars, including civil ones, are largely predictable in nature, they take place, as they say, in broad daylight, the warring parties do not think to shroud themselves and their actions in a halo of secrecy. The main signs of terrorism are secrecy of actions and the denial of any norms whatsoever. The prospects for getting rid of terrorism are also unclear. The massive entry into the world arena of so-called transnational actors, the associated weakening of state sovereign control in the field of national security and the activity of international terrorism are phenomena of the same order associated with the globalization of international life, which allows us to raise the question of whether the "plague of the XX-th century" XXI centuries" incurable disease of mankind for the foreseeable future.

The concept, types and history of terrorism

There are many definitions of terrorism, and a single universally recognized one has not yet been developed. Attempts to define terrorism within the framework of the UN were unsuccessful, which is not surprising, since for some terrorism is a crime, for others it is a struggle for a "just cause." Here is one definition given by the US State Department: terrorism is "premeditated, politically motivated violence used against non-combatants by subnational groups or clandestine government agents." This is one of the most complete yet concise and least vulnerable definitions. In general terms, it coincides with the opinion of prominent Western experts. Thus, W. Laker writes that "terrorism is the use of non-state violence or the threat of violence in order to cause panic in society, weaken the position or even overthrow officials and cause political changes in society." B. Crozier, director of the London Institute for the Study of Conflicts, is brief in English: "Terrorism is motivated violence with political goals." Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan put forward his definition: “Any act is terrorist if it involves the death or serious injury of civilians and persons not participating in hostilities, with the aim of intimidating the population or coercing any government or international organization to take action or refrain from action.

Let us single out those general signs of terrorism that contain these and other definitions, noting in advance that all of them are to some extent ambiguous and contradictory, just like the phenomenon of terrorism itself. First, the most important feature of terrorism is its political motivation, which allows you to immediately cut off mafia "showdowns", gangster wars, even if they do not differ in the nature of the methods of struggle used in them from political actions and for this reason can be classified as terrorism. However, there is a fundamental difference between these types of violence in terms of goals, which implies different approaches to combating them: terrorism is always associated with a struggle for power, while its subjects tend to advertise their goals, which is not at all characteristic of mafia structures, for the most part motivated by financial interests intersecting with corrupt segments of state power and for this reason striving to be "in the shadows" (although, of course, a combination of political and financial interests of criminal groups is also possible).

Secondly, the direct victims of terrorists are, as a rule, not military personnel or government officials, but representatives of the civilian population, ordinary people far from politics. However, this is also not always the case. Suffice it to refer to the assassination of Italian Prime Minister A. Moro by the "Red Brigades" in 1978. or Israeli Prime Minister I. Rabin by Jewish terrorists in 1995. Terror was also widely used against military personnel in Chechnya. The assassination attempt on General A. Romanov received a wide response. And yet, it is typical for modern terrorism to strike precisely at the so-called non-combatants. (non-combatant targets), those. civilian population.

Here it is necessary to make a small historical digression regarding the change in the 20th century. general (not related only to the problem of terrorism) attitude to the issue of "civilian" and military participants in conflicts, the difference between armed and civilian objects and persons. In this sense, mankind, unfortunately, has returned to the times of barbarism, when the conquerors did not recognize the difference between armed enemies and civilians at all. In the XVIII and XIX centuries. the belligerents tried as far as possible not to cross the established line between combatants and civilians, but this did not last long. The return to the refusal to recognize this line is associated primarily with the spread of small wars, i.e. conflicts not between states, but within states, wars of "low intensity" such as guerrilla warfare, urban guerrillas, etc. For a small war, a conscious desire to strike at the most vulnerable, sensitive sides of the enemy, namely non-combatants, is typical. Accordingly, the behavior of terrorists has also changed: in Russia at the beginning of the last century, there are cases when SR militants refused to carry out an assassination attempt if they saw that members of his family were near the intended object. In the future, the terrorists became characterized by a completely opposite logic: if, for example, they demand the release of their arrested comrades, they should take not soldiers, but children and women as hostages - then it will be psychologically more difficult for the government to refuse to satisfy their demands, dooming innocent victims to death.

Thirdly, a feature of terrorist activity is its demonstration, intimidating effect. One can argue with those who attribute irrationality and spontaneity to terrorism. Terrorism is a frighteningly calculated attempt to use violence to achieve a specific goal. The main target of terrorists is not the direct victims of their actions, not the specific people whom they doom to death, but those who, with bated breath, are watching the unfolding drama on TV screens. According to R. Falk, “a terrorist usually tries to use violence in a symbolic sense in order to reach an audience of millions. The number of spectators of the Munich Olympics in 1972 was estimated at 800 million people, when 12 Israeli athletes were killed. Violence was directed at everyone who watched They intended to use it as a form of blackmail - pay attention to us or ... "And the attention of tens of millions of people who had a very vague idea about Palestine, in fact, was drawn to the Palestinian problem - in In this sense, the terrorists have achieved their goal. The same can be said about dozens of other terrorist attacks. Suffice it to recall the television appearance of the relatives of the hostages in the Moscow theater center on Dubrovka in October 2002, when, with tears in their eyes, they asked the Russian leadership to agree to the terrorists' demands and withdraw federal troops from Chechnya. It was hard not to sympathize with these people. Of course, terrorist organizations existed long before the advent of television. But even then they sought to act in such a way as to intimidate the public and thereby draw the attention of the official authorities to their goals.

Finally, the fourth feature of terrorism can be called its organized, or group character. This is one of the most controversial characteristics of terrorism, although it is noted by many experts. Indeed, if this criterion is followed, a lone killer who is not part of a terrorist organization does not qualify as a terrorist. A fighter from the HLMLS organization who carried out an explosion in a disco or a cafe can rightfully be called a terrorist, while a simple Palestinian who is not part of any organization, but under the influence of indignation caused by the actions of the Israeli authorities, decided to take up arms and open fire on street by the Jews, does not fit this definition. No matter how controversial it may seem at first glance, but this is most likely the case. The fact is that terror is a long-term, well-planned, financially secure activity that only organized groups can do, and not lone killers who act emotionally and spontaneously. In this sense, Oswald, who killed Kennedy, cannot be called a terrorist, since his affiliation with any organization has not been proven (even if his crime was initiated and planned by someone). On the contrary, the murderers of Alexander II, V. Plehve, other representatives of the ruling circles of Russia, as well as Gavril Princip, who killed Archduke Ferdinand, were terrorists; The Tamil woman who blew herself up with Rajiv Gandhi could also be classified in the same category. In all these cases, it was proved that the killers were part of organizations that pursued political goals. This division into homicidal maniacs and representatives of criminal organizations is of great importance in the fight against terrorism.

As regards the definition of terrorism, and regarding its classification, there is no consensus. Dozens of typologies have been developed. There is a distinction between terror "from above" and "from below", left, right, separatist, revolutionary, etc. To understand the diverse manifestations of the phenomenon under consideration, we will introduce the following criteria: the goals and nature of the participants in terrorist activities.

Ethnic (nationalist) terrorism characterized by the action of ethnic or ethno-religious sub-national organizations that seek to achieve independence from any state, i.e. pursue separatist goals. A classic example is the ethnic terror in Northern Ireland, where the Catholic Irish Republican Army (IRA) fought for almost a century against the Protestant community and the British authorities for the independence and reunification of Ireland. In the modern world, ethnic terrorism is represented by many examples. In Europe, these are the Basque organization ETA in Spain, the National Liberation Front of Corsica (FNC) in France. These organizations are much more active and numerous in developing countries. These include Palestinian terrorist organizations (for example, Hamas), organizations of Indian extremists (the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam, Sikh and Kashmir militants), the Kurdistan Workers' Party in Turkey, etc. Terrorism in the North Caucasus in Russia also has ethnic overtones. At the same time, it should be emphasized that we are talking about militant extremist organizations, which have nothing in common with representatives of ethnic groups that solve their problems in a non-violent way or abandon terrorist methods (for example, Francophones in Canadian Quebec, Walloons and Flemings in Belgium).

