Jet engines - abstract. Turbojet aircraft (history of invention)

A jet engine is an engine that creates the traction force necessary for movement by converting the internal energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy of the jet stream of the working fluid.

The working fluid flows out of the engine at high speed, and, in accordance with the law of conservation of momentum, a reactive force is formed that pushes the engine in the opposite direction. To accelerate the working fluid, it can be used as an expansion of a gas heated in one way or another to a high thermal temperature (the so-called thermal jet engines), and other physical principles, for example, the acceleration of charged particles in an electrostatic field (see ion engine).

A jet engine combines the engine itself with a propeller, that is, it creates traction only through interaction with the working fluid, without support or contact with other bodies. For this reason, it is most commonly used to propel aircraft, rockets, and spacecraft.

In a jet engine, the thrust required for propulsion is generated by converting the input energy into kinetic energy working body. As a result of the expiration of the working fluid from the engine nozzle, a reactive force is formed in the form of recoil (jet). The recoil moves the engine and the device structurally connected with it in space. The movement occurs in the direction opposite to the outflow of the jet. The kinetic energy of the jet stream can be converted different kinds energy: chemical, nuclear, electrical, solar. The jet engine provides its own movement without the participation of intermediate mechanisms.

To create jet thrust, you need a source of initial energy, which is converted into the kinetic energy of a jet stream, a working fluid ejected from the engine in the form of a jet stream, and jet engine, which converts the first type of energy into the second.

The main part of a jet engine is the combustion chamber, in which the working fluid is created.

All jet engines are divided into two main classes, depending on whether they use the environment in their work or not.

The first class is jet engines (WFD). All of them are thermal, in which the working fluid is formed during the oxidation reaction of a combustible substance with oxygen from the surrounding air. The bulk of the working fluid is atmospheric air.

In a rocket engine, all components of the working fluid are on board the apparatus equipped with it.

There are also combined engines that combine both of the above types.

For the first time, jet propulsion was used in Heron's ball, the prototype of a steam turbine. Solid fuel jet engines appeared in China in the 10th century. n. e. Such rockets were used in the East, and then in Europe for fireworks, signaling, and then as combat ones.

An important stage in the development of the idea of ​​jet propulsion was the idea of ​​using a rocket as an engine for aircraft. It was first formulated by the Russian revolutionary N. I. Kibalchich, who in March 1881, shortly before his execution, proposed a scheme for an aircraft (rocket plane) using jet thrust from explosive powder gases.

N. E. Zhukovsky in his works "On the reaction of outflowing and inflowing fluid" (1880s) and "On the theory of ships set in motion by the reaction force of outflowing water" (1908) first developed the main issues of the theory of a jet engine.

Interesting works on the study of rocket flight also belong to the famous Russian scientist I. V. Meshchersky, in particular in the field general theory motion of bodies of variable mass.

In 1903, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, in his work "Investigation of the World Spaces with Reactive Devices", gave a theoretical justification for the flight of a rocket, as well as a schematic diagram of a rocket engine, which anticipated many fundamental and design features modern fluid rocket engines(LPRE). So, Tsiolkovsky provided for the use of liquid fuel for a jet engine and its supply to the engine with special pumps. He proposed to control the flight of the rocket by means of gas rudders - special plates placed in a jet of gases emitted from the nozzle.

A feature of a liquid-propellant engine is that, unlike other jet engines, it carries with it the entire supply of oxidizer along with the fuel, and does not take the oxygen-containing air necessary for burning fuel from the atmosphere. This is the only engine that can be used for ultra-high-altitude flight outside the earth's atmosphere.

The world's first rocket with a liquid-propellant rocket engine was created and launched on March 16, 1926 by the American R. Goddard. It weighed about 5 kilograms, and its length reached 3 m. Goddard's rocket was fueled by gasoline and liquid oxygen. The flight of this rocket lasted 2.5 seconds, during which it flew 56 m.

Systematic experimental work on these engines began in the 30s of the XX century.

The first Soviet rocket engines were designed and built in 1930–1931. in the Leningrad Gas Dynamic Laboratory (GDL) under the guidance of the future academician V.P. Glushko. This series was called ORM - an experienced rocket motor. Glushko applied some novelties, for example, cooling the engine with one of the fuel components.

In parallel, the development of rocket engines was carried out in Moscow by the Jet Propulsion Study Group (GIRD). Its ideological inspirer was F. A. Zander, and the organizer was the young S. P. Korolev. Korolev's goal was to build a new rocket apparatus - a rocket plane.

In 1933, F.A. Zander built and successfully tested the OR1 rocket engine, which ran on gasoline and compressed air, and in 1932–1933. - engine OP2, on gasoline and liquid oxygen. This engine was designed to be installed on a glider that was supposed to fly as a rocket plane.

