Features of social science in modern conditions. The program of the entrance examination in the subject "Biology"
The date of the:_________
Target:
- educational:- continue the formation of theoretical knowledge about the current stage of development societies;
- developing: to develop in students the ability to assess the main processes (globalization and the creation of an information society; develop the ability to analyze social information, draw up a complex plan, and perform cognitive tasks
- educational: develop a sense of tolerance
Equipment: textbook, presentation
During the classes
Motivational stage
Conversation on questions:
Creating a post-industrial society, globalization is a positive or negative experience public development? (Hear the answers of several students, but do not delve into the discussion. Students' opinions will change throughout the study of new material, so it is advisable to return to this question when conducting reflection).
1. Features of globalization as a modern phenomenon
2. Modern information space
3. Global information economy
4. Socio-political dimension of the information society
What is globalization?
The modern world is diverse and diverse. What facts can be given? (Students note the punctuality and accuracy of the Germans, the stiffness and following the tradition of the British, the frivolity and playfulness of the French temper, the breadth of the soul and the hope for the “maybe” of the Russians, the absence of an external emotional reaction of the Japanese, etc.)
(If possible, you can show a cropped recording of any film on geography or a corresponding recording of one of the programs of the TV channels "First", "Russia", "Culture". If the technical conditions do not allow this, you need to give the floor to the students. They can give a lot of facts relating to the most diverse aspects of the life of society.You can take any one characteristic, for example, the main feature of the mentality.)
How can such diversity be explained? (The difference in natural and climatic conditions, the specifics of the historical path traveled by peoples and states, the variety of external influences, many regular and random events that are not always amenable to accounting and unambiguous interpretation)
The dominant trend of modern societies is not so much the deepening of this difference of diversity as globalization (or internationalization). As a phenomenon, globalization actively developed at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. This was manifested in the increased export of capital, the creation of international monopolies, the expansion of foreign trade, which led to the internationalization of economic ties. New forms of interethnic communication have appeared (Days of Russian culture arranged by Diaghilev in Paris), political unions (formation of two military-political blocs), etc.
Globalization is a historical process of rapprochement of nations and peoples on the basis of economic, political and cultural interaction. (slide 1)
Public thought today faces the problem of a holistic understanding of the development of the world community in the new conditions. Although the importance of universal human interests has increased, the life of modern societies is significantly influenced by social, national-ethnic, group contradictions.
Studying the features of globalization, students get the opportunity to independently develop or correct their opinion about this process, to argue the thesis of globalization as an objectively established, but contradictory phenomenon of our time.
– What is the asymmetry of globalization processes expressed in? (working with the text of the textbook and compiling a cluster)
Unity and integrity - multidirectionality and uneven development of the world
Common features of the development of states and regions - mosaic, fragmentation of the world
The possibility of supranational regulation of processes - the growth of conflict in the world
Assignment: to confirm with an example the existence of each of these contradictions
Work with the scheme of the textbook "Information sphere" and its description. The material summarizes the facts known to students and expands their understanding of the spheres of society. (slide 3)
A discussion of the following problematic issue is being organized: the media are increasingly called the "fourth power". Give arguments and facts "for" and "against".) (slide 4)
So, the media today, especially television communications, is the most important means of forming a public position on various issues and one of the most important factors in the globalization of modern society.
Information society?
In modern science, the terms "knowledge economy" and "knowledge society" have become widespread, as well as "intellectual capital" and "human capital" - this is knowledge that can be converted into value, in other words, it is the sum of everything that is known and what skills employees have and what forms the competitiveness of the organization. (slide 5)
To learn the characteristics of the global information economy will help to plan the paragraph section.
Plan option:
1 subject of the global economy:
network structures
International economic and financial organizations
2 levels of the world economy:
Global
Regional
National
3 the role of the state in the global economy. Models of interaction between the state and the economy
4 development of information technology. Their influence on the forms of economic organization
5 intellectual capital. New requirements for an employee in the information society.
Can there be an information society without a state? (It is important to bring students to the conclusion about the relationship between the economic, social and political spheres of the information society and about the opportunities that open up at this stage of social development for the society. (slide 6)
In the modern world, the formation of the information society is considered as one of the directions of state policy.
Working with the document - "Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation" point 3. (if students use computers, this document can be found on the Rossiyskaya Gazeta website (slide 7-9)
The purpose of the formation and development of the information society in the Russian Federation is to improve the quality of life of citizens, ensure the competitiveness of Russia, develop the economic, socio-political, cultural and spiritual spheres of society, improve the public administration system based on the use of information and telecommunication technologies.
The main tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve this goal include:
formation of a modern information and telecommunications infrastructure, provision of quality services on its basis and ensuring a high level of accessibility of information and technologies for the population;
improving the quality of education, medical care, social protection of the population through the development and use of information and telecommunication technologies;
improvement of the system of state guarantees of constitutional rights of man and citizen in the information sphere;
development of the economy of the Russian Federation based on the use of information and telecommunication technologies;
improving the efficiency of public administration and local self-government, the interaction of civil society and business with public authorities, the quality and efficiency of the provision of public services;
development of science, technology and technology, training of qualified personnel in the field of information and telecommunication technologies;
preservation of the culture of the multinational people of the Russian Federation, strengthening of moral and patriotic principles in the public mind, development of a system of cultural and humanitarian education;
opposition to the use of the potential of information and telecommunication technologies in order to threaten the national interests of Russia.
