Waste disposal. Waste disposal methods Municipal solid waste landfills

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Population growth and rising living standards, and with it the volume of consumption, will inevitably lead to an increase in the amount of solid household waste. To avoid serious problems associated with improper storage of garbage, it is necessary to create a solid waste landfill. Such a site, fully equipped and designed for the collection and storage of waste, is becoming a landfill.

Modern landfills for solid domestic waste - is a complex of structures aimed not only at the burial, neutralization and disposal of solid waste, but also at protecting the environment and humans.

Threat of household garbage

Every year our country produces about 130 million cubic meters of household waste. Each cubic meter contains approximately 200 kilograms. Impressive numbers, right?

Of all this mass, only 3 - 4% go to warehousing and subsequently participate in recycling while the rest rots in landfills. Solid waste landfills are in no way prepared for the storage and disposal of municipal solid waste, most of them do not even have a license. They are in natural areas close to cities, and formed a long time ago, when technology did not allow for the safe storage of waste.

The composition of household waste sent to landfills is approximately the following:

• Food waste.
• Faulty household items (electrical equipment, furniture, dishes).
• Construction garbage.
• All kinds of packaging, bags, films.
• Street trash.

All this mixture, which is sent to hazardous waste landfills, becomes a source of the formation of a whole range of harmful substances. They pollute groundwater, poison the soil and the atmosphere. When garbage accumulates and decomposes, a combustible gas, methane, is formed, and improper disposal of waste can cause a large-scale fire. Therefore, competent processing of solid waste is necessary.

Municipal solid waste landfill

The goal is not only the correct storage of waste, but also the maximum use of all the properties of the waste. Since the solid waste landfill concentrates impressive amounts of polluting components, it always poses a serious danger, being the object of potential pollution.

To minimize this danger, the project includes a number of protective structures, which are based on a whole job description for design and use from organizations. Their presence distinguishes the landfill from an ordinary landfill and endows it with a number of positive qualities.

The landfill is not an ordinary landfill, its purpose is to protect the environment from the decomposition products of municipal solid waste.

Therefore, for design, there is the following instruction:

• Waste storage should be in isolation to ensure the absolute safety of people living nearby and workers at the enterprise.
• The conditions must ensure the balance of the processes occurring in the stored waste - the rate of gas release, growth of volumes and compaction of garbage are taken into account.
• The device is calculated taking into account the possibility of using the land after the cessation of the site.

Since each polygon is sharply tailored to the specifics of the area, there is no standard design plan. It can be located both in a lowland (for example, in a ravine) and on flat terrain. Today, there are many organizations specializing in the development of projects for the disposal and disposal of municipal solid waste. They take into account all regulations, even the slightest features of the area, completely eliminating the risk of pollution.

Construction of a solid waste landfill

The instruction from SNiP states that the most successful location is the area, the base of which is clay and heavy loam. If such a place could not be found, then the requirements of SanPiN require the creation of a waterproof base. The design of the solid waste landfill is calculated taking into account the terrain.

The area of ​​the territory is selected taking into account the period of operation of the site and the volume of stored waste. So, average area can range from 50 to 300 hectares. In addition to the above conditions, SanPiN puts forward requirements regarding the height of storage. It should not exceed 60 meters from the base.

In total, there are two types of landfills where solid waste is buried, the classification depends on the volume of garbage per square meter:

1. Low load - no more than 2 - 6 t/m2 can be placed here
2. Highly loaded - from 10 to 20 t/m2

Garbage disposal is carried out according to the cart method. This technology makes it possible to carry out environmental protection actions in stages, without waiting for the expiration of the period of use.

The requirements, handling and job description for storage technology require the installation of water-resistant taps, the task of which is to protect groundwater from ingress of waste. All activities are mechanized.

The regulations and instructions from SanPiN establish the following standards and requirements for the composition of the landfill:

• The presence of the site itself, it must have an appropriate fence on which waste is buried.
• A separate territory, the area of ​​​​which will accommodate the workshop where sorting will be carried out.
• The area for composting is one of the methods of disposal of solid waste.
• Administrative - economic area.
• Buildings and other structures to ensure environmental safety and life support.
• An area with a laboratory located on it, where a quick examination will be carried out (express laboratories).

SanPiN requirements also oblige to protect the landfill area with a fence, the height of which is not less than 180 centimeters.

The solid domestic waste storage area is the main structure, which should occupy the main area. As a rule, each landfill is divided into separate sections, which are operated for 5-7 years.

Technologies for sorting waste

The equipment used for sorting MSW must be used at the landfill without fail. This is evidenced by the instructions and regulations, which describe the basic requirements of SanPiN.

Such equipment includes the following components:

• a set of conveyors of both belt and plastic type
• briquettes for pressing
• impact crushers
• shredders

Sorting can be carried out in such equipment:

• Manual sorting chamber. The device can sort glass, plastic, fabric. Manual sorting is an attribute of almost any work on the processing of solid waste.
• Drum sieve. Such equipment is intended for elimination of small and heavy household garbage.
• Air separator. Here the light debris is separated from the heavy one. Sorting is based on the difference in the density of substances.

Each device has its own instructions for use.

The legislative framework

The design and further opening of any landfill where solid waste will be placed is impossible without taking into account the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Accordingly, the design of the landfill should be based on the following:

• Requirements from SanPiN.
• Standards that are established by SNiP.

SNiP is a document with rules that describes the main economic and legal standards relating to urban development.

It is SNiP that sets the basic requirements for landfills:

• The order of placement (this includes warehousing).
• Polygon design.
• Regulations on the calculation of capacity and engineering studies.
• Area scheme.
• Ecological protection.
• This document establishes a job description for the collection and disposal of household waste.

We can say that SNiP controls all the main points regarding the development of the landfill. Below are a few key points.

Garbage disposal rules

Instruction from SNiP allows you to place polygons:

• In areas unsuitable for agricultural activities and not occupied by green spaces.
• In areas where it is possible to introduce engineering solutions that prevent pollution of nature.
• On areas adjacent to urban areas, but not included in residential development.