In 1933, the first Soviet liquid-fuel rocket was created and tested at GIRD.

Developing the work begun, Soviet engineers subsequently continued to work on the creation of liquid-propellant jet engines. In total, from 1932 to 1941, 118 designs of liquid-propellant jet engines were developed in the USSR.

In Germany in 1931, rockets were tested by I. Winkler, Riedel, and others.

The first flight on a rocket-propelled aircraft with a liquid-propellant engine was made in the Soviet Union in February 1940. An LRE was used as the power plant of the aircraft. In 1941, under the leadership Soviet designer V. F. Bolkhovitinov, the first jet aircraft was built - a fighter with a liquid-propellant engine. His tests were carried out in May 1942 by pilot G. Ya. Bakhchivadzhi.

At the same time, the first flight of a German fighter with such an engine took place. In 1943, the United States tested the first American jet aircraft, on which a liquid-propellant engine was installed. In Germany, in 1944, several fighters with these Messerschmitt-designed engines were built and in the same year they were used in a combat situation on the Western Front.

In addition, liquid propellant rocket engines were used on German V2 rockets, created under the direction of W. von Braun.

In the 1950s, liquid rocket engines were installed on ballistic missiles, and then on artificial satellites of the Earth, the Sun, the Moon and Mars, automatic interplanetary stations.

The rocket engine consists of a combustion chamber with a nozzle, a turbopump unit, a gas generator or a steam-gas generator, an automation system, control elements, an ignition system and auxiliary units (heat exchangers, mixers, drives).

The idea of ​​jet engines has been repeatedly put forward in different countries. The most important and original works in this respect are the studies carried out in 1908–1913. French scientist R. Loren, who, in particular, in 1911 proposed a number of schemes for ramjet engines. These engines use atmospheric air as an oxidizer, and the air in the combustion chamber is compressed by dynamic air pressure.

In May 1939, the first test of a rocket with a ramjet engine designed by P. A. Merkulov took place in the USSR. It was a two-stage rocket (the first stage was a powder rocket) with a takeoff weight of 7.07 kg, and the weight of fuel for the second stage of a ramjet engine was only 2 kg. During the test, the rocket reached a height of 2 km.

In 1939–1940 for the first time in the world in the Soviet Union, summer tests of jet engines installed as additional engines on an aircraft designed by N.P. Polikarpov were carried out. In 1942, ramjet engines designed by E. Senger were tested in Germany.

The jet engine consists of a diffuser in which air is compressed due to the kinetic energy of the oncoming air flow. Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber through the nozzle and the mixture ignites. The jet stream exits through the nozzle.

The operation of the WFD is continuous, so there is no starting thrust in them. In this regard, at flight speeds less than half the speed of sound, jet engines are not used. The use of WFD is most effective at supersonic speeds and high altitudes. The takeoff of an aircraft with a jet engine is carried out using solid or liquid propellant rocket engines.

Another group of jet engines, turbocompressor engines, has received more development. They are divided into turbojet, in which thrust is created by a jet of gases flowing from a jet nozzle, and turboprop, in which the main thrust is created by a propeller.

In 1909, the design of a turbojet engine was developed by engineer N. Gerasimov. In 1914, lieutenant of the Russian navy M. N. Nikolskoy designed and built a model of a turboprop aircraft engine. The gaseous combustion products of a mixture of turpentine and nitric acid served as the working fluid for driving the three-stage turbine. The turbine worked not only for the propeller: the exhaust gaseous combustion products directed to the tail (jet) nozzle created jet thrust in addition to propeller thrust.

In 1924, V. I. Bazarov developed the design of an aircraft turbocompressor jet engine, which consisted of three elements: a combustion chamber, a gas turbine, and a compressor. For the first time, the compressed air flow here was divided into two branches: the smaller part went into the combustion chamber (to the burner), and the larger part was mixed with the working gases to lower their temperature in front of the turbine. This ensured the safety of the turbine blades. The power of the multistage turbine was used to drive the centrifugal compressor of the engine itself and partly to rotate the propeller. In addition to the propeller, thrust was created by the reaction of a jet of gases passed through the tail nozzle.

In 1939, the construction of turbojet engines designed by A. M. Lyulka began at the Kirov Plant in Leningrad. His trials were interrupted by the war.

In 1941, in England, the first flight was made on an experimental fighter aircraft equipped with a turbojet engine designed by F. Whittle. It was equipped with a gas turbine engine that drove a centrifugal compressor that supplied air to the combustion chamber. Combustion products were used to create jet thrust.

Whittle's Gloster aircraft (E.28/39)

In a turbojet engine, air entering during flight is compressed first in the air intake and then in the turbocharger. Compressed air is fed into the combustion chamber, where liquid fuel (most often aviation kerosene) is injected. Partial expansion of the gases formed during combustion occurs in the turbine that rotates the compressor, and the final expansion occurs in the jet nozzle. An afterburner can be installed between the turbine and the jet engine, designed for additional combustion of fuel.