The development of the information society in the Russian Federation is based on the following principles:
partnership of the state, business and civil society;
freedom and equality of access to information and knowledge;
support for domestic manufacturers of products and services in the field of information and telecommunications technologies;
promoting the development of international cooperation in the field of information and telecommunication technologies;
ensuring national security in the information sphere.
To solve the tasks set, the state:
Develops the main measures for the development of the information society, creates conditions for their implementation in cooperation with business and civil society;
Determines the benchmark values for indicators of the development of the information society in the Russian Federation;
Ensures the development of legislation and the improvement of law enforcement practice in the field of the use of information and telecommunication technologies;
Creates favorable conditions for the intensive development of science, education and culture, the development and introduction into production of high-tech information and telecommunication technologies;
Ensures the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the provision of public services to organizations and citizens through the use of information and telecommunication technologies;
Creates conditions for equal access of citizens to information;
Uses the possibilities of information and telecommunication technologies to strengthen the country's defense capability and state security.
(It is advisable to organize the work in groups: - group 1 - goals and objectives; group 2 - principles; group 3 - areas of activity of the state).
At the end of the work, the answers of the students are heard, the necessary adjustments are made.
Anchoring
Returning to the issue of globalization assessment and finding out if student assessment has changed and why.
D / s§ 8, learn concepts on p. 89, document p. 90; write an essay on one of the topics “Can an information society exist without a state?”, “Who owns the information, owns the world” (slide 10)
Download:
Preview:
The date of the:_________
Lesson topic: Modern society
Target :
Educational:- to continue the formation of theoretical knowledge about the current stage of development of society;
Developing: to develop in students the ability to assess the main processes (globalization and the creation of an information society; develop the ability to analyze social information, draw up a complex plan, and perform cognitive tasks
Educational:develop a sense of tolerance
Equipment : textbook, presentation
During the classes
Motivational stage
Conversation on questions:
Creating a post-industrial society, globalization is a positive or negative experience public development? (Hear the answers of several students, but do not delve into the discussion. Students' opinions will change throughout the study of new material, so it is advisable to return to this question when conducting reflection).
Plan for learning new material
1. Features of globalization as a modern phenomenon
2. Modern information space
3. Global information economy
4. Socio-political dimension of the information society
1. Features of globalization as a modern phenomenon
What is globalization?
The modern world is diverse and diverse. What facts can be given? (Students note the punctuality and accuracy of the Germans, the stiffness and following the tradition of the British, the frivolity and playfulness of the French temper, the breadth of the soul and the hope for the “maybe” of the Russians, the absence of an external emotional reaction of the Japanese, etc.)
(If possible, you can show a cropped recording of any film on geography or a corresponding recording of one of the programs of the TV channels "First", "Russia", "Culture". If the technical conditions do not allow this, you need to give the floor to the students. They can give a lot of facts relating to the most diverse aspects of the life of society.You can take any one characteristic, for example, the main feature of the mentality.)
How can such diversity be explained? (The difference in natural and climatic conditions, the specifics of the historical path traveled by peoples and states, the variety of external influences, many regular and random events that are not always amenable to accounting and unambiguous interpretation)
The dominant trend of modern societies is not so much the deepening of this difference of diversity as globalization (or internationalization). As a phenomenon, globalization actively developed at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. This was manifested in the increased export of capital, the creation of international monopolies, the expansion of foreign trade, which led to the internationalization of economic ties. New forms of interethnic communication have appeared (Days of Russian culture arranged by Diaghilev in Paris), political unions (formation of two military-political blocs), etc.
Globalization is a historical process of rapprochement of nations and peoples on the basis of economic, political and cultural interaction. (slide 1)
Public thought today faces the problem of a holistic understanding of the development of the world community in the new conditions. Although the importance of universal human interests has increased, the life of modern societies is significantly influenced by social, national-ethnic, group contradictions.
Studying the features of globalization, students get the opportunity to independently develop or correct their opinion about this process, to argue the thesis of globalization as an objectively established, but contradictory phenomenon of our time.
– What is the asymmetry of globalization processes expressed in? (working with the text of the textbook and compiling a cluster)
Contradictions of globalization (slide 2)
Unity and integrity - multidirectionality and uneven development of the world
Common features of the development of states and regions - mosaic, fragmentation of the world
The possibility of supranational regulation of processes - the growth of conflict in the world
Assignment: to confirm with an example the existence of each of these contradictions
2. Modern information space
Work with the scheme of the textbook "Information sphere" and its description. The material summarizes the facts known to students and expands their understanding of the spheres of society. (slide 3)
A discussion of the following problematic issue is being organized: the media are increasingly called the "fourth power". Give arguments and facts "for" and "against".) (slide 4)
So, the media today, especially television communications, is the most important means of forming a public position on various issues and one of the most important factors in the globalization of modern society.
3. Global information economy
Information society?
In modern science, the terms "knowledge economy" and "knowledge society" have become widespread, as well as "intellectual capital" and "human capital" - this is knowledge that can be converted into value, in other words, it is the sum of everything that is known and what skills employees have and what forms the competitiveness of the organization. (slide 5)
To learn the characteristics of the global information economy will help to plan the paragraph section.
