Perpetual motion machine with water. How to make a perpetual motion machine with your own hands? Mechanical perpetual motion machine

In the 1950s, the Romanian engineer Nicolae Vasilescu-Carpen invented the battery. Now located (albeit not on display) at the National Technical Museum of Romania, this battery still works, although scientists still disagree on how and why it even continues to work.

The battery in the device remains the same single-volt battery that Karpen installed in the 1950s. For a long time the car was forgotten until the museum was able to display it well and keep such a strange contraption safe. Recently found that the battery works and still produces a stable voltage - after 60 years.

Having successfully defended doctoral degree on the topic of magnetic effects in moving bodies in 1904, Karpen could certainly create something out of the ordinary. By 1909, he was engaged in the study of high-frequency currents and the transmission of telephone signals over long distances. Built telegraph stations, explored heat environment and advanced fuel cell technologies. However, modern scientists have not yet come to unanimous conclusions about the principles of operation of his strange battery.

Many conjectures have been put forward, from the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy in the process of a cycle, the thermodynamic principle of which we have not yet discovered. The mathematical apparatus of his invention seems incredibly complex, potentially including concepts like the thermosiphon effect and the temperature equations of the scalar field. Although we have not been able to create a perpetual motion machine capable of generating infinite and free energy in huge quantities, nothing prevents us from enjoying a battery that continuously works for 60 years.

Joe Newman Energy Machine

In 1911, the US Patent Office issued a huge decree. They will no longer issue patents for perpetual motion devices, since it seems scientifically impossible to create such a device. For some inventors, this meant that the fight to have their work recognized as legitimate science would now be a little more difficult.

In 1984, Joe Newman got on the CMS Evening News with Dan Rather and showed something incredible. People living during the oil crisis were delighted with the idea of ​​the inventor: he presented a perpetual motion machine that worked and produced more energy than it consumed.

Scientists, however, did not believe a single word of Newman.

The National Bureau of Standards tested the scientist's device, which consisted mostly of batteries charged by a magnet rotating inside a coil of wire. During the tests, all Newman's statements turned out to be empty, although some people continued to believe the scientist. So he decided to take his energy machine and go on tour, demonstrating how it works along the way. Newman claimed that his machine gave out 10 times more energy than it absorbed, that is, it worked with an efficiency of over 100%. When his patent applications were rejected and science community literally threw his invention into a puddle, there was no limit to his grief.

As an amateur scientist who didn't even finish high school, Newman didn't give up even when no one supported his plan. Convinced that God had sent him a machine that would change mankind for the better, Newman always believed that the true value of his machine was always hidden from those in power.

Water screw by Robert Fludd

Robert Fludd was a kind of symbol that could only appear at a certain time in history. Half scientist, half alchemist, Fludd was describing and inventing things around the turn of the 17th century. He had rather strange ideas: he believed that lightning was the earthly embodiment of the wrath of God, which strikes them if they do not run. At the same time, Fludd believed in a number of principles that we accept today, even if most people in those days did not accept them.

His version of a perpetual motion machine was a waterwheel that could grind grain by constantly spinning under the action of recirculating water. Fludd called it "the water screw". In 1660, the first woodcuts appeared depicting such an idea (the appearance of which is attributed to 1618).

Needless to say, the device did not work. However, Fludd was not only trying to break the laws of physics for his machine. He was also looking for a way to help farmers. At that time, the processing of huge volumes of grain depended on flows. Those who lived far from a suitable source of running water were forced to load their crops, haul them to the mill, and then back to the farm. If this perpetual motion machine could work, it would make life much easier for countless farmers.

Wheel of Bhaskara

One of the earliest references to perpetual motion machines comes from the mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara, from his writings of 1150. His concept was an unbalanced wheel with a series of curved spokes inside filled with mercury. As the wheel turned, the mercury began to move, providing the push needed to keep the wheel spinning.

Over the centuries, variations of this idea have been devised great amount. It is quite understandable why it should work: a wheel that is in a state of imbalance tries to bring itself to rest and, in theory, will continue to move. Some designers believed so strongly in the possibility of creating such a wheel that they even designed brakes in case the process got out of hand.

With our current understanding of force, friction, and work, we know that an unbalanced wheel will not achieve the desired effect, because we cannot get all the energy back, we cannot extract it much or forever. However, the idea itself was and remains intriguing to people unfamiliar with modern physics, especially in the Hindu religious context of reincarnation and the circle of life. The idea became so popular that wheel-shaped perpetual motion machines later entered Islamic and European scriptures.

Cox's watch

When famed London watchmaker James Cox built his perpetual motion clock in 1774, it worked exactly as described in the accompanying documentation explaining why the clock did not need to be re-wound. The six-page document explained how the watch was created based on "mechanical and philosophical principles."

According to Cox, the clock's diamond-powered perpetual motion machine and reduced internal friction to almost no friction ensured that the metals that make up the watch would decay much more slowly than anyone had ever seen. In addition to this grandiose statement, then a lot of presentations new technology included mystical elements.

