Administrative units incl. Basic terms, concepts

1. The process of unification of the Belarusian-Lithuanian lands (X11-X111 centuries)

2. Concepts of formation ON. Administrative-territorial division of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the formation of its territory. The social structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 11th-11th centuries

Unification processes, civil strife, external aggression, Catholic orders, Livonia, the Order of the Crusaders, the "Golden Horde", Lithuania and Russia, administrative-territorial division, voivodeship, county, volost, fiscal center, gentry, clergy, philistines, siege peasants, peasants- boyars, horugov pans, etc.

The further development of productive forces at the end of the 12th century, the strengthening of feudal production relations caused a deepening of the social division of labor. This objectively led to the accelerated development of cities and trade, which ultimately predetermined the process of eliminating the isolation of the principality states and their unification.

Along with internal economic reasons, the unification of the states-principalities was accelerated by the unfavorable external situation that developed in Eastern Europe in connection with the beginning in the first half of the 13th century. aggression from the northwest of the Catholic orders of the Crusaders and the Sword, and from the southeast - the Tatars. Due to these reasons and the fact that the neighboring Belarusian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian principalities have been in constant trade and political relations since ancient times (the common trade routes, cultures, religions, repeated joint military operations), the unification of the states-lands was supported by all sectors of society, in including the peasantry, which suffered the most from feudal internecine wars and external aggression.

The process of formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as sovereign state started at the end of the 20th century. from the unification of some Belarusian and Lithuanian principalities, and continued in the 13th-14th centuries, when Ukrainian and some Russian principalities became part of it. The capital of the new Slavic state in the XII-XIII centuries. was Novogrudok, and from the XIV century. - Wilno. The territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was 900 thousand square meters. km. Its borders in the north were in contact with Livonia, the Pskov and Novgorod lands, in the east - with the Moscow and Ryazan principalities, in the southeast - with the Golden Horde, in the south - with the Crimean Khanate, in the southwest - with the Moldavian state, in the west - with Poland, in the northwest - with the Order of the Crusaders.

The state structure and administrative-territorial division did not develop immediately, but as the state itself was formed.

In the XII-XIII centuries. the territory was divided into two parts: the central (main), the lands bordering (listening). The central part (the political core of the state) was Oshmyanskaya, Braslavskaya, Beresteyskaya, Vilenskaya, Vilkamirska, Volkovyskaya, Gorodenskaya, Kletsskaya, Kobrinskaya, Kopylskaya, Lida, Menskaya, Mstislavskaya, Nesvizhskaya, Novogradskaya, Pinskaya, Rechitskaya, Slonimskaya, Slutskaya, Trokskaya, Turovskaya and Upīte lands, known in history under the general term "Lithuania".

The listening lands included Vitebsk, Volyn, Zhmud, Kyiv, Podlyashye, Podolia, Polotsk, Smolensk, Chernihiv-Seversk and others.

In the central part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the main mass of state grand ducal land holdings, as well as the possessions of large feudal lords, was located. This part of the state had a high population density, from which the bulk of state taxes were levied and from which a large part of the army was formed. In this part of the state there were also the highest organs of state power.

The lands that formed the Grand Duchy of Lithuania retained their former borders. The complication of the administrative-territorial division occurred during the accession to the throne of Algirdas (1345-1377), when the central part, due to external reasons, was divided into two military units. administrative districts- Vilna and Troksky Preservation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the former state structure lands, their analysis legal status and relations between the prince of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the local princes allow us to assert that during this period the lands-principalities enjoyed wide autonomy.