Plan option:
1 subject of the global economy:
TNK
network structures
International economic and financial organizations
2 levels of the world economy:
Global
Regional
National
3 the role of the state in the global economy. Models of interaction between the state and the economy
4 development of information technology. Their influence on the forms of economic organization
5 intellectual capital. New requirements for an employee in the information society.
4. Socio-political dimension of the information society
Can there be an information society without a state? (It is important to bring students to the conclusion about the relationship between the economic, social and political spheres of the information society and about the opportunities that open up at this stage of social development for the society. (slide 6)
In the modern world, the formation of the information society is considered as one of the directions of state policy.
Working with the document - "Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation" point 3. (if students use computers, this document can be found on the Rossiyskaya Gazeta website (slide 7-9)
III. Purpose, tasks and principles of the development of the information society in the Russian Federation
The purpose of the formation and development of the information society in the Russian Federation is to improve the quality of life of citizens, ensure the competitiveness of Russia, develop the economic, socio-political, cultural and spiritual spheres of society, improve the public administration system based on the use of information and telecommunication technologies.
The main tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve this goal include:
formation of a modern information and telecommunications infrastructure, provision of quality services on its basis and ensuring a high level of accessibility of information and technologies for the population;
improving the quality of education, medical care, social protection of the population through the development and use of information and telecommunication technologies;
improvement of the system of state guarantees of constitutional rights of man and citizen in the information sphere;
development of the economy of the Russian Federation based on the use of information and telecommunication technologies;
improving the efficiency of public administration and local self-government, the interaction of civil society and business with public authorities, the quality and efficiency of the provision of public services;
development of science, technology and technology, training of qualified personnel in the field of information and telecommunication technologies;
preservation of the culture of the multinational people of the Russian Federation, strengthening of moral and patriotic principles in the public mind, development of a system of cultural and humanitarian education;
opposition to the use of the potential of information and telecommunication technologies in order to threaten the national interests of Russia.
The development of the information society in the Russian Federation is based on the following principles:
partnership of the state, business and civil society;
freedom and equality of access to information and knowledge;
support for domestic manufacturers of products and services in the field of information and telecommunications technologies;
promoting the development of international cooperation in the field of information and telecommunication technologies;
ensuring national security in the information sphere.
To solve the tasks set, the state:
Develops the main measures for the development of the information society, creates conditions for their implementation in cooperation with business and civil society;
Determines the benchmark values for indicators of the development of the information society in the Russian Federation;
Ensures the development of legislation and the improvement of law enforcement practice in the field of the use of information and telecommunication technologies;
Creates favorable conditions for the intensive development of science, education and culture, the development and introduction into production of high-tech information and telecommunication technologies;
Ensures the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the provision of public services to organizations and citizens through the use of information and telecommunication technologies;
Creates conditions for equal access of citizens to information;
Uses the possibilities of information and telecommunication technologies to strengthen the country's defense capability and state security.
(It is advisable to organize the work in groups: - group 1 - goals and objectives; group 2 - principles; group 3 - areas of activity of the state).
At the end of the work, the answers of the students are heard, the necessary adjustments are made.
Anchoring
Returning to the issue of globalization assessment and finding out if student assessment has changed and why.
D / s § 8, learn concepts on p. 89, document p. 90;write an essay on one of the topics “Can an information society exist without a state?”, “Who owns the information, owns the world” (slide 10)
PHILOSOPHY
1. "A human child at the time of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person" (A. Pieron)
Man is the highest level of living organisms on Earth, the subject of socio-historical activity and culture, in which the biological and social principles are closely interconnected. From a biological point of view, a newborn is a person, and from a social point of view, it is only a candidate for a person. Therefore, I believe that A. Pieron is right.
The textbook of social science emphasizes the differences between the concepts of "individual" and "personality". Both terms characterize a person, but how? An individual is a specific person, as a holistic, unique representative of the human race with its unique psychophysiological traits (age, gender, temperament, level of abilities, health and appearance, etc.). A personality is a human individual who is a subject of social activity, possessing a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that he implements in public life. An individual becomes a person in the process of socialization, which includes education, training, communication with other people. A person at the moment of birth is an individual, but not yet a person. Only communication with other people enables the child to learn to speak, think logically, acquire cultural skills. Having mastered the experience of mankind, having found his place in society, his recognition, he will become a man in the full sense of the word - a unique personality, individuality.
The well-known example of children - "Mowgli" can be cited as arguments. So, in India, a newborn girl spent several years in a pack of monkeys. When she came to people at the age of 11, she could not speak, walked on all fours, and could not learn to eat with a spoon. She looked more like an animal than a person. On the other hand, there are cases when children born seriously ill, disabled, with the help of special development methods, through their own efforts, with the participation of relatives, overcame their biological imperfection and became famous scientists, politicians, etc. Thus, A. Pierron: looking at a newborn, we still do not know whether he will become a person with all his inherent qualities or will be a creature biologically similar to a person, but devoid of his social and cultural characteristics.
2. "A human child at the time of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person" (A. Pieron)
I believe that the author is right in presenting such a view, because a person, being part of the natural world, can fully develop and live only in a society of people like him, since consciousness, speech are formed in a person during life, in the process of socialization, interaction with other people . The author understands the word man in his phrase as a person - a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that he realizes in his life. Personality is formed in the process of upbringing and human activity, under the influence of a particular society and its culture. Not every person can become a person. They are born as an individual, and become a person or a Person with a capital letter in the process of socialization.