Project Creation Guidelines

In order to obtain a license to permit the construction of a landfill, proper design is necessary. SanPiN and SNiP establish the sections that the project should consist of (from DNB A 2.2-3):

• Explanatory note.
• Technical section, which describes the calculation of capacity, land examination, personnel, area.
• The main site plan.
• Sanitary - technical section.
• Estimate.
• Approximate level of impact on nature.

environmental protection

The SNiP document contains a regulation that describes the main measures to protect the environment and humans:

• The entire perimeter should have a kind of fencing in the form of soil, the task of which is to isolate debris after the territory is closed.
• A special complex for monitoring should be built, including control over the state of water bodies (underground and aboveground), the atmosphere, and green spaces.
• The entire landfill must be fenced to prevent unauthorized people from entering the area.

Project development

As mentioned above, the design of landfills is based on the main idea - to minimize the possibility of risk to the environment. That is why it is better to entrust the development to specialists.

Although the areas allocated for the construction of landfills are very different, there are some standards related to the features of the relief, the passage of groundwater, the value of the land, and so on.

The MSW site takes into account the following conditions:

• topographic conditions. A site with a moderately sloping relief is considered ideal for a landfill, preferably with one slope. The most undesirable areas will be flat or, on the contrary, too sloping territories.
• Land value. The best option is land intended for low-value farmland. Under the landfills allocate the territory without forests or covered with forests of lower categories. It is forbidden to arrange waste sites in areas where rare species of trees and other plants grow.
• Water. The most favorable factor is the complete absence of water intakes on the river. The maximum water content of the watercourse is also a positive side. This makes it possible to accept landfill effluents in the event of an emergency.

Construction

Solid waste landfills are being built in almost all countries of the world. Usually they are located at a sufficient distance from settlements - the presence of a landfill near residential areas is unacceptable. Work on the construction of a solid waste landfill begins with the creation of a pit on the prepared territory, which is equipped with special screens. These screens prevent the penetration of decomposition products of debris into the soil. After that, all communications necessary for the work are brought to the landfill and the planned facilities are built.

Since the project of each site is unique, its cost may vary. Usually, the following indicators are taken into account in the calculation:

• Square.
• Territory type: lowland, ravine, plain.
• Planned waste volumes.
• Use of special equipment, protective materials.

In addition to these main points, there are many small nuances that affect the cost. But whatever the results, the construction of the landfill has a double benefit. In addition to earning from garbage disposal, it makes it possible to process garbage and obtain very valuable raw materials.

Activity license

The collection and disposal of household waste is the same business as everyone else. In order to start construction of a solid waste landfill, a mandatory license is required. It is issued on the basis of the Federal Law No. 99 dated May 4, 2011 “On Licensing certain types activities". License issued Federal Service on supervision in the field of nature management.

Work without a license

If there is no license, then you should not start work. Otherwise, it threatens with administrative responsibility. The result of such liberties is usually a large monetary fine.

Working with waste as a business is doubly dangerous, as there is always a threat of causing serious harm to the environment and the environment. In the event that trouble nevertheless happened, the unfortunate entrepreneur (if he does not have a license) will have to answer already under the article of the Criminal Code (No. 171 Illegal business).

A license must be obtained without fail, otherwise the risk is too great. Therefore, when taking on a serious recycling mission, you should not behave irresponsibly.

Benefit

Landfill gas extraction is one of the profitable areas in waste processing. The gas is formed due to the decomposition of debris under the soil layer. Up to 60% of it is methane. On average, one ton of decomposed garbage gives at least 100 - 200 cubic meters of gas. After purification, this gas is almost as good as natural gas, and its collection can become a profitable business.

Naturally, the extraction of landfill gas is impossible without additional equipment and devices, including a gas gathering system, wells, and much more. The stability of gas formation (after all, garbage will always appear), the low cost of obtaining and the scale make it quite a valuable source of energy.

Gas production is not the only prospect that the landfill provides. There are a number of technologies for processing certain types of waste - plastic, glass, paper, as a result of which raw materials are ready for reproduction. Garbage that cannot be recycled is disposed of.

Reclamation

Any landfill has a limited lifespan. When the volumes of waste reach the maximum levels possible under the project, the landfill ceases to function. But what about the large-scale territories that it occupies? The answer is simple: reclamation is necessary.

The process is quite laborious, because despite all the protective measures, the landfill is a place of accumulation of large volumes of dangerous and harmful compounds. The reclamation process depends on how the reclaimed land will be used. It begins after the completion of the storage of garbage and its transition to a stable state.

Stages

Landfill reclamation takes place in two stages.

• The first stage is technical. It includes the development and transportation of materials for creating a reclamation cover, the design of all necessary structures. Protective screens are being installed, sewage and leachate are collected with their subsequent processing and disposal, as well as gas collection.
• The second stage is biological. Its task is to restore the economic value of the land. A complex of agrotechnical measures is being carried out, the result of which is the readiness of the damaged soil for use.

In order to preserve the natural and ecological balance, which has already been shaken quite a lot due to human activities, it is necessary to take seriously the issue of storing household waste.

Filtrate cleaning

The filtrate is a concentrated multicomponent solution of a wide chemical nature. Another name for the filtrate is highly mineralized wastewater.

In order to identify the exact substances that make up the filtrate, a mandatory examination must be carried out, however, there is a general list of substances:

• Biological substances that have undergone decomposition.
• nitrogen in the form of ammonium.
• Salts in the dissolved type.
• Various heavy metals.

The SanPiN regulation states that an examination should be carried out for each landfill separately. Violation of this rule may result in a serious fine.

Scientists have found out the sources of filtrate formation. There are three of them:

1. Atmospheric precipitation in contact with the landfill surface.
2. moisture content of the waste.
3. Moisture that is released from the garbage as a result of the decay process.

To prevent the harmful effects of the leachate on the environment, all municipal waste landfills are cleaned. The most common equipment that is used to clean the area from leachate is called "Reverse Osmosis".