Now turbojet engines equipped with most military and civil aircraft, as well as some helicopters.

In a turboprop engine, the main thrust is created by a propeller, and an additional (about 10%) - by a jet of gases flowing from a jet nozzle. The principle of operation of a turboprop engine is similar to a turbojet engine, with the difference that the turbine rotates not only the compressor, but also the propeller. These engines are used in subsonic aircraft and helicopters, as well as for the movement of high-speed ships and cars.

The earliest solid propellant jet engines were used in combat missiles. Them wide application began in the 19th century, when missile units appeared in many armies. AT late XIX in. the first smokeless powders were created, with more stable combustion and greater efficiency.

In the 1920s-1930s, work was underway to create jet weapons. This led to the appearance of rocket launchers - "Katyusha" in the Soviet Union, six-barreled rocket mortars in Germany.

Obtaining new types of gunpowder made it possible to use solid-propellant jet engines in combat missiles, including ballistic ones. In addition, they are used in aviation and astronautics as engines of the first stages of launch vehicles, starting engines for aircraft with ramjet engines and brake engines for spacecraft.

A solid propellant jet engine consists of a body (combustion chamber) in which the entire supply of fuel and a jet nozzle are located. The body is made of steel or fiberglass. Nozzle - made of graphite, refractory alloys, graphite.

The fuel is ignited by an igniter.

Thrust is controlled by changing the combustion surface of the charge or the area of ​​the critical section of the nozzle, as well as by injecting liquid into the combustion chamber.

The direction of thrust can be changed by gas rudders, a deflecting nozzle (deflector), auxiliary control engines, etc.

Jet solid propellant engines are very reliable, can be stored for a long time, and therefore, are constantly ready for launch.

ESSAY

ON THIS TOPIC:

Jet Engines .

WRITTEN: Kiselev A.V.

KALININGRAD

Introduction

Jet engine, an engine that creates the traction force necessary for movement by converting the initial energy into the kinetic energy of the jet stream of the working fluid; as a result of the expiration of the working fluid from the nozzle of the engine, a reactive force is formed in the form of a reaction (recoil) of the jet, which moves the engine and the apparatus structurally associated with it in the direction opposite to the outflow of the jet. Various types of energy (chemical, nuclear, electrical, solar) can be converted into the kinetic (speed) energy of a jet stream in a rocket engine. A direct reaction engine (direct reaction engine) combines the engine itself with a mover, that is, it provides its own movement without the participation of intermediate mechanisms.

To create a jet thrust used by R. d., you need:

the source of the initial (primary) energy, which is converted into the kinetic energy of the jet;

the working fluid, which is ejected from the R. d. in the form of a jet stream;

R. D. himself is an energy converter.

The initial energy is stored on board an aircraft or other apparatus equipped with RD (chemical fuel, nuclear fuel), or (in principle) it can come from outside (solar energy). To obtain a working fluid in R. d., a substance taken from the environment (for example, air or water) can be used;

the substance which is in tanks of the device or directly in the R.'s chamber of d.; a mixture of substances coming from the environment and stored on board the vehicle.

In modern R. d., chemical is most often used as the primary

Missile firing tests

engine Space Shuttle

Turbojet engines AL-31F aircraft Su-30MK. belong to the class jet engines

energy. In this case, the working fluid is incandescent gases - combustion products of chemical fuel. During the operation of R. d., the chemical energy of the burning substances is converted into the thermal energy of the combustion products, and thermal energy hot gases is converted into mechanical energy of the translational motion of the jet stream and, consequently, the apparatus on which the engine is installed. The main part of any R. d. is the combustion chamber in which the working fluid is generated. The end part of the chamber, which serves to accelerate the working fluid and obtain a jet stream, is called a jet nozzle.

Depending on whether the environment is used or not during the operation of rocket engines, they are divided into 2 main classes - air-jet engines (WRD) and rocket engines (RD). All WFDs are heat engines, the working fluid of which is formed by the oxidation reaction of a combustible substance with atmospheric oxygen. The air coming from the atmosphere makes up the bulk of the working fluid of the WFD. Thus, an apparatus with a WFD carries an energy source (fuel) on board, and most working body draws from the environment. Unlike the WFD, all components of the working fluid of the RD are on board the apparatus equipped with the RD. The absence of a propeller interacting with environment, and the presence of all components of the working fluid on board the apparatus make the RD the only one suitable for work in space. There are also combined rocket engines, which are, as it were, a combination of both main types.