In addition to being a perpetual motion machine, Cox's clock was an ingenious clock. Encased in glass that protected the internal working components from dust while allowing them to be looked at as well, the watch was powered by changes in atmospheric pressure. If the mercury rose or fell inside the hourly barometer, the movement of the mercury turned the inner wheels in the same direction, partially winding the watch. If the clock was constantly wound, the gears would come out of the slots until the chain loosened to a certain point, after which everything fell into place and the watch began to wind itself again.

The first widely accepted example of a perpetual motion clock was shown by Cox himself in spring garden. Later, he was seen at the weekly exhibitions of the Mechanical Museum, and later at the Clerkenville Institute. At the time, the display of these watches was such a miracle that they were captured in countless works of art, and crowds regularly came to Cox to stare at him. wonderful creation.

"Testatika" by Paul Baumann

Watchmaker Paul Baumann founded spiritual society Meternitha in the 1950s. In addition to abstaining from alcohol, drugs, and tobacco, members of this religious sect live in a self-sustaining, environmentally conscious environment. To achieve this, they rely on the marvelous perpetual motion machine created by their founder.

A machine called "Testatika" can use a supposedly unused electrical energy and turn it into energy for the community. Due to its closeness, the "Testatik" was not fully explored by scientists, although the machine became the object of a short documentary film in 1999. Not much was shown, but enough to show that the sect almost idolizes this sacred machine.

The plans and features of Thestatica were sent directly to Baumann by God while he was serving a prison sentence for seducing a young girl. According to the official story, he was saddened by the darkness of his cell and the lack of light for reading. Then he was visited by a mysterious mystical vision, which revealed to him the secret of perpetual motion and infinite energy, which can be drawn directly from the air. Members of the sect confirm that the Thestatica was sent to them by God, noting also that several attempts to photograph the car revealed a multi-colored halo around it.

In the 1990s, a Bulgarian physicist infiltrated the sect to ferret out the design of the machine, hoping to reveal the secret of this magical energy device to the world. But he failed to convince the sectarians. After committing suicide in 1997 by jumping out of a window, he left a suicide note: "I did what I could, let those who can do better."

Bessler wheel

Johann Bessler began his perpetual motion research with a simple concept, like the wheel of Bhaskara: apply weight to the wheel on one side and it will be constantly unbalanced and constantly moving. On November 12, 1717, Bessler sealed his invention in a room. The door was closed, the room was guarded. When it was opened two weeks later, the 3.7-meter wheel was still moving. The room was sealed again, the scheme repeated. When they opened the door in early January 1718, the people found that the wheel was still turning.

Although becoming a celebrity after all this, Bessler did not expand on the principles of the wheel, noting only that it relies on weights that keep it unbalanced. Moreover, Bessler was so secretive that when an engineer sneaked in to take a closer look at the engineer's creation, Bessler freaked out and destroyed the wheel. Later, the engineer said that he did not notice anything suspicious. However, he saw only the outer part of the wheel, so he could not understand how it works. Even in those days, the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine met with some cynicism. Centuries earlier, Leonardo da Vinci himself had scoffed at the idea of ​​such a machine.

Yet the concept of the Bessler wheel has never gone completely out of sight. In 2014, Warwickshire engineer John Collins revealed that he had been studying the design of the Bessler wheel for years and was close to cracking the mystery. Bessler once wrote that he destroyed all evidence, drawings and drawings about the principles of his wheel, but added that anyone who was smart and quick-witted could understand everything for sure.

Otis T. Carr UFO Engine

Included in the Register of Copyright Objects (third series, 1958: July-December) objects seem a little strange. Despite the fact that the US Patent Office long ago ruled that it would not grant any patents for perpetual motion devices because they could not exist, OTC Enterprises Inc. and its founder Otis Carr are listed as the owners of the "free energy system", "peaceful atom energy" and "gravity engine".

In 1959, OTC Enterprises planned to make the first flight of its "fourth-dimensional space transport" powered by a perpetual motion machine. And while at least one person had a brief look at the erratic parts of the heavily guarded project, the device itself was never opened or "lifted off the ground." Carr himself was hospitalized with vague symptoms on the day the device was due to depart on its maiden voyage.

Perhaps his illness was a clever way to get away from the demonstration, but it wasn't enough to put Carr behind bars. By selling options on technology that did not exist, Carr interested investors in the project, as well as people who believed that his apparatus would take them to other planets.

To get around the patent restrictions of his crazy designs, Carr patented everything as an "entertainment device" that simulated trips to outer space. It was US Patent # 2,912,244 (November 10, 1959). Carr claimed that his spacecraft worked because one had already left. The propulsion system was a "circular free energy foil" that provided an infinite supply of energy needed to carry the vehicle into space.

Of course, the strangeness of what is happening has opened the way for conspiracy theories. Some people have suggested that Carr actually assembled his perpetual motion machine and flying machine. But, of course, he was quickly pressed by the American government. Theorists could not agree, either the government does not want to disclose the technology, or it wants to use it on its own.

"Perpetuum Mobile" by Cornelius Drebbel

The strangest thing about Cornelius Drebbel's perpetual motion machine is that although we don't know how or why it worked, you've definitely seen it more often than you think.

Drebbel first demonstrated his car in 1604 and amazed everyone, including the English royal family. The machine was something like a chronometer; it never needed winding and showed the date and the phase of the moon. Driven by changes in temperature or weather, Drebbel's machine also used a thermoscope or barometer, similar to Cox's clock.