In addition to cleaning the filtrate using equipment, there are other methods:

• Biochemical, which is carried out after mechanical (filtration and further settling) of the filtrate.
• Physico-chemical methods.

The landfill is the best way to solve the problem today. Modern technologies allow you to design the site, ensuring maximum safety.

Due to the fact that the country's population is growing, the demand for consumer resources is also increasing. And as a result, an increase in resource consumption also increases the amount of household waste.

Garbage dumps are expanding every year and occupy all large area, reservoirs are polluted due to wastewater, which carries a lot of infections and elements hazardous to nature. Therefore, the disposal of household waste, in our time, should be developed no less than industry, so that the resulting MSW (waste) cannot accumulate and pollute the soil, atmosphere and water.

It is quite a logical fact that without the timely introduction of innovative technologies for recycling waste, the planet will soon turn into a huge dump and become unsuitable for the existence of not only people, but all living beings.

To avoid such a result, scientists in many countries have long been looking for the best ways to deal with waste, thanks to which it would be possible to destroy or recycle solid waste without harm to the environment, as well as rid the territorial space of huge amounts of garbage.

To date, the disposal of municipal solid waste is carried out by the following well-known methods that allow you to get rid of garbage:

• Burial or temporary storage of waste at special landfills. Here sorting and unsuitable materials are carried out, covered with earth.
• Composting. Natural decomposition of biological substances, their processing into mineral fertilizers for soil and planting crops.
• Thermal treatment of MSW. This method allows you to burn almost any type of waste, which minimizes their volume as much as possible, and also provides an economic benefit in the form of thermal energy.
• Low and high temperature pyrolysis.

Methods of disposal of solid waste

MSW landfill

Disposal of solid waste by landfill is one of the most common ways today to get rid of garbage. But this method is common only among non-combustible waste, as well as among such substances that can release toxic elements during combustion.

The landfill for solid waste disposal is an unusual landfill, it is equipped with all modern engineering facilities that allow the systems for combating and groundwater to isolate all harmful substances. This also applies to the atmosphere, that is, there are practically no leaks of any chemical and toxic elements, which is the main goal to ensure the safety of the country's ecology.

But there are also disadvantages in such methods, for example, the formation of gas during the decay of garbage. Some are equipped with special equipment for pumping gas, which, as it is worth noting, is later used to generate electricity. And it allows almost autonomous operation of equipment located at landfills. But unfortunately, so far, in Russia, only a small part of all such landfills are equipped with such equipment, while all other waste sites do not have the ability to deal with gas emissions.

But even taking into account the presence of such installations, the ecology remains not protected from the effect of the decomposition of garbage in the soil, and all the secretions in the process of decay and fermentation. Since the buried material will completely disappear only after tens or even hundreds of years. Therefore, despite the relative cheapness of this method of dealing with waste, for the environment the best option there is a complete disposal of garbage, through its processing and use in the manufacture of any product. In this case, the risk of environmental pollution will be minimized.

MSW composting

Disposal of household waste through composting is a technology that allows, therefore, MSW through natural biological decomposition. The main source of composting is organic matter and materials, this method is applied to them very actively. Composting provides not only the opportunity to get rid of bulk substances that pollute the environment, but also supplies agriculture with fertilizers that are useful for the soil, allowing you to normalize the balance of minerals in the earth and grow various vegetables and crops.

But since this method does not allow the processing of most types of waste, requires a careful sorting process and takes quite a long time, it has not gained popularity in the country and is not developed at the proper level. In Russia, there is not a single industrial enterprise that carried out composting in such volumes and made it possible to clean at least one city from organic waste.

• in small farms;
• in garden plots;
• in private houses;
• in agricultural organizations;
• on livestock farms, etc.

However, this method does not require large expenses, although it does not cover all types and classes of waste material, but it allows you to fully get rid of a huge part of the waste produced by the country, which occupies a third of all waste in the country. Establish a centralized process and carry out composting at special sites equipped with all the necessary buildings and structures. To build original plants, for starters, in large cities of the country, for the processing of solid waste and other organic waste. The final product, compost, will be very useful in many agricultural farms, and, most importantly, its cost will reduce the cost of growing many crops and provide funds for the operation of such plants.

Thermal processing of MSW

By using heat treatment, disposal of household waste allows you to get rid of organic fractions, this method is often used in large-scale volumes of waste generation. Thermal, represents several processes that together make it possible to get rid of any non-toxic type of waste material or to minimize them as much as possible in volume and mass. Also, heat treatment is carried out to neutralize devices, equipment and other things infected with infectious or epidemiological bacteria that may have the following origin:

• medical institutions;
• laboratories;
• veterinary clinics;
• chemical enterprises;
• oil refining industry;

which in the future, having received an inert state, can be buried in special landfills or placed in temporary storage for further processing and reuse as raw material.

Important advantages of heat treatment or processing are modern methods that make it possible to obtain:

• effective decontamination or neutralization of any waste material;
• complete destruction of any microflora and even pathogenic;
• reduction of scrap in volume up to 10 times;
• use the energy potential of organic waste.

Incineration has many advantages over other methods, it is worth highlighting the main ones, these are:

• high level of testing technologies;
• stable equipment and long term his services;
• high-tech process is automated;

but the main thing is that recent times, factories or organizations involved in waste incineration receive thermal energy or electricity that can be used for autonomous operation of the enterprise. In some cases, the surplus of such energy is diverted to urban stations, which ultimately allows entire areas to be supplied with electricity or heat them.

Plasma processing of MSW

Not as developed as the methods and ways of getting rid of waste listed above, but a very promising technological process that allows solving all environmental problems, utilizing and ultimately providing energy that is useful and necessary for society.

The plasma processing technology uses a melting point much higher than any slag melting furnace. Thus, the output is a vitrified product, absolutely harmless and, most importantly, does not require further costs for neutralization or special disposal.

Plasma processing is a waste gasification technology, the scheme of this method makes it possible to obtain gas from the biological components of waste. The resulting gas is then used to generate electricity or steam. The main material for plasma processing is MSW in the form of slag or neutralized residues.