History of jet engines

The principle of jet propulsion has been known for a very long time. Heron's ball can be considered the ancestor of R. d. Solid rocket engines - powder rockets appeared in China in the 10th century. n. e. For hundreds of years, such missiles were used first in the East, and then in Europe as fireworks, signal, combat. In 1903, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, in his work "Investigation of World Spaces with Reactive Devices", was the first in the world to put forward the main provisions of the theory of liquid-propellant rocket engines and proposed the main elements of a liquid-propellant rocket engine. The first Soviet liquid rocket engines - ORM, ORM-1, ORM-2 were designed by V. P. Glushko and created under his leadership in 1930-31 at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL). In 1926, R. Goddard launched a rocket using liquid fuel. For the first time, an electrothermal RD was created and tested by Glushko at the GDL in 1929-33.

In 1939, missiles with ramjet engines designed by I. A. Merkulov were tested in the USSR. The first diagram of a turbojet engine? was proposed by the Russian engineer N. Gerasimov in 1909.

In 1939, the construction of turbojet engines designed by A. M. Lyulka began at the Kirov Plant in Leningrad. The tests of the created engine were prevented by the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. In 1941, a turbojet engine designed by F. Whittle (Great Britain) was first installed on an aircraft and tested. Great importance The theoretical works of the Russian scientists S. S. Nezhdanovsky, I. V. Meshchersky, and N. E. Zhukovsky, as well as the works of the French scientist R. Eno-Peltri, and the German scientist G. Oberth, were used to create R. D. An important contribution to the creation of the VRD was the work of the Soviet scientist B. S. Stechkin "Theory of an air-breathing engine", published in 1929.

R. d. have a different purpose and the scope of their application is constantly expanding.

R. d. are most widely used on various types of aircraft.

Turbojet engines and dual-circuit turbojet engines are equipped with most military and civil aircraft around the world, they are used in helicopters. These rocket engines are suitable for flights at both subsonic and supersonic speeds; they are also installed on projectile aircraft; supersonic turbojet engines can be used in the first stages of aerospace aircraft. Ramjet engines are installed on anti-aircraft guided missiles, cruise missiles, supersonic fighter-interceptors. Subsonic ramjet engines are used in helicopters (installed at the ends of the main rotor blades). Pulsating jet engines have little thrust and are intended only for aircraft at subsonic speeds. During the 2nd World War of 1939-45, these engines were equipped with V-1 projectiles.

RD in most cases are used on high-speed aircraft.

Liquid-propellant rocket engines are used on launch vehicles of spacecraft and spacecraft as marching, braking and control engines, as well as on guided ballistic missiles. Solid-propellant rocket engines are used in ballistic, anti-aircraft, anti-tank, and other military missiles, as well as on launch vehicles and spacecraft. Small solid propellant engines are used as boosters for aircraft takeoff. Electric rocket engines and nuclear rocket engines can be used in spacecraft.

However, this mighty trunk, the principle of direct reaction, gave life to a huge crown of the "family tree" of the family of jet engines. To get acquainted with the main branches of its crown, crowning the "trunk" of the direct reaction. Soon, as can be seen from the figure (see below), this trunk is divided into two parts, as if split by a lightning strike. Both new trunks are equally decorated with mighty crowns. This division occurred due to the fact that all "chemical" jet engines are divided into two classes, depending on whether they use ambient air for their work or not.

One of the newly formed trunks is the class of air-breathing engines (VRD). As the name suggests, they cannot operate outside of the atmosphere. That's why these engines are the foundation modern aviation both manned and unmanned. WFDs use atmospheric oxygen to burn fuel; without it, the combustion reaction in the engine will not proceed. But still, turbojet engines are currently the most widely used.

(TRD), installed on almost all modern aircraft without exception. Like all engines that use atmospheric air, turbojet engines need a special device to compress the air before it enters the combustion chamber. After all, if the pressure in the combustion chamber does not significantly exceed atmospheric pressure, then the gases will not flow out of the engine at a higher speed - it is the pressure that pushes them out. But at a low exhaust velocity, the thrust of the engine will be small, and the engine will consume a lot of fuel, such an engine will not find application. In a turbojet engine, a compressor is used to compress the air, and the design of the engine largely depends on the type of compressor. There are engines with axial and centrifugal compressors, axial compressors can have less or less thanks for using our system. more compression stages, be one-two-stage, etc. To drive the compressor, the turbojet engine has a gas turbine, which gave the name to the engine. Due to the compressor and turbine, the design of the engine is very complex.

Air-jet engines without compressors are much simpler in design, in which the necessary pressure increase is carried out in other ways, which have names: pulsating and ramjet engines.

In a pulsating engine, this is usually done by a valve grill installed at the engine inlet, when a new portion of the fuel-air mixture fills the combustion chamber and a flash occurs in it, the valves close, isolating the combustion chamber from the engine inlet. As a result, the pressure in the chamber rises, and the gases rush out through the jet nozzle, after which the whole process is repeated.