An example of the correctness of the author is the following: in Rostov-on-Don in the late 90s, a girl named Natasha was discovered, who at the age of 7 could not speak, walk on her feet, not dress, and all because she grew up in a large family where no attention was paid to her upbringing at all. She was brought up by a dog, the girl ate like a dog, barked, growled, bit, moved on all fours, did not comply with human norms of behavior. And although outwardly she looked like a person, in fact, one can only speak of her as an individual. This girl was taken to an orphanage, where she was gradually accustomed to the norms of human life, taught to talk, eat with a spoon, take care of herself, and generally live in human society. My mother was born in a village remote from the city, but received a proper upbringing and education, and by the age of 30 she became the head of a savings bank in Cheboksary. Therefore, whether a person becomes a person or not depends on upbringing.
3. "A human child at the time of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person" (A. Pieron)
One cannot but agree with the words of Pieron. Why? In his words, he wanted to emphasize that a real person is a person. At the moment of birth, the child is only a candidate for a person who can become a person. Man is a biosocial being. At the time of birth, a person has only his "bio", which makes him related to all animals: he has the same instincts, needs. The "socio" of a person can develop only in the course of communication with other people. As a result of communication with other people, a person develops his thinking, speech, consciousness. At the moment of birth, a person is an individual, he is only one of the people. Over time, it acquires individual features. Individuality is inherent in any person. Each of us is not like the other in appearance, each has its own special character traits, interests, abilities.
A person can become a personality only in the process of socialization. In the formation of a personality, the role of upbringing, interaction with other people is great. It is in these processes that the socialization of a person takes place, that is, the assimilation of values, norms, attitudes, patterns of behavior accepted in society.
To confirm the words of Pieron, a very vivid example can be given. In the Middle Ages, a king decided to conduct a cruel experiment. He forbade talking to the newborn. The child was locked in a room, fed, but did not communicate with him. As a result, he never became a man in the full sense: he could not speak, behave in society, and soon died. So in our life there are examples of this. If parents are not engaged in raising children, then children do not know how to build relationships with other people. For a newborn to become a real person, life in society, interaction with other people is necessary.
4. "Nature creates man, but society develops and shapes him." (V.G. Belinsky)
Man is the highest stage in the development of living organisms on earth, the subject of socio-historical activity and culture, but his most important characteristic is his biosocial essence.
Belinsky V.G. in his expression he very accurately and succinctly characterized the dual nature of man. Firstly, man is a product of nature, is a chain of evolution, the same organism as everything that surrounds us. Biologically, humans are no different from animals. Secondly, it is a product of society. This point is more difficult. What is clear is that thanks to social development man has become man. A person without society is nothing, not without reason in ancient times expulsion from society was the most terrible punishment. There are a lot of examples of the “Mowgli” syndrome in the modern world, when a child was raised by an animal and therefore behaves like him, and not like a person, which only says that the social in a person is not genetically laid down, but is given by society. Daniel Defoe's novel "Robinson Crusoe" also confirms this. Without the knowledge that society has accumulated, it would be hard for Robinson Crusoe to survive. Or maybe impossible. He tried to repeat, to know everything that was created in society.
Summing up, I would like to note that a person and society are inseparable concepts. It is thanks to society that man as a biological being could become a man, the way he is. The body is given to man by nature, and the mind and soul are given by society.
5. "Nature creates man, but society develops and shapes him." (V.G. Belinsky)
Each person in a broad sense is a "child of nature". According to biological laws, man has isolated himself and developed from the animal world. Therefore, animal instincts are quite understandable in human essence, they are of natural origin. However, a person would be no different from an animal if these instincts, bestowed by nature, constituted his deep fundamental principle and determined his entire existence.
Society has a decisive influence on the formation of a person. By society, in this case, we mean a part of the world isolated from nature (the totality of the natural conditions of human existence). Established moral norms and rules of conduct, cultural achievements, political and legal features, socio-economic relations - all these are various components of society as a whole.
Only in society does a person acquire personal characteristics (that is, such socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society).
Thus, in my opinion, V.G. Belinsky was deeply right when he noted that biologically man is created by nature; but the essential characteristics of the human personality acquires and develops in society, in interaction with other personalities, entering into various relationships with them.
On the other hand, it seems that in this statement V.G. Belinsky, these two concepts - "society" and "nature" - act as diametrical opposites. It doesn't seem right to me. Man, society and nature are very closely interconnected and influence each other. It is known that, on the one hand, the natural environment, geographical and climatic features have a significant impact on social development, accelerating or slowing down its pace and, ultimately, determine the mentality of the people (as a set of social values, attitudes, readiness to act or think in a certain way) . On the other hand, society also affects the natural environment of man. Recently, the negative impact of human society on the ecological situation is most often noted.
Thus, completing our short analysis, we note that nature and society are two main components, closely interconnected, interacting, which determine the features of the formation and formation of a person as a person. Moreover, the second component (society) is currently exerting a direct and most powerful influence; and the impact of nature in the modern world is largely indirect.
Home > ProgramThe development of social science in the XX century
The idea of technocracy in social cognition. Modern "neo-Darwinism". Spiritual values and their role in the life of society. Problems of the essence and existence of man in the philosophy of existentialism. The essence of the theory of social stratification. Scientific development of the concepts of "social role" and "social status". The problem of periodization of historical development. History through the prism of a civilizational approach. The reasons for the emergence of various directions in the development of Marxist thought. The development of radical revolutionary ideas of Marxism in Leninism. The concept of revisionism and centrism, their historical evolution. Discussion about the place and role of Marxist teaching in the modern world.
