What foods contain cholesterol table. What foods have good cholesterol

Along with inorganic elements(sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, etc.) there are four large classes of organic substances present in the body and in food. These are carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids (fats). Lipids in human blood are conditionally divided into “good” and “bad”, and a lot depends on their balance. The coefficient of atherogenicity will show which of them prevails in the body, and will also answer the question - is the patient at high risk of developing atherosclerosis.

General concepts

The atherogenic coefficient (atherogenicity index, CA, IA) is one of the indicators of a biochemical blood test that reflects the ratio of "good" and "bad" lipids in the human body and helps to assess the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases associated with atherosclerosis.

Determination of the coefficient of atherogenicity is prescribed in combination with other analyzes for an expanded lipid spectrum.

Who needs to take this test?

Determination of the atherogenic coefficient is important for many patients, including:

• having close relatives with a disturbed lipid spectrum;
• survivors of myocardial infarction, suffering from cardiovascular diseases:
  • IHD (ischemic heart disease);
  • arterial hypertension;
  • atherosclerosis of various localizations (in the carotid arteries, cardiac and renal arteries, leg arteries).
• those suffering from kidney disease:
  • glomerulonephritis;
  • nephrotic syndrome;
  • chronic renal failure.
• with thyroid disease:
  • hypothyroidism;
  • hyperthyroidism.
• With diabetes 1 and 2 types;
• suffering from pathology of the gastrointestinal tract:
  • chronic pancreatitis;
  • pancreatic cancer;
  • cirrhosis of the liver.
• with obesity;
• suffering from anorexia;
• with burn disease;
• with gout;
• with blood diseases
  • megaloblastic anemia;
  • myeloma;
  • sepsis.
• long-term use of oral contraceptives;
• suffering from alcoholism;
• smokers.

Calculation of the coefficient of atherogenicity

The atherogenic coefficient can be calculated using the following formula: (Total cholesterol - HDL) / HDL, where HDL is high density lipoprotein. Total cholesterol is the sum of high, low density (LDL) and very low density (VLDL) lipoproteins.

Calculation example: in a patient with a cholesterol index of 6.19 and HDL of 1.06, the atherogenic coefficient will be 4.8.

Preparing the patient for a blood test

2-3 weeks before the study, the patient should not break the diet. If a person has suffered a serious illness (for example, myocardial infarction) or a major operation, then the test is postponed for 3 months - unless the blood was taken within 12 hours after the attack. It is postponed for 2-3 weeks after mild illnesses.

24 hours before the test, you can not drink alcohol, 12 hours before donating blood - eat, 30 minutes - smoke. The patient must be well-rested and sit for 5-10 minutes before the procedure, otherwise the test result may be distorted.

CA values ​​are normal - table

Normal values ​​of the coefficient of atherogenicity range from 2 to 2.5, but not more than 3.2 for women and 3.5 for men. A value above 3 means that “bad” cholesterol begins to predominate in the body - there is a possibility of developing atherosclerosis.

The reduced coefficient of atherogenicity does not have practical value. There is no need to take any steps to increase it.

Throughout life, the ratio changes. It has a minimum value in infancy and is equal to one, although this test is not intended for children, therefore, high numbers of the atherogenic index do not carry a semantic load during this period. With age, the coefficient increases, but even for older people it should not go beyond the limits indicated in the table.

Any factors that affect blood lipid levels will also affect the final ratio. Main reasons:

1. Smoking. Smoking affects the level of lipids in the blood and contributes to damage to the walls of blood vessels, in places where atherosclerotic plaques begin to develop.
2. Unhealthy food. The use of fatty fried food, foods that are rich in simple carbohydrates (sweets, baked goods, honey, sugary drinks, etc.).
3. Obesity. Firstly, people suffering from this disease lead a sedentary lifestyle, which is also a risk factor. And secondly, they often eat sweet and fatty foods.
4. Diabetes. People with this pathology automatically fall into the risk group for the development of atherosclerosis, since a high level of blood glucose damages the walls of blood vessels, where atherosclerotic plaques begin to join.
5. Increased blood pressure. Since the walls of blood vessels have a certain margin of safety, with a constantly high level of blood pressure, they are damaged, which leads to the development of atherosclerosis in this place.
6. Hunger for a long period of time.
7. Reception:
   • oral contraceptives;
   • anabolic steroids;
   • glucocorticoids (Prednisolone, Dexomethasone).
8. Pregnancy.
9. Relatives with high cholesterol. Sometimes there is a genetically inherent elevated level of lipids and, accordingly, a high level of atherogenic coefficient.
10. Alcohol consumption. Currently one of important factors development of atherosclerotic vascular lesions.