The second type of terrorism is class, or rather socially directed terrorism, the purpose of which is the social reorganization of society or certain aspects of its life, and the participants are non-state actors. The best known is left-wing terrorism, which was quite widespread during the Cold War in Latin America and Europe. In the 1960s in Latin America, under the banner of the "urban guerrilla", numerous left-wing terrorist groups (in the USSR they preferred to call them leftists) launched their activities. The first to appear among them were the Uruguayan "Tupamaros", the Venezuelan "Left Revolutionary Movement" and the "Armed Forces of National Liberation". Several well-known left-wing groups were active in Peru. Among them are Sendero Luminoso, whose official name is the "Communist Party of Peru" - an organization of the Maoist persuasion, as well as the "Revolutionary Movement named after Tupac Amaru", whose ideology was a vinaigrette of Marxism-Leninism and Che Guevara's theory of "exporting revolution". An important role in the activation of these groups was played by the "Cuban factor": the example of the Cuban revolution, together with the persistent attempts of the Cuban secret services to export it to the countries of the American continent south of Mexico.

Since the early 1970s the urban guerrilla, gradually dwindling to a minimum on the periphery of the capitalist world - in Latin America, began to move to its main European centers. Youth riots that swept across industrialized countries in 1968 played a significant role in the formation of left-wing terrorist groups in Europe. Almost all prominent representatives of European terrorism were formed in their bowels, for whom protest actions became a transition from legal to illegal activities. The most famous among these groups are the "Red Army Faction" (RAF), which proclaimed the goal of fighting the "criminal fascist regime" of the FRG and promoting the proletarian communist revolution there, and the Italian "Red Brigades". By the way, a special role in the creation of the latter organization was played by the sociological faculty of the University of Trento, which was under the influence of the "new" left. At this faculty in the late 1960s. some leaders of the "Red Brigades" studied, their preferred set of book authors was specific: Karl Marx, Karl Clausewitz, Herbert Marcuse, Mao Zedong. The "brigadiers" were guided by the idea that there was a revolutionary situation in Italy and the possibility of a proletarian revolution in that country. Other well-known left-wing terrorist organizations in developed countries include Direct Action in France, as well as the Japanese Red Army. Like other leftists, these groups proclaimed their goal to provoke the masses to fight for socialism, interpreted in the Stalinist and Maoist spirit. An important role in the very possibility of the functioning of the left radicals in developed countries was played by the multilateral support of the socialist countries, primarily the USSR, as well as the GDR, from where the terrorists received material assistance, where many of them studied and underwent combat training.

Unlike the left, right-wing terrorism does not appeal to class contradictions, but proclaims the goal to be the fight against democratic values ​​and mechanisms of modern societies. Right-wing terror is imbued with the spirit of chauvinism, racism or nationalism, often based on the cult of a strong personality and the belief in superiority over the rest of the masses, and affirms the totalitarian principles of the organization of society. Neo-Nazism is a characteristic feature of the far right. In the late 1960s in many countries of Western Europe and America, the ultra-right launched their terrorist activities. The main hotbeds of ultra-right terrorism were based in Italy ("Aryan Brotherhood", "Benito Mussolini Detachments", etc.), Spain ("Spanish Anti-Communist Front", "People's Catholic Army", etc.) and Germany ("Hoffmann Military Sports Group " and etc.). However, the most famous (although by no means the most powerful and dangerous) right-wing radical racist group is the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the United States. It was created back in 1865 after the Civil War of the North and South, recreated in the early 1920s. and is still in effect. The ideology of the KKK is characterized as racist and radically fundamentalist Protestant.

The third type of terrorism is state terrorism. It differs from the previous types, first of all, by the subjects of activity. These can be, firstly, states that use methods of total suppression of civil society and mass repressions. Examples are Stalin's, Hitler's, Pol Pot's (in Cambodia) regimes. Secondly, methods similar to terrorist ones are present in the activities of the special services of many countries of the world - the Israeli Mossad, the American CIA, the Russian FSB, etc. and are used in response to the extremism of radical groups. So, after the death of Israeli athletes at the Olympics in Munich in 1972 at the hands of the Palestinian terrorist group Black September, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir imposed a resolution: "Destroy everyone." The Israelis have decided to "respond with terror for terror" - that is, destroy terrorists if there is no way to bring them to justice. As subsequent events showed, this turned out to be the most effective way to fight terrorists: by 1980, all of the “sentenced” list, as well as most of the Black September activists, were liquidated, and the organization itself ceased to exist. A similar decision was made by President Putin regarding the death of Russian diplomats in Iraq in 2006 at the hands of terrorists. Thirdly, the activities of countries that provide all kinds of support to international terrorist groups can be attributed to state terrorism. Iran is now accused of such activities.

Of course, state terrorism has its own specifics and with good reason can be considered as an independent phenomenon. At the same time, it has common "generic" features of terrorism, perhaps with the exception of the "demonstration effect": both the special services and the states involved in terror are not inclined to advertise their activities.

Finally, the fourth type of terrorism is religious in nature. Its participants are non-state extremist groups whose ideology is one or another religious teaching, as a rule, in a fundamentalist interpretation. The terrorist attacks carried out by the Japanese sect "Aum Shinrikyo" in Moscow and Tokyo are now almost forgotten, and this was perhaps the first religious terrorist group that Russia encountered. But, of course, mainly here we need to talk about Islamist terrorism, represented by the criminal activities of numerous groups in the Islamic world - Al-Jihad, Hezbollah, Hamas, Al-Qaeda, Taliban, ethno-Islamic groups in the North Caucasus, etc. According to Western intelligence agencies and Russian experts, in 1968 there were 13 such organizations, in 1995 - about 100, and by the end of the 20th century. - about 200". At the beginning of the 21st century, there were already about 500 of them. It is this branch of modern terrorism that poses the greatest danger to the modern world. Islamist terrorism will be discussed in more detail below.

Summing up the analysis of the varieties of terrorism, it is worth referring to the remarkable opinion of W. Laker about their paradoxical similarity. Those who engage in terrorism, the scientist writes, have a certain ideological community. They may be on the left or the right of the political spectrum, they may be nationalists or, more rarely, internationalists, but in the main points their mentality is strikingly similar. Often they are much closer to each other than they themselves suspect. Just as the technology of terrorism can be successfully mastered by people of various persuasions, its philosophy also easily overcomes the barriers that exist between separate political doctrines. It is universal and unprincipled.

Different types of terrorism prevailed in different historical periods of time. Starting from the second half of the XIX century. left-wing terrorism, well known from the history of pre-revolutionary Russia, prevailed (although there was also a right-wing terrorism, for example, the Ku Klux Klan in the USA). At the same time, radical nationalist groups acted - Armenians, Irish, Macedonians, Serbs, who used terrorist methods in the struggle for national autonomy and independence. For the first half of the XX century. was most characteristic of state terrorism, terrorism "from above" (Stalin era, fascism). After the Second World War, left-wing terrorism again for some time was the leading one - both in developed countries ("Red Army Faction" in Germany, "Red Brigades" in Italy, "Direct Action" group in France, etc.), and in the developing world, especially in Latin America ("Tupamaros", "Sendero Luminoso", etc.) with the urban guerrilla methods characteristic of the latter. But gradually, left-wing terrorism is fading away. Apparently, the last nail hammered into his fob was the collapse of socialism and the socialist system.