No one knows what provided movement and energy to Drebbel's device, since he spoke of harnessing the "fiery spirit of the air" like a real alchemist. At that time, the world was still thinking in terms of the four elements, and Drebbel himself experimented with sulfur and saltpeter.

As stated in a letter dated 1604, the earliest known representation of the device showed a central globe surrounded by a liquid-filled glass tube. Gold arrows and markings tracked the phases of the moon. Other images were more elaborate, showing the car adorned with mythological creatures and jewelry in gold. Drebbel's Perpetuum mobile also appeared in some paintings, notably those by Albrecht and Rubens. In these pictures, the strange toroidal shape of the machine does not at all resemble a sphere.

In his self-proclaimed "incredible true history of life," David Hamel claims to be an ordinary carpenter with no formal training who has been chosen to be the custodian of the perpetual energy machine and the spacecraft that is supposed to work with it. After an encounter with aliens from the planet Kladen, Hamel claimed to have received information that should change the world - if only people would believe him.

Although all of this is a little discouraging, Hamel said that his perpetual motion machine uses the same energies as spiders jumping from one web to another. These scalar forces cancel out the pull of gravity and allow us to create a device that will allow us to reunite with our Claden relatives, who provided Khamel with the necessary information.

According to Khamel, he has already built such a device. Unfortunately, it flew away.

After working for 20 years to build his interstellar device and drive using a series of magnets, he finally turned it on and this is what happened. Filled with the glow of colorful ions, his anti-gravity machine rose into the air and flew over the Pacific Ocean. To avoid a repeat of this tragic event, Khamel builds his next car out of heavier materials like granite.

To understand the principles behind this technology, Hamel says you need to look at the pyramids, study some forbidden books, accept the presence of invisible energy, and imagine scalars and the ionosphere almost like milk and cheese.

It would seem that fuel from water and nothing else - what could be simpler and at the same time more ingenious? External energy is needed only to start the engine cycle: a certain force acts on water molecules so that they decay into two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom each. Then hydrogen, as we were taught, with a barking sound burns in oxygen. As a result, water is formed. Part of the energy goes into pushing the pistons of the engine, and part goes into a new reaction. It would be an ideal car: it does not pollute the environment, and it does not require so much water.

However, physicists are very skeptical about such inventions: the very idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. Recall: "It is impossible to spontaneously transfer heat from a body that is less heated to a body that is hotter." As applied to our hypothetical fuel from H 2 O, it can be reformulated as follows: more energy will be spent on the splitting of water than will be obtained as a result of the combustion of hydrogen.

However, the inventors are sure that a mistake crept in somewhere. And there is a way to split water with the least amount of energy.

1. The most conspiratorial model

Some claim that the American inventor Stan Meyer (on the picture) invented his water engine at the end of the last century. And even managed to get a patent for it. But the scoundrels from the fuel corporations (or from the World Government - as you like) killed the self-taught mechanic so that his invention would never go to the masses. In March 1998, the inventor ate dinner at a restaurant, walked to the parking lot, and died in his car. He was only 48 years old. The alleged cause of death is poisoning, and according to the official version, an aneurysm of cerebral vessels.

So, Mr. Mayer's engine was arranged as follows. The main thing in the device is a kind of "water fuel cell". It is in it that water, by means of electrolysis, decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen, forming the so-called explosive gas, HOH (hydrogen hydroxide).

It was this thing that Mayer installed in the buggy engine, also replacing the spark plugs with special injectors that inject explosive gas into the cylinders of the internal combustion engine. The inventor assembled the machine back in 1990 and demonstrated it to a reporter from the Ohio state television channel. According to him, just 83 liters of water would be enough to make the journey from New York to Los Angeles. And this, neither more nor less, almost five thousand kilometers.

The history of the invention is rather sad. Stan sold the buggy patent to two investors for $25,000. And in 1996, after eminent experts from Queen Mary University of London and the Royal Academy of Engineering Sciences of Great Britain investigated the buggy, the court found him guilty of forgery and ordered him to return the money to investors.

2. Air and water

In 2008, the world was shocked by yet another news about an engine that runs only on air and water. This time, the good news came from Japan: Genepax Corporation said that their engine requires only water and air to run. Like Stan Meier's version, Genepax's internal combustion engine runs on hydrogen, which is released from water. And all the salt of the device is in the special design of the electrodes, which, in fact, split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The Japanese called this invention MEA - Membrane Electrode Assembly (membrane electrode device).

It works like this: a metal hydride reacts with water, and the result is hydrogen. True, with the help of the new device, this reaction lasts longer - while the engine is running. This means that there is no need for a special tank to transport highly explosive hydrogen. According to representatives of the company Genepax, catalysts are needed for the reaction - for example, platinum.

AT recent times nothing is heard about a water engine - either there is no revolution in the discovery, or resource companies do not allow a unique car to become mass-produced.

3. Pakistan rids itself - and the world along with it - of a fuel crisis

It was with this message that the government of a Muslim state, deprived of resources, decided to invest in the work of one engineer who announced the creation of a unique water engine. Agha Waqar Ahmad created a special device that splits water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis and can be installed on any internal combustion engine. Which, by the way, was demonstrated to Pakistani scientists and experts from the Ministry of Energy.

