The fastest submarine 5 "Alpha" - Russia

The snake attacks so swiftly that it manages to bite its prey four times in a fraction of a second. If a person moved with the same acceleration, he would simply lose consciousness.

The Texas rattlesnake, lurking in the sands or grasslands of southern California (USA), is one of the most patient predators in the world.

These snakes tend to spend their lives alone, hiding in ambush while waiting for their next meal.

They can wait a long time. If necessary, they are able to go without food for up to two years, but as soon as they have the chance, they become one of the most dangerous and skilled hunters on the planet.

And, like all snakes, their main weapon is not in size and not in strength, but in speed.

For clarity: it takes a person about 200 milliseconds to blink. It turns out that during this time a particularly ruthless snake is able to bite him as many as four times.

This is an almost unimaginable speed: it turns out that snakes sting much faster than we can move.

In fact, if we were moving with the same acceleration as snakes, we would simply faint.

"Most of the time, potential prey has no chance of surviving," says David Penning of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA.

For several months he observed rattlesnakes, as well as a wide variety of poisonous and harmless snakes, using a high-speed camera.

"These predators are able to reach their target and strike before the prey even realizes they've been attacked."

Not only rattler can move so fast. The total number of snake species on the planet is estimated at 3.5 thousand - from tiny vipers to huge pythons - but very few of them have been studied.

However, even if we take only those species that have already been studied, it is obvious that very many people are capable of developing such an amazing acceleration.

This is due to the unique physiology of snakes, which has been perfected over millions of years.

First, snakes are extremely muscular. While the human body has 700-800 muscles, snakes - even the smallest ones - have 10 to 15 thousand.

How this abundance of muscle allows the snake to move at such dizzying speed is still unknown.

Some believe that they compress and store energy for a throw, and then straighten out like a spring.

However, snakes have an even more interesting feature that baffles scientists.

Because these reptiles attack at such speed, their body is subjected to tremendous G-forces - the kind that would completely immobilize almost any animal.

Penning found that at the moment of throwing the snake is affected by a force 30 times greater than the force of gravity.

At the same time, the most trained fighter pilots feel that their arms and legs stop obeying them already at an overload of 8 times the force of gravity when they perform swift stunts in the air.

Under the influence of an overload of 10 times the force of gravity, they quickly lose consciousness.

“Chameleons and some salamanders have been known to rapidly extend their tongue towards their prey when attacking, and the acceleration can be much greater than that of a stinging snake,” explains Penning. “However, the main difference is that in this case only the tongue moves, not the brain."

The brain is simply not able to endure a large acceleration.

"The brain is an incredibly delicate organ that is hypersensitive to acceleration and shock," says Penning. "That's why American football players wear helmets, and concussions are considered serious injuries."

When a fighter pilot is subjected to high acceleration, the blood rushes to the legs, depriving the brain of vital oxygen.

If this happens too quickly, the blood does not have time to return back to the brain, and the person loses consciousness.

However, snakes manage to cope with this difficulty and maintain complete control over the situation, while moving with much greater acceleration and hitting their prey with crushing force. This is partly due to the structure of the snake skull.

"The skull of a snake is incredibly dynamic and mobile," says Penning. "Having a lot of different joints in it gives the snake flexibility and agility."

Penning believes that the difference is the same as if you "hit the bag or hit the brick wall."

According to him, "the wall stands still and takes all the impact, and the bag moves, as if distributing the shock."

Scientists are now trying to figure out how the snake's skeleton and nervous system behave in such extreme circumstances.

They are going to use the knowledge gained to protect a person in situations where a large overload affects his body.

The idea that learning snake attack tactics will help us design cars that will better protect people from impact might seem funny. But it is much closer to reality than you might expect.

"Now we're trying to figure out what exactly happens when a snake hits its prey," says Penning.

"Snakes are able to stretch their heads, freeze, immediately reorganize into a defensive position, and then repeat these movements again and again."

"The question is what helps them to endure such loads relatively painlessly, and whether their secret can be used in the future for the benefit of mankind," he concludes.

Tags: snake interesting nature speed swiftness

Comments:

oppps.ru

The fastest snake - 24???