In a compressorless engine of another type, a ramjet, there is not even this valve grid and the pressure in the combustion chamber rises as a result of dynamic pressure, i.e. deceleration of the oncoming air flow entering the engine in flight. It is clear that such an engine is able to work only when the aircraft is already flying at a sufficiently high speed, it will not develop thrust in the parking lot. But at a very high speed, at 4-5 times the speed of sound, the ramjet develops very high thrust and consumes less fuel than any other "chemical" jet engine under these conditions. That's why ramjet motors.

The peculiarity of the aerodynamic scheme of supersonic aircraft with ramjet engines (ramjet engines) is due to the presence of special accelerating engines that provide the speed necessary to start stable operation of the ramjet. This makes the tail part of the structure heavier and requires the installation of stabilizers to ensure the necessary stability.

The principle of operation of a jet engine.

At the heart of modern powerful jet engines of various types is the principle of direct reaction, i.e. principle of creation driving force(or thrust) in the form of a reaction (recoil) of a jet of "working substance" flowing out of the engine, usually hot gases.

In all engines, there are two processes of energy conversion. First chemical energy fuel is converted into thermal energy of combustion products, and then thermal energy is used to perform mechanical work. Such engines include reciprocating engines of automobiles, diesel locomotives, steam and gas turbines of power plants, etc.

Consider this process in relation to jet engines. Let's start with the combustion chamber of the engine, in which a combustible mixture has already been created in one way or another, depending on the type of engine and the type of fuel. This may be, for example, a mixture of air and kerosene, as in a modern turbojet engine. jet aircraft, or a mixture of liquid oxygen with alcohol, as in some liquid rocket engines, or, finally, some kind of solid propellant for powder rockets. The combustible mixture can burn, i.e. enter into a chemical reaction with a rapid release of energy in the form of heat. The ability to release energy during a chemical reaction is the potential chemical energy of the molecules of the mixture. The chemical energy of molecules is related to the features of their structure, more precisely, the structure of their electron shells, i.e. the electron cloud that surrounds the nuclei of the atoms that make up the molecule. As a result of a chemical reaction, in which some molecules are destroyed, while others are formed, a rearrangement of the electron shells naturally occurs. In this restructuring, it is the source of released chemical energy. It can be seen that only substances that, during a chemical reaction in the engine (combustion), emit a sufficiently large amount of heat, and also form a large amount of gases, can serve as fuels for jet engines. All these processes take place in the combustion chamber, but let's dwell on the reaction not at the molecular level (this has already been discussed above), but at the "phases" of work. Until combustion has begun, the mixture has a large supply of potential chemical energy. But then the flame engulfed the mixture, another moment - and chemical reaction finished. Now, instead of the molecules of the combustible mixture, the chamber is filled with molecules of combustion products, more densely "packed". The excess binding energy, which is the chemical energy of the combustion reaction that has taken place, has been released. Molecules possessing this excess energy almost instantly transferred it to other molecules and atoms as a result of frequent collisions with them. All molecules and atoms in the combustion chamber began to randomly, chaotically move at a much higher speed, the temperature of the gases increased. So there was a transition of the potential chemical energy of the fuel into the thermal energy of the combustion products.

A similar transition was carried out in all other heat engines, but jet engines fundamentally differ from them in relation to the further fate of hot combustion products.

After hot gases have formed in the heat engine, containing large thermal energy, this energy must be converted into mechanical energy. After all, engines serve to make mechanical work, to “move” something, to put it into action, it doesn’t matter whether it is a dynamo, please add drawings of a power plant, a diesel locomotive, a car or an airplane.

In order for the thermal energy of gases to be converted into mechanical energy, their volume must increase. With such an expansion, the gases do the work for which their internal and thermal energy is expended.

In the case of a piston engine, expanding gases press on a piston moving inside the cylinder, the piston pushes the connecting rod, which already rotates the crankshaft of the engine. The shaft is connected to the rotor of a dynamo, the driving axles of a diesel locomotive or car, or the propeller of an aircraft - the engine performs useful work. In a steam engine, or a gas turbine, the expanding gases cause the wheel connected to the shaft to rotate - there is no need for a crank-and-rod transmission mechanism, which is one of the great advantages of the turbine

Gases expand, of course, in a jet engine, because without it they do not do work. But the expansion work in that case is not spent on the rotation of the shaft. Associated with the drive mechanism, as in other heat engines. The purpose of a jet engine is different - to create jet thrust, and for this it is necessary that a jet of gases - combustion products flow out of the engine at a high speed: the reaction force of this jet is the thrust of the engine. Consequently, the work of expanding the gaseous products of fuel combustion in the engine must be spent on accelerating the gases themselves. This means that the thermal energy of gases in a jet engine must be converted into their kinetic energy - the random chaotic thermal motion of molecules must be replaced by their organized flow in one direction common to all.

