Engine for pak fa product 30. Engine of the second stage for pak fa brought to ground tests

Confirmation has come to the morning message about the engine for the T-50 (see: First flight of the 7th copy of the T-50. First launch of the bench model of the demonstrator engine "product 30"). Here you can find detailed information on the topic

Russia has moved one step further in creating a unique engineering product - a "stage two engine" for the latest T-50 fighter. To produce such a product in some ways is even more difficult than spaceship, and only a few countries in the world can do it. Largely thanks to the new engine, the Russian T-50 will compete with the American F-22.

The Lyulka Experimental Design Bureau hosted the first launch of the prototype “product 30”, the engine of the second stage for the PAK FA (T-50) fighter.

"AT Soviet time aviation universities teachers half-jokingly promised students the Lenin Prize if they figured out how to increase the thermal resistance of turbine blades by 100 degrees.

“The Lyulka Experimental Design Bureau (Moscow, a branch of PJSC UMPO) hosted the first launch of a bench model of the demonstrator engine “Product 30”, the engine of the second stage for the PAK FA fighter, as evidenced by the corresponding poster,” the blog says. bmpd, published under the auspices of the Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (AST Center), in LiveJournal. Bloggers specify that the launch took place on November 11, and refer to information from the paralay.iboards.ru web resource.

Literally at the beginning of September, it became known that this engine (the so-called product 30) was ready in "metal". Now bench tests have begun. Just a month ago, plans were announced for the start of flight tests of a new engine, the most important and unique engineering structure. General Director of the United Engine Corporation (UEC) Alexander Artyukhov said that the engine of the second stage for the PAK FA should begin testing as part of the complex only in the fourth quarter of 2017. The rest of the work on the PAK FA engine, according to him, will be deployed in the period from 2018 to 2020 with the passage of state tests in 2020.

transition stage

The only country that has a fifth-generation fighter (and the corresponding engines for it) in its arsenal is the United States. And Russia intends to become the second country that has an engine of such high class. It was the absence of a new modern engine that was one of the arguments of those who refused to call the T-50 fighter a fifth-generation machine.

Now PAK FA (promising aviation complex front-line aviation) are equipped with the so-called first stage engine, which is an intermediate link. The engine of the first stage is also a significant achievement. However, it is just a modernized unit, in which a number of modern developments have been tested. The creation of such an intermediate link is the usual step-by-step work characteristic of any high-tech products.

“In the Soviet Union, many promising aircraft took off on engines from their predecessors, on transitional engines. This was necessary in order to start testing and work out units that do not depend on the engine. However, the fulfillment of all the requirements for a fifth-generation fighter is possible only when using the engine of the second stage, ”VZGLYAD tells the newspaper. Chief Editor"Airport" Oleg Panteleev.

The creation of the engine of the second stage is highly appreciated by the expert.

“This means that the Russian aviation science and industry will make a qualitative transition. There were statements that the engine of the second stage in terms of its characteristics would not be inferior to those on the American F-22. I hope that this will take place,” says Oleg Panteleev.

The uniqueness of an engineering miracle

For obvious reasons, there is no detailed information about the design solutions used in the engine. However, the requirements for it are known.

Firstly, this is a certain level of power availability - the ability to make long flights at supersonic speeds without afterburner. Now fighters go at cruising speed (subsonic), and they switch to supersonic only with afterburner. The transition to supersonic without afterburner gives fundamentally new combat capabilities. According to various estimates, the engine of the second stage (type 30) is 20-25% more efficient than the AL-41F1 "type 117" engine.

Secondly, these are increased specific indicators, in particular, thrust per unit mass of the engine.

Thirdly, there is an increased requirement for low visibility of various ranges.

“Plus, high reliability, testability due to the built-in powerful diagnostic system. Finally, some simplification of the design, that is, a smaller number of nodes and smaller dimensions in terms of thrust, ”adds Panteleev.

It's all about the blades

Historically, only two powers, the USSR and the USA, have succeeded in creating high-thrust engines for fighters. In this race, one or the other side won. At the same time, no one has been able to catch up with Russia and the United States so far, although, of course, many countries have tried and spent huge efforts on this. For example, the Chinese wanted to make a similar engine for their counterpart of the Su-30 fighter.