In this material, the fastest snake on the planet, the black mamba, will appear before you “in all its glory”. We will talk about the places where the snake lives, what speed it develops, and what size it has. Also, do not forget that, in addition to its speed skills, the black mamba has a real predatory instinct, which helped it to adapt to almost any habitat. The black mamba is also one of the most venomous and deadly snakes, feared like fire by the inhabitants of Africa.

The snake got its awesome name because of its mouth, which is completely covered in black. The rest of the snake's body is colored in yellow-green tones or metallic gray tones.

Meeting the black mamba is not at all difficult if you are an inhabitant of the southeastern part of Africa. The black mamba is found throughout almost the entire territory of southeast Africa, except for Namibia and South Africa. Because of their innate survival instincts, the black mamba has been able to adapt to all sorts of climates. Her favorite habitats are savannas, forests, rocks and even swamps.

Most of the land in Africa is occupied by areas reserved for agriculture, so the black mamba is often found in ordinary fields and is not at all afraid of people. The snake is even able to climb to the very top of the reeds to bask in the sun after a cold night.

Therefore, it is not surprising that most of the attacks on humans by the black mamba occur precisely in rural areas. Frequent attacks are due to the fact that most of even the largest fields in Africa are still processed by hand. On average, about 20,000 people die from the bite of a black mamba in southeast Africa. Moreover, the largest number of victims was due to the banal stupidity of people who thought that catching and killing a black mamba would not be difficult.

The black mamba is the world's fastest snake, capable of reaching speeds of up to 25 km/h (that's about 6.5 meters per second). As you may have guessed, in order to escape from the snake, you will have to exert yourself a lot. But often the black mamba does not use its speed for chases, because basically it hunts, sitting deep in ambush and hiding. The snake needs such a high speed of movement in space in order to escape from various threats. After all, somehow only a snake senses even the slightest threat to its life, it immediately retreats several hundred meters.

2.5 meters is the average length of a black mamba. Less common are longer specimens, the length of which can reach 4.5 meters.

The most terrible enemy of the black mamba is the mongoose. Not only are these cute animals quite agile and love to eat snakes, but they are also not affected by black mamba venom. Therefore, snakes are a favorite delicacy of mongooses. But, the truth is, mostly mongooses kill young and inexperienced snakes, while they prefer to contact adult representatives much less often. But on the other hand, wild boars are quite bold and prefer to fry both.

The black mamba is aggressive not only during the hunt, but can also attack for no particular reason. When attacking, the mamba rests its whole body on the tip of the tail, thereby the front of the body to make a lightning throw in the direction of the chosen victim. To dodge such an attack, you must either have the same incredible reaction, or simply be born in a shirt.

Mamba venom is extremely toxic. It contains neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, dendrotoxins and blockers of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. In just one bite, a snake can inject 100 to 150 mg. poison, while the lethal dose for humans is approximately 10 mg. To put it simply, if the antidote is not administered in the first minute after the bite and the victim is not provided with the necessary medical care, then death cannot be avoided.

You can hear a lot of horror stories and legends about the black mamba, but real cases involving this snake in the title role are much more terrifying. For example, once a black mamba managed to get through the chimney into a hut in which seven people calmly rested after a hard day's work. Perhaps people would have managed to escape if one of them had not stepped on the snake's tail. Defending itself and escaping from the threat, the snake bit everyone who was in the hut several times. The irony lies in the fact that in the dark room the snake was not even visible, and people could not understand who was biting them.

Despite their "cold-bloodedness", the black mamba still prefers to avoid direct contact with people, and most often attacks to protect itself.

Unfortunately, the antidote for the bite of the black mamba has not yet become widespread. Therefore, there are still a lot of deaths from snake bites every year. But at least now the probability of a fatal outcome is not a 100% guarantee, as it was before the advent of the vaccine.

24smi.org

Record-breaking snakes: the most-most | Let's sit and talk

The Year of the Snake is coming eastern horoscope, and why not dedicate today's post to him? Let's sit and talk about what species of these mysterious animals exist on our planet, in what conditions they live, what they eat, how they reproduce. There are many varieties of them, some live underground, others underwater. Some are poisonous, others are not. various colors and sizes, viviparous and those that lay eggs.