The main advantage of high-temperature pyrolysis is the ability to get rid of waste in an environmentally friendly way, at no extra cost:

• for preliminary preparation;
• for sorting;
• for drying, etc.

These qualities allow thermal processing to be rightfully considered the most environmentally and economically beneficial technology for the disposal of solid waste.

All these methods are designed to solve.

Also watch the video - how the waste recycling plant works

What is MSW? Their classification

Municipal solid waste- items or goods that have lost consumer properties, the largest part of consumer waste. MSW is also divided into garbage(biological TO) and actually household waste(non-biological TO of artificial or natural origin) . MSW classification. In terms of quality : paper (cardboard); food waste; wood; black metal; non-ferrous metal; textile; bones; glass; leather and rubber; stones; polymeric materials; other components; screening (small fragments passing through a 1.5 cm grid); To hazardous MSW relate: waste batteries and accumulators, electrical appliances, varnishes, paints and cosmetics, fertilizers and dochemicals, household chemicals, medical waste, mercury-containing thermometers, barometers, blood pressure monitors, lamps.
Household waste characterized multicomponent heterogeneity of the composition, low density instability (ability to rot). According to the nature and degree of impact on the natural environment, they are divided into: industrial waste, consisting of inert materials, the disposal of which is currently economically unjustified;
recyclable materials ( secondary raw materials); waste class 4 hazard; waste 3 hazard classes; waste 2 hazard classes; waste 1 class of danger. P about x-py occurrence: industrial; household.

2. The main causes of waste
*irrational economic, which has become the norm, the activities of many enterprises using old technologies;
*obsolete normative base. About 30 normative acts of the ministry are significantly outdated, since they were adopted back in 1992. and in 1997;
*ineffective (ineffective) control of central and local environmental and health authorities and other sectoral government bodies;
*lack of economic incentives for the development of "historical" and newly formed waste.
*absence of a special law regulating relations in the field of waste management. The attempt of the ministry to solve the problems of waste management by introducing amendments and additions to the law "On Environmental Protection" is unrealistic. It is impossible to solve such a huge problem by amending several articles of the law.

3. Formulate the concept of integrated waste management.
The basic concept of integrated waste management is that household waste is made up of various components that, ideally, should not be mixed between
themselves, but should be disposed of separately from each other by the most beneficial environmental and economic methods. The concept of integrated waste management provides that in addition to traditional methods disposal of municipal solid waste (garbage incineration and disposal) should become their integral part of the measures to reduce the amount of waste, recycling of waste. A combination of several methods can contribute to an effective solution to the problem of municipal solid waste.

4. What is the CMO hierarchy?
Such a hierarchy implies that, first of all, measures for the primary reduction of waste should be considered, then for secondary reduction: the reuse and processing of the remaining part of the waste, and, last but not least, the measures for the disposal or disposal of those wastes that could not be avoided and which cannot be are recyclable. The abbreviation means reduction of their toxicity and other harmful properties. Waste reduction is achieved by reorienting manufacturers and consumers towards products and packaging that result in less waste. Recycling(including composting) is the second step in the hierarchy. Recycling not only saves landfill space, but also improves incineration efficiency by removing non-combustible materials from the general waste stream. Below in the hierarchy are incineration and landfills. Incineration reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and can be used to generate electricity. Landfilling continues to be necessary for non-recyclable, non-combustible or combustible waste.

List the main problems of MSW disposal at landfills.

The landfill is a specially designed structure. For their device, lands with a slight natural slope that are not suitable for economic needs are specially selected. If there is no slope, then it is created artificially. Following this, they arrange a special base for the landfill, most often reinforced concrete, to prevent the ingress and mixing of landfill and groundwater. According to world standards, a landfill prepared for work should contain only one type of solid household waste. This circumstance makes it possible to more successfully recycle or further dispose of household waste, depending on their type. When storing such waste, if possible, they are further modified by crushing and pressing, which increases the life of the landfill. When laying a layer of household waste, an additional base layer is laid on it, on which household waste is subsequently laid. At the end of the resources of the landfill, it is backfilled with a layer of sand, clay and earth, and plants are also sown, which contributes to the restoration of the soil layer. Unfortunately, today in Russia, household waste is very often disposed of at landfills without prior preparation of the area. Household waste itself is practically not sorted, and the choice of a place for future landfills is often made almost spontaneously. In addition, another negative factor is the increase in the number of natural landfills, as well as unauthorized burials, hazardous solid household waste. It is important that all these problems be solved at the state level.

6) Name the existing waste collection systems Currently, there are two main waste collection and disposal systems: tank and container. tank system is the disposal of waste by bodywork garbage trucks. Such a system has major drawbacks, as it requires significant metal inputs, heavy physical labor, and is difficult to operate and maintain garbage bins. Tanks are used with a capacity of 100 liters, a garbage truck - with a sealing device. container system consists in the removal of waste by container or body garbage trucks. This system is preferable to the tank one and has become widespread in the cities of Russia. However, it also has a significant drawback: the low density of waste in containers leads to a decrease in productivity and an increase in the cost of removal.

7) Tell us about the recycling of waste paper. Waste paper recycling is a very clear example of protecting the environment at the same time as saving valuable natural raw materials. Careful collection of waste paper and its reasonable use not only prevent our environment from being littered with paper residues, but also save valuable wood . From an economic point of view, it is advisable to use waste paper for the production of packaging materials, corrugated and plain cardboard, etc. The production of paper and cardboard from waste paper requires 60% less energy, since the production of wood pulp and pulp is eliminated. At the same time, air pollution is reduced by 15%, and water pollution by 60%. It should not be forgotten that people are learning to get more and more new and valuable products from cellulose and that it, as a raw material, in many respects not only is not inferior to synthetic polymers, but often and surpasses them. The same can be said about cellulose fibers, comparing them with synthetic ones.