A Pakistani mechanic's invention won't take your car completely off the hydrocarbon needle. However, after connecting it to the standard cylinders of a gasoline or diesel engine, the car's fuel consumption drops dramatically. And the fuel itself burns out almost completely - which means that the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere decreases.

The development of a water-gasoline engine is still ongoing. In complete secrecy, of course.

On the this moment According to historical sources, it is known that the idea of ​​a device that could set machines in motion without using either the muscular strength of people and animals, or the power of wind and falling water, arose for the first time in India in the 12th century.

However, practical interest in it manifested itself in the medieval cities of Europe in the XIII century. This was not an accident, as a universal engine with such qualities would have been very useful to a medieval craftsman. He could set in motion bellows that supplied air to furnaces and furnaces, water pumps, turn mills, lift loads at construction sites.

The creation of such an engine would make it possible to make a significant step both in the energy sector and in the development of productive forces in general. Medieval science was not ready to somehow help these searches because people who dreamed of creating a universal engine relied primarily on the eternal movement that they saw in the surrounding nature: the movement of the sun, moon and planets, sea ​​tides and tides, the course of rivers. This perpetual motion was called " perpetuum mobile naturae"- natural, natural perpetual motion, as they believed.

The existence of such a natural perpetual motion, from their point of view, irrefutably testified to the possibility of creating and artificial perpetual motion - " perpetuum mobile artificae". It was only necessary to find a way to transfer the phenomena existing in nature to artificially created machines. The idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine changed significantly over time in accordance with the development of science, in particular physics, and the tasks that arose before the energy industry.

At the moment, the question of creating a perpetual motion machine remains open and the construction of such a device, as shown modern science and technology, almost impossible. But, as sometimes happens, what is impossible now becomes a reality tomorrow. It is quite possible that such a tomorrow may come for the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine. So far, all attempts to build them have ended in failure.

However, it is probably worth considering the most famous attempts to build a perpetual motion machine and reveal the reasons for the failures of their authors.

Perpetual motion machines were usually designed using the following techniques or their combinations:

- lifting water with the help of an Archimedean screw;

- the rise of water with the help of capillaries;

- use of a wheel with unbalanced loads;

– natural magnets;

– electromagnetism;

– steam or compressed air.

1. Wheel of Bhaskara

Project idea: The oldest model, mentioned in a 12th-century manuscript of Bhaskara. A wheel, with tubes attached to it around the perimeter, half filled with mercury. It was believed that due to the flow of fluid, the wheel itself would rotate indefinitely. The principle of operation of this first mechanical perpetuum mobile was based on the difference in the moments of gravity created by the liquid moving in vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. With a slight rotation, the mercury begins to move in direction, thereby bringing the wheel into a state of imbalance. Trying to achieve rest, the wheel will be in constant motion.

Reason for inoperability: Bhaskara borrowed the design of his perpetual motion machine from famous circle eternal return and never attempted to build the device he described. Perhaps he did not even think about how real his construction was - for Bhaskara it was just a convenient mathematical abstraction. An attempt to create a perpetual motion machine was unsuccessful, because. the sum of the moments due to gravity is zero. It takes force to start the wheel, but the wheel won't spin forever.

1. Wheel with rolling balls

Project idea: A wheel with heavy balls rolling in it. In any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side of the wheel will be farther from the center than the weights on the left half. Therefore, the right half must always pull the left half and make the wheel spin. So the wheel must keep turning forever.

Reason for inoperability: Although the weights on the right side are always farther from the center than the weights on the left side, the number of these weights is just enough smaller that the sum of the weights of the weights, multiplied by the projection of the radii perpendicular to the direction of gravity, on the right and left are equal (F i L i = F j L j).

1. Chain of balls on a triangular prism

Project idea: A chain of 14 identical balls is thrown through a trihedral prism. There are four balls on the left, two on the right. The remaining eight balls balance each other. Consequently, the chain will come into perpetual motion counterclockwise.

Reason for inoperability: Loads are driven only by the component of gravity parallel to the inclined surface. On a longer surface, there are more weights, but the angle of inclination of the surface is proportionately smaller. Therefore, the gravity of the loads on the right, multiplied by the sine of the angle, is equal to the gravity of the loads on the left, multiplied by the sine of the other angle.

1. "Bird Hottabych"

Project idea: A thin glass cone with a horizontal axis in the middle is soldered into a small container. The free end of the cone almost touches its bottom. A little ether is poured into the lower part of the toy, and the upper, empty, is glued on the outside with a thin layer of cotton wool. A glass of water is placed in front of the toy and tilted, forcing it to “drink”. The bird begins to bend over and dip its head into the glass two or three times a minute. Time after time, continuously, day and night, the bird bows until the glass runs out of water.

Reason for inoperability: The head and beak of the bird are covered with cotton wool. When the bird “drinks water”, the cotton wool becomes saturated with water. When the water evaporates, the temperature of the bird's head decreases. Ether is poured into the lower part of the body of the bird, above which there are ether vapors (the air is pumped out). As the bird's head cools, the vapor pressure in the upper part decreases. But the pressure at the bottom remains the same. The excess pressure of ether vapors in the lower part lifts the liquid ether up the tube, the bird's head becomes heavier and leans towards the glass.