Problems of modern social science
Modern stage of development of social sciences. Increasing role of scientific discussions. Discussions about socialism and its prospects. Discussion of questions of moral perfection of the person in the conditions of reforms. Discussions on youth issues and youth policy.
CIVILIZATIONS OF THE PAST
What is civilization
The relationship between the concepts of "formation" and "civilization". signs of civilization. Civilization and culture. Human values.
Features of ancient civilizations
The transition from the pre-class, pre-literate, pre-state and pre-urban state of society to civilization. Changing the interaction between man and nature. The formation of civil society in antiquity. The contribution of the peoples of the world to the achievements of the civilization of antiquity. Unity and interconnections of ancient civilizations. Problems of modern understanding of antiquity.
Ancient civilizations of Europe
Specific features of ancient Greek civilization: classical slavery; polis as a unity of political structure and civil society. Great achievements of ancient Greek culture. The birth of philosophy. The civilization of Hellenism is a kind of synthesis of eastern and ancient elements of society. Roman civic values. Roman law. Roman eloquence.
World of barbarism
Subsistence farming and its role in the life of a barbarian. Contradictions between democratic tribal structures and the rise of the nobility. Militarization of public life. The nobility and the squad environment are the source of military ideology. Values of the world of barbarians, their unity and contradictions. The clash of barbarian and ancient societies.
European civilization of the Middle Ages
The way of life and thinking of the era. Estates of medieval society. Description of their values. Connections of estates and insurmountable psychological barriers between them. The monarchy and the church as a guarantor of the stability of medieval society. Christianity as the central axis of medieval civilization. The city is the cradle of a new civilization.
Transition to industrial civilization
Prerequisites for accelerating social progress in Europe. Initial accumulation of capital and the formation of the economic sovereignty of the owners. Renaissance values: humanism, individual freedom. Breakdown of the spiritual autocracy of the church in the era of the Reformation. Virtues of early capitalism: economy, frugality, moderation. The origin and development of parliamentarism. The significance of the industrial revolution and bourgeois revolutions in the transition to an industrial civilization.
Civilization of the East
"Continuity" of development. The inextricable link between Eastern civilization and nature. Tradition as a defining moment of life. Features in the perception of religion. Lack of freedom and democracy in the European sense. Differences in the social psychology of China, India and Japan.
The historical path of Russia
Russian path: turning points. Features of the development of Russia. Peasant community. Autocracy. The role of the bureaucracy. Orthodoxy and its meaning. Russian empire.
THE MODERN STAGE OF THE WORLD CIVILIZATION
DEVELOPMENT AND OUR SOCIETY
Modern Civilizations
Variety of ways and forms of social development. The modern stage of civilizational development. Types of civilizations. Features of the development of "traditional society". Achievements and contradictions of Western civilization. Transition to an industrial society. Integrity and interdependence of the modern world.
Global problems of our time
The origin of global problems and their relationship. Scientific and technological progress and global problems. The threat of an ecological crisis. Problems of war and peace in modern conditions. The lag of the liberated countries behind the developed states. Ways to solve global problems. New political thinking. The problem of terrorism.
Russian society in the modern world
The need to renew society. Goals and objectives of the reforms. Transformations in society and the general civilizational process. Economic and socio-political crisis. Ways out of the crisis.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN CIVILIZATION
Economy and its role in the life of modern society
The dependence of the standard of living on the state of the economy. The system of economic relations. Production. Property relations. Variety of forms of ownership. Distribution, its dependence on forms of ownership. Sources of income for various groups of the population. Economic reforms in Russia. Problems and contradictions of the transition to a market economy. Standard of living. Living wage. employment and unemployment.
Market relations in the modern economy
The concept of the market. Various options for organizing economic life. The role of the market in economic life. The law of value. The law of supply and demand. Markets for goods, labor and capital. Competition and monopoly. Contradictions of the market economy. Market mechanism and state regulation. Modern market. Budget-tax and monetary regulation of the economy. Russia in the system of international economic relations. Entrepreneurship: essence, functions, types. Money, their functions. Banks, inflation.
Scientific and technological progress and material production
The essence of the scientific and technological revolution (NTR). New stage of NTR. Changing the position of a person in the production process. The impact of scientific and technological revolution on various fields of activity. Ecological threat. A new quality of economic growth. Social consequences of scientific and technological revolution.
Man in the system of economic relations
Man in the system of property relations. Changes in the conditions and content of labor. Man's attitude to work. Distribution according to work. Opportunities to increase personal income. needs and consumption.
Economic reform in our country
The need for economic reform. Significance of the transition to a market economy. Conditions for transition to the market. Discussion about the consequences of the transition to the market. The need to create a system of social protection. Exacerbation of the crisis situation in the economy. Ways to stabilize the economy.
Right
Law in the system of social norms. Law system: main branches, institutions, relations. Administrative law. Civil law. Criminal law. Labor law. Signs and types of offenses.
CIVILIZATION AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
The social structure of society
The social structure of society as a set of interrelated and interacting social groups and social institutions. Varieties of social groups. Inequality and social stratification. Causes of social and structural changes. The role of social movements in the life of society. Family in modern society. Social relations and interactions. Social politics. Youth as a social group. Problems of youth in the conditions of social changes.