For this purpose, one of the most important parts of the engine, the so-called jet nozzle, serves. No matter what type a particular jet engine belongs to, it is necessarily equipped with a nozzle through which hot gases flow out of the engine at great speed - the products of fuel combustion in the engine. In some engines, gases enter the nozzle immediately after the combustion chamber, for example, in rocket or ramjet engines. In others, turbojets, the gases first pass through a turbine, to which they give up part of their thermal energy. It consumes in this case to drive the compressor, which serves to compress the air in front of the combustion chamber. But anyway, the nozzle is the last part of the engine - gases flow through it before leaving the engine.

The jet nozzle can have various shapes, and, moreover, a different design, depending on the type of engine. The main thing is the speed with which the gases flow out of the engine. If this outflow velocity does not exceed the speed with which sound waves propagate in the outflowing gases, then the nozzle is a simple cylindrical or narrowing pipe section. If the outflow velocity must exceed the speed of sound, then the nozzle is given the shape of an expanding pipe or, first, narrowing, and then expanding (Love's nozzle). Only in a tube of such a shape, as theory and experience show, is it possible to disperse the gas to supersonic speeds, to step over the "sonic barrier".

Jet engine diagram

The turbofan engine is the most widely used jet engine in civil aviation.

The fuel entering the engine (1) is mixed with compressed air and burned in the combustion chamber (2). The expanding gases rotate high-speed (3) and low-speed) turbines, which, in turn, drive the compressor (5), pushing air into the combustion chamber, and fans (6), driving air through this chamber and directing it to the exhaust pipe. By displacing air, fans provide additional thrust. An engine of this type is capable of developing thrust up to 13,600 kg.

Conclusion

The jet engine has many remarkable features, but the main one is as follows. A rocket does not need land, water, or air to move, as it moves as a result of interaction with gases formed during the combustion of fuel. Therefore, the rocket can move in airless space.

K. E. Tsiolkovsky is the founder of the theory of space flights. Scientific proof of the possibility of using a rocket for flights into outer space, beyond the earth's atmosphere and to other planets of the solar system was given for the first time by the Russian scientist and inventor Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

Bibliography

Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Young Technician.

Thermal Phenomena in Technology.

Materials from the site http://goldref.ru/;

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Jet engine was invented Hans von Ohain (Dr. Hans von Ohain), an outstanding German design engineer and Frank Whittle (Sir Frank Whittle). First working patent gas turbine engine, was obtained in 1930 by Frank Whittle. However, the first working model collected precisely Ohain.

On August 2, 1939, the first jet aircraft took to the skies - He 178 (Heinkel 178), equipped with an HeS 3 engine developed by Ohain.

Quite simple and at the same time extremely difficult. Simply according to the principle of operation: outboard air (in rocket engines - liquid oxygen) is sucked into the turbine, where it mixes with fuel and burns, at the end of the turbine it forms the so-called. “working body” (jet stream), which moves the car.

Everything is so simple, but in fact - this is a whole field of science, because in such engines working temperature reaches thousands of degrees Celsius. One of the most important problems of turbojet engine building is the creation of non-consumable parts, from consumable metals. But in order to understand the problems of designers and inventors, you must first study in more detail principle device engine.

Jet engine device

main parts of a jet engine

At the beginning of the turbine is always fan which draws air from external environment into turbines. The fan has a large area and huge amount blades special form made from titanium. There are two main tasks - the primary air intake and cooling of the entire engine as a whole, by pumping air between the outer shell of the engine and internal parts. This cools the mixing and combustion chambers and prevents them from collapsing.

Immediately behind the fan is a powerful compressor which forces air at high pressure into the combustion chamber.

The combustion chamber also acts as a carburetor, mixing fuel with air. After the formation of the fuel-air mixture, it is ignited. In the process of ignition, there is a significant heating of the mixture and surrounding parts, as well as volumetric expansion. In fact, the jet engine uses a controlled explosion for propulsion.

The combustion chamber of a jet engine is one of the hottest parts of it - it needs constant intensive cooling. But even this is not enough. The temperature in it reaches 2700 degrees, so it is often made of ceramics.

After the combustion chamber, the burning fuel-air mixture is sent directly to the turbine.

Turbine consists of hundreds of blades, which are pressed by the jet stream, causing the turbine to rotate. The turbine, in turn, rotates the shaft on which the fan and compressor “sit”. Thus, the system is closed and requires only the supply of fuel and air for its functioning.

After the turbine, the flow is directed to the nozzle. The jet engine nozzle is the last but not least part of the jet engine. It forms a direct jet stream. Cool air blown by the fan is directed into the nozzle to cool the internal parts of the engine. This flow restricts the nozzle collar from the super-hot jet stream and allows it to melt.