As soon as the liquid ether reaches the end of the tube, warm ether vapors from the lower part will fall into the upper part, the vapor pressure will equalize and the liquid ether will flow down, and the bird will again raise its beak, while capturing water from the glass. Evaporation of water starts again, the head cools and everything repeats. If the water did not evaporate, then the bird would not move. For evaporation from the surrounding space, energy is consumed (concentrated in water and ambient air).

A perpetual motion machine must work without the expenditure of external energy. Therefore, Hottabych's bird is not really a perpetual motion machine.

1. float chain

Project idea: The high tower is filled with water. Through the pulleys installed at the top and bottom of the tower, a rope with 14 hollow cubic boxes with a side of 1 meter is thrown. The boxes in the water, under the action of the Archimedes force directed upwards, should sequentially float to the surface of the liquid, dragging the entire chain with them, and the boxes on the left go down under the action of gravity. Thus, the boxes fall alternately from air to liquid and vice versa.

Reason for inoperability: Boxes entering the liquid encounter very strong opposition from the liquid, and the work to push them into the liquid is no less than the work done by the Archimedes force when the boxes float to the surface. The pressure of the water column on the lowest tank will compensate for the buoyancy force.

1. Archimedes screw and water wheel

Project idea: Archimedean screw, rotating, raises water into the upper tank, from where it flows out of the tray in a jet that falls on the blades of the water wheel. The waterwheel rotates the grindstone and at the same time moves, with the help of a series of gears, the same Archimedean screw that raises the water into the upper tank. The screw turns the wheel, and the wheel turns the screw! This project, invented back in 1575 by the Italian mechanic Strada the Elder, was then repeated in numerous variations.

Reason for inoperability: Most of projects of perpetual motion machines could really work if it were not for the existence of the force of friction. If this is an engine, there must be moving parts, which means that it is not enough for the engine to rotate itself: it is also necessary to generate excess energy to overcome the friction force, which cannot be removed in any way.

1. Magnet and troughs

Project idea: A strong magnet is placed on the stand. Two inclined troughs are leaning against it, one under the other, and the upper trough has a small hole in its upper part, and the lower one is curved at the end. If, the inventor reasoned, a small iron ball B is placed on the upper trough, then due to attraction by magnet A, the ball will roll upward; however, having reached the hole, it will fall into the lower chute N, roll down it, run up the rounding D of this chute and fall on the upper chute M; from here, attracted by the magnet, it will roll up again, fall through the hole again, roll down again and again find itself on the upper chute, to start moving again from the beginning. Thus, the ball will constantly run back and forth, carrying out "perpetual motion".

Reason for inoperability: The inventor thought that the ball, having rolled down the chute N to its lower end, would still have sufficient speed to lift it up the rounding D. This would be the case if the ball rolled under the influence of gravity alone: ​​then it would roll with acceleration . But our ball is under the action of two forces: gravity and magnetic attraction. The latter, by assumption, is so significant that it can make the ball rise from position B to C. Therefore, along the chute N, the ball will roll down not accelerated, but slowly, and even if it reaches the lower end, then, in any case, it will not accumulate the speed necessary to lift rounded D.

1. "Eternal plumbing"

Project idea: The pressure of the water in the large tank should constantly squeeze the water through the pipe into the top tank.

1. Automatic watch winding

Project idea: The basis of the device is a large-sized mercury barometer: a bowl of mercury suspended in a frame, and a large flask of mercury overturned upside down over it. Vessels are fixed movably one relative to the other; with increasing atmospheric pressure the flask descends and the bowl rises, with a decrease in pressure, vice versa. Both movements cause a small gear wheel to rotate always in one direction and raise the weights of the clock through the system of gear wheels.

Reason for inoperability: The energy required for the operation of the watch is "drawn" from the environment. In fact, this is not much different from a wind turbine - except that it is extremely low power.

1. Oil rising through the wicks

Project idea: The liquid poured into the lower vessel rises by wicks into the upper vessel, which has a chute for draining the liquid. Through the drain, the liquid falls on the blades of the wheel, causing it to rotate. Further, the oil that has flowed down again rises through the wicks to the upper vessel. Thus, the jet of oil flowing down the chute onto the wheel is not interrupted for a second, and the wheel must always be in motion.

Reason for inoperability: From the upper, bent part of the wick, the liquid will not flow down. Capillary attraction, overcoming gravity, lifted the liquid up the wick - but the same reason keeps the liquid in the pores of a wet wick, preventing it from dripping from it.

1. Wheel with reclining weights

Project idea: The idea is based on the use of a wheel with unbalanced weights. Folding sticks with weights at the ends are attached to the edges of the wheel. At any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side will be thrown further from the center than on the left; this half, therefore, must pull the left one and thereby make the wheel turn. This means that the wheel will rotate forever, at least until the axle is frayed.

Reason for inoperability: The weights on the right side are always farther from the center, however, it is inevitable that the wheel will be positioned in such a way that the number of these weights is less than on the left. Then the system is balanced - therefore, the wheel will not rotate, but after making several swings, it will stop.