Nations and national relations
Nation and its signs. The development of nations and national relations in the modern world. Interethnic integration, its objective reasons. Ethnic crises, their main causes and ways of overcoming. Ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual is a condition for the freedom of the whole people. Action of two tendencies in the development of nations and national relations in the Russian Federation. Crisis in the development of national relations and ways out of it.
Social status and the role of the individual
The social status of an individual and a social group. Evaluation of the social significance of certain social positions occupied by people: authority, prestige. social mobility. The social role of man. Social guarantees. Deviant behavior.
Trends in the development of social relations in our country
Development and current state of the social structure of society. Changes in the social structure that are taking place at the present time. Problems of the social sphere and prospects for the development of social relations.
MODERN CIVILIZATION AND POLITICAL LIFE
The role of the political system in the life of society
Power, its origin and types. State: its features, forms, functions. political relations. The structure of the political system. The relationship of organizations, political norms and political culture. Types of political regimes. Society management. Subjects and objects of policy. The principle of separation of powers and forms of its implementation. Civil society.
Constitutional state
The rule of law is a fundamental principle of the rule of law. Equality of citizens. Protection of human rights. Mutual responsibility of the state and the individual.
Political pluralism
Political monopoly and pluralism. Principles of political partnership. Forms of resolution of political conflicts in a legal state. Multi-party system. Democracy in the modern world: its forms and implementation mechanism.
The political status of the individual
Variety of political roles of the individual. The role of the voter. Criteria for evaluating the pre-election program of candidates for deputies. Political leaders and imitators. political culture.
Reform of the political system in our country
The need for reform of the political system. Renewal of the electoral system. Development of political pluralism. Contradictions in the process of democratization of the political system. The political system of the Russian Federation. The constitutional system of the Russian Federation. The federal structure of Russia. The political system of Mordovia. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Republic of Moldova.
SPIRITUAL VALUES OF MODERN CIVILIZATION
spiritual culture
The concept of culture. Culture material and spiritual, their relationship. Continuity and innovation in the development of culture. Diversity of cultures. Mass and elite culture. screen culture. Interaction of cultures. Mass media. Trends in the spiritual life of modern Russia.
Science and education
The concept of science. The difference between scientific knowledge and ordinary knowledge. Functions of modern science. Freedom of creativity and moral freedom of a scientist. The concept of education. State regulation of the education system. Variety of types of educational institutions. General trends in the development of education. The system of sciences that study man.
Morality and art
The concept of religion. Cult, religious worldview. Church. The difference between the ordinary ideas of believers and theology. The unifying and separating role of religion in the modern world. world religions. Tolerance as one of the universal values.
Spiritual life of modern man
Man is the creator and bearer of culture. General human culture and personality. Worldview guidelines in the choice of spiritual values. The role of literature, art in the moral and aesthetic development of the individual. Criteria of human spirituality. Lack of spirituality: causes and consequences, ways to overcome.
Problems of development of spiritual culture in our country
The development of spiritual culture in the conditions of society renewal. The return of cultural heritage to the spiritual life of the Fatherland. Contradictions between the spiritual potential of our society and the possibilities of people joining it. Liberation of literature, art, humanities from ideological and political dictates. Priority of universal human spiritual values. The revival of culture is a necessary condition for the renewal of society. Features of Russian civilization.
THE ROAD TO A NEW CIVILIZATION
Social forecasts for future development
Social forecasts and their role in social and political development. Scientific and technological revolution and alternatives of the future. Global problems and ways to solve them. The priority of universal human values.
Information society
The concept of information. Information society. Prospects for the development of society in various areas, its contradictions. The role of the media in the life of society.
ON THE SUBJECT "RUSSIAN LANGUAGE"
The task in the Russian language involves a multidimensional language analysis of a small text. At the same time, spelling and punctuation skills and abilities, knowledge of the norms of the Russian literary language, knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary and phraseology, word formation, morphology, syntax and style of the Russian literary language, as well as the history of the language and its territorial and professional varieties are checked.
Phonetics
Phonetic system of the Russian language. Speech sounds and letters. Vowels and consonants. Voiceless and voiced, hard and soft consonants. Designation of softness of consonants in writing. Syllabus, accent. Unstressed vowels, their spelling.
Vocabulary
The concept of vocabulary. Meaning of the word. single and multiple words. Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms. Vocabulary wealth of the Russian language. Common words. Professional vocabulary. dialect words. Borrowed words. Outdated words. Neologisms. The concept of stable phrases.
word formation
stem and ending. Ending, suffix, root, prefix as meaningful parts of a word. The alternation of consonants and vowels in the root. Spelling of words with alternating vowels o - and in the roots of mountains- - gar-, kos- - cas-. Spelling of words with alternating o - and in the roots of lie- - lag-, ros- - rast-. The letters e and o after hissing at the root. The letters s and and after c. Letters z and s at the end of prefixes. Spelling prefixes pre- and pre-. Various ways of word formation in Russian. Compound words and their spelling. Compound words and their spelling.