“Chinese developments were largely focused on the level of technology available to them, which they could learn on aircraft supplied to China. In other words, what they saw, they were able to reproduce. Moreover, judging by some remarks, the issue of ensuring the reliability and high service life of engines has not been fully resolved by the Chinese side,” Oleg Panteleev assures.

"It is not possible to get the same parameters by simply copying external dimensions and appearance. If earlier it was enough to carefully measure and make the product according to the same drawings, today both materials and technologies for manufacturing parts from these materials make it possible to change the characteristics of the assembly by tens of percent, and sometimes many times over. Plus the application of various kinds of coatings. All this is a great secret and the subject of serious scientific research Russian and American manufacturers,” adds the interlocutor of the VZGLYAD newspaper.

For example, one of the unique developments of Russian engineers for the engine of the second stage is composite metal-ceramic turbine blades. They are made of especially high-temperature alloys and have extremely complex structure. Of course, it is impossible to recreate such an element simply by seeing and copying the engine. The secret is not only in the composition of unique alloys, which is easy to recognize - but also in casting technology. In Soviet times, instructors at aviation universities half-jokingly promised students the Lenin Prize if they figured out how to increase the heat resistance of turbine blades by 100 degrees. The efficiency of the engine directly depends on this parameter.

It is known that from the unique developments, in addition to the engine blades, the so-called. "plasma afterburner" (ignition system), which provides high reliability of ignition of the flame in the afterburner at high altitudes. In other words, this allows an oxygen-free engine start at high altitudes, which increases the survival of the fighter.

Also the motor will have good performance on gas-dynamic stability. “This will allow the aircraft to perform all maneuvers without exception, including aerobatics,” explains Panteleev.

The engine of the second stage will also receive a high throttle response, which will allow, making prompt decisions on the implementation of a particular maneuver, to increase thrust to the required values. Finally, a fully digital control system will be used for it, while having the highest degree reliability and reliability.

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Russia has moved one step further in the creation of a unique engineering product - a “second stage engine” for the latest T-50 fighter. To produce such a product is in some ways even more difficult than a spacecraft, and only a few countries in the world can do it. Largely thanks to the new engine, the Russian T-50 will be able to compete with the American F-22.

The Lyulka Experimental Design Bureau hosted the first launch of the prototype of the “product 30” - the engine of the second stage for the PAK FA (T-50) fighter.

“The Lyulka Experimental Design Bureau (Moscow, a branch of PJSC UMPO) hosted the first launch of a bench model of the demonstrator engine “Product 30”, the engine of the second stage for the PAK FA fighter, as evidenced by the corresponding poster,” the blog says. bmpd, published under the auspices of the Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (AST Center) on LiveJournal. Bloggers specify that the launch took place on November 11, and refer to information from the paralay.iboards.ru web resource.

Literally at the beginning of September, it became known that this engine (the so-called product 30) was ready “in metal”. Now bench tests have begun. Just a month ago, plans were announced for the start of flight tests of a new engine, the most important and unique engineering structure. General Director of the United Engine Corporation (UEC) Alexander Artyukhov said that the engine of the second stage for the PAK FA should begin testing as part of the complex only in the fourth quarter of 2017. The rest of the work on the PAK FA engine, according to him, will be deployed in the period from 2018 to 2020 with the passage of state tests in 2020.

transition stage

The only country that has a fifth-generation fighter (and the corresponding engines for it) in its arsenal is the United States. And Russia intends to become the second country to have an engine of such a high class. It was the absence of a new modern engine that was one of the arguments of those who refused to call the T-50 fighter a fifth-generation machine.

Now PAK FA (a promising front-line aviation complex) is being equipped with the so-called first-stage engine, which is an intermediate link. The engine of the first stage is also a significant achievement. However, it is just a modernized unit, in which a number of modern developments have been tested. The creation of such an intermediate link is the usual step-by-step work characteristic of any high-tech products.

“In the Soviet Union, many promising aircraft took off on engines from their predecessors, on transitional engines. This was necessary in order to start testing and work out units that do not depend on the engine. However, the fulfillment of all the requirements for a fifth-generation fighter is possible only when using the second stage engine, ”says Oleg Panteleev, editor-in-chief of Aviaport.

The creation of the engine of the second stage is highly appreciated by the expert.