Since the 15th century, the main administrative-territorial units into which the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was divided were voivodeships and povets. In 1413, the first voivodeships were formed - Vilna and Trokskoe. In 1503, Vitebsk, Polotsk appeared, in 1507 - Novogrudok. The reform of 1565 brought the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to uniformity. On the Belarusian lands, the Beresteisky voivodeship was formed with division into povets: Beresteysky, Pinsk, Vitebsk - with the povets of Vitebsk and Orsha, Minsk voivodeship with the povets of Rechitsa, Mozyr, Mstistal and Polotsk voivodeships without division into povets. Novogorodskoye Voivodeship was divided into Novogorodskoye, Volkovysk, Slonim. The Vileika Voivodeship included the Oshmyansky and Braslavsky povets, the Troksky voivodship - the Gorodensky and Lida povets, and the Braginsky povet - into the Kiev voivodship. This administrative-territorial division existed without any changes until the end of the 18th century.

The local government of the Belarusian territories was distinguished by its own characteristics:

In these territories, it was envisaged to limit the judicial power of grand-ducal deputies and governors.

Functioning of local councils.

The right of the Polotsk and Vitebsk boyars to occupy all positions of local government. Perhaps that is why the vast majority of clans of Belarusian origin come from the Podvinya, whose representatives held leadership positions in both local and central governments of the GDL.

Thus, the ON, which included Belarusians, Lithuanian principalities began to take shape in the 12th century. During the 13th-14th centuries, Ukrainian and Russian lands were annexed to it.

Thus, for more than a hundred years, a great state was created in Central and of Eastern Europe, which is a kind of federation of the lands of the so-called "Lithuania" and "Rus".

| Under the influence of the development of feudal relations, the social structure of society has become more complex: in addition to the design of the main classes - the feudal lords and the feudal-dependent population - a new social community has developed - the feudal estate - the gentry, the clergy, the townspeople; new social groups of the population arose (peasants under siege, peasant boyars, philistines of cities with Magdeburg rights, horugov pans, etc.).

The Grand Duke did not belong to any of the feudal estates, but his legal status was the highest: he had all the fullness of property and personal rights, and also had a large amount of political rights.

A feature of the social system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the presence of different status of Orthodox and Catholic feudal lords, Orthodox and Catholic clergy, which created additional social tension in society.

The issue of consolidating the emerging estate of the gentry was resolved by the Privilei of 1432. He equalized the rights of the Orthodox feudal lords with the Catholic feudal lords, thereby laying the foundation for the legal registration of the estate of the gentry, uniting all the feudal lords in this estate, regardless of religion. It was in the XV century. the privileges of the class of feudal lords are finally fixed in written law and the legal status of the gentry is formalized. The privileges of Casimir in 1447 significantly expanded the rights and privileges of the gentry.

As for the clergy, its legal registration as an estate began with the adoption of the Privileum of February 22, 1387, when the estates and the feudally dependent population living in them are exempted from taxes and duties in favor of the state. Moreover, various categories of the population living on lands belonging to the Catholic clergy are removed from the jurisdiction of state judicial bodies and transferred to the jurisdiction of church courts.

Peasants, as before, made up the bulk of the feudal-dependent population, but their legal status deteriorated significantly. There was a legal registration of their serfdom, exploitation intensified, the number of privately owned peasants increased. The peasants, depending on the duties, were divided into taxable, siege, tributaries, servants, gardeners; depending on belonging - state, church and landlord; according to the degree of feudal dependence - dissimilar and similar.

A special role in the enslavement of the peasants was played by the all-zemstvo Privilei of Casimir in 1447. According to art. 12 the feudal lord received the right to judge his peasants, i.e. privately owned peasants were excluded from the jurisdiction of state bodies and given to the full power of the feudal lord. Article 11 established a ban on the transition of privately owned peasants to the category of state and vice versa.

The idea of the complete lack of rights of slaves (serfs, involuntary servants) continued to dominate in law, which did not recognize the involuntary servant as a subject of law.

Significant changes also took place in the legal status of the urban population, which took shape in the privileged class. This was facilitated not only further development feudal relations, but also the spread of the Magdeburg law on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by issuing charters by the grand dukes, which secured various privileges for the persons of a particular city, clearly defining their duties and relationships with state bodies.