Currently, we can talk about three prevailing types of terrorism - ethnic, legal and Islamist. It is no accident that terrorist organizations of the ethnic (nationalist) type are among the most durable. Some of them have existed for over 100 years, others for decades. Nationalism has become one of the main forces of change in the world community in the post-bipolar world. Therefore, we can confidently assume that ethno-nationalist terrorism will not only not disappear in the foreseeable future, but will become even more widespread.

Today's far right uses terrorist actions for the same purpose as in the past - to seize power. But now there are no mass fascist (and similar) parties anywhere. Ultra-right groups can only be accomplices of some other forces that occupy more powerful positions in the political world, but at the same time are close to them in spirit, ideas and aspirations. A particularly dangerous trend has been the strengthening of right-wing radical sentiments in the CIS countries, where the difficulties of the post-socialist period give rise to a craving for a "strong hand", according to some, capable of "putting things in order", and chauvinistic moods.

The most dangerous trend in the modern world is Islamist terrorism. That is what they mean first of all when they talk about international terrorism. By definition, international (or, as it is sometimes called, transnational) terrorism involves the use of territory or the involvement of citizens in the terrorist activities of more than one country. It is possible to define the specifics of international terrorism in another way: as a rule, these are terrorist acts undertaken by citizens of one country against citizens of another country and carried out on the territory of third countries. Both of the above definitions do not cover all cases of manifestation of international terrorism, but allow us to capture its specifics: the most significant feature of modern terrorism has become its globalization. In accordance with popular belief, the already mentioned terrorist attack, which led to the death of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics in 1972, is considered the symbolic date of the birth of international terrorism.

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Terrorism is a global problem of our time

Unfortunately, terrorism is part of our current reality. Terrorism is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring more and more diverse forms and menacing proportions. Terrorist acts most often bring massive human casualties, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values ​​that sometimes cannot be restored, sow enmity between states, provoke wars, mistrust and hatred between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome during the life of a whole generation. The scale of terrorism is global.

The world community in the late 60s and early 70s. The twentieth century was faced with the need to intensify counteraction to acts of international terrorism. It was during this period that terrorist attacks began to be widely used as a means of political struggle and a method of influencing the political processes taking place in society.

What used to be the exception has now become commonplace in many countries. The geographic scope of terrorist activity has expanded enormously and has now spread to all regions. As a natural response, the cooperation of states in the fight against terrorism has intensified.

After September 11, 2001, international terrorism can no longer be seen as a tactical threat without global implications. Now, more than ever, the process of globalization and the ever wider internationalization of terrorism, due to the expansion and globalization of international relations and interaction in various fields, is becoming obvious. Today, terrorism is becoming an independent factor in world politics, representing a potential threat to any government, regardless of its legal form and political and ideological content.

To date, a system of international counteraction to terrorism has been formed, which includes cooperation at the global and regional levels, as well as on a bilateral basis. The fight against terrorism, unfolding on a global scale, not only highlighted the long-standing problems of international relations and international security, but also provides the world community with an unprecedented opportunity to fundamentally approach the solution of issues of the new world order.

The concept and types of modern terrorism

Dictionaries define the concept of "terrorism" (from the Latin "terror" - fear, horror) as the oppositional activity of extremist organizations or individuals, the purpose of which is the systematic or single use of violence to intimidate the government and the population.

The development of the concept of terrorism is one of the most difficult problems of world science and practice in the fight against crime. Terrorism as a phenomenon is considered by modern science in three aspects:

* as a criminal act;

* as terrorist groups;

* as terrorist doctrines.

Despite the fact that terrorist acts are not a new phenomenon, there is still no precise definition of what “terrorism” is in international law. The UN General Assembly adopted about 10 resolutions on national, regional and international terrorism, but could not give it a more or less acceptable definition. As the Romans said: ignoratis terminis artis ignoratum et ars - if the terminology of the subject is unknown, the subject itself is also unknown. In order to successfully fight terrorism, it is necessary to study it comprehensively, understand its motives, driving forces and define it terminologically.

Terrorism is a multi-objective crime. The object of the crime is public safety in the broadest sense of the word. Additional objects can be property, life, health of people, etc. Experts studying the phenomenon of terrorism distinguish 6 main types of modern terrorism:

1. Nationalist terrorism

Terrorists of this kind usually aim at the formation of a separate state for their ethnic group ("national liberation"). Typical examples are the Irish Republican Army, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Basque Homeland and Freedom, the PKK.

2. Religious terrorism

Religious terrorists use violence for purposes they believe are determined by the Lord. This type of terrorism is developing much more dynamically than the others. This category of terrorists includes Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda, the Sunni Muslim group Hamas, the Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, and the Japanese cult Aum Senrike.

3. State-supported terrorism (state terrorism)

Some terrorist groups have been deliberately used by various governments as a cheap way to wage war. Notable terrorist groups include the following ties to governments: Hezbollah is backed by Iran, the Japanese Red Army is backed by Libya, and al-Qaeda was closely linked to the Taliban when they were in power in Afghanistan.

4. Terrorism of the left extremists

The most radical left wants to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist or socialist regime. Examples: German "Baader-Meinhof", "Japanese Red Army", Italian "Red Brigades".

5. Right-wing terrorism

The task of right-wing extremists (according to the views of such groups are primarily racists and anti-Semites) is to fight against democratic governments in order to replace them with fascist states.

6. Anarchist terrorism

Anarchist terrorists were a global phenomenon from the 1870s to the 1920s, but it is possible that modern anti-globalists could spawn a new wave of anarchist terrorism.

Terrorism is associated with a more general, generic concept of terror for it. Terror is a way of managing society through preventive deterrence. In 1970-1980. There was a terminological distinction between terror and terrorism. Today, "terror" is interpreted as illegitimate violence on the part of the state in relation to society as a whole or to dissidents and opposition. "Terrorism" is the practice of illegitimate violence implemented by forces and organizations opposing the state.

The problem of distinguishing between international and domestic terrorism is of great importance. If the fight against international terrorism is, from a legal point of view, an international legal problem, then the fight against terrorist acts of an intrastate nature belongs exclusively to the internal competence of states.

The following main distinguishing features of international terrorism can be distinguished:

* targets declared as terrorists affect several countries;

* the crime starts in one country and ends in another;

* the funds on which this or that criminal group exists come from another country;

* Citizens of various countries and participants in events held by international organizations become victims of terrorist acts;

* The damage caused affects several countries or international organizations.

A Brief History of Terrorism

Any of the global problems currently threatening man has existed in the bud for thousands of years. Terrorism is no exception. An example of the oldest terrorist organization is the sect of religious fanatics "Sikari", which in the 60-70s. AD used terror as a means of political struggle in order to overthrow Roman domination and restore the Jewish state. Thomas Aquinas and the Fathers of the Christian Church also allowed the idea of ​​killing a ruler who, in their opinion, was hostile to the people.

In the Middle Ages, representatives of the Muslim sect of Assoshafins killed prefects and caliphs. At the same time, political terror was practiced by some secret societies in India and China. In the territories of modern Iran, Afghanistan and some other countries, the powerful Ismaili sect, one of the branches of Shiite Islam, instilled fear in their opponents from the Muslim Sunni nobility and rulers. The Ismailis played an important role in the socio-political conflicts and upheavals in medieval Islam, initiating the movements of the Fatimids, the Assassins, and the Druze. As symbols of cruelty, the Inquisition, St. Bartholomew's Night, the French bourgeois revolution, the Paris Commune, the "Red Terror" in Russia entered history.