But let's remember today the snake-record holders: the most-most.

The longest snake is the anaconda boa. It lives in the swampy shores of the Amazon and feeds on fish, small animals and birds. The maximum length of the boa constrictor, which was recorded, reached 11.43 m, it was this “snake” that hit the Guinness Book of Records.

And in Egypt, during excavations, the remains of an ancient snake, the Giant African Python, were found, its estimated length was 11.8 m.

And only recently, in 2002, a reticulated python was found on the island of Sumatra, the length of which was 14.85 m and a weight of 447 kg. Now he lives in a menagerie on about. Java is proudly called Guihua.

The largest snake that lives in captivity, in this moment located in the terrarium of the New York Zoological Society, it is a Giant (green) anaconda, 9 m long and weighing 130 kg.

The largest poisonous snake is the king cobra, it lives in India and Indochina. The length of these reptiles can reach up to 5.5 meters. They very often live next to a person, the reason for which was cutting down rainforest. Cobra feeds, oddly enough, on other types of snakes. There are times when she can attack them when they are already hunting prey.

The smallest snake is the Brahmin blind snake or blind snake, (more like a fattened earthworm), lives on the island of Nosy Be, near Madagascar.

The length of this baby is only 10 cm. This snake shares the championship with a two-lined narrow-mouthed snake. It can only be found on the islands of Martinique, Santa Lucia and Barbados in the Caribbean. The "shortest" snake of this species had a length of 108 millimeters.

The shortest venomous snake is the African viper. It lives on the coast of Namibia in the sand dunes. Its length is on average 20-23 cm. It has a very unusual way of hunting, the snake digs into the sand, while only the eyes and the tip of the tail stick out, which serves as bait. These reptiles get the necessary moisture from their victims. They also lick condensation off themselves, which allows them to survive in such harsh conditions without water.

The thinnest snake is the common belt snake. Its length is 2 meters, while its thickness is 1-2 cm. The snake looks rather unusual - the head is much larger than the body. They live exclusively on trees and feed on snails and slugs. Their weapon for hunting - pointed fangs are safe for humans.

The fastest snake on the planet is the black mamba, which lives in Africa. It is almost impossible to run away from this snake, its average speed is 11 kilometers per hour, and on flat terrain, with short throws, the speed can reach 16-19 km / h.

In addition, the black mamba has earned the title of the most poisonous land snake on the planet, sharing it with Taipan, from whose bites 80% of the victims die (moreover, one dose of its poison can kill 100 people).

Most a large number of poison, 6 ml, at a time allocates a king cobra.

The most venomous sea snake is the Belcher sea snake. With one bite, the venom released can cause death in 250,000 mice.

The most accurate snake on the planet is the ringal. She lives in South Africa and India. She can spit poison at her victim from a distance of 5 meters, and she aims at the victim's eyes. Another snake that "shoots" poison over long distances is the African spitting cobra, its spit flies 2-3 meters.

The most common snake is the common viper, which, moreover, is not afraid of the cold.

This snake is the only one that can be found in the north (even beyond the Arctic Circle).

The oldest snake is considered to be a common boa constrictor named Popeye (Popeey), he died at the Philadelphia Zoo on April 15, 1977. and lived 40 years and 3.5 months.

The longest-starving snake, the habu viper snake, lived without food for 3 years and 3 months (almost like in a fairy tale, only in a very sad one).

There are also such types of snakes that can be called "flying" - these are tree snakes. They live in the tropics and are amazingly able to maneuver between trees and can even go around them. This opportunity gives them an S-shape, and they seem to glide through the air.

There is a snake on our planet with the highest ability for thermoregulation - this is a hieroglyphic python, it lives throughout Africa. The female spirals around the eggs with her body, and the female's body temperature becomes 7 degrees higher than environment.

And the absolute record that applies to all snakes is the number of vertebrae. It is snakes that are those vertebrates in which the number of vertebrae is maximum - up to 435.

In conclusion, I would like to say that no matter what the snake is, small or large, poisonous or not, it must be treated with respect and caution.