The philistines living in cities that did not have Magdeburg right privileges, although they belonged to the privileged class, were in a worse position, because, like feudal-dependent peasants, they were under the rule of either the state or a private feudal lord (prince, pan, boyar, monastery , churches). But the townspeople, regardless of their legal status, were at the same time a tax-paying feudal-dependent population.

Merchants and artisans belonged to the wealthy burghers, and the position of most of the burghers was almost the same as that of the feudal-dependent peasant. In the worst situation, which resembled the situation of an involuntary servant, were the lads and hirelings.

Due to the development and strengthening of feudal relations in society, the process of not only establishing different legal capacities for ordinary people and feudal lords, but also the formation of a new social community - estates. A significant role in the formation of the secular estate of the gentry was played by common zemstvo charters (privileges), which were issued by the grand dukes in 1387, 1413, 1432, 1434, 1447.

Test questions:

1. Name the main prerequisites for the unification processes that contribute to the formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

2. Name the main military directions that have threatened the Eastern Slavic lands since the end of the 12th century

3. List the main administrative-territorial units into which the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was divided

4. Give characteristics of the legal and property status of certain categories of the population in the 14th-16th centuries.

In the XII-XIII centuries. the territory was divided into two parts: the central (main), the lands bordering (listening). The central part (the political core of the state) was Oshmyanskaya, Braslavskaya, Beresteyskaya, Vilenskaya, Vilkamirska, Volkovyskaya, Gorodenskaya, Kletsskaya, Kobrinskaya, Kopylskaya, Lida, Menskaya, Mstislavskaya, Nesvizhskaya, Novogradskaya, Pinskaya, Rechitskaya, Slonimskaya, Slutskaya, Trokskaya, Turovskaya and Upite lands, known in history under the general term "Lithuania".

The listening lands included Vitebsk, Volyn, Zhmud, Kyiv, Podlyashye, Podolia, Polotsk, Smolensk, Chernihiv-Seversk and others.

In the central part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, there was the main array of state grand ducal land holdings, as well as possessions big feudal lords. This part of the state had a high population density, from which the main part of state taxes was levied and from which most of army. In this part of the state there were also the highest organs of state power.

Administrative-territorial division of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (XIV - mid-XVI centuries)

Since the 15th century, the main administrative-territorial units into which the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was divided were voivodeships and povets. In 1413, the first voivodeships were formed - Vilna and Trokskoe. In 1503, Vitebsk, Polotsk appeared, in 1507 - Novogrudok. The reform of 1565 brought the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to uniformity. administrative reform, which eventually led to the final formalization of the centralized state. The entire territory of the state was divided into 13 provinces, which in turn were divided into districts. The voivodships were different both in terms of territory and population, having an unequal number of povets (from one to five). On the Belarusian lands, the Beresteisky voivodeship was formed with division into povets: Beresteysky, Pinsk, Vitebsk - with the povets of Vitebsk and Orsha, Minsk voivodeship with the povets of Rechitsa, Mozyr, Mstistal and Polotsk voivodeships without division into povets. Novogorodskoye Voivodeship was divided into Novogorodskoye, Volkovysk, Slonim. The Vileika Voivodeship included the Oshmyansky and Braslavsky povets, the Troksky voivodship - the Gorodensky and Lida povets, and the Braginsky povet - into the Kiev voivodeship. This administrative-territorial division existed without any changes until the end of the 18th century.