For the first time the word "terror" in the political lexicon of Europe appeared in the XIV century. In different historical eras, the meaning of this word was understood in different ways, but this word and what it means today became popular during the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794. The doctrine of the transformation of terror into an instrument of power was developed by the Jacobins; they also developed the thesis that in order to gain or retain power by intimidating society, it is necessary to create an atmosphere of mass hysteria.

Terrorism has become a constant factor in public life since the second half of the 19th century. Its representatives are Russian populists, radical nationalists in Ireland, Macedonia, Serbia, anarchists in France, as well as similar movements in Italy, Spain, and the USA. The so-called "philosophy of the bomb" was developed in the 19th century by the German radical Karl Heinzgen and put into practice by the Russian anarchist revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin, who advocated the idea of ​​recognizing only one action - destruction.

The doctrine of "propaganda by deed" was advanced by anarchists in the 1970s. Its essence is that not words, but only terrorist actions can induce the masses to put pressure on the government. In the 20th century, terrorism was transferred to the state level.

Until the First World War, terrorism was considered a weapon of the left. But, in essence, individualists without political platforms resorted to it, as well as nationalists not only of leftist, socialist orientations. With the end of the war, terrorism was taken over by the right - the national separatists and fascist movements in Germany, France and Hungary, the "iron guard" in Romania; in fact, both were guided by the doctrines of the "philosophy of the bomb" and "propaganda by deed."

World War II marked another stage in the development of terrorism. In the post-war period, terrorism is growing almost all over the world and is undergoing another qualitative transformation. Before the war, the targets of terrorism were government agents, the military, and people collaborating with the regime. The civilian population, not connected with the authorities, was not the primary target of terrorists. But the World War, the experience of the Holocaust and Hiroshima changed the attitude towards the price of human life on a global scale.

The conflictogenic potential of terrorism has especially grown since the 1960s. Now the subject of terrorism is a powerful professional organization based on the support of the sponsoring state of terrorism. The direct objects of terrorist violence are citizens, foreigners, diplomats. The act of terrorism turns out to be a mechanism of pressure on the authorities through public opinion and the international community.

Modern terrorism is a powerful branched and well-equipped structure. Modern terrorism has one longed-for goal: the seizure of power. After the collapse of the USSR, in many regions and corners of the post-Soviet space, there were attempts to achieve their goals by violence - let's recall the history of armed conflicts on the territory of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Moldova, in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, etc. The examples of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kosovo, Chechnya show that modern terrorism is capable of waging sabotage and terrorist wars and participating in armed conflicts.

Globalization and the increasing internationalization of terrorism is an indisputable fact. Among the features of modern terrorism can also be attributed to its new organizational forms.

Terrorism of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century was characterized by the presence of clear links between victims and perpetrators of terrorist attacks. In the second half of the twentieth century, it began to take shape, and by now a trend has taken shape when the victims (including hostages) are not guilty before the terrorists and have nothing to do with their demands. The life, health, dignity of the victim is only an instrument of terrorists' pressure on some "third forces".

Moreover, the demands and slogans proclaimed by the perpetrators are only a cover for the demands put forward by the organizers of the attacks. Both the perpetrators of terrorist attacks and their victims are "consumables" in the interaction between the organizers of terrorist attacks and the ruling groups. This trend requires a radical revision of criminal policy, a strategy not only to fight, but also to actually minimize the damage from terrorism.

Causes and trends in the development of terrorism

International organizations and terrorism scientists constantly pay attention to the problem of the causes of terrorism. Thus, the United Nations, in resolution 40/61, noted that indigenous terrorism and acts of violence stem from “poverty, desperation, misery and despair, prompting some people to sacrifice human lives, including their own, in an effort to achieve radical change.” Similar formulations are given in subsequent UN conventions.

However, the reasons indicated in the UN documents are not only not the only ones, but not even the predominant ones. The “hopelessness and despair” referred to in the UN Convention has given rise to terrorism in the United States and has been caused primarily by racial discrimination. But if we recall the terrorists from the well-known groups: the Red Brigades, the Red Army Faction, and others, then most of them belonged to the wealthy segments of the population. In closed, stagnant societies, such as the Bushmen of South Africa or the Maya Indians in Mexico, who are at extremely low levels of economic and social development, there is nothing like political extremism, much less terrorism. Thus, we can say that there is no direct dependence of terrorism on poverty or wealth.

At the level of society, ethnic and religious communities, manifestations of extremism increase during periods of historical changes and modernizations that have begun but not completed, when the so-called identity crisis is almost inevitable, associated with the difficulties of social and cultural self-determination of the individual. The desire to overcome this crisis gives rise to a number of consequences that can act as prerequisites for political extremism, namely: people's interest in consolidation in primary, natural communities (ethnic and confessional) is reviving, manifestations of xenophobia are intensifying.

Critical periods lay the foundation for extremism also by the fact that they significantly increase people's interest in historical traditions. Traditionalism, brought to its logical end, is the main prerequisite for various manifestations of such a radical ideological trend as fundamentalism. Almost always, political extremism arises during the period of nation-state building, if it is accompanied by the struggle of the central government against ethnic separatism.

The listed historical factors of extremism indicate the possibility of its manifestation to the greatest extent in areas of concentration of processes of incomplete modernization and cultural marginality. This can largely explain the outbreaks of extremism in the Islamic world.

Extremism and terrorism cannot be compared to a virus that humanity has picked up from somewhere. This is his internal ailment, generated mainly by disharmonious development in the social, political and cultural fields. However, by themselves, the processes of incomplete modernization and marginalization can only create preconditions for extremism. Its transformation into a special ideology and political practice is always the work of specific people and groups.

According to the typologies of terrorism motivations, they can be

* political and ideological (achieving certain goals in the political struggle or in the struggle for some idea);

* selfish (the desire to acquire material wealth bypassing the existing order);

* emotional, psychopathological.

Political and ideological motivations, in turn, can be socio-political, national (separatist) and religious (fundamentalist).

Organized crime is a disease that afflicts all democratic societies. But the rise of terrorism in the last decade represents a new form of organized violence directed against democracy. This new type of violence differs significantly from other forms of organized crime in that it aims to achieve political rather than financial gain.

Organized crime does not aim to promote political ideas - it seeks to spread corruption through intimidation. Terrorism is the deliberate and systematic intimidation of civilians in order to achieve their political goals. In this it differs from legitimate military action, which is directed against enemy troops, although it may inadvertently cause harm to the civilian population.

Terrorist act

* demonstrates to society the impotence of power;

* creates precedents of active disobedience and forceful confrontation with the authorities - "propaganda by action";

* activates any forces and moods, opposition authorities;

* hits the economy, reduces the investment attractiveness of the country, worsens its image, reduces the flow of international tourists;

* pushes the country towards the radicalization of the political course, towards authoritarian forms of government.

A special, new function of terrorist acts is now manifesting itself. Classical terrorism has always been a form of blackmailing the authorities or the world community and openly put forward its demands, for example, to pay a ransom, release like-minded people from prisons, stop hostilities, etc. But lately, anonymous terrorist acts with vague goals have been increasingly committed. One of them may be the rallying or expansion of their own ranks in response to provoked actions of retribution. In this case, the state (or a group of states), when conducting such actions, plays according to the scenario imposed on it (or them) by extremists.

The first condition for the emergence of terrorism is the formation of an information society. A terrorist act requires a nationwide, and ideally a global audience. The more powerful the mass media become, the higher their role in shaping public sentiment, the wider the wave of terrorism.