8. Talk about recycling wood waste. The use of only sawmill and woodworking wastes would significantly improve the situation with the country's supply of forest materials, and most importantly, would make it possible to reduce the annually increasing volumes of forest felling. The problem of more rational use of all harvested wood, reduction of the amount of waste in the process of processing and maximum use of waste obtained from sawmilling and woodworking, is one of the main problems of the current seven years. When calculating the savings from the use of wood waste in construction, it should be taken into account that some of them go to the manufacture of materials and products that directly replace lumber, and some - to replace such structural elements and building products as plaster, ceramic facing tiles, thermal insulation, etc. .Existing technological methods for processing wood waste provide for the use of sawdust for the production of wall and heat-insulating building materials on cement, lime, gypsum and other binders: opilo concrete, thermolite, etc. In significant volumes, sawdust can be used in the manufacture of partition and finishing gypsum boards, as well as a filler that promotes better firing in the brick industry. Chips obtained on woodworking machines are a good raw material for the production of particle boards.

9) Tell us about the recycling of textile waste.Textile waste includes production waste: as fibers, yarns, threads, patches and scraps of textile materials and consumer waste in the form of household waste textiles. Consumer waste also includes waste for industrial purposes in the form of worn overalls, tablecloths, bedspreads, bed linen, curtains, curtains, etc., generated at industrial enterprises, in transport, in the fields of public catering and healthcare, in medical institutions, consumer services enterprises, etc. Textile production waste by type of raw material is usually divided into three main groups: first- textile waste from natural raw materials (cotton fiber, linen fiber, wool, natural silk); second- textile waste from chemical raw materials (chemical threads and artificial and synthetic fibers); third- textile waste from mixed raw materials (mixtures based on natural and chemical fibers). In the knitting industry, waste is generated during the processing of yarn, the manufacture of knitted fabrics and products from it, the production of socks and gloves, most of which are used as secondary raw materials. The amount of textile consumption waste in the composition of MSW exceeds textile production waste. They can be considered one of the main sources of secondary raw materials for the production of secondary textile materials.

10. Tell us about the recycling of polymer waste.Polymer recycling is a rather complex process. Granular raw materials, or secondary polymers, are obtained by processing polymer waste, which significantly reduces the cost of manufacturing polymer products. In this case, products can be made both completely from recycled raw materials, and from primary raw materials with the addition of recycled polymers. The first stage of polymer recycling is sorting and cleaning waste from impurities. Then they are crushed and processed in accordance with the selected technology. The secondary polymers obtained as a result of processing are raw materials for the industrial production of a wide variety of products - spare parts for cars, containers for industrial and domestic use, dishes, furniture filler, medical equipment and much more. .Today, the recycling of polymers is considered one of the highest priorities both in terms of economic feasibility and in terms of environmental protection.

11. Tell us about the recycling of cullet. Quite a few components of MSW can be recycled into healthy foods. Waste type - cullet. It is used in the production of glass containers: 1) glass expanded clay, 2) glass tiles, 3) glass ceramic tiles, 4) foam plastic.

12. Tell us about the recycling of mercury-containing waste. Mercury-containing waste (mainly used mercury-containing lamps). It is used in obtaining 1) mercury concentrate (stupa), 2) obtaining non-toxic mercury compounds (mercury sulfide) for subsequent burial, 3) sending the spent sorbent for mercury extraction.

13. Tell us about the recycling of rubber waste. Rubber-containing waste (worn rubber). Use: 1) production of commercial rubber crumb and regenerate (for partial replacement of primary raw materials), 2) production of rubber crumb: roofing materials (slate, tiles, rubber roofing felt), mastics for waterproofing, technical products (floor tiles, wheels for carts, fields for farms, gaskets), 3) the use of rubber crumb in asphalt mixtures when laying roads (rail pads, slabs for level crossings, slabs for speed bumps, gaskets)

14. What is composting? Advantages and disadvantages. Composting is a waste processing technology based on their natural biodegradation. The most widespread composting is used for the processing of organic waste, primarily of plant origin, such as leaves, branches and grass clippings. There is a technology for composting food waste, as well as an undivided stream of MSW. In contrast to the process of putrefaction, which is anaerobic with the formation of biogas, oxygen is required for efficient composting. The result is compost or humus that resembles soil in texture and smell and can be sold for use as fertilizer or mulch. Properly organized field composting protects the soil, atmosphere, groundwater and surface water from MSW contamination. 2 principal schemes of field composting are applied: with preliminary crushing of SDW and without preliminary crushing. Composting is a fairly rational way to neutralize waste, with almost no negative impact on the environment.

15. Garbage incineration as a technology for processing solid waste. Advantages and disadvantages. Waste incineration - this is the most complex and high-tech option for waste management. Incineration requires pre-treatment of MSW (with fuel extracted from waste). Waste incineration can only be one component of a comprehensive waste management program. Environmental impact waste incineration plants is mainly associated with air pollution, primarily fine dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, furans and dioxins. Serious problems also arise with the disposal of incineration ash, which by weight is up to 30 percent of the initial weight of the waste and which, due to its physical and chemical properties, cannot be buried in conventional landfills. Currently, there are 7 waste incinerators in Russia. Simultaneously with gas emissions, secondary solid waste (25-30 percent of the volume) contaminated with toxic substances remains. Most of this waste is taken to landfills. Speaking about the social-economy. aspects of waste incineration, it should be noted that usually the construction and operation of the incinerator is beyond the budget of the city and should be carried out on credit or by private companies.

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The cheapest way to get rid of waste is to bury it. This method goes back to the simplest way - to throw something from the house into a landfill. History has shown that simply throwing unusable items out of the house cannot solve the problem. In the 20th century, it was necessary to move from the spontaneous creation of landfills to the design and implementation of special engineering facilities, landfills for the disposal of household waste. The project provides for minimization of environmental damage, strict observance of sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Construction of a landfill and disposal of solid waste

Waste from residential buildings, public buildings and institutions, trade enterprises, public catering, street, garden and park estimates, construction waste and some types of solid industrial waste of III-IV hazard class are placed at landfills for storage of solid waste.