State- legal status heads of annexed principalities and specific principalities as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (second half of the 13th - 14th centuries)

Anex - as an extension, addition. At the beginning of the reign of Vitovt, in the 1390s. significant steps were taken towards the centralization of power in the hands of the Grand Duke. A number of specific principalities were transformed into governorships. True, this process was not irreversible. From time to time new destinies were created, but on the whole, state administration was built more and more confidently on new foundations. In place of a number of abolished appanages (including in Polotsk, Vitebsk, Volhynia, in the newly acquired Smolensk), the governorships received the rights of a certain autonomy, enshrined in the so-called "zemstvo privileges". Later, Samogitia received the same status, returned to the GDL after the victory over the Teutonic Order. Such semi-independent units were traditionally called "lands" in contrast to the rest of the territory, in 1413 divided into two voivodships: Vilna and Trokskoe. The specific princes ruled their principalities independently and autocratically, except for the principalities of Polotsk and Smolensk, in which veche and princely councils existed from time immemorial, helping the prince in his state affairs. All specific princes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania recognized the power of the Grand Duke over themselves. In case of war Grand Duke became the head of the army and was the commander-in-chief of all military forces. Under his command were the specific princes with their troops. Gedymin's royal title was: "Grand Duke of Lithuania and Russia" - "Rex Litvinorum ruthenorumque". His successors were called: "Grand Duke of Lithuania and Russia" or "Grand Duke of Lithuania, Russia, Samogitia and Kyiv." Alexander was titled: by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania, Russia, Zhomoytsky and others.

Transformation of the social structure of the GDL society during the second half of the 13th - the first half of the 16th centuries.

Social structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania- the structure of social relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was fixed by legal acts as it developed.

Until the 15th century, serfdom did not exist in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Zemsky privilege of 1457, Grand Duke Casimir IV, forbade the transfer of peasants from private lands to state lands. At the same time, the patrimonial court of the landowner began to gradually develop, by the end of the XV - early XVI centuries, it has become a property of land ownership.

In most povets, which were ruled by governors-derzhavtsy, it was conducted state farm, that is, lands and various lands were exploited by the Grand Duke. This order was especially developed in its own Lithuania, where the Grand Duke lived. In other areas, the gospodar economy was less widespread due to the difficulty of supervision and control over it. This economy was managed by governors-derzhavtsy. The labor force in the gospodar estates was formed involuntary servants(boys and wives) and hard people, called in Polotsk fitted. According to M. K. Lyubavsky, a sign of tax service was corvée labor, and not the payment of a special tax in excess of service (dyakla), as S. A. Bershadsky thought. In the midst of work, non-taxable ranks of peasants, as well as philistines, were called to help.

All landowners obligated to serve carried it personally with a certain number of servants in accordance with the size of the estates. From the lands that were in the common possession of clans, families or syabrs, military service was served jointly. It was obligatory from all kinds of estates: fathers, grandfathers, great-grandfathers, bought, granted different conditions great prince. Fatherland the name of the estate, passed by inheritance from father to son; if the inheritance came from a grandfather or great-grandfather, then it was called grandfather, great-grandfather. At first, the great princes considered the boyar homelands to be their own and often took them away, granting them to princes and lords; the boyars, therefore, had to leave their lands or serve the new lords.

The duty of the boyars to carry from the ground military service limited their right to own land: they could not alienate it without the permission of the ruler or his officers; the wife's right to inherit was limited, a special procedure for the inheritance of sons and daughters was established; when buying estates, relatives were given an advantage over strangers, etc.

Genesis nobility incl.

In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the feudal system dominated. The main occupation of the population was agriculture. At the same time, the land was owned by large and medium landowners (feudal lords). For the right to use it, the peasants were obliged to the feudal lord for labor or dues.

gentry - privileged class of landowners (feudal lords). It finally consolidated only in the 16th century.

The formation of a single gentry estate is associated with the publication by the grand dukes of a number of zemstvo privileges (16 privileges before the Union of Lublin). As a result, by the XVI century. there was a complex of rights and privileges of the gentry class (" gentry liberties"):

Inviolability of person and property;
- exemption from state taxes;
- equality of the nobility before the law;
- the right to elect the Grand Duke;
- participation in public administration;
- the right to protest against the actions of the administration.

The largest landowners from the gentry in the XVI - XVIII centuries. were called magnates. According to the military inventory of 1567, there were 29 magnates in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, who owned more than 1000 peasant smoke each. As a rule, they also occupied the highest government positions. The richest magnate families: Kezgaily, Radziwill, Olelkovichi, Kishki, Golshansky and others.