“This means that the Russian aviation science and industry will make a qualitative transition. There were statements that the engine of the second stage in terms of its characteristics would not be inferior to those on the American F-22. I hope that this will take place,” says Oleg Panteleev.

The uniqueness of an engineering miracle

For obvious reasons, there is no detailed information about the design solutions used in the engine. However, the requirements for it are known.

Firstly, this is a certain level of power availability - the ability to make long flights at supersonic speeds without afterburner. Now fighters go at cruising speed (subsonic), and they switch to supersonic only with afterburner. The transition to supersonic without afterburner provides fundamentally new combat capabilities. According to various estimates, the engine of the second stage (type 30) is 20–25% more efficient than the AL-41F1 engine (type 117).

Secondly, these are increased specific indicators, in particular, thrust per unit mass of the engine.

Thirdly, there is an increased requirement for low visibility of various ranges.

“Plus, high reliability, testability due to the built-in powerful diagnostic system. Finally, some simplification of the design, that is, a smaller number of nodes and smaller dimensions in terms of thrust, ”adds Panteleev.

It's all about the blades

Historically, only two powers, the USSR and the USA, have succeeded in creating high-thrust engines for fighters. In this race, one or the other side won. At the same time, no one has yet been able to catch up with Russia and the United States, although, of course, many countries have tried and spent enormous efforts on this. For example, the Chinese wanted to make a similar engine for their counterpart of the Su-30 fighter.

“Chinese developments were largely focused on the level of technology available to them, which they could learn on aircraft supplied to China. In other words, what they saw, they were able to reproduce. Moreover, judging by some comments, the issue of ensuring the reliability and high service life of engines has not been fully resolved by the Chinese side, ”says Oleg Panteleev.

“It is impossible to get the same parameters by simply copying the external dimensions and appearance. If earlier it was enough to carefully measure and make the product according to the same drawings, today both materials and technologies for manufacturing parts from these materials make it possible to change the characteristics of the assembly by tens of percent, and sometimes many times over. Plus the application of various kinds of coatings. All this is a big secret and the subject of serious scientific research by Russian and American manufacturers,” adds the interlocutor.

For example, one of the unique developments of Russian engineers for the engine of the second stage is composite metal-ceramic turbine blades. They are made of especially heat-resistant alloys and have an extremely complex design. Of course, it is impossible to recreate such an element simply by seeing and copying the engine. The secret is not only in the composition of unique alloys, which is easy to recognize, but also in casting technology. In Soviet times, instructors at aviation universities half-jokingly promised students the Lenin Prize if they figured out how to increase the heat resistance of turbine blades by 100 degrees. The efficiency of the engine directly depends on this parameter.

It is known that from the unique developments, in addition to the engine blades, the so-called. plasma afterburner (ignition system), which provides high reliability of ignition of the flame in the afterburner at high altitudes. In other words, this allows an oxygen-free engine start at high altitudes, which increases the survival of the fighter.

Also, the motor will have good gas-dynamic stability characteristics. “This will allow the aircraft to perform all maneuvers without exception, including aerobatics,” explains Panteleev.

The engine of the second stage will also receive a high throttle response, which will allow, making prompt decisions on the implementation of a particular maneuver, to increase thrust to the required values. Finally, a fully digital control system will be used for it, while having the highest degree of reliability and reliability.

General Director of the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Plant named after V.I. Gagarin Alexander Pekarsh said in an interview with TASS that the engine of the second stage for the fifth-generation multirole fighter T-50 PAK FA (a promising front-line aviation complex) is ready. And that it is currently being tested. Thus, the serial production of the aircraft, scheduled for the end of 2017, will be made with this engine. Fears that the first samples of the T-50 will begin to enter the Air Force with the previous, less efficient, modification of the engine did not materialize. The aircraft will go into the series with all the systems and units provided for in the design, created specifically for it.

The first prototype of the fighter, created in the Sukhoi Design Bureau, took to the air in 2010. To date, eight are already flying, and four more are being built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur as part of the first pilot batch. If everything grows together, and mass production, designed for 50 aircraft, is launched at the end of next year, then the Sukhoi Design Bureau will become the world record holder in terms of the pace of development of modern fighters. Only 7 years will pass from the first flight to the receipt of the aircraft in combat units.