Typically, a landfill is built where clay and heavy loam can serve as a base. If this is not possible, a waterproof base is provided, which results in significant additional costs. The area of ​​the land plot is selected with the condition of its service life (15-20 years) and, depending on the volume of disposed waste, can reach 40-200 hectares. The height of waste storage is 12-60 m.

Landfills can be low-load (2-6 t/m²) and high-load (10-20 t/m²). The annual volume of accepted waste can range from 10 thousand to 3 million m³. The technological process of waste disposal is carried out, as a rule, by the cart method, which allows for the gradual introduction of environmental measures without waiting for the completion of the operation of the landfill as a whole. The technology of MSW storage at landfills provides for the installation of waterproof screens to protect groundwater and daily external insulation to protect the atmosphere, soil, and adjacent territories. All work on storage, compaction and isolation of MSW at landfills is carried out mechanized.

Post-cultivation use of landfill sites is possible in various areas - forestry, recreation (ski hills, stadiums, sports grounds), civil engineering, commercial or industrial creation. The nature of such use and the cost of remediation should be taken into account at the design stage of the landfill.

The organization and construction of the landfill is carried out in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection and waste management, sanitary-epidemiological and urban planning legislation, as well as in the presence of a positive conclusion of the state urban planning expertise for this construction project.

A modern solid waste landfill is a complex of environmental structures designed for centralized collection, disposal and disposal of solid waste, preventing the ingress of harmful substances into the environment, pollution of the atmosphere, soil, surface and ground water, the spread of rodents, insects and pathogens.

The polygon should include:

• waste disposal site;
• a site for the placement of a workshop for sorting and processing waste;
• composting area;
• administrative and economic zone;
• engineering structures and communications for the life support of the landfill and environmental safety;
• express laboratory;
• area for radiation monitoring of waste.

The landfill for waste disposal along the perimeter must have a fence with a height of at least 180 cm. On the landfill along its perimeter, starting from the fence, the following should be placed in sequence:

• annular channel;
• ring road with high-quality hard surface;
• storm drains along the road or ditches.

The building density of the administrative and economic zone of the landfill should be at least 30%. In the administrative and economic zone are located:

• administrative premises, laboratory;
• warm parking for special vehicles and mechanisms (canopy);
• workshop for the current repair of special vehicles and mechanisms;
• storage of fuel materials;
• automobile scales (at landfills over 100 thousand tons / year);
• checkpoint;
• boiler room (if necessary);
• control and disinfectant bath;
• transformer substation (diesel power plant);
• artesian well (drinking water reservoir);
• treatment facilities (if necessary);
• area for radiation monitoring of waste, including: a frame for radiation automated monitoring; place of in-depth radiation examination; a platform for settling equipment with a background that exceeds the requirements of the NRS (radiation safety standards); place for placement of containers (SP 2.6.1.758-99).

The main structure of the landfill is the solid waste storage area. It occupies the main area of ​​the landfill, depending on the volume of received solid waste. The storage area is divided into stages of operation, taking into account the provision of waste reception for 3-5 years, as part of the first stage, a start-up complex is allocated for the first 1-2 years. The operation of the next stage is to increase the mound of solid waste to the projected level. The breakdown of the storage area into queues is carried out taking into account the terrain.

Storage areas must be protected from surface water runoff from overlying land masses.

To intercept rain and flood waters, a drainage ditch is being designed along the border of the site. Along the perimeter of the landfill on a strip 5 - 8 m wide, trees are planted, engineering communications (water supply, sewerage) are laid, electric lighting masts are installed; in the absence of engineering structures on this strip, cavaliers (warehouses) of soil are dumped to use it for solid waste insulation, in any case, no more than 5% of the entire landfill area.

Symbols: A - ground water, B - dense clay layer, C - plastic layer, D - drainpipe system, E - geotextile layer, F - gravel, G - drainage layer, H - soil layer, I, J - layers soil where garbage is stored K- gutter (pond).

Processes taking place with MSW at landfills

During the operation of the MSW landfill, as well as for a long time after its reclamation, landfill gases are released into atmospheric air, seepage waters (filtrate) are formed, and the geoindicators of soils under the body of the landfill change, which leads to an increase in the filtration capacity of soils and, as a result, to pollution of groundwater.

The reactions taking place in the solid waste disposal body under aerobic conditions can be schematically represented as follows:

With further oxidation, the transformation of the cellular substance begins:

In a typical landfill, the aerobic oxidation process most often results in the formation and accumulation of high concentrations of fatty acids, which limits the aerobic degradation process.

Anaerobic biodegradation requires the presence of microorganisms of different species that are part of a mixed population. A group of hydrolytic or acidogenic bacteria provides the initial hydrolysis of the substrate to low molecular weight organic acids and other compounds, including methane.

It is also known that methanogenic bacteria synthesize methane as a result of the reduction of the methyl group of acetic acid and methyl alcohol:

Most of the functioning and closed landfills in Russia are not sufficiently equipped with engineering structures to ensure the maximum reduction of environmental pollution. The adopted system of unitary collection of MSW (without separation into organic, inorganic, hazardous, etc. components) also enhances the shortcomings of waste storage technology at landfills.

The first step in the development of environmental measures at MSW landfills should be the evaluation of data on the following characteristics:

• location of the solid waste landfill or landfill;
• landfill type (landfill);
• period of operation;
• types, characteristics and amount of disposed waste;
• storage method;
• thickness of storage layers;
• the presence of screens, drainage and gas collection systems;
• chemical and biological characteristics of the landfill mass;
• hydrogeological conditions of adjacent territories.

In real conditions, obtaining most of the above data is difficult due to the complete or partial lack of information. Information on illegal landfills today can only include data on their size and location.

In such a situation, engineering and geological surveys and the study of landfill masses in laboratory conditions will be required to obtain information on the following issues:

• what is the state of the landfill or solid waste landfill (activity, degree of biodegradation) at the current time and the forecast for the next 20-40 years;
• is there a risk of biogas emissions and fire in the landfill
• whether there is a risk of contamination of the adjacent territories of the landfill due to leachate emissions;
• whether the processes of biodegradation of landfills will lead to soil subsidence;
• How effective is the landfill insulation used during its construction and closure?