Features of the increased coefficient of atherogenicity

An increased atherogenic coefficient is associated with an increased risk of developing a variety of diseases:

1. With damage to the vessels of the heart: coronary heart disease, often manifested by retrosternal pain, which can spread to left hand, left side of the neck. These attacks disappear after the use of nitrates.
2. With damage to the vessels of the kidneys - chronic kidney failure(CHP).
3. With damage to the intestinal vessels - "abdominal toad", which includes pain and distension in the abdomen after eating.
4. With damage to the vessels of the legs - intermittent claudication (Lerish syndrome), a symptom of which is a forced stop of a person after a certain distance due to unbearable pain in the lower extremities.
5. With damage to the vessels of the brain:
   • encephalopathy, which is manifested by sleep disturbances, headaches, irritability;
   • transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), which come on and off suddenly and have stroke-like symptoms.
   • directly acute disorders of cerebral circulation (strokes, stroke) - with deeply advanced atherosclerosis.

Normalization of the level of atherogenicity

Non-drug ways to reduce the atherogenic coefficient include methods such as:

• adherence to a rational diet with a decrease in the amount of food containing fast carbohydrates (sweet carbonated drinks, juices, jams, pastries, honey, sweets) and fats ( butter, lard, fatty meat, margarine, fatty dairy products). Thermal processing of food should exclude frying. Boiling, baking, steaming is recommended;
• normalization of excess weight;
• increase in physical activity during the day - with a sedentary lifestyle;
• reduction in alcohol intake and smoking cessation - provokers of the development of atherosclerosis.

Prohibited products in the photo

Diet for atherosclerosis - video

Medical methods of treatment:

1. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (such as fish oil supplements). They help to normalize the level of cholesterol in the blood, thereby affecting the atherogenic coefficient.
2. Statins (Simvastatin, Rosuvastatin). On the this moment These are the main drugs prescribed for violations of lipid metabolism in the body. You need to drink such pills throughout your life. They not only lower cholesterol levels, but also affect existing atherosclerotic plaques, reducing them. Also opening recent years is their anti-inflammatory effect, the mechanism of which is still being studied.
3. Fibrates (Gemfibrozil, Fenofibrate). Drugs that increase the level of "good" blood lipids, thereby reducing the atherogenic coefficient.
4. Bile acid sequestrants (colestyramine). The drugs form insoluble compounds with cholesterol and bile acids, thereby reducing their blood levels.

The atherogenic coefficient is a unique tool in our hands that allows us to assess the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis in a patient, prevent its complications and select individual therapy for all those who need it. Every person who cares about their health should be attentive to this indicator in order to identify its changes as early as possible and stop the progression of the disease in the early stages.

In the form of a biochemical blood test, after the list of all cholesterols, there is such an indicator as the atherogenic coefficient (KA). It is clear that its values ​​are calculated, and this is done quite quickly, using a special formula, however, the entire lipid spectrum, which is the basis of these calculations, is classified as a rather laborious analysis.

In order to obtain adequate CA values, it is desirable to know the concentrations of all cholesterol( , ) and , although the most "running" calculation formula includes only indicators of total cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins.

atherogenicity

Atherogenicity is the correlation between harmful and beneficial cholesterol in human blood, which forms the basis for calculating a special indicator called the atherogenic coefficient or index.

The coefficient of atherogenicity in men is somewhat higher than in women, but normally it should still not exceed 3 conventional units. True, after 50 years, when a woman is left without hormonal protection, gender has less and less effect on the atherogenic index, and the risk of atherosclerotic process formation under certain circumstances becomes high in both cases. By the way, after 50 years, people of both sexes should pay maximum attention to the values ​​of the lipid spectrum and CA, since metabolic processes are inhibited, and the body begins to gradually lose the ability to cope with food and other loads in the same mode.

It is known that such an indicator as total cholesterol in a biochemical blood test provides insufficient information to judge the state of lipid metabolism. Here it is very important to know the ratio of atherogenic (bad, bad) cholesterol - low and very low density (LDL, VLDL), and anti-atherogenic (useful, protective) high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

Penetrating into the blood as a result of fat metabolism, all fractions are sent to the intima of the blood vessels, however, LDL carries cholesterol with it to leave it there for metabolism and accumulation, and HDL, on the contrary, is constantly trying to take it out. It is clear: what cholesterol will be more - he will win.

The accumulation in the body of bad (atherogenic) fats that we consume with food leads to the fact that they begin to be deposited on the walls of blood vessels, affecting them. These deposits, known as, give rise to the development of such a pathological process as atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, depending on the location of the lesion, forms other diseases of the cardiovascular system, which are currently often cause death person. In general, everyone is well informed about atherosclerosis, plaques, cholesterol, but the last indicator of the lipid spectrum (atherogenicity coefficient) remains a mystery for many people.

Meanwhile, exactly one number (KA) can tell if the atherosclerotic process is going on and how high the degree of its progression is, is it worth it to actively fight against bad cholesterol, up to taking special drugs called statins, or can you continue to allow yourself your favorite diet, ignore active image life and nothing to worry about.