Modern terrorism is closely connected with modern media, which significantly increase the indirect impact of terrorist acts. The media create a "virtual space" for terrorism, in which it is possible to achieve real political and psychological impacts, while being accomplices in the terrorist act. Totalitarian regimes that have the technological aspects of the information society, but at the same time block the free exchange of information through police methods, are not so vulnerable to terrorism. Equally, terrorism is not effective in disintegrating countries where the authorities do not control society.

The second condition for the emergence of terrorism is related to the nature of technology and the laws of development of the technological environment of human existence. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the industrial environment is becoming more complex and vulnerable. The ability of the state to block the activities of terrorists in every point of social space at any arbitrary moment turns out to be lower than the ability of attackers to strike.

The third condition for the emergence of terrorism is associated with the erosion of traditional society and the formation of a modernized society oriented towards liberal values. The terrorist attacks loudly proclaim that the authorities are not able to guarantee the life, health and tranquility of citizens; therefore, the government is responsible for it. This is the essence of the mechanism of political blackmail that terrorists use.

The fourth condition for the emergence of terrorism is the real problems that arise in the course of historical development. The most frequent grounds for terrorism are separatism and national liberation movements, as well as religious, ethnic, and ideological conflicts. Terrorism arises at the boundaries of cultures and epochs of historical development. The clearest example of this is the situation in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, where a deeply traditional Palestinian society comes into contact with a modernized Israeli society.

Terrorism finds its most threatening expression in the context of the resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism. The rise of Islamic terrorism is qualitatively different from the terrorism that has been dealt with so far. It is born from an irrational cultural source - militant Islam, which strives for world domination and has millions of supporters. The spiritual and ideological void created by the collapse of communism opened the way for the triumphant march of militant Islam in many areas of the Middle East and other regions where communism had previously been flirted with as an ideology worthy of understanding.

Militant Muslims prioritize ideological zeal over life itself. An example is the ever-increasing use of suicide bombings (although this is mainly characteristic of Eastern terrorism.) Such crimes are not typical even for separatist (Basque, Corsican, etc.) and national-religious terrorism, since in Christian culture there is traditionally negative attitudes towards suicide.

In the report Mapping the Future of the World, the US National Intelligence Council combined the forecasts of leading international experts and tried to look into the future 15 years, identifying new global trends that could affect events in the world. There are no signs that the key elements fueling international terrorism today will fade in the next 15 years, the report says, and terrorists are likely to try to take advantage of globalization to achieve their goals.

According to the report, many states and non-state actors (terrorists) can gain access to weapons of mass destruction. A clear interest in acquiring chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons increases the risk of a major terrorist attack using such weapons. A significant threat to world stability will be posed by radical Islam, the world expects the growth of popularity of the ideology of jihad.

Terrorist groups will continue to use conventional weapons and explosives in future attacks, adding to them new, more sophisticated destructive schemes. “Probably, the terrorists will be most original not in the technologies or weapons used, but in their operational concepts, i.e. scale, construction or mechanisms for supporting terrorist attacks,” the forecast says.

Recent advances in biology have made terrorist and undeclared hostilities involving biological weapons of mass destruction (WMD) a reality. The scale of such actions can be varied: from the destruction of key political figures to a full-scale biological war waged by covert methods and threatening the physical destruction of the population of any state in the world.

Particularly dangerous biological WMD makes its relative accessibility. Today, the production of biological weapons of mass destruction is available to 120 countries of the world, 17 countries have programs related to bio-weapons. For the World community, all aspects of possible bio-terrorism are dangerous: political, criminal, religious, as well as the actions of mentally unbalanced individuals. The intellectual barrier that hinders the use of bioweapons is constantly decreasing as relevant information appears in open sources, including electronic networks.

It can be expected that terrorists will continue to carry out cyberattacks designed to disrupt critical information networks such as computer systems and communications systems, and more likely to cause physical damage to information systems, the authors of the report note. Information technology that provides instant connection, communication and training will allow the terrorist threat to become increasingly centralized, turning into a set of groups, cells and individuals who do not need a stationary headquarters to plan and conduct operations. It is noted that the Internet on a global scale will provide terrorists and their structures with a ready-made resource of training materials, a guide to targets, weapons know-how and fundraising.

Facilitated by global communications, the revival of Muslim identity will create the basis for the spread of radical Islamic ideology inside and outside the Middle East, including Southeast Asia, Central Asia and Western Europe. This revival will be accompanied by increased solidarity among Muslims embroiled in national or regional secessionist conflicts such as those in Palestine, Chechnya, Iraq, Kashmir, the Philippines and southern Thailand.

"Informal charitable foundation networks, religious schools, informal banking systems and other mechanisms will continue to proliferate and be exploited by radical elements," the report says. And alienation among unemployed youth will increase the ranks of those susceptible to terrorist recruitment.

Besides,

* there will apparently be a transformation of the personality of the terrorist and the mechanism of criminal behavior. First of all, this is likely to be reflected in professionalization, the transformation of terrorism into a permanent craft. The consequence of this may be a change in the nature of terrorism in general: the strengthening of well-organized, covert and ramified terrorist groups;

* The reaction of society, in all likelihood, will be passive and will be reduced to gradual adaptation, adaptation to the conditions of constant danger. Under these conditions, the fight against terrorism will fall entirely on the special services;

* Terrorism is likely to be characterized by a further sharp change in quantitative and qualitative aspects. In all likelihood, the most common forms and methods of action by terrorist organizations will be aerial terrorism of all varieties, including the use of surface-to-air missiles, rocket attack on ground targets using remotely controlled launchers; poisoning of food, water sources and medicines; using methods from the arsenal of chemical and biological warfare; widespread use of booby traps; attempts to seize radioactive substances, nuclear, chemical, biological and other types of WMD or their components.

Internal armed conflicts and international terrorism and their relationship

terrorism armed conflict international cooperation

Such a problem as internal armed conflicts, the causes of their occurrence and their influence on the military-political situation in individual countries, regions and the world is extremely important, since in modern conditions it is internal armed conflicts that are increasingly becoming detonators of serious and dangerous geopolitical explosions. They very often come into contact, and even merge with such a phenomenon as terrorism, which at this stage poses a threat to international peace and security.

Considering the problem of internal armed conflicts in their connection with international terrorism, it should be noted that this is not typical for all internal conflicts: it depends on the nature of the conflict that has arisen, its driving forces and the goals set by its initiators and leaders.

The international nature of people's lives, new means of communication and information, new types of weapons sharply reduce the importance of state borders and other means of protection against terrorism. The variety of terrorist activities is growing, which is increasingly linked to national, religious, ethnic conflicts, separatist and liberation movements.

One of the problematic situations is the delimitation of terrorism from the liberation and national liberation struggle. Terrorism, as a rule, is not of a mass nature, it is closed in on itself. On the other hand, if the liberation struggle is based on the killing of innocent civilians, women and children, then it is no different from terrorism.

The difference between terrorism and other forms of political conflict (revolution, war, guerrilla warfare) lies in the use of tactics of indiscriminate and unlimited violence or the threat of its use against individuals or groups of the population who, in most cases, were victims due to random circumstances, that is, they are not direct opponents. terrorists.

No matter how numerous and irreconcilable the various extremist groups and movements may be, without the support of their actions at the state and international levels, today they are not able to solve their tasks on their own. The support of a sovereign state is able to provide terrorists with ideological and material assistance, professional training, diplomatic cover, financial and technical means. With state support, terrorists become part of a social environment that encourages them. Examples are the Contras in Nicaragua, dushmans in Afghanistan, militants in Kosovo and Chechnya.