The behavior of waste in a landfill is complex nature, since there is a periodic layering of new material at irregular intervals. The landfill inerting process is subject to temperature gradients, gas concentrations, liquid concentrations, pH, enzymatic activity, and liquid flows. More complex factors include the physicochemical properties of waste, such as water solubility, volatility, molecular size, as well as biological ones: the ability to absorb microorganisms, interspecies interaction of microorganisms, etc.

There are three main stages of the existence of the landfill:

1. the first stage is the period of operation of the landfill, which lasts 15-20 years. During this time, the capacities of the landfill are filled with waste;
2. the second stage (it can be conditionally called a bioreactor) is the period after the closure of the landfill until the decay time of biochemical processes in the dump body. During this period, the processes of biochemical decomposition of the substance in the body of the landfill, in the absence of special technological solutions, proceed naturally;
3. the third stage is the period of adaptation of the landfill to the environment.

During the operational period, the operation of the landfill is financed by payments from waste suppliers. After the landfill is fully adapted to environmental conditions, it will be a man-made territory that will become the property of the local administration. The problem is the period of the bioreactor. There is no clear mechanism for regulating the financial support for the operation of the landfill during this period to protect the environment from pollution. It is necessary to develop not only protective measures to reduce possible polluting emissions, but also to organize the management (acceleration or deceleration) of the processes of natural biodegradation of the landfill body matter in order to reduce the time of its natural adaptation and operating costs. The total duration of the bioreactor and adaptation periods can reach hundreds of years. More than one generation of people will change until the solid waste landfill or landfill adapts to the natural landscape.

At present, in the world practice, the most advanced method of storing solid waste, which allows to reduce the negative impact on the environment, is the arrangement of "managed" landfills. When choosing a site for waste storage, the features of the area where the solid waste landfill is located are taken into account: climate, topography, geology, hydrological processes, water balance, etc. Preparation of the landfill includes compaction and waterproofing of the bed, installation of a drainage system to remove seepage water, laying pipes for collecting biogas . To manage such a landfill, a number of technological measures are recommended.

There are two approaches to managing the processes of anaerobic inertization of landfill soil in order to achieve an environmental effect in the long term - through acceleration (intensification) or slowdown (suppression) of biodegradation processes. The first approach is characterized by intense emissions, but the adaptation of the landfill to the natural environment in this case takes place in a short time. With the second approach, the life cycle of the landfill is significantly lengthened, but the pollution of the natural environment with toxic emissions is minimized.

Landfill soil inertization methods:

• pre-treatment of MSW before disposal at the landfill, for example, mechanical and biological pre-treatment, mixed disposal (design of composite mixtures), > introduction of a complex of enzymatic preparations before disposal (acceleration of biodegradation), incineration;
• impact on the landfill soil, for example, wetting of the landfill soil, recirculation of the filtrate of surface sewage, waste processing effluents, etc., forced aeration of the landfill soil and by natural air inflow (semi-aerobic landfill), introduction of additives into the landfill soil - enzymes, catalysts, microorganisms, supply of additional nutrients.

Practical experiences with the use of these methods in many cases lead to a positive effect, but some problems may still need to be addressed. For example, the residual emission of biogas may remain high, clogging (silting) of the drainage of an aerobic landfill may occur, hydrocirculation may be difficult (difficulties in achieving high flow rates of liquids through a mass of waste), there is the possibility of formation of a compacted soil layer, etc.

The choice of this or that technology should be preceded by a comprehensive study of landfill soils. Due to the complexity and high cost of natural surveys, the importance of research conducted on a laboratory scale is increasing.

As a result of the research, a conclusion is given on the state of the landfill or landfill in terms of environmental pollution, on the need for control to prevent dangerous situations: biogas explosion, contamination of ground and surface water with toxic components of the leachate, deterioration of the sanitary and hygienic situation.

The invention is intended for the disposal of organic waste at the places of their direct formation or collection, in particular at landfills for municipal solid waste. The landfill for the disposal of municipal solid waste contains a base and an embankment of waste being erected on it, a forest protection strip located around the landfill at a distance of no more than 50 m and having a width of at least 10 m, and also has a natural or artificial water-resistant base connected to a drainage pipe system , connected by a collector, from which drainage flows enter the apparatus for their processing as hazardous and hazardous waste. On the impervious foundation of the landfill, a pyramidal-shaped artificial waste mound with edges covering it with an outer plant layer of bulk soil is erected. The embankment is reinforced with horizontal intermediate insulating layers and inclined ones made, for example, from recycled scrap metal in the form of meshes or gratings. On the upper layers of the embankment, the insulating layers are cross-sloped in order to keep the garbage transporting and servicing equipment on the top of the embankment. The implementation of this invention allows to increase the productivity of the neutralization and disposal of organic waste at the places of their direct location or collection. 1 ill.

The invention is intended for the disposal of organic waste at the places of their direct formation or collection, in particular at landfills for municipal solid waste.

Currently, there is a need for the disposal of these wastes in the field, at landfills for their collection, in places of their temporary storage. For example, for disinfection of the area in case of loss of livestock from an epidemic. This requires significant financial costs and more time to neutralize the area and increases the risk of infection. Similar problems arise when it is necessary to neutralize medical waste.

The closest technical solution to the claimed object is the installation according to patent RU No. 2198024, containing a sump and a system of tanks and filters (prototype).

The disadvantage of the known device is the inability to use in the field, the complexity of the process and the need to bring waste to the place of processing. The experience of using stationary furnaces for the disposal of organic waste by incinerating them also revealed their shortcomings, which limit the period of their operational reliability. The use of stationary ovens in countryside inappropriate due to their unprofitability. Since the requirement of reliability is one of the main ones, let's consider the drawback, the elimination of which must be done first.

The technical result is an increase in the productivity of the neutralization and disposal of organic waste at the places of their direct location or collection.