1. Installation of engineer Potapov

Project idea: Potapov's hydrodynamic thermal plant with efficiency exceeding 400%. The electric motor (EM) drives the pump (NS), forcing the water to circulate around the circuit (shown by arrows). The circuit contains a cylindrical column (OK) and a heating battery (BT). The end of the pipe 3 can be connected to the column (OK) in two ways: 1) to the center of the column; 2) tangential to the circle forming the wall of the cylindrical column. When connected according to method 1, the amount of heat given off to water is equal (taking into account losses) to the amount of heat radiated by the battery (BT) into the surrounding space. But as soon as the pipe is connected according to method 2, the amount of heat emitted by the battery (BT) increases 4 times! Measurements carried out by our and foreign experts showed that when 1 kW is supplied to the electric motor (EM), the battery (BT) gives as much heat as it should have been obtained with an expenditure of 4 kW. When connecting the pipe according to method 2, the water in the column (OK) receives rotary motion, and it is this process that leads to an increase in the amount of heat given off by the battery (BT).

Reason for inoperability: The described installation was indeed assembled at NPO Energia and, according to the authors, worked. The inventors did not question the correctness of the law of conservation of energy, but argued that the engine draws energy from the "physical vacuum". Which is impossible, since the physical vacuum has the lowest possible energy level and it is impossible to draw energy from it.

A more prosaic explanation seems to be the most probable: there is an uneven heating of the liquid over the cross section of the pipe, and because of this, errors in temperature measurement occur. It is also possible that, against the will of the inventors, energy is “pumped” into the installation from an electrical circuit.

1. Connections of a dynamo with an electric motor

Project idea: The pulleys of the electric motor and the dynamo are connected by a drive belt, and the wires from the dynamo are connected to the motor. If the dynamo-machine is given an initial impulse, then the current generated by it, entering the motor, will set it in motion; the energy of the movement of the motor will be transmitted by the belt to the pulley of the dynamo and set it in motion. Thus, the inventors believe, the machines will move one another, and this movement will never stop until both machines are worn out.

Reason for inoperability: Even if each of the connected machines had a 100% useful action we could force them this way move continuously only in the absence of friction. The combination of these machines (their "aggregate", in the language of engineers) is in essence one machine that sets itself in motion. In the absence of friction, the unit, like any pulley, would move forever, but no benefit could be derived from such a movement: it would be enough to force the “engine” to do external work, and it would immediately stop. Before us would be perpetual motion, but not perpetual motion. In the presence of friction, the unit would not move at all.

14.Based on the Archimedean screw

Project idea: The LM part is a wooden cylinder with a spiral groove cut into it. In the device, this cylinder is closed with tin plates AB. The three water wheels are marked with the letters H, I, K, and the water tank located below is marked with the letters CD. When the cylinder rotates, all the water that rises up from the tank will flow into the vessel E, and from this vessel will pour out onto the wheel H and, therefore, rotate the wheel and the entire screw as a whole. If, however, the amount of water falling on wheel H is insufficient to rotate the screw, then it will be possible to use the water flowing from this wheel into vessel F and falling further on wheel I. As a result, the force of the water will double. If this is not enough, then the water entering the second wheel I can be directed to the vessel G and to the third wheel K. This cascade can be continued by installing as many additional wheels as the dimensions of the entire device allow.

Reason for inoperability: The device will not work for two reasons. First, the water that rises up does not form any significant stream, which then rushes down. Secondly, this flow, even in the form of a cascade, is not able to rotate the screw.

15.Based on the law of Archimedes

Project idea: A part of a wooden drum, mounted on an axle, is immersed in water all the time. If the law of Archimedes is true, then the part immersed in water should float up and, as soon as the buoyancy force is greater than the friction force on the axis of the drum, the rotation will never stop ...

Reason for inoperability: The drum will not move. Direction active forces will always be perpendicular to the surface of the drum, i.e., along the radius to the axis. Everyone knows from everyday experience that it is impossible to make a wheel turn by applying force along the radius of the wheel. To cause rotation, it is necessary to apply force perpendicular to the radius, i.e., tangent to the circumference of the wheel. Now it is not difficult to understand why, in this case, too, the attempt to implement “perpetual” motion will end in failure.

16.Based on the attraction of magnets

Project idea: The steel ball C is constantly attracted to the magnet B, which is located so that under its influence the wheel with slots in the rim rotates. (See Fig.) While the ball is moving, the wheel is also rotating.

Reason for inoperability: Gravity and magnetic attraction balance each other.

1. Radium watch

This "radium watch" was demonstrated to the public in 1903 by John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh). A year later he received Nobel Prize in physics.

Project idea: Not a large number of radium salt is placed in a glass tube (A), which is coated on the outside with a conductive material. At the end of the tube there is a brass cap from which hang a pair of golden petals. All this is in a glass flask from which the air is pumped out. Inner surface the cones are covered with a conductive foil (B) which is grounded through a wire (C).

The negative electrons (beta rays) that radium emits pass through the glass, leaving central part positively charged. As a result, the golden petals, repelled from each other, diverge. When they touch the foil, a discharge occurs, the petals drop and the cycle begins again. The half-life of radium is 1620 years. Therefore, such watches can work for many, many centuries without visible changes.