Terrorism as a weapon to eliminate the enemy has been transformed into an instrument of foreign policy. There was even a new term - "export of terrorism". Israel's experience best demonstrates the difference between internal terrorism and the threat of terrorism from outside. Now there is practically no export of terrorism to Israel from neighboring Arab states, and, of course, not because they have special sympathy for Israel, but because they have been shown what the price of supporting or condoning terrorism is.

Inter-ethnic armed conflicts or conflicts between official authorities and terrorist armed groups and organizations are an effective way to destabilize the situation in a number of regions.

The epicenter of terrorist activity has shifted from Latin American countries to Japan, Germany, Turkey, Spain, and Italy for a number of years. At the same time, with varying degrees of intensity, terrorist actions were carried out by such organizations as the IRA in England and Northern Ireland, ETA in Spain. In recent years, Islamic paramilitary terrorist groups Hamas and Hezbollah, Sikh terrorist movements and groups in India, Algerian and other terrorists have developed great activity in the Middle East.

On the territory of the former USSR, in the conditions of exacerbation of social, political, interethnic and religious contradictions and conflicts, post-Soviet terrorism flourished in lush colors. Terrorist organizations have established close ties among themselves on a common ideological-confessional, military, commercial and other basis.

However, flirting with international terrorism and attempts to use it in one's own interests are fraught with serious problems in the future. Internal armed conflicts will cease to be dangerous for countries and peoples only when the practice of using these conflicts by third countries to solve their geopolitical and other tasks is ended.

Anti-terrorism legislation of states

A regulatory legal framework adequate to the realities of the time is of key importance in the fight against terrorism. Simultaneously with the start of work on the creation of anti-terrorist legislation in Western Europe and the United States, the so-called "new legal culture" began to take shape. Directly the problem of legislative regulation of countering terrorism, including international, can be divided into two large blocks.

The first is the adoption of legislative acts necessary for special services and law enforcement agencies to increase the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism.

The second is the creation of conditions for improving the quality of international cooperation between special services to counter terrorism. At the same time, the priority efforts of legislators should be directed to the development of legal measures to eliminate the material base of terrorism.

The leading Western states: Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, the USA not only made structural changes in the current legislation, but also adopted a number of special anti-terrorist laws. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the main international conventions were also adopted, that is, the improvement of domestic and international legislation was carried out in parallel.

Although the definitions of terrorism vary from State to State, terrorism is classified as a purely criminal offense in the domestic criminal law of most countries. In the anti-terrorist legislation of the countries of Western Europe and the United States, common trends prevail, which legal scholars call "legal repressive strategy." The main areas of this strategy include:

* the very participation in conspiracies aimed at committing acts of terrorism should be considered as a crime already committed;

* automatic increase in the term of punishment if it is established that the crime was committed for the purpose of terrorist activities;

* criminal liability for persons who are members of any of the prohibited organizations, induce other persons to do so, or participate in a meeting of prohibited organizations;

* the guilt of belonging to terrorism of any person who finances terrorist activities or induces others to do so;

* simplification of the procedure for considering cases related to terrorism;

* the possibility of prosecuting persons suspected of having links with terrorists, the right to search and arrest without presenting a warrant;

* deportation of foreign citizens suspected of terrorist links, refusal to issue entry visas to citizens of states that support terrorism, as well as to all persons suspected of terrorism;

* Extending the preventive detention of persons suspected of terrorism and limiting their rights to appeal to the authorities;

* legislative ban on the collection, storage, publication and transmission of information relating to the police, security forces, court and prosecutor's office officials, employees of the penitentiary system, which may be useful to terrorists;

* criminal liability for concealing information that could be useful for preventing terrorist acts.

National organizations engaged in the fight against international terrorism

Since the middle of the twentieth century, special anti-terrorist units for special purposes began to appear in the armed forces of different countries. The creation of such units is dictated by the need to carry out anti-terrorist measures in connection with the unprecedented increase in terrorist activity in the world.

Israel has been the target of extremist activities for more than 50 years. The modern stage of the fight against terrorism began in Israel in 1972, when a group of Arab extremists from the Black September organization captured several Israeli athletes in the Olympic village in Munich. Since that moment, both in Israel and in a number of other countries, special anti-terrorist units began to be created.

Currently, the fight against terrorism in Israel is led by an operational headquarters, which includes representatives of the armed forces, police and intelligence agencies, including representatives of the Mossad intelligence. Its tactics are based on delivering preventive strikes against terrorists, including by obtaining advance information from agents operating in their midst; inflicting retaliatory strikes on the organizers and perpetrators of terrorist acts that could not be prevented.

The reconnaissance group of the General Staff of the Ministry of Defense "Saeret Matkal" was created in 1957 as a reconnaissance special unit, since 1968 it switched to anti-terrorist activities. It is considered the best anti-terrorist unit in the world. "YAMAM" is a division of the Israeli police. Created in 1974 as a special service responsible for anti-terrorist activities exclusively within Israel.

Germany. The "Federal Border Protection Group" GSG-9 was created after the Munich tragedy during the Olympics in 1972. Today, this group not only fights terrorists, but also provides protection for diplomats during trips to the Middle East. Helps German counterintelligence by organizing surveillance of terrorists. The GSG-9 special group is considered the most effective among other European special forces in carrying out combat anti-terrorist operations.

USA. The main task of the FBI (the leading structure in the fight against terrorism), the CIA and other intelligence services that are part of the US intelligence community is to quickly monitor the situation inside the country and abroad through interaction, conducting undercover work against terrorist organizations, improving technical means and working with information analytical bodies. Within the structure of the Joint Center for Combating Terrorism, which includes specialists from various ministries and departments, a special group has been created to prevent terrorist acts against citizens of the United States and allied states, as well as important military and government facilities. A special program has been adopted to prevent incidents in the United States similar to the incident in the Tokyo subway, for the implementation of which the US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command is responsible.

Each of the 59 departments of the FBI has created at least one combat unit for the fight against terrorism (SWAT), created numerous teams to investigate and prevent terrorist bombings. Unlike European countries, the United States did not create a special unified anti-terrorist unit. Its function is performed mainly by the FBI's domestic terrorism unit (including the Delta squad).

The Delta Force is an operational detachment of special forces of the American army, created in 1976. The main anti-terrorist unit of the United States. Engaged in the release of American hostages abroad.

New York City Police Emergency Service Unit (ESU).

Los Angeles Police Detachment (SWAT). Created in 1965. An elite unit used both domestically and internationally.

Naval Special Forces Group (NSWDG). The service was founded in 1980. Responsible for US anti-terrorist operations on the water. The training of these soldiers is carried out throughout the United States. There are also joint exercises with more experienced teams such as the German GSG-9, the British SAS-22.

Great Britain. Most countries have come to the conclusion that a special organization should deal with the fight against terrorism. The United Kingdom was one of the first to follow this path, creating in 1941 the special service SAS-22 as an elite, highly professional anti-terrorist organization. Today, SAS-22 focuses on the fight against terrorists of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a Catholic paramilitary group advocating the reunification of the British province of Ulster with Ireland. In terms of combat training, the SAS-22 is comparable only to Israeli counter-terrorist units, but surpasses them in armament.

France. Established in 1991, the government's anti-terrorism program Vigipirate is still active today. The Vigipirate plan is one of the 40 possible measures envisaged by the French government in case of various kinds of critical situations.

"National Gendarmerie Intervention Group" (GIGN). Created in March 1974 to combat Arab terrorism in France. The BRI (search and destruction) units, which have exclusive powers, are also fighting terrorists.

Russia. Directorate "A" of the Department for Combating Terrorism of the FSB is a special unit. At first it was Detachment 7 of the Alfa KGB Directorate, created in 1974.