The Republic of Lithuania (Lietuva) is a state in Eastern Europe. Lithuania is located on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea and borders Latvia in the north, Belarus in the east and southeast, Poland in the south, and Poland in the southwest. Kaliningrad region Russia. The western border of the state runs along Baltic Sea. The length of the sea coastline is 99 km. Lithuania consists of four historical regions Samogitia (in the west), Aukstaitija (in the east), Dzukija (in the southeast), Suvalkia (in the southwest). It is a developed agro-industrial country. It is believed that Lithuanians speak the oldest language in the Indo-European family.

During the period of its greatest power, Lithuania included the territory of present-day Belarus, most of modern Ukraine, part of the Western Russian lands and stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea. In the conditions of the struggle against the crusaders, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania entered into an alliance with the Kingdom of Poland, concluding the Union of Krevo (1385). In 1569 Lithuania and Poland were in the united state of the Commonwealth. At the end of the 18th century, this state was divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia, while most of the territory of Lithuania became part of Russian Empire. After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, Lithuania gained independence, which was secured by an agreement between the RSFSR and the Republic of Lithuania on July 12, 1920. In 1940, Lithuania again became part of the USSR, then in 1990 the republic withdrew from the Soviet Union.

History of the Lithuanian SSR. Vilnius, 1978
Lithuania. Brief Encyclopedia. Vilnius, 1989

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PaboutHistory of the state and law of Belarus

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« Administrative-territorial reform in the middleXVIcentury"

Introduction

The administrative-territorial division of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia, Zhemoytsky was from the XIII to the beginning of the XV centuries. the system of specific principalities, where the dynasties of Rurikovich and Gediminovich reigned, who were in vassal dependence on the monarch (ruler), who was the bearer of legislative, executive, judicial, military power.

At the beginning of the 15th century, new administrative-territorial units, voivodeships, were introduced in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Subsequently, the volosts that were part of them were merged into larger administrative-territorial formations - povets.

In 1413, the Vilna and Trok voivodeships were formed. Territories that were not included in these voivodships retained the status of autonomous lands.

In 1419, a headman was appointed over Samogitia, although officially the Zhmud land had the status of a principality

In 1471, the Kiev province was formed, which included, in particular, the Mozyr district, as well as part of the land in the extreme southeast of modern Belarus.

From 1503, the governors of the Vitebsk land began to be called governors, and after 1511 the status of the Vitebsk province was finally assigned to it.

Around 1504, the Polotsk province was formed on the basis of the Polotsk land.

In 1507, the Novogorodsk (Novogrudok) voivodeship was separated from the Vilna Voivodeship.

In 1513, the Podlyashsko-Beresteysky Voivodeship (since 1520 Podlyashskoe) was created from several povets of the Troksky Voivodeship.

ON is a multi-ethnic feudal state, as the name of the state indicates. First, the Principality of Lithuania, then (until the middle of the 15th century) - ON and Russian, after the annexation of Zhamoitia - ON, Russian, Zhamoit and other lands.

Initially, in terms of the form of government, the GDL was a collection of individual principalities and appanages - a kind of federation. At the head of the state was the ruler - the Grand Duke. He had military, administrative, legislative and judicial power. At the beginning of the 15th century, under Grand Duke Vytautas, the power of the Lithuanian lord was powerful, authoritative and formally unlimited, but during the 15th century the power of the lord was gradually weakened and limited from different sides, first of all, starting with the city privilege of 1413, the power of the great the prince is recognized as elective, and not hereditary, and thus only a person pleasing to the landowning aristocracy could take the throne of the grand duke.