This is achieved due to the fact that the landfill for the disposal of municipal solid waste, containing the base and the mound of waste being erected on it, additionally contains a forest protection strip located around the landfill at a distance of no more than 50 m and having a width of at least 10 m, and also has a natural or an artificial impervious base connected to a system of drainage pipes connected by a collector, from which drainage flows enter the apparatus for their processing as hazardous and hazardous waste, and on the impermeable base of the landfill, a pyramidal artificial waste mound is erected with edges covering it with an outer plant layer of bulk soil, moreover, the embankment is reinforced with horizontal intermediate insulating layers and inclined ones, made, for example, from recycled scrap metal waste in the form of grids or gratings, and on the upper layers of the embankment, the insulating layers are made cross-sloped to keep the garbage-carrying and servicing landfill at the top of the embankment. he is a technician.

The drawing shows a diagram of a landfill for the disposal of municipal solid waste.

The landfill for disposal of municipal solid waste contains a forest protection strip 1 (green zone) located around the landfill at a distance of no more than 50 m and having a width of at least 10 m. The landfill has a natural or artificial water-resistant base 5 connected to a system of drainage pipes 10 connected by a collector 11, from which drainage flows enter the apparatus 12 for their processing as hazardous and hazardous waste. On the impervious foundation 5 of the landfill, a pyramid-shaped artificial waste mound 3 is erected with faces 4 and 6 covering it with an outer plant layer of bulk soil. The embankment is reinforced with 2 horizontal intermediate insulating layers and 7 inclined layers made, for example, from recycled scrap metal in the form of meshes or gratings. Moreover, on the upper layers of the embankment, the insulating layers 8 must be made cross-sloped in order to keep the waste-carrying and servicing equipment 9 on the top of the embankment.

Landfill for disposal of municipal solid waste operates as follows.

It is desirable to choose a place for the landfill in clay soil, which, in terms of capacity, can provide waste storage for 20–25 years or more. Considering that approximately 600 mm of precipitation falls in central Russia per year, the base of the site is made in the form of a huge trough 1.5 m deep. At the same time, the leachate accumulating in the trough will remain within the landfill for a long time and will not be able to pollute water The groundwater. The destruction and pollution of the lithosphere occurs as a result of the functioning of enterprises in various sectors of the economy: Agriculture, mining, transport, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, etc. In the process of transforming the lithosphere, man (as of the beginning of the 90s) extracted 125 billion tons of coal, 32 billion tons of oil, 100 billion tons of other minerals; plowed over 1500 million hectares of land.

As a result: swamped and saline over 20 million hectares of land; erosion over the past 100 years destroyed 2 million hectares; the area of ​​ravines exceeded 25 million hectares; the height of waste heaps reaches 300 m, mountain dumps - 150 m; the depth of mines traversed for gold mining exceeds 4 km ( South Africa), oil wells - 6 km. The vital function of the lithosphere is expressed in the fact that it is the basic subsystem of the biosphere, since the entire biota relies on the earth's crust. One of the effective solutions to the problem of transition to low-waste technologies may be the introduction of a cleaner production strategy in every industrial enterprise. However, in Russia this strategy is not yet integral part public policy in the field of environmental protection. Therefore, the introduction of cleaner production can only occur as a result of the initiative of an industrial enterprise. In order to show such an initiative, the management and staff of the enterprise must understand the goals pursued by the cleaner production strategy. One of characteristic features cleaner production strategy is its integrated approach, in which the prevention of environmental pollution is carried out by developing technical measures (projects) interconnected with their environmental and economic assessments, establishing the procedure for their implementation in order to both reduce waste generation and save resources.

For manufacturing processes, cleaner production means more effective use raw materials, water and energy resources, avoiding the use of toxic and hazardous materials, and preventing waste and releases at the point of their possible occurrence. For finished products and services, the cleaner production strategy aims to reduce their environmental impact throughout life cycle product and/or service - from the extraction of raw materials necessary for the manufacture of the product and the provision of the service, to the wear and tear and final disposal of the product and service.

It should be noted that the disposal of waste outside the enterprise to obtain secondary raw materials, for example, in the form of waste paper, scrap metal, broken glass and other materials that can be used in the technological processes of other enterprises, is even less important for this enterprise compared to other activities for more clean production. This is due to the fact that in this case there is no savings included in manufacturing process materials for this company.

When using "end" technologies, a significant role in the pollution and destruction of the lithosphere belongs to production and consumption waste.

The disposal of solid waste, the amount of which is constantly growing, is one of the important and difficult tasks of environmental engineering. On average in Europe, there are 350 kg of municipal waste per capita per year. In Moscow, for example, more than 2.5 million tons of household waste is generated annually, of which more than 90% must be disposed of at landfills.

The use of highly loaded hygienic landfills for solid waste disposal, which provides for the daily covering of new portions of waste brought in by soil, prevents air and water pollution.

In Russia, this is solved by the installation of waste sorting stations, in which paper, cardboard, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, polymeric materials, textiles and food waste are removed from the stream of municipal solid waste (MSW). The degree of utilization in this case is about 30% of the MSW mass. It is more promising, although more expensive, to compost the garbage or burn it using the resulting heat to supply heat or generate electricity.

A landfill for disposal of municipal solid waste, containing a base and an embankment of waste erected on it, characterized in that it additionally contains a forest protection strip located around the landfill at a distance of not more than 50 m and having a width of at least 10 m, and also has a natural or artificial waterproof a base connected to a system of drainage pipes connected by a collector, from which drainage flows enter the device for their processing as hazardous and hazardous waste, and on the impervious foundation of the landfill, an artificial waste mound of a pyramidal shape is erected with edges covering it with an outer plant layer of bulk soil, moreover, the embankment is reinforced with horizontal intermediate insulating layers and inclined, made, for example, from recycled scrap metal in the form of meshes or gratings, and on the upper layers of the embankment, the insulating layers are made cross-sloped to keep the garbage transporting and servicing equipment at the landfill at the top of the embankment .

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