Morphology and spelling
Noun. The meaning of the noun and its grammatical features. Animate and inanimate nouns, proper and common nouns. Genus. Number. Case. Declension types. Spelling of case endings of nouns. Spelling of the most important suffixes. Adjective. The meaning of the adjective and its grammatical features. Adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive. Full and short forms. Declension of adjectives. Degrees of comparison of adjectives. Transition of adjectives into nouns. Spelling of case endings of adjectives. Spelling of the most important adjective suffixes. Numeral. The meaning of the name of the numeral. Numerals quantitative and ordinal. Features of declination of numerals. Spelling of numbers. Pronoun. The meaning of pronouns. Classes of pronouns. Declension of pronouns and their spelling. Verb. The meaning of the verb and its grammatical features. Infinitive. Transitive and intransitive verbs. Types of verbs. First and second conjugations. Moods (indicative, conditional, imperative). Verb tenses. Person and number (in present and future tense), gender and number (in past tense). Participles and participles. Spelling of verb forms. Adverb. The meaning of adverbs. Spelling of adverbs. Pretext. The concept of a preposition, its use in speech. Various parts of speech as prepositions. Spelling of suggestions. Union. The concept of the union, its use in speech. Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Spelling unions. Particles. The concept of particles and their use in speech. Particle spelling. Interjection. The meaning of interjections and punctuation marks with them.
Syntax
Simple sentence. Connection of words in a sentence: coordination, control, adjunction. Types of simple sentences according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, incentive. exclamatory sentences. Members of the sentence (subject, simple and compound predicate, addition, definition, circumstance) and ways of expressing them. Types of proposals by composition: personal, impersonal, indefinitely personal, nominal, complete and incomplete. Homogeneous members of the proposal. A generalizing word with homogeneous members of a sentence. Punctuation marks between homogeneous members and with generalizing words. Separate secondary members of the sentence (definitions, applications, circumstances) and punctuation marks with them. Appeals, introductory words and introductory sentences, punctuation marks with them. Difficult sentence. Types of complex sentences. Compound sentences with conjunctions and punctuation marks with them. Complex sentences with conjunctions and allied words. General concept of the main types of subordinate clauses. Punctuation marks in complex sentences. Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses (subordinate and sequentially subordinate). Associative compound sentences and punctuation marks in them. Complex sentences with composition and submission. Direct and indirect speech. Punctuation marks in direct and indirect speech.
PROGRAM OF ENTRY TESTING
ON THE SUBJECT "PHYSICS"
When conducting an exam in physics, the main attention should be paid to the student's understanding of the essence of physical phenomena and laws, the ability to interpret the meaning of physical quantities and concepts, and also to solve physical problems in sections of the program. The examinee must be able to use the International System of Units (SI) in calculations, and in some cases know the units of basic physical quantities. The examinee must be aware of issues related to the history of the most important discoveries in physics and the role of domestic and foreign scientists in its development.
MECHANICS
Kinematics
mechanical movement. Relativity of motion. Reference system. Material point. Trajectory. Path and movement. Speed. Acceleration. Uniform and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Free fall of bodies. Acceleration of gravity. The equation of rectilinear uniformly accelerated motion. Curvilinear movement of a point on the example of movement along a circle with a constant modulo speed. centripetal acceleration.
Fundamentals of Dynamics
Inertia. Newton's first law. Inertial reference systems. Phone interaction. Weight. Pulse. Strength. Newton's second law. The principle of superposition of forces. Galileo's principle of relativity. Forces in nature. Gravity force. The law of universal gravitation. Body weight. Weightlessness. First cosmic speed. Elastic force. Hooke's law. Friction force. Friction coefficient. The law of sliding friction. Newton's third law. Moment of power. Condition of balance of bodies.
Conservation laws in mechanics
Law of conservation of momentum. Rockets. Mechanical work. Power. Kinetic energy. Potential energy. The law of conservation of energy in mechanics. simple mechanisms. Efficiency.
Mechanics of liquids and gases
Pressure. Atmosphere pressure. Change in atmospheric pressure with altitude. Pascal's law for liquids and gases. Barometers and manometers. Communicating vessels. The principle of the hydraulic press. Archimedean force for liquids and gases. Conditions for floating bodies on the surface of a liquid. The movement of fluid through pipes. Dependence of fluid pressure on its flow velocity.
MOLECULAR PHYSICS.
THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of molecular kinetic theory
Experimental substantiation of the main provisions of the molecular-kinetic theory. Brownian motion. Diffusion. Mass and size of molecules. Measuring the speed of molecules. Stern experience. The amount of substance. Moth. Avogadro constant. Interaction of molecules. Models of gas, liquid and solid body.
Fundamentals of thermodynamics
Thermal balance. Temperature and its measurement. Absolute temperature scale. Internal energy. Quantity of heat. The heat capacity of a substance. Work in thermodynamics. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal, isochoric and isobaric processes. adiabatic process. Irreversibility of thermal processes. The second law of thermodynamics and its statistical interpretation. Energy conversion in heat engines. heat engine efficiency.
Ideal gas
Relationship between pressure and average kinetic energy of ideal gas molecules. Relationship between temperature and average kinetic energy of gas particles. Clapeyron-Mendeleev equation. Universal gas constant.
Liquids and solids
Evaporation and condensation. Saturated and unsaturated pairs. Air humidity. Boiling liquid. Crystalline and amorphous bodies. Energy conversion during changes in the state of aggregation of matter.