P.S. The frightening ability of some snakes to absorb prey that is much larger than their own size. See photo.

posidim-pogovorim.ru

(updated: 17:49 01/13/2017)

MOSCOW, January 13 - RIA Novosti. For the first time, biologists have accurately measured the speed at which a viper or rattlesnake throws its head out and bites its prey. The snake accelerates to 100 kilometers per hour in just 79 milliseconds, according to Scientific Reports.

"In nature, all encounters between predators and prey are unique - they are much more diverse than what we can see when they interact in the laboratory. Modern technologies have allowed us to understand what exactly determines the successful hunt or escape from a predator, and come closer to uncovering evolutionary factors driving predators and their prey," said Timothy Higham of the University of California at Riverside.

Since the Middle Ages and even earlier eras, vipers, rattlesnakes and other members of the Viperidae family have been considered a symbol of lightning-fast reaction, super-high speed and almost guaranteed accuracy of the victim's attack.

All these snakes prey on small mammals and reptiles from an ambush, jumping out at great speed, opening their mouths to 180 degrees and literally "driving" their fangs into the victim's flesh. Highham and his colleagues decided to study this process in detail by traveling to the Mojave Desert in the southwestern United States, where rattlesnakes live in abundance.

Having placed the camera traps, the scientists connected them to a computer and centrally monitored the hunting of snakes, the favorite prey of which are the American kangaroo jumpers (Dipodomys merriami) - large rodents that look like jerboas and move along the sands in the same "jumping" manner.

To capture the snakes, scientists used high-speed infrared cameras capable of receiving 500 frames per second in three-dimensional format, as well as special thermal "illumination" systems.

Observations immediately dispelled one of the myths: it turned out that snakes often miss, flying or not reaching the rodent, especially if he managed to notice the predator at the last moment. On the other hand, it turned out that snakes do move very fast.

On average, a snake bites a rodent within 60-70 milliseconds after it is within the radius of the throw. During this time, the snake's head flies about 12-16 centimeters, moving at a speed of three and a half meters per second and accelerating its movement by 170-506 meters per second per second. This equates to a 50g g-force - the maximum a human can survive - and is about the same as the speed at which an airbag deploys in a car.

Despite such impressive speeds and acceleration, hunting snakes for rodents ended in success only in half of the cases - in the rest, the jumpers managed to react to the snake's throw and escape using muscular "springs" in their legs. In some cases, even this was not required, since the snake was mistaken in the calculation of the "ballistics" of the throw and missed.

As Highham explains, the evolutionary "arms race" forced jumpers to learn how to store energy in their tendons and release it abruptly in critical situations. When the snake rushes at the rodent, it rapidly jumps to a great height, and the viper flies through the place where it stood 30 milliseconds ago.

In the near future, the authors of the article plan to conduct similar experiments involving other vipers and rodents, which will show whether the rattlesnake holds the record for speed and acceleration, or whether it has worthy competitors among its relatives.

ria.ru

Before you is a black mamba - the fastest snake in the world. The speed of its movement reaches 23 kilometers per hour or 6.4 meters per second, but only at short distances. True, the reptile uses its speed more often to escape from enemies, since it hunts while sitting in ambush, waiting for its prey.

The mamba is found from Senegal to South West Africa. It lives on the ground among shrubs and grass. It crawls on trees extremely rarely, as it is poorly adapted to life on them. At the same time, it often settles in fields among deep thickets. Since the lands are often cultivated by workers, and even manually, they are attacked by a snake. Virtually no one survives.

The average length is 2.5-3 m, although specimens up to 4.5 m long are sometimes found in nature. Juveniles are greenish in color, while adults are black or brown, while the abdomen is white or light brown . It is famous for its aggressive nature - it usually attacks first. Leaning on the tail, it raises the front of the body and makes an instant throw towards its prey, immediately inflicting a bite.

Snake venom is incredibly toxic. Contains dendrotoxins, cardiotoxins, neurotoxins, blockers of voltage-dependent potassium channels of nerve fibers and blockers of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. In one bite, it injects about 100-150 mg of poison, in rare cases - up to 400 mg. At the same time, the lethal dose for a person is only 10-15 mg, and for an animal - even less. If the antidote is not administered within the first minute, the probability of death can reach 100 percent.

samie-samie.ru

Fast news today

For the first time, biologists have accurately measured the speed at which a viper or rattlesnake throws its head out and bites its prey, finding that the snake accelerates to 100 kilometers per hour in just 79 milliseconds, according to an article published in the journal Scientific Reports.