1. Prerequisites for the administrative-territorial reform of the 16th century.

Unification processes, civil strife, external aggression, Catholic orders, Livonia, the Order of the Crusaders, the "Golden Horde", Lithuania and Russia, administrative-territorial division, voivodeship, county, volost, fiscal center, gentry, clergy, bourgeois, siege peasants, peasants- boyars, horugov pans, etc.

The process of establishing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a sovereign state began at the end of the 12th century. from the unification of some Belarusian and Lithuanian principalities, and continued in the 13th-14th centuries, when Ukrainian and some Russian principalities became part of it. The capital of the new Slavic state in the XII-XIII centuries. was Novogrudok, and from the XIV century. - Wilno. The territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was 900 thousand square meters. km. Its borders in the north were in contact with Livonia, the Pskov and Novgorod lands, in the east - with the Moscow and Ryazan principalities, in the southeast - with the Golden Horde, in the south - with the Crimean Khanate, in the southwest - with the Moldavian state, in the west - with Poland, in the northwest - with the Order of the Crusaders.

The state structure and administrative-territorial division did not develop immediately, but as the state itself was formed.

Since the 15th century, the main administrative-territorial units into which the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was divided were voivodeships and povets. In 1413, the first voivodeships were formed - Vilna and Trokskoe. In 1503, Vitebsk, Polotsk appeared, in 1507 - Novogrudok. The reform of 1565 brought the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to uniformity. On the Belarusian lands, the Beresteisky voivodeship was formed with division into povets: Beresteysky, Pinsk, Vitebsk - with the povets of Vitebsk and Orsha, Minsk voivodeship with the povets of Rechitsa, Mozyr, Mstistal and Polotsk voivodeships without division into povets. Novogorodskoye Voivodeship was divided into Novogorodskoye, Volkovysk, Slonim. The Vileika Voivodeship included the Oshmyansky and Braslavsky povets, the Troksky voivodship - the Gorodensky and Lida povets, and the Braginsky povet - into the Kiev voivodeship. Such administrative-territorial division existed without any changes until the end of the 18th century.

The local government of the Belarusian territories was distinguished by its own characteristics:

In these territories, it was envisaged to limit the judicial power of grand-ducal deputies and governors.

Functioning of local councils.

Thus, the ON, which included the Belarusian, Lithuanian principalities, began to take shape in the 12th century. During the 13th-14th centuries, Ukrainian and Russian lands were annexed to it.

Thus, for more than a hundred years, a great state was created in Central and Eastern Europe, which is a kind of federation of the lands of the so-called "Lithuania" and "Rus".

Under the influence of the development of feudal relations, the social structure of society became more complicated: in addition to the formation of the main classes - the feudal lords and the feudal-dependent population - a new social community was formed - the feudal estate - the gentry, the clergy, the bourgeois; new social groups population (peasants under siege, peasant boyars, philistines of cities with Magdeburg law, horugov pans, etc.).

The idea of the complete lack of rights of slaves (serfs, involuntary servants) continued to dominate in law, which did not recognize the involuntary servant as a subject of law.

Significant changes also took place in the legal status of the urban population, which took shape in the privileged class. This was facilitated not only by the further development of feudal relations, but also by the spread of the Magdeburg law on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by issuing charters by the grand dukes, which secured various privileges for the people of a particular city, clearly defining their duties and relationships with state bodies.

Merchants and artisans belonged to the wealthy burghers, and the position of most of the burghers was almost the same as that of the feudally dependent peasant. In the worst situation, which resembled the situation of an involuntary servant, were the lads and hirelings.

Due to the development and strengthening of feudal relations in society, the process of not only establishing different legal capacities for ordinary people and feudal lords, but also the formation of a new social community - the estate, accelerated. A significant role in the formation of the secular class of the gentry was played by common zemstvo charters (privileges), which were issued by the grand dukes in 1387, 1413, 1432, 1434, 1447.

In 1565-1566. in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania administrative reform. The lands on the territory of Belarus were divided into the following voivodeships and counties.