Directorate "B" of the FSB Special Forces Center. In 1981, the Vympel group was created under the "C2" department of the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR. Very quickly, it became one of the best special forces units in the world. In 1994, within the framework of the FSB, the Vympel group turned into unit B (Vega).

Australia - Tactical Assault Group (TAG), Special Air Service Regiment (SASR). The Australian SASR was formed in 1957. Today the SASR is one of the groups responsible for fighting terrorism in Australia. The Australian officers of the group are constantly cooperating with the British SAS, with the New Zealand SAS, with the German GSG-9.

Spain. In Spain, as a police anti-terrorist bloc, a special operations group (CEO) has been formed, which includes the best specialists from the country's special services.

The annual report of the US State Department "Currents of World Terrorism" provides global statistics on the activity of world terrorist organizations. Since 2001, when the 9/11 attacks were carried out in the United States, terrorist activity has fallen by 45 percent. The State Department believes that this situation is the result of strengthened ties between the community of nations, which in recent years have joined forces in the fight against extremists who use terrorism to achieve their goals. An example of such cooperation is the Program of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States to Combat International Terrorism and Other Manifestations of Extremism.

In particular, this program provides for summarizing and disseminating the positive experience of conducting anti-terrorist measures, the practice of investigating acts of terrorism and other manifestations of extremism; to conduct joint command and staff and operational-tactical anti-terrorist exercises in the format of interested parties; expand and improve contacts and cooperation with international centers and organizations dealing with issues of combating international terrorism, as well as with their respective specialized structures.

Legal regulation of international cooperation

The international means used in the fight against terrorism include some international bodies and organizations: the UN, Interpol, international organizations of experts. Within certain limits, the institution of extradition of persons who have committed an act of international terrorism operates, the issue of the international criminal court as a means of combating international terrorism is widely discussed in the UN bodies and other international organizations, among scientists and politicians.

Over the past decades, a significant legal framework has been created in the form of numerous international conventions to combat terrorism. The position of the UN in the fight against international terrorism is reflected in 12 international conventions and 46 resolutions of the UN Security Council. They provide for mutual obligations of states in countering various types and forms of terrorist activity. In particular, after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1373.

Resolution 1373 (of September 28, 2001) imposes the following obligations on UN Member States:

* introduce criminal liability for the financing of terrorism;

* immediately freeze any funds related to persons who commit terrorist acts;

* prohibit all types of financial support for terrorist groups;

* deny terrorists safe haven, livelihood or other support;

* share information with other governments about any groups that are committing or planning terrorist acts;

* cooperate with other governments in the investigation, identification, arrest, extradition and prosecution of persons involved in such acts;

* introduce criminal liability under domestic laws for active or passive support of terrorism and bring violators of these laws to justice;

* become a party to the relevant international conventions and protocols against terrorism as soon as possible.

Cooperation in the fight against terrorism was formalized in the framework of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Organization of American States and the Organization of the Islamic Conference.

At the meeting on combating terrorism (Paris, July 30, 1996), the ministers of the G8 (Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, France, Japan, Russia) adopted a final document in which they declared their determination to give priority attention to the fight against terrorism, made an overview of the trends in the development of terrorism in the world. The forum participants presented at the final press conference a list of 25 counter-terrorism measures agreed upon by them, a significant part of which relates to the national competence of states.

The document obliges the signatory countries to renounce any passive or active support for terrorists; tougher legal measures to prosecute terrorist activities; prosecute any person accused of committing, preparing or assisting in terrorist acts.

The success of the fight against terrorism directly depends on real operational cooperation between special services. The significance of the conference held in Paris also lies in the fact that it contributed to overcoming a serious psychological barrier that traditionally separates representatives of this profession. The leading countries of the world have come to the realization that the criminal world has united much earlier than their law enforcement agencies, the understanding has strengthened that terrorism can only be defeated by joint efforts.

Actions against the threat of international terrorism must be bilateral in nature: international and domestic. Measures taken at the international level will prevent its domestic manifestations, and vice versa. All states must adhere to the same rules, terrorism must be declared a crime against humanity.

Necessary:

* revise laws on international trade and adopt a number of amendments to them that restrict trade in gas centrifuges, enriched uranium and other dangerous "components" of weapons of mass destruction;

* subject terrorist states to diplomatic, economic and military sanctions, which for the most part have a monocultural, resource-oriented economy and therefore can feel the consequences of economic sanctions;

* neutralize terrorist enclaves: terrorists must not be allowed to enter areas that are not independent states, but serve as zones of shelter and support for terrorists (for example, the Hezbollah enclave in southern Lebanon);

* freeze in Western banks the financial resources of terrorist regimes and organizations;

* develop cooperation between international security services, overcome mutual suspicion, coordinate actions between the intelligence services of all free countries;

* review legislation to take action against countries that incite violence;

* impose restrictions on the possession of weapons, their mandatory registration, as well as strengthen control over weapons;

* Tighten immigration laws;-

* actively pursue and eliminate terrorist groups;

* refrain from releasing from prison those found guilty of terrorist acts;

* train special forces to fight terrorism, as well as train police officers in special techniques and tactics to suppress terrorists;

* conduct educational work, explain to the broad masses of the population programs to combat terrorism.

A comprehensive approach to the eradication of international terrorism involves the use of the entire spectrum of political, economic, financial and humanitarian measures. The UN and leading financial and economic organizations and institutions are developing programs to ensure more balanced non-discriminatory conditions for world socio-economic development.

It would be an unforgivable mistake to identify terrorism with any religion, nationality or culture. It is necessary to establish a dialogue and mutual understanding of different civilizations on the basis of common values ​​of protecting human life and dignity.

Sources of terrorist financing

According to the latest data, there are more than 500 terrorist organizations and movements in the world. Most of them have the character of international carefully conspired communities of like-minded fanatics with iron discipline, extensive connections and powerful financial support. Along with a large number of terrorist organizations and groups, there is an equally large number of various structures supporting them, up to state sponsors of terrorism.

One fact that has long been obvious, but not discussed for diplomatic reasons: without the support of sovereign states, the existence of modern terrorism is impossible. According to studies, the total budget in the sphere of terror is annually from 5 to 20 billion dollars. The "quantity" of terrorism gave rise to its new quality, and technical progress, giving it new opportunities, potentially equalized it with entire states.

Terrorist states and terrorist organizations together form a terrorist network, the components of which support each other not only politically, but also operationally. Therefore, it is not enough to destroy the terrorists - the entire terrorist network must be dismantled. Regimes that cover and finance terrorism should be subject to severe political, economic and military sanctions.

Counteraction to international crime and terrorism should be built systematically in order to contain them to the utmost. A comprehensive approach is needed, including freezing the assets, accounts of any corporation, individual or charitable organization if they have links to terrorists. Forceful actions against radical terrorists should be preceded by deep financial intelligence.

The true independence of the terrorist environment appears when, at the expense of the initial financial support of supporters and sponsors, a system of basing and training is created and self-financing is provided. The main way of self-financing is criminal activity. Today, the main sources of financing terrorism are the control of the drug business, racketeering, prostitution, arms trafficking, smuggling, gambling, etc.

"Economically formed" terrorism is capable of serious independent activity, and not only on the scale of its "own" country. However, today the deployment of such activities is possible only if there are structures for "laundering" money - in the form of controlled banks, firms, manufacturing enterprises. The terrorist environment creates such an economic sector, now called the "gray economy".

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2. Russian Federation. On compulsory health insurance in the Russian Federation: federal law [adopted by the State. Duma 19. 11. 2010 (as amended on 21. 07. 2014) No. 326 - FZ] Collection of Legislation, 06.12.2010. - No. 49. - Art. 6422.

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Ivanov V.I., Lubenets Ya.A.