“In nature, all encounters between predators and prey are unique—much more varied than what we can see when they interact in the lab. Modern technologies have allowed us to understand what exactly determines the successful hunt or escape from a predator, and come closer to uncovering the evolutionary factors that drive predators and their prey,” said Timothy Higham (Timothy Higham) from the University of California at Riverside (USA).

Ever since the Middle Ages and even earlier eras of human existence, vipers, rattlesnakes and other members of the viper family (Viperidae) have been considered a symbol of lightning-fast reaction, ultra-high speed and almost guaranteed accuracy of hitting the victim.

All these snakes prey on small mammals and reptiles from an ambush, jumping out at them with great speed, opening their mouths to 180 degrees and literally "driving" their fangs into the victim's flesh. Highham and his colleagues decided to study this process in detail by traveling to the Mojave Desert in the southwestern United States, where the famous rattlesnakes live.

Having placed camera traps across the desert, the scientists connected them to a computer and centrally monitored the movements and hunting of snakes, the favorite prey of which are American kangaroo jumpers (Dipodomys merriami) - large rodents, similar to jerboas, moving along the sands of the desert in a similar "jumping" manner.

To capture the snakes, scientists used high-speed infrared cameras capable of receiving 500 frames per second in three-dimensional format, as well as special thermal "illumination" systems. When the snake began to hunt, the computer alerted Higham and his team, and the scientists began to “manually” monitor how the vipers tried to catch the jumpers. Scientists have made it easier for the snakes by scattering plant seeds around them that feed on their prey.

These observations dispelled one of the myths associated with vipers - it turned out that they miss quite often, flying over or short of a rodent, especially if he managed to notice a predator at the last moment before a rattlesnake jump. On the other hand, it turned out that vipers really move very quickly and bite with great force.

On average, a snake strikes a rodent within 60-70 milliseconds after the jumper enters the impact radius. During this time, the snake's head flies about 12-16 centimeters, moving at a speed of 3.5 meters per second and accelerating its movement by 170-506 meters per second squared. This equates to a 50g g-force, the maximum a person can survive, and roughly the speed at which airbags deploy in a car.

Despite such impressive speeds and acceleration, the snake's hunt for rodents ended in success only in half of the cases - in 50% of cases, the jumpers managed to react to the snake's jump and escape using a kind of "spring" in their legs. In some cases, this was not even necessary, since the snake made a mistake with the calculation of the "ballistics" of the jump and did not reach the jumper.

As Highham explains, the evolutionary "arms race" forced jumpers to learn how to store potential energy in their tendons and release it in critical situations. When a snake jumps on a rodent, the jumper suddenly jumps up to a great height, and the viper flies over the place where it was standing 30 milliseconds ago.

In the near future, the authors of the article plan to conduct similar experiments involving other vipers and rodents, which will show whether the rattlesnake holds the record for speed and acceleration, or whether it has worthy competitors among its relatives.

Source

What is the most dangerous snake on the planet?