This is very little. The fact is that the world's first fifth-generation fighter - the F-22 Raptor - Lockheed Martin led from the first flight to implementation in the US Air Force from 1990 to 2005. On the second, the F-35 Lightning II, the same company spent about the same amount of time. However, the aircraft turned out to be so crude that it is still in trial operation.

The fifth generation fighter must meet a number of criteria. And two of them are provided by the power plant, that is, the engine. The aircraft, firstly, must have super-maneuverability. Secondly, to have a cruising speed in non-afterburner mode that exceeds the speed of sound. Supermaneuverability has always been strong point domestic aviation. And the T-50 did not break this tradition. Actually, its "younger brother" - the Su-35 generation 4 ++ - in this characteristic is not only comparable, but also exceeds the capabilities of the F-22 and F-35. It is equipped with a bypass turbojet engine developed by NPO Saturn AL-41F1S with an all-angle variable thrust vector. It is simpler than the engine for the T-50 of the first stage AL-41F1. But in several computer simulations of close combat between the Su-35 and two "Americans" of the older generation, in 95% of cases it came out victorious precisely due to the highest maneuverability.

As for the supersonic speed without afterburner, the F-35 is very bad in this regard. AT technical specifications afterburning speed is transonic. And only the president of Lockheed Martin at press conferences assures corrosive journalists that it is 1.2 M. The Su-35 has a maximum unafterburner speed of 1.1 M, the T-50 has 2.2 M, and the F-22 has 1 ,7 M. Such a low-speed "fifth generation standard", which is considered the F-35, is explained by the fact that in order to create a universal aircraft - both for the Air Force and for the Navy - the airframe "fat", it turned out to be excessive drag.

As mentioned above, our first 8 prototypes fly on the first stage AL-41F1 "type 117" engine. But even with it, the T-50 outperforms the F-35 in terms of speed. The engine is brand new, designed specifically for this aircraft. It is the first to use a fully electronic control system. Thanks to this, it was possible to increase the efficiency of fuel use, increase the resource, as well as traction. The only mechanical control element is a centrifugal regulator, which is activated in the event of a complete failure of the electronics in the event of a powerful attack against the aircraft. electromagnetic pulse, for example, during the explosion of a nuclear charge. In this case, the regulator will allow you to bring the aircraft to the airfield at a reduced engine operating mode.

Also, for the first time in jet engine building, a plasma ignition system is used. This made it possible to implement an oxygen-free engine start at high altitudes, which significantly increased the survivability of the aircraft.

The engine of the second stage has not yet been given a name. While it is listed under the serial number "type 30". Its development at the Rybinsk NPO Saturn began in 2012, based on the results obtained on the AL-41F1. And now he is ready. Contrary to the claims of skeptics who claimed that this development would smoothly move into the 20s.

The Type 30 retained both the plasma ignition and the electronic control system. But at the same time his power characteristics increased. According to various estimates, the new engine is more efficient than the AL-41F1 "type 117" by 20-25%. First of all, this refers to the thrust developed by the engine. The ratios here are:

- thrust in afterburner mode, kgf: 8800 (type 117) - 11000 (type 30);

- afterburner thrust, kgf: 15000 (type 117) - 18000 (type 30).

The increase in characteristics became possible, first of all, through the use of new engineering ideas. This made it possible to achieve approximate equality in the weight and size parameters of the two engines.

Almost all other systems of the fighter are already ready, tested and are waiting for the stage of state tests as part of the entire complex. However, there is a position on which work continues - this is missile armament. It is also largely created by new fighter.

Since the fighter is multi-purpose, the armament for it is created in such a way that it solves the entire range of tasks assigned to front-line aviation. That is, the T-50 should be both a fighter, and an interceptor, and an attack aircraft, and a bomber. Therefore, the aircraft can use air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface missiles that work both on ground and surface targets, and adjustable bombs. The T-50's arsenal includes short, medium, long and extra-long range missiles.

Increased requirements are placed on the sensitivity of the homing head, on noise immunity and on the ability to withstand electronic countermeasures, on maneuvering, on stealth and on speed.

There are conflicting information about the number of new ammunition, distributed by the developers in a dosed manner. So, CEO Corporation "Tactical Missiles" Boris Obnosov said in August: “The T-50 will receive six fundamentally new missiles by 2017, and six more by 2020. Four samples of intra-fuselage missiles have already been created and are being tested.