BASICS OF ELECTRODYNAMICS
Electrostatics
Electrification of tel. Electric charge. Interaction of charges. elementary electric charge. The law of conservation of electric charge. Coulomb's law. Electric field. Electric field strength. Electric field of a point charge. Potentiality of the electrostatic field. Potential difference. The principle of superposition of fields. conductors in an electric field. electrical capacitance. Capacitor. Capacitance of a flat capacitor. Dielectrics in an electric field. The dielectric constant. The energy of the electric field of a flat capacitor.
DC electric current
Electricity. Current strength. Voltage. Carriers of free electric charges in metals, liquids and gases. conductor resistance. Ohm's law for a circuit section. Series and parallel connection of conductors. Electromotive force. Ohm's law for a complete circuit. Work and current power. Joule-Lenz law. Semiconductors. Intrinsic and impurity conductivity of semiconductors, p–n junction.
A magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction
Interaction of magnets. Interaction of conductors with current. A magnetic field. The action of a magnetic field on electric charges. Magnetic field induction. Ampere power. Lorentz force. magnetic flux. Electric motor. Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Lenz's rule. Vortex electric field. Self-induction. Inductance. The energy of the magnetic field.
20th century marked by turbulent events that are reflected in the development of social theory. On the one hand, private social sciences have made significant progress - economic theory, jurisprudence, political science, sociology, psychology, etc. On the other hand, at the philosophical level, the rethinking of the principles of the 19th century, which firmly believed in progress and in the omnipotence of science, continued.
The shortcomings of the civilization created by science and technology, the inability of science to solve many purely human problems led to the emergence in social philosophy of theories containing a strong anti-scientific element.
First, the universality of scientific methods and their research efficiency were questioned. Philosophy such as hermeneutics, existentialism, directly pointed to the limitations of natural scientific methods of cognition, their inability to explore the human world. Such beliefs were based on a statement of the originality of the field of history and culture,
where human consciousness and free will operate. The presence in the field of social phenomena of laws correlated with the laws of nature was denied. Similar attitudes were also implemented in private social sciences. For example, in history gained popularity Annals School, whose theorists developed the principles of the neo-Kantian theory of knowledge.
But the largest sociologist of the XX century. Max Weber(1864-1920), although he was close to the same neo-Kantian tradition, he strove to preserve the rigor and scientific nature of sociology in all the problems he dealt with: the theory of social action, the theory of politics, religion, the genesis of the capitalist "entrepreneurial spirit".
Secondly, the ambiguity of the consequences of technological progress, the “repressiveness” of the civilization created by science and technology in relation to man was emphasized. Such motifs are heard in neo-Freudianism and existentialism. A very common philosophy in the West today postmodernism is based on criticism of the limited scientific view of the world, the desire to "equalize" various forms of spiritual culture, including religion, myth, etc. Modern environmental problems give rise to additional accusations against science and technology that worsen the human environment. The destructive influence exerted by technism on human spirituality is also emphasized.
A significant amount of social research is connected with the analysis of modern political and economic processes, the search for the best forms of social organization in modern conditions. Moreover, discussions on these problems often take place not only at the private scientific, but also at the philosophical level.
The critique of capitalist society, begun in the 19th century, has found many both theoretical and "practical" followers. Attempts to radically change the bourgeois system led to the emergence of bloody totalitarian regimes - fascism and communism. Their collapse made us rethink the values of freedom, democracy, and private property.
A number of works are devoted to the analysis of possible types of social organization, the opposition of totalitarianism and democracy in the modern world, the responsibility of a person for the choice of the society in which he will live. Karl Popper(1902-1994). He contrasts two types of societies with each other: "open" and "closed". In today's world, a "closed" social model is implemented in totalitarian societies (communist and fascist) and an "open" one - in Western democracies. Being an unconditional supporter of an "open" society, but not idealizing it, Popper believes that the creation, preservation and strengthening of an "open" society is ensured not by historical necessity, but by the actions of people who are aware of their responsibility.
An analysis of individual institutions and values of a capitalist society was carried out in the works of famous economists John Galbraith, John M. Keynes, Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman (neoconservatism).
Hayek and Friedman not only consider market economy that exists in modern capitalist societies is much more efficient planned economy of the socialist type, but also advocate the minimum participation of the state in economic life, the maximum freedom of the market, private enterprise.
Galbraith and Keynes, on the contrary, insist on greater state control over the market, more active regulation of the market; relations.
In recent years, the so-called global problems. This set of problems affects humanity as a whole, every society that exists on earth. These include environmental problems, problems of war and peace, health care, food, distribution of resources, etc. The social sciences are called upon to look for ways to solve these problems. Today the world is whole. Different peoples live in it, but they are forced to live together and interact with each other. The search for mutually acceptable models of coexistence, reconciliation of different social systems and cultures is also part of the tasks of social science.
A special set of questions is associated with problems modernization, the transformation of backward societies into modern ones, "pulling up" and up to the level of world leaders.
The problems of the future of mankind, the change in the face of the world community under the influence of new information technologies are studied in various versions of theories. post-industrial society(D. Bell, O. Toffler,
3. Brzezinski, A. Touraine).
So, social science of the XX century. seeks to find solutions to the diverse complex of problems that life puts before him. Today, social knowledge is the most important condition for the successful development of mankind.
Test questions:
1. As in the XX century. related to the idea of progress and evaluated the role of science in society?
2. Who owned the theory of opposition between "open" and "closed" societies and what is its meaning?
3. What is the difference between the views of Hayek and Friedman, on the one hand, and the views of Galbraith and Keynes, on the other?
4. What are global problems?
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