In fact, all snakes start hunting from the first minutes of life. Having hatched, young snakes immediately go hunting ... And the fastest and also one of the most poisonous snakes is the mamba, the terrible snake of Africa. Neither cobras nor vipers are afraid here like these thin-bodied tree snakes, there were cases when people died 20-30 minutes after her bite. Ordinary poisonous snakes crawl at a speed of about 1 km per hour. The mamba, on the other hand, has a dizzying speed for a snake, recorded by a stopwatch - 11.3 km per hour! But to the question of which snake in the world is the most dangerous, there is no definite answer. The most venomous snakes in the world are the Australian tiger snake, taipan, death snake, king cobra, African mamba, American rattlesnake, cascavella and some sea snakes. This is convinced laboratory experiments and tropical everyday life: 50-80% of those bitten by these snakes die if medical assistance is not provided. With the bites of an ordinary viper - only 5 - 8%, and our most poisonous snakes, vipers and cobras - 10-20%. But snakes with highly toxic venom are not always the most dangerous. Here it is also necessary to take into account the dose of injected poison, the depth of penetration of poisonous teeth (whether they bite through clothes, shoes), whether the snake is aggressive, or in a hurry to crawl away, bites immediately or with a warning, how well its color masks, active day or night, as often occurs. . . For example, boomslang venom is five times more toxic than cobra venom, but the poisonous teeth are hidden deep into the mouth, so the chance venomous bite decreases. sea ​​snakes would be very dangerous if not for a small dose of poison, short teeth and a peaceful disposition (they bite reluctantly, like bungars, cobras, Gaboon and noisy vipers). The bushmaster has long teeth (up to 4 cm!) And a decent dose of poison, and the poison is powerful, but this snake is extremely rare, even in the Amazon River Valley, where its main habitats are. But on account of the zhararaki - the most numerous snake in Brazil - up to 90% of all snake bites in this country, but its poison is quite weak. In total, there are 410 species of poisonous snakes on earth, which is more than 1/6 of all snakes in general! Among them are marine - 49 species, vipers - 58 species. There are 122 species of pit vipers (here are our muzzles, zhararaks, bushmasters and rattlesnakes). Aspidovyh (cobras, mambas, taipans, tiger and deadly snakes) - 181 species. And two types of African cobras - collared and black-necked - know how to spit! Spit, of course, poisoned, it contains 4 mg of poison. It flies out of the holes of poisonous teeth and flies 2-3 meters. There is a whole line of 30 spit in a row! Usually, a cobra aims at the eye of an approaching person or animal. It hits right. True, sometimes by mistake it shoots poison at shiny buttons, buckles, watches ... :)

earthworm

My neighbor from the floor, the land is over!

The black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) is one of the most dangerous, fast and fearless snakes in Africa. It belongs to the mamba genus (Dendroaspis), which translates from Latin as " tree snake". The black mamba is the owner of the first place in terms of speed among snakes, at short distances it can reach speeds of up to 20 km / h. She also has the strongest neurotoxic poison and is one of the twenty most poisonous snakes on the planet. Due to her bad temper and full use of her physical abilities the black mamba is not found in the collections of terrariumists, although there may be fearless people who keep this snake at home. black mamba can be found in zoo terrariums. Experts consider these snakes curious in terms of study and observation.

Taipan or Violent Snake Distribution: Central Australia Habitat: Inhabits dry plains and fields. Food: Feeds on small mammals and frogs. The strength of the poison is such that in one bite it can kill about 100 adults or 250,000 mice. The maximum dose (per bite) is 100 mg.

King Cobra

the green mamba... it's more dangerous than the black one..

mother-in-law is called

The most dangerous ANACONDA

Australia lives the MOST POISONOUS SNAKE ON EARTH!! ! Here it is Taipan or coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and the Fierce (ferocious) snake (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) Taipan sizes are very impressive - up to 3-3.5 m, and poisonous teeth are more than a centimeter long. In terms of quantity and strength of poison, the taipan surpasses all snakes in Australia, a horse dies from its bite in a few minutes, and several known cases bite people taipan invariably ended in their death. The taipan is very aggressive: at the sight of danger, it twists, flattens its body, vibrates with the end of its tail, and, raising the front of its body high, makes several lunges in the direction of the enemy. Unlike other snakes, which, after biting the victim, crawl away, the taipan clings to the victim, and repeatedly bites it, injecting poison. Very often, doing this so quickly that the victims do not even have time to react before being bitten several times. Most of the venom enters the victim's body with the first bite. The strength of the poison is such that in one bite it can kill about 100 adults or 250,000 mice. The maximum dose (per bite) is 100 mg. A person bitten by a taipan can die in just a few minutes; for example, in the state of Queensland, where taipan bites are most often recorded, every second bitten person dies. Taipan venom glands contain an average of 120 mg of venom; maximum - 400 mg. Taipan venom has a predominantly neurotoxic (respiratory paralysis) and coagulopathic (impairs blood clotting) effects. Before the development of an antidote to it (in 1955), more than 90% of cases died from the bite of a taipan.

King Cobra

Look here: [link blocked by the decision of the project administration]