It is assumed that the KS-172 will be used as a long-range air-to-air missile, which is being fine-tuned at the Novator design bureau, which is part of the Almaz-Antey corporation. Its range is 400 km, and the speed of hit targets can reach 4000 km/h. American fighters are equipped with missiles of the same class, but have half the range.

As for high-speed air-to-surface missiles that easily overcome enemy missile defense systems, it can be assumed that in the foreseeable future there will be hypersonic missile"Brahmos-2" is not only sea-based, but also air-based. Its speed will exceed 5 M.

As part of the Advanced Aviation Complex of Frontal Aviation (PAK FA) program, the domestic defense industry must create not only a new fifth-generation fighter, but also a number of different products necessary for its construction. A few days ago, reports appeared on the progress of ongoing work on the project of a promising turbojet engine for the PAK FA aircraft.

New progress reports have been published news agency TASS September 2nd. During the Eastern Economic Forum, the agency's journalists were able to receive new information from the General Director of the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Plant (KnAAZ) named after. Yu.A. Gagarin Alexander Pekarsh. The head of the enterprise said that the engine of the second stage for the PAK FA aircraft is already ready and working. The tests are currently going according to plan. Other data on current work, however, were not made public.

The latest reports on the progress of work on the engine for a promising fighter may be cause for optimism. Conducting ongoing tests brings the moment of installation of new products on experimental aircraft with subsequent testing in the air closer. In addition, these works pave the way for serial production of aircraft in a complete set, capable of showing all the calculated characteristics.

Recall that in connection with some features of the development of promising power plants, it was decided to use several types of engines within the framework of the PAK FA project. Initially, the experimental T-50 aircraft received the so-called. engines of the first stage - they were the products of AL-41F1. After the appearance of a new engine, the so-called. the second stage, which has the required characteristics, it was planned to introduce it into the project. At some stages of the PAK FA program, the engines of the first stage were considered not only as a means capable of providing tests, but were also proposed in the context of the construction of the first production aircraft. The engines of the second stage, in turn, were to be installed on serial vehicles in the future.

Currently, T-50 aircraft are equipped with first-stage engines of the AL-41F1 or Izdeliye 117 type. Such engines are based on existing developments, however, the vast majority of components and assemblies were developed specifically for them. characteristic features the technical appearance of the engines are a compressor of increased diameter, all-perspective thrust vector control and automatic system management with full responsibility. In afterburner mode, the "Product 117" engine can develop thrust up to 15,000 kgf. It also differs from its predecessors in an increased resource up to 4 thousand hours and reduced fuel consumption.

AL-41F1 engines have been mass-produced for several years. In addition, the production of AL-41F1S products intended for serial Su-35S fighters is underway. They differ from engines for T-50 fighters in some design features and equipment composition. The main features are retained, including thrust vector control, but the maximum thrust is reduced by 500 kgf. In addition, instead of the latest electronic system control is used time-tested electromechanical.

In the future, fifth-generation fighters will have to receive new turbojet engines, now known under the designation "Product 30". In accordance with the terms of reference, such a power plant must develop a thrust of at least 16,000 kgf, as well as use the most modern developments in various fields. The creation of the "Product 30" was entrusted to the United Engine Corporation, namely its division "engines for combat aviation". OKB im. A.M. Lyulki, which is a branch of the Ufa Motor-Building production association. Some other organizations and enterprises are also involved in the work. Serial production of promising products is expected to be deployed in Ufa.

The development of the "Product 30" project was completed last year. During the aerospace exhibition at Le Bourget, representatives Russian industry told about the completion of the technical design of the new engine. As of mid-June 2015, the project was under preparation technical documentation necessary for the manufacture of experimental products. Before the end of the year, it was planned to assemble two demonstrator engines. At that time, all work was carried out in accordance with the established schedule.

In March 2016, representatives of the lead developer again spoke about ongoing work. It was mentioned that the prototype of the new engine is still in production. At the same time, tests were carried out on the internal contour of the product, made in the form of a separate unit. A full-fledged prototype of the "Product 30" was planned to be sent for testing in the summer.