2 . BUTadministrative-territorial divisionfor voivodeships, povets and parishes

reform administrative power principality

In 1565-1566. An administrative-territorial reform was carried out, which divided the GDL into voivodships, povets and volosts:

Beresteysky (Brest) (Beresteysky (Brest) and Pinsk districts);

Vilna (Braslav, Vilna, Lida, Oshmyany counties, as well as the Vilkomir county, whose lands are currently part of the Republic of Lithuania);

Vitebsk (Vitebsk and Orsha districts);

Menskoe (Minsk) (Mensk (Minsk), Rechitsa and since 1569 Mozyr districts);

Mstislavlskoye (no povets);

Novogorodskoe (Novogrudskoe) (Volkovysk, Novogorodsk (Novogrudok), Slonim povets);

Polotsk (no districts);

Troksky (the territory of the Grodno povet, as well as the Kovno, Troksky, Upitsky povets, whose lands are currently part of the Republic of Lithuania).

Kiev, Podlyashskoe and Bratslav provinces since 1569 were part of the Polish kingdom.

Local authorities and administrations on state lands (grand duke) were originally built in accordance with the administrative-territorial division, but until the 16th century special administration Polotsk, Vitebsk and Mstislav lands and many povets and volosts that had special letters, in addition to this, cities had special management - all this gave rise to a huge variety of local bodies and serious differences in powers even among bodies of the same type, but there were also common features.

In general, local governments during the period of feudalism had broad powers in dealing with all local affairs and depended very little on the central authorities. In their activities, they relied on nationwide regulations, local customary law and acts of local administration. The main person in the system of local authorities was the voivode, who headed the administration, economic, military, and judicial bodies on the territory of the voivodship. The governors largely replaced the vassal princes, retaining the main links of the old apparatus. They ruled with the participation of local sejmiks, glad, which included the most influential feudal lords of the province. Appointed by the Grand Duke and the Rada for life (should have been a native of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania). Local feudal lords had the right to demand his removal. In his person, the governor combined the features of the representation of the central government and local self-government. In his activities, he relied on the institution of officials.

Kashtelyan commanded the military forces of this province, could replace the governor in the council. The key keeper collected tribute - chinsh. The equestrian was responsible for the stables of the entire voivodship. The mayor (commandant of the castle) was responsible for the repair of the castle, fortification, and replaced Kashtelyan. The forester was responsible for hunting, providing the nobility with food. Podvoevoda combined the functions of deputy governor in administrative and judicial cases, supervised the work of the office (the functions of a notary - confirmed documents, headed the lower city or castle court).

3. District level of power

The head of the povet - the headman, was appointed by the prince and a council of large feudal lords. The deputy was an old man. The powers of the headman are close to the powers of the governor. The assistant to the headman in military affairs was the district marshal, who commanded the district military militia of the gentry. He was the chairman at the meetings of the povet soym. Ancient positions were preserved: a key keeper, a groom, a forester, a tivun, a kharuzhiy (standard-bearer). The elders enjoyed broad rights and did not depend on the power of the governor. Their powers were based on the traditions of local vassal princes. The legal status of the headman depended on the povet, which he headed, and on who held this position.

Estate-representative bodies in the voivodship and povet were the voivodship and povet councils, which could be attended by the entire gentry of the povet or voivodship. Both local and state affairs were discussed here. On povet soims, deputies to the whole soim were elected, instructions, orders and petitions were developed for them, reports were heard, candidates for judicial positions were elected, and the amount of taxes for the needs of the povets was determined.

The lowest link in the system of local government (at the level of the volost) were the derzhavtsy (previously called tivuns), who led the state and grand ducal estates. In their subordination to control the peasants were the static, tenth, rural voit, sorochniks. The entire apparatus of power and administration accounted for approximately 10% of the country's population.

The bodies of self-government and local government of the cities were regulated by the corporations of the burghers and differed significantly from other local bodies. According to the organization of self-government and the nature of dependence on the highest authorities, the cities were divided into cities that had Magdeburg law and those that did not.