At one time, radium watches were a real perpetuum mobile, since the nature of nuclear energy was not known, and it was not clear where the energy came from. With the development of science, it became clear that the law of conservation of energy still triumphs, and nuclear energy also obeys this law, like all other forms of energy.

Reason for inoperability: The power of this engine, performed by it per second, is so negligible that no mechanism can be put into action. To achieve any tangible results, it is necessary to have a much larger supply of radium. If we remember that radium is an extremely rare and expensive element, then we agree that a gratuitous engine of this kind would be too ruinous.

Materials used

Perpetual motion machine - what is it? What is the principle of its work? Can there be an energy source that will work without the use of an energy carrier?

In order to make a perpetual motion machine with your own hands, you need to know what it is. People have always thought about creating a device that would work without the use of an energy carrier, generate energy in large quantities. One of the main requirements is 100% efficiency.

To date, there are two versions of the perpetual motion machine: physical - working on the principles of mechanics, and natural - using celestial mechanics.

Requirements for perpetual motion machines

Since the device itself is designed for continuous operation without using a certain type of energy carrier, then to it there are specific requirements:

• ensuring the constant operation of the engine;
• long-term operation of the device due to ideal parts;
• strong and durable parts.

To date, there is no such device that has been tested or certified. Many scientists are working on this issue and do not deny the possibility of its creation in the future, while focusing on the fact that the principle of operation will be based on the energy of the total gravitational field. it vacuum or ether energy. According to scientists, a perpetual motion machine must work continuously, generate energy, cause movement without any external influences.

Possible variants of a perpetual motion machine

Gravitational perpetual motion machine

The principle of operation of such an engine is based on the gravitational force of the universe. Since our entire Universe is filled with a cluster of stars, then for complete rest and uniform movement, everything is in force balance. If you take and pull out one of the sections of stellar space, then the Universe will begin to actively move in order to equalize the balance and the average density. If you use a similar principle in a gravitational engine, you can get an eternal source of energy. To date, no one has been able to build such an engine.

Magnetic gravity engine

It is possible to make this device with your own hands, it is enough to use a permanent magnet. Its principle is based on variable displacement around the main magnet auxiliary or other cargo. Due to the interaction of magnets with force fields, approaching the loads to the axis of rotation of the motor of one of the poles, and repulsing to the other pole. It is because of the constant displacement of the center of mass, the alternation of gravitational forces and the interaction of permanent magnets, that the eternal operation of the engine will be ensured.

If the assembled magnetic motor is working properly, then you just need to push it, and it will begin to spin up to maximum speed. In order to assemble a magnetic perpetual motion machine with your own hands, you must have a material and technical base; without it, it is impossible to assemble such a device. Therefore, if you are new to this issue, then you should consider lighter and simpler versions of perpetual motion machines. To make such an engine with your own hands, you must have magnets, as well as loads of certain parameters and sizes.

Modern amateur craftsmen have developed a simple version of the perpetual motion machine. For this you need have the following materials:

• plastic bottle;
• pieces of wood;
• thin tubes.

A plastic bottle is cut horizontally and a wooden partition is inserted. All equipment inside must be vertical from top to bottom. Then, a thin tube is mounted, which will pass from the bottom to the top of the bottle, passing through the partition. To avoid passage inside the air, all voids between plastic bottle and the tree needs to be filled.

At the bottom you need cut a small hole and provide a way to close it. Liquid (gasoline or freon) is poured into this hole to the level of the tube cut, while it should not reach the wooden partition. When the bottom of the bottle is tightly closed, a little of the same liquid is poured through the top and tightly corked. The entire fabricated structure is placed in warm place until the top of their tube starts to drip.

Such an engine will work according to the following principle: due to the fact that the air layer is surrounded on all sides by liquid, the heat from it will act on the liquid. It will evaporate and go to the air gap. The forces of gravity will help the vapors turn into condensate and return back to the liquid. A wheel is installed under the two tubes, which will rotate under the influence of condensate drops. The gravitational field of the Earth will provide energy for constant movement.

This option is available to everyone. For his work You will need a pump and two containers: one big, the other smaller. The pump must not use any energy carriers. The device is made like this:

• a flask with a lower check valve and a G-shaped thin tube is taken;
• this tube is inserted into the flask through a hermetic stopper;
• The pump will pump water from one tank to another.

All engine operation will be provided by atmospheric pressure.

Mechanical perpetual motion machine

by the most ideal option the perpetual aggregate is mechanical. His the main task– to ensure constant, uninterrupted work and assistance to a person on a grandiose scale.

Many craftsmen worked on mechanical types of products, offered their projects, each of them was based on the principle of difference specific gravity mercury and water.

Hydraulic perpetual motion machine

The idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine was given to man by the machines of the last century: pumps, water wheels, mills that worked only on the energy of water and wind.

If you use a water wheel in open space, then there is always a threat of a decrease in the water level, which will negatively affect the operation of the entire system. This gave the researchers the idea to put the water wheel in a closed cycle. In order to build a water perpetual apparatus with your own hands, you must have the following materials: a wheel, a water pump, a reservoir.

The device works as follows: the load is smoothly lowered, and the tub rises, the pump valve rises with it, water enters the vessel. Then the water enters the tank, the damper opens in it, and the water is again poured into the tub through the installed faucet. Thanks to the attached rope, the tub can rise and fall under the weight of the water. The wheel that is inside makes only oscillatory movements.