According to the latest reports from representatives of the defense industry, the so-called. the engine of the second stage has already begun testing on the ground stand. During some next time, the checks of this product should be completed, as a result of which the issue of installing new types of engines on experimental aircraft with subsequent testing of equipment in the air will be decided. Apparently, all these works will be carried out this year and next.

The exact timing of the completion of work on the new engine and the deployment of its mass production in order to equip advanced aircraft has not yet been specified. Last year, representatives of the aviation industry mentioned that development work on the "Product 30" would continue until 2020. Shortly before that, in December 2014, General Director of the United Engine Corporation Vladislav Masalov pointed to the possibility of the first flight of the T-50 with the engine of the second stage in 2017. In November last year, new information appeared on this subject. According to Deputy general designer UEC Viktor Belousov, the first flight of an aircraft with a new power plant will take place only in 2018.

Exhibition sample of the AL-41F1S engine

The appearance of serial engines of the new model with the required parameters will give promising fifth-generation fighters the opportunity to demonstrate the main characteristics at the required level. First of all, there should be an increase in speed, range and other flight characteristics. In addition, an increase in thrust can be used to increase the combat load, with corresponding consequences for the effectiveness of the use of equipment.

According to various estimates, the normal takeoff weight of the T-50 aircraft will be within 30 tons, the maximum - up to 37 tons. With such weight indicators, two engines with a thrust of at least 16,000 kgf will be able to provide a thrust-to-weight ratio of at least 0.85, depending on the payload and fuel reserve. At the same time, in some cases this parameter will exceed one, which will give noticeable advantages over existing and future aircraft. For example, it is expected to be able to accelerate to high supersonic speeds without the need for afterburner. As a result, a promising fighter will be different from another aviation technology reduced fuel consumption, which should have a positive effect on range indicators.

Currently, the test program of the PAK DA project involves six flight prototypes of the T-50 aircraft. All of them are on this moment equipped with engines of the first stage AL-41F1. In the foreseeable future, it is planned to build several new prototypes, which will also participate in the tests. Equipment features new technology have not yet been officially specified, but there is reason to believe that some new cars in the future will be able to receive engines of the second stage. Testing of such equipment, according to the latest data, will begin only in 2018.

From the available information about the engines, it follows that the first production aircraft of the new model, as previously planned, will be equipped with engines of the first stage. "Products 30", apparently, will be installed only on vehicles of later releases. According to the latest plans of the Department of Defense, by the end of this decade aviation industry will have to produce and transfer to the customer more than fifty T-50 aircraft. It is not yet clear how much equipment will receive new engines.

The development of a new engine is one of the most difficult components of the program "Promising aviation complex of front-line aviation", which, in particular, is expressed in the regular review of the timing of the implementation of certain works. However, by now the engine of the second stage has been brought to the stage of ground tests, which brings the next checks closer. Completion of the current work, in turn, will bring closer the moment of installation of experimental engines on prototype aircraft. Therefore, in the foreseeable future, new reports should be expected both on the progress of the PAK FA program as a whole, and on individual projects within its framework.

According to the websites:

Elements of Defense: Notes on Russian weapons Konovalov Ivan Pavlovich

Engine for PAK FA

Engine for PAK FA

After long discussions and struggle for the right to be the lead developer of the engine for the PAK FA, by the decision of the country's leadership, this engine is being created within the framework of the United Engine Corporation (UEC) with the distribution of areas of responsibility. Salyut, which is not part of the corporation, is a co-executor of the UEC.

The two main competitors were developing their parallel engine prototypes for the fifth generation fighter - Yeniseysk-A was led by Saturn, Yeniseysk-B was led by Salyut. The final winner has not been officially announced.

For now prototypes T-50s are being tested on the AL-41F1 - “product 117” jointly developed by OAO NPO Saturn, OAO UMPO and OAO Sukhoi Design Bureau. It is based on the same AL-31F. Some elements are borrowed from the developments on the creation of the “117S product” (AL-41F1S) for the Su-35 4++ generation fighter. The thrust of the engine "117" of the first stage for the PAK FA reaches 15 tons, it has a turbine with an increased diameter, all-angle thrust vector control, and a digital automatic control system. A full-fledged fifth-generation engine will have higher thrust and less specific gravity. The exact parameters, as well as the development process itself, are kept secret. In any case, according to official statements, Salyut and Saturn are working on the project in close contact.