Rejected thrust vector

Nozzles for jet engines are very different. The most advanced considers a movable nozzle, standing on engines with a deflectable thrust vector. It can contract and expand, as well as deviate to significant angles, adjusting and guiding directly jet stream. This makes aircraft with thrust vectoring engines very manoeuvrable. maneuvering occurs not only due to the mechanisms of the wing, but also directly to the engine.

Types of jet engines

There are several basic types of jet engines.

Classic F-15 jet engine

classic jet engine- the fundamental device of which we described above. It is mainly used on fighters in various modifications.

Turboprop. In this type of engine, the power of the turbine is directed through a reduction gear to rotate the classic propeller. Such engines will allow large aircraft to fly at acceptable speeds and use less fuel. The normal cruising speed of a turboprop aircraft is considered to be 600-800 km/h.

This type of engine is a more economical relative of the classic type. the main difference is that a larger diameter fan is installed at the inlet, which not only supplies air to the turbine, but also creates a sufficiently powerful flow outside it. Thus, increased efficiency is achieved by improving efficiency.

Used on liners and large aircraft.

Scramjet engine (Ramjet)

Works without moving parts. Air is forced into the combustion chamber in a natural way, due to the deceleration of the flow against the inlet fairing.

Used on trains, planes, UAVs, and military missiles, as well as on bicycles and scooters.

And finally - a video of the jet engine:

The pictures are taken from various sources. Russification of pictures - Laboratories 37.

the site and Rostec remember the people who made the rockets fly.

origins

“The rocket will not fly by itself” - this phrase is attributed to many famous scientists. And Sergei Korolev, and Wernher von Braun, and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. It is believed that the idea of ​​rocket flight was formulated almost by Archimedes himself, but even he could not imagine how to make it fly.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

To date, there are many varieties of rocket engines. Chemical, nuclear, electrical, even plasma. However, rockets appeared long before man invented the first engine. The words "nuclear fusion" or "chemical reaction" hardly said anything to the inhabitants of ancient China. But the rockets appeared there. The exact date it is difficult to name, but, presumably, this happened during the reign of the Han Dynasty (III-II centuries BC). The first mention of gunpowder also belongs to those times. The rocket, which rose up due to the force generated by the explosion of gunpowder, was used in those days exclusively in peaceful purposes- for fireworks. These rockets, which is characteristic, had their own supply of fuel, in this case, gunpowder.

Konrad Haas is considered the creator of the first combat missile

The next step was taken only in 1556 by the German inventor Konrad Haas, who was a specialist in firearms in the army of Ferdinand I - Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Haas is considered the creator of the first combat rocket. Although, strictly speaking, the inventor did not create it, but only laid the theoretical foundations. It was Haas who came up with the idea of ​​a multi-stage rocket.

The scientist described in detail the mechanism for creating an aircraft from two missiles that would be separated in flight. “Such an apparatus,” he assured, “could develop tremendous speed.” The ideas of Haas were soon developed by the Polish general Kazimir Semenovich.

In 1650, he proposed a project to create a three-stage rocket. However, this idea was never put into practice. That is, of course, it was, but only in the twentieth century, several centuries after the death of Semenovich.

Rockets in the army

The military, of course, will never miss the opportunity to adopt the new kind destructive weapons. In the 19th century, they had the opportunity to use a rocket in battle. In 1805, the British officer William Congreve demonstrated at the Royal Arsenal gunpowder rockets of unprecedented power for those times. There is an assumption that Congreve "stole" most of the ideas from the Irish nationalist Robert Emmet, who used some kind of rocket during the 1803 uprising. You can argue on this topic forever, but nevertheless, the rocket that the British troops adopted is called the Congreve rocket, not the Emmett rocket.

The military began using rockets at the dawn of the 19th century

Launch of Congreve's Rocket, 1890

The weapon was repeatedly used during the Napoleonic Wars. In Russia, Lieutenant General Alexander Zasyadko is considered a pioneer of rocket science.

He not only improved the Congreve rocket, but also thought about the fact that the energy of this destructive weapon could be used for peaceful purposes. Zasyadko, for example, was the first to express the idea that with the help of a rocket it would be possible to fly into space. The engineer even calculated exactly how much gunpowder would be needed to get the rocket to the moon.

Zasyadko was the first to propose the use of rockets for space flight

On a rocket to space

Zasyadko's ideas formed the basis of many works by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. This famous scientist and inventor theoretically substantiated the possibility of space flight using rocket technology. True, he proposed using not gunpowder as fuel, but a mixture of liquid oxygen with liquid hydrogen. Similar ideas were expressed by Tsiolkovsky's younger contemporary Herman Oberth.