In order to build an eternal device with your own hands, a large number of instructions and video materials are presented today. However, only a conscious understanding of the essence of this device and its capabilities can consider a convenient and simple option, and try to assemble it yourself. This device can facilitate the participation of a person in many life situations, make it energetically independent of external media.

Hydraulic perpetual motion machine February 14th, 2017

In 1685, in one of the issues of the London scientific journal"Philosophical Works" was published by the Frenchman Denis Papin, the project of a hydraulic perpetuum mobile, the principle of which was supposed to refute the well-known paradox of hydrostatics. As can be seen from the figure, this device consisted of a vessel tapering into a tube in the shape of the letter C, which was bent upwards and with its open end hung over the edge of the vessel.

The author of the project assumed that the weight of water in the wider part of the vessel would necessarily exceed the weight of the liquid in the tube, i.e. in the narrower part. This meant that the liquid, by its weight, would have to squeeze itself out of the vessel into a tube, through which it would again have to return to the vessel, thereby achieving the required continuous circulation of water in the vessel.

How do you suppose why the "perpetual motion machine" works in the video?

Unfortunately, Papin did not realize that the decisive factor in this case is not the different amount (and with it the different weight of the liquid in the wide and narrow parts of the vessel), but, first of all, the property inherent in all communicating vessels without exception: the pressure of the liquid in the vessel and bent tube will always be the same. The hydrostatic paradox is precisely explained by the peculiarities of this essentially hydrostatic pressure.

Also called Pascal's paradox, he claims that the total pressure, i.e. the force with which the liquid presses on the horizontal bottom of the vessel is determined only by the weight of the column of liquid above it, and does not depend at all on the shape of the vessel (for example, on whether its walls narrow or expand) and, therefore, on the amount of liquid.

The victims of such delusions were sometimes even people who worked at the very forefront of contemporary science and technology. An example is Denis Papin himself (1647-1714), the inventor of not only the "Papin's boiler" and safety valve, but also the centrifugal pump, and most importantly, the first steam engines with a cylinder and a piston. Papin even established the dependence of vapor pressure on temperature and showed how to obtain both vacuum and elevated pressure on its basis. He was a student of Huygens, corresponded with Leibniz and other prominent scientists of his time, was a member of the English Royal Society and the Academy of Sciences in Naples. And now such a person, who is rightfully considered a prominent physicist and one of the founders of modern thermal power engineering (as the creator of a steam engine), is also working on a perpetual motion machine! Not only that, he proposes such a perpetual motion machine, the fallacy of the principle of which was completely obvious to contemporary science as well. He publishes this project in Philosophical Transactions (London, 1685).

Rice. 1. Model of a hydraulic perpetual motion machine by D. Papin

The idea of ​​Papin's perpetual motion machine is very simple - it is essentially a Zonka's pipe turned upside down (Fig. 1). Since the weight of water is greater in the wide part of the vessel, its force must exceed the force of the weight of the narrow column of water in the thin pipe C. Therefore, water will constantly drain from the end of the thin pipe into the wide vessel. It remains only to substitute the water wheel under the jet and the perpetual motion machine is ready!

It is obvious that in reality this will not work; the liquid surface in a thin tube will be set at the same level as in a thick one, as in any communicating vessels (as in the right part of Fig. 1.).

The fate of this idea of ​​Papin was the same as other variants of hydraulic perpetual motion machines. The author never returned to it, having taken up a more useful business - a steam engine.

The story of the invention by D. Papin prompts a question that constantly arises when studying the history of perpetual motion machines: how to explain the amazing blindness and strange behavior of many very educated and, most importantly, talented people that arise every time it comes to the invention of a perpetual motion machine?

We will return to this issue later. If we continue talking about Papin, then something else is incomprehensible. Not only does it not take into account the already known laws of hydraulics. After all, at that time he was in the position of "temporary curator of experiments" at the Royal Society of London. Papin, with his experimental skills, could easily test the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine he proposed (just as he tested his other proposals). It is easy to set up such an experiment in half an hour, even without the capabilities of a “curator of experiments”. He didn't, and for some reason submitted the article to the magazine without checking anything. Paradox: an outstanding experimental scientist and theorist publishes a project that contradicts an already established theory and has not been experimentally verified!

In the future, many more hydraulic perpetual motion machines were proposed with other methods of raising water, in particular capillary and wick (which, in fact, are one and the same) [. They proposed to lift liquid (water or oil) from the lower vessel to the upper one through a wetted capillary or wick. Indeed, it is possible to raise the liquid to a certain height in this way, but the same surface tension forces that caused the rise will not allow the liquid to drain from the wick (or capillary) into the upper vessel.

What happens on the video?

When liquid is poured into the funnel, then according to the law of communicating vessels, the levels should be the same, and it flows into the tube with a large delay, therefore, under the wooden stand there is also a vessel from which water is pumped, since it will stop in the middle and will not flow. This the hydraulic perpetuum of the mobile of the Middle Ages, which contains an error, as supposedly the greater weight of the funnel will displace water from the tube, but this is not so. Any tube diameter and any shape does not matter, the levels just level out