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM IN THE MODERN WORLD

Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law, Voronezh

Keywords: international terrorism, types of terrorism, globalization

Keywords: international terrorism, the types of terrorism, globalization.

Annotation: the article discusses the concept and essence

international terrorism as a global problem of the modern world.

Abstract: The article discusses the concept and essence of international terrorism as a global problem of the modern world.

International terrorism is one of the most important problems not only in our country, but also in the world as a whole. International terrorism is a complex interdisciplinary problem. The very aggravation of the global problem of international terrorism at the turn of the 21st century has become a hallmark of the current stage in the development of the world community.

The essence of terrorism is violence for the purpose of intimidation. The subject of terrorist violence is individuals or non-governmental organizations. The object of violence is the authorities represented by individual civil servants or society represented by

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individual citizens (including foreigners, or civil servants of other states). In addition - private and public property, infrastructure, life support systems. The purpose of violence is to achieve the development of events desirable for terrorists - revolution, destabilization of society, unleashing a war with a foreign state, gaining independence by a certain territory, a fall in the prestige of the authorities, political concessions from the authorities, etc.

International terrorism is today an integral part of the proliferation of criminal transnational organizations supported by corrupt

government officials and politicians.

The Russian scientist and author Kalinichev, in his work “The rights and freedoms of a citizen in the context of the fight against terrorism,” believed that the problem of international terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal human difficulties, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of mankind increases; the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism also has its own specific features.

Scientists, such as Grachev S.I. and Kolobov O.A., believed that, first of all, one should pay attention to the fact that the very problem of international terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, national, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.

Members of groups carrying out political terror set themselves the task of achieving political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as undermining interstate relations, international legal order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goal of resolving the national issue, which has recently become more and more separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.

The religious form of terrorism is due to the attempts of armed groups professing a particular religion to fight

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against a state dominated by a different religion or a different religious trend.

Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of some kind of criminal business (drug business, arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive super profits.

Ecological terrorism is carried out by groups that use violent methods in general against scientific and technological progress, environmental pollution, the killing of animals and the construction of nuclear facilities.

Another distinctive feature of the global problem of international terrorism is the significant influence of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration.

In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing the governments of foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.

International terrorism is today an integral part of the proliferation of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt

government officials and politicians. So, in the widely known work of English scientists such as Held D., and Goldblet D., “Global Transformations”, it is noted: “There are also negative forms of international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite centuries of conflict between smugglers and the authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with the drug trade (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over 300 billion dollars) and the widespread organized crime. Solving these problems has become one of the most important challenges for governments and police forces around the world.”

Another specific feature of the global problem of international terrorism is that it is difficult to predict. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unbalanced people, overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that are not

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can be done by any other means. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly at odds with universal human values ​​and the logic of world development.

The peculiarity of today's terrorism is the interweaving of criminal and terrorist networks. Previously, they only occasionally came into contact, resolved some mutually beneficial issues, and then dispersed. Their contacts were not long and wide, local. Today we are witnessing a symbiosis. "Holdings", "joint ventures", figuratively speaking, which literally multiply their capabilities tenfold, they have one power structure, it becomes possible to easily move from one state to another. The classic example is the Balkans. A unified “pipeline” has been created in the Balkans, through which criminal networks pump drugs, live goods, and other criminal resources, but they can immediately provide this “pipeline” infrastructure for “pumping” weapons, for wiring and documentation

terrorist manpower.

Another extremely urgent problem is the desire of terrorists to possess weapons of mass destruction. An example of this is the terrorist attacks at the end of 2013 in the city of Volgograd. If we take into account all the signs of an explosion in the bus known by that moment, then the explosion at the railway station can be qualified as a terrorist act. An explosion with a large number of victims in a public place is clearly calculated to sow panic among the population. The reasons for the terrorist attack, most likely, is that they are associated with the approach of the Sochi Olympics. Even during the Boston events that took place on April 15, 2013, it was obvious that as the 2014 Winter Olympics approached, terrorist financing should have increased, and attempts to commit terrorist attacks should have become more frequent, moreover, on Russian territory.

According to many scientists, international terrorism is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring more and more diverse forms and menacing proportions. And it is impossible to simply disagree with this. Terrorism is always a deliberate crime committed with direct intent. At the same time, the intent of a terrorist differs from the intent to kill. If in the case of a murder there are two parties - the perpetrator and the victim, then in the act of terrorism there is also a third - the authorities or the public, to which the terrorist organization appeals.

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organization or terrorist. The victim of a terrorist may not be interested, it is not an end, but only a means. Their actions are aimed at achieving their goals (political, selfish, etc.) by arousing public attention, intimidating the population and government officials, promoting their political, religious or other views. At the same time, indifference to the victims is manifested, which leads to special cruelty, the mass character of innocent victims, and the death of random people.

One more problem that hinders the development of cooperation and the joint fight against terrorism can be noted - the lack of a single anti-terrorist information space at the international and national level. There is also another big threat at the international level - cyberterrorism. Indeed, there is no state in the world that would be completely protected from attacks by cyberterrorists, as evidenced by the large-scale Operation Red October, which has been successfully carried out over the past few years. The main targets of the criminals were government and diplomatic departments and scientific organizations of the most developed countries. Thus, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 15, 2013, the FSB of Russia was empowered to create a state system for detecting, preventing and eliminating computer attacks on information resources of the Russian Federation, information systems and information and telecommunication networks located on the territory of the Russian Federation and in diplomatic missions and consular offices. institutions of the Russian Federation abroad.

In turn, on February 13, 2013, the President of the United States signed a cybersecurity directive obliging him to create a country's cybersecurity system and develop standards and methodologies that will help reduce the risk of cyber attacks on the most important infrastructure.

Every year more and more organizations are being created to combat international terrorism - this mission is entrusted mainly to the United Nations, important documents are also issued aimed at countering terrorism; anti-terrorist centers are being set up.

A big problem in countering terrorism in Russia is the low awareness of the population. As a rule, safe behavior skills are not instilled in citizens, therefore, as a preventive measure against terrorism, it is worth setting up the production of special literature, free and widely available, posting

Territory of Science, 2014, No. 6

memos on the topic in more visited places and in plain sight, conduct exercises in schools, universities, places of work. In the event of an increase in the level of a terrorist threat, immediately inform the population about this through the media.

Thus, the priorities of Russia's antiterrorist policy are in international cooperation, improving the economy of individual regions of the country, counteracting cyberterrorism, informing the population and instilling in it the skills of safe behavior.

Today, both in Russia and in other countries, as it seems to many, all the “i” in the ideological background of the fight against terrorism are tightly spaced, the actors, enemies and saviors have been identified. But, despite this, international terrorism is increasing every year.

Terrorism is only a method, a tactic, not a political program or ideology. It is possible and necessary to destroy terrorists and take measures to prevent terrorist attacks, but it is pointless to fight against tactics as such, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to fight international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as a growing global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, of the entire world community.

Bibliography

1. Kalinichev, V.V. Rights and freedoms of a citizen in the context of the fight against terrorism / VV Kalinichev // Power. - 2008. - No. 2. - S. 56-59.

2. Grachev, S.I. United States of America and international terrorism / S.I. Grachev, A.A. Kornilov, O.A. Kolobov. - Nizhny Novgorod: ISI UNN, 1998

3. Held D., McGrew A., Goldblatt D., Perraton J. Global Transformations. Politics, Economics and Culture. Oxford, 2000.

4. On the creation of a state system for detecting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of computer attacks on information resources of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 15, 2013 No. 31s // Collection. law. Ros. Feder. - 2013. - No. 3. - Art. 178.