Cities with Magdeburg law were excluded from the administration of voivodes and elders and created city government bodies (magistrates) in combination with some elements of self-government. Private cities were the property of special princes and lords, their management depended on the will of the owner. The magistrate consisted of a council and a lava, it included a voit, burmisters, radtsy and lavniki. At the head of the city administration and the court was a voit, who was appointed from among the feudal lords or townspeople by the government. Justice was carried out jointly with radtsy and lavniki. Could appoint an assistant - late-voit. Assistants in managing the affairs of the city were burmisters, who were approved by a voit from among the Radians. The council included the richest merchants, heads of workshops and wealthy craftsmen. In some cities, the Rada was chosen by the townspeople, in others it was completed by the voit. The Rada determined the main directions for the development of the urban economy, combat readiness cities, fundraising, control.

4 . Reflection in the StatuteGrand Duchy of Lithuania 1588G.

16th century accounts for the second period in the development of law - the statutory period. The presence in the state of such major regulations indicates high development legal thought, culture, education.

Such an administrative-territorial division was enshrined in the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1588 and lasted until the end of the 18th century.

Conclusion

Thus, by the end of the XVI century. ON was a centralized state. System government controlled has also undergone a long evolution. At first, all supreme power in the principality was with the Grand Duke. He led the armed forces, could declare war and make peace, was the chief judge and administrator.

Local government in different parts States were built differently. As a result of the reforms carried out in 1565-1566, the entire territory of the state was divided into 30 districts, which were part of 13 voivodeships. The legal status of the voivodeships and povets within the principality was different.

At the head of each voivodeship was a voivode appointed by the Grand Duke and the Rada. The voivode led the military forces, was the head of the executive bodies of the voivodeship, exercised control over the management of state estates and incomes, and administered justice in the city court. He was also a member of the gentlemen.

The governors carried out their activities together with the councils. Management in the districts was carried out by the elders, who were appointed by the Grand Duke and the Rada. The elders supervised the fulfillment of all duties by the population and supervised the collection of national taxes.

The most important issues in the voivodeships and povets were discussed at the local diets, which were attended only by the gentry, regardless of their property status. They elected representatives to the Sejm, candidates for certain judicial positions, heard deputies' reports on the decisions of the Free Sejm, and decided some local estate matters.

The functions of the bodies of state self-government in the volosts were carried out by the governors - the sovereigns, who were given to hold the master's estates and castles.

In the villages, representatives of the administration were village voits, centurions, fortymen, foremen, among the peasants - tributaries, elders elected by them. These persons were engaged in the distribution of duties, the collection of tribute and its delivery to the treasury.

A distinctive feature of the administration in the cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the provision of some self-government to them.

At the head of the city was a voit appointed by the ruler. Subsequently, this position became elective. The voit's immediate assistants were burmisters, radtsy, lavniki, who were appointed by the voit or elected from local wealthy philistines. Rada and burmisters were in charge of administrative and economic affairs. Voight, together with the lavniki, considered criminal cases.

The highest judicial body in the state was the court of the Grand Duke, in which the ruler and pans were judged - Rada. A variation of the gospodar court was considered the court of the panov-rada, which considered cases without the Grand Duke.

Thus, the socio-political system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania wore everything character traits Western European medieval feudalism: the fragmentation of state power between landowners, the system of private citizenship and the hierarchical ladder of vassals with the sovereign, the Grand Duke, at the top of this ladder.

Listliterature

1. Vishnevsky A.F., Sarokovik I.A. History of the state and law of Belarus / A.F. Vishnevsky, I.A. Sarokovik - Minsk 1998.-320 p.

2. Pashuto V.T. Formation of the State of Lithuania / V.T. Pashuto - M., 1959 - 320 p.

3. Kuznetsov I.N. History of the state and law of Belarus / I.N. Kuznetsov Minsk 1999.-520 p.

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