He also developed the idea of ​​interplanetary flights. Oberth was well aware of the complexity of the task, but his work was not at all fantastic. The scientist, in particular, proposed the idea of ​​a rocket engine. He even conducted experimental tests of such devices. In 1928, Oberth met a young student, Wernher von Braun. This young physicist from Berlin was soon to make a breakthrough in rocket science and bring many of Oberth's ideas to life. But more about that later, because two years before the meeting of these two scientists, the first liquid-fueled rocket in history was launched.

Rocket era

This significant event took place on March 16, 1926. And the main character was the American physicist and engineer Robert Goddard. Back in 1914, he patented a multi-stage rocket. Soon he was able to realize the idea proposed by Haas almost four hundred years before. Goddard proposed using gasoline and nitrous oxide as fuel. After a series of unsuccessful launches, he succeeded. On March 16, 1926, at his aunt's farm, Goddard launched a rocket the size of human hand. In just over two seconds, she flew 12 meters into the air. It is curious that Bazooka will be created later on the basis of the works of Goddard.

The discoveries of Goddard, Oberth and Tsiolkovsky had a great resonance. In the USA, Germany, and the Soviet Union, societies of rocket scientists began to spring up spontaneously. In the USSR, already in 1933, the Jet Institute was created. In the same year, a fundamentally new type of weapon appeared - rockets. The installation for their launch went down in history under the name "Katyusha".

In Germany, Wernher von Braun, already familiar to us, was engaged in the development of Oberth's ideas. He created rockets for the German army and did not leave this occupation after the Nazis came to power. Moreover, Brown received fabulous funding from them and unlimited possibilities for work.

When creating new rockets, slave labor was used. It is known that Brown tried to protest against this, but received a threat in response that he himself might be in the place of forced laborers. Thus, a ballistic missile was created, the appearance of which was predicted by Tsiolkovsky. The first tests took place in 1942. In 1944, the V-2 long-range ballistic missile was adopted by the Wehrmacht. With its help, they fired mainly at the territory of Great Britain (the rocket flew to London from Germany in 6 minutes). "V-2" carried terrible destruction and instilled fear in the hearts of people. Its victims were at least 2700 civilians Foggy Albion. In the British press, the V-2 was called the "winged horror".

The Nazis used slave labor to build rockets

After the war

Since 1944, the American and Soviet military have been "hunting" for Brown. Both countries were interested in his ideas and developments. The scientist himself played a key role in solving this issue. Back in the spring of 1945, he gathered his team for a council, which decided the question of who, at the end of the war, would be better off surrendering. Scientists have come to the conclusion that it is better for the Americans to surrender. Brown himself was captured almost by accident. His brother Magnus, seeing an American soldier, ran up to him and said: "My name is Magnus von Braun, my brother invented the V-2, we want to surrender."

R-7 Koroleva - the first rocket used to fly into space

In the US, Wernher von Braun continued to work on rockets. Now, however, he worked mainly for peaceful purposes. It was he who gave a tremendous impetus to the development of the American space industry by designing the first launch vehicles for the United States (of course, Brown also created combat ballistic missiles). His team in February 1958 launched the first American artificial satellite Earth. Soviet Union ahead of the United States with the launch of the satellite by almost half a year. On October 4, 1957, the first artificial satellite was launched into Earth orbit. When it was launched, the Soviet R-7 rocket, created by Sergei Korolev, was used.

R-7 became the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, as well as the first rocket used for space flight.

Rocket engines in Russia

In 1912, a plant for the production of aircraft engines was opened in Moscow. The company was part of the French society "Gnome". Here, among other things, engines for aircraft were created. Russian Empire during the First World War. The plant successfully survived the Revolution, received a new name "Icarus" and continued to work under the Soviet regime.

The plant for the production of aircraft engines appeared in Russia in 1912

aircraft engines were created here both in the 1930s and in the 1940s, the war years. The motors that were produced at Icarus were put on the front lines. Soviet aircraft. And already in the 1950s, the enterprise began to produce turbojet engines, including those for the space industry. Now the plant belongs to OJSC Kuznetsov, which got its name in honor of the outstanding Soviet aircraft designer Nikolai Dmitrievich Kuznetsov. The enterprise is part of the state corporation Rostec.

Current state

Rostec continues to produce rocket engines, including those for the rocket industry. AT last years production volumes are growing. Last year, information appeared that Kuznetsov received orders for the production of engines for 20 years in advance. Engines are created not only for the space industry, but also for aviation, energy and freight rail transport.

In 2012, Rostec tested a lunar engine

In 2012, Rostec conducted tests of the lunar engine. The specialists managed to revive the technologies that were created for the Soviet lunar program. The program itself, as we know, was eventually curtailed. But forgotten, it seems, developments have now found new life. It is expected that the lunar engine will be widely used in the Russian space program.