Great analysis and simple calculation

In order to calculate the coefficient of atherogenicity, it is necessary to produce, namely: to determine the concentration of total cholesterol and the level of high density lipoproteins (anti-atherogenic). However, in most cases, for people who have problems or suspicions of them, it is advisable to study fat metabolism on a larger scale, that is, to actually analyze the lipid spectrum:

• Total cholesterol, which includes high, low and very low density lipoproteins (therefore, when calculating HDL KA, we subtract - to leave LDL + VLDL);
• High density lipoproteins (HDL), which have protective properties against the formation of atherosclerotic plaques;
• Low density lipoproteins (LDL), which form cholesterol plaques on the walls of blood vessels;
• Triacylglycerides (TG) are esters of higher fatty acids that are formed in the liver and released into the blood as part of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). A high concentration of TG in the blood makes the analysis difficult.

The atherogenic index is calculated by the formula:

This expression can be replaced by another relation:

In the latter case, in order to calculate the atherogenic coefficient, in addition to HDL, it becomes necessary to precipitate low-density lipoproteins and calculate very-low-density lipoproteins through the concentration of triglycerides (ChClonp = TG (mmol / l) / 2.2). In addition, in some laboratories, doctors use other formulas when the above-mentioned lipoproteins are involved in the calculations. For example, the calculation of the coefficient of atherogenicity can be represented as follows:

It is obvious that fluctuations in CA and the transition beyond the limits of the norm are affected by the concentration of lipid spectrum parameters, mainly total cholesterol, which includes low and very low density lipoproteins, too, and anti-atherogenic HDL.

When the index is raised

An increased coefficient of atherogenicity (above 4) already indicates that atherosclerotic plaques begin to be deposited on the walls of blood vessels(and what to do with those who are constantly present in high concentrations of LDL and VLDL?). It should be noted that with a significant progression of the atherosclerotic process given index can be so high that it is several times higher than the figure 4, which we took as a guideline.

Meanwhile, many people are wondering why one can do everything (and at the same time the low atherogenicity of blood plasma is maintained), and the other - continuous restrictions. Here, too, everything is individual. High level total cholesterol due to low-density lipoproteins (along with the influence of nutrition) is typical for people with other pathologies or lifestyles that contribute to its formation:

1. Burdened heredity in relation to cardiovascular pathology, the development of which is based on the atherosclerotic process;
2. Constant psycho-emotional stress;
3. Excessive body weight;
4. Bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs and other psychotropic substances);
5. Endocrine diseases (- first of all);
6. Wrong lifestyle (sedentary work and lack of desire to do physical education in your free time).

It should be noted that in other cases, this indicator is not increased due to a violation of lipid metabolism in the patient. Doctors go for a deliberate increase in the level of the atherogenic index, prescribing individual hormonal preparations. However, as you know, they choose the lesser of two evils ... In addition, if you follow all the recommendations, this will not last long, and the spacecraft will not exceed the permissible limits. similar situations values.

The cholesterol coefficient of atherogenicity can be increased if a blood test is done at the time of conditions that are significantly dependent on hormones (pregnancy, menstruation).

Oddly enough (for those who are going to starve), but “quick” diets for the purpose of losing weight will only increase the indicator, because, without getting the right food from the outside, the body will actively begin to use its own fat reserves, which, getting into the bloodstream, will certainly affect results of a blood test, if performed at that time.

Low atherogenicity

No one is fighting this phenomenon, because there is no concern about the development of atherosclerosis, and there is no talk of other diseases in such cases. Meanwhile, the coefficient of atherogenicity is sometimes less than the above figures (2 - 3), although in healthy young women, it often fluctuates between 1.7 and 1.9. And this is considered the absolute norm. Moreover - a very good result, which can be envied: clean elastic vessels without any plaques and other signs of damage. But, as mentioned above, in women after 50 years, everything can change - estrogens decrease and cease to protect the female body.

Also, a low atherogenic index can be expected in the following cases:

• A long-term diet that provides for a targeted reduction in cholesterol (foods low in “bad” fats);
• Treatment with drugs - with hypercholesterolemia;
• Active sports, which, however, causes conflicting opinions of experts.

The atherogenic index is one of the main criteria that determine the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy. KA helps the doctor to monitor the course of treatment and choose the right drugs, because the goal of statins is not only to lower total cholesterol and calm down. These drugs are designed to increase the concentration of a useful, anti-atherogenic fraction - high-density lipoproteins, which will protect the vascular walls. The decrease in HDL during treatment with statins suggests that the treatment is not chosen correctly, and continuing it not only makes no sense, but is also harmful, because in this way it is also possible to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. Probably the reader has already guessed that lowering the atherogenic coefficient with statin drugs on its own initiative can cause irreparable harm, therefore, doctors strongly do not recommend experimenting in this way. The patient himself can reduce the concentration of bad cholesterol and reduce the values ​​of KA, but these will be completely different measures.

How to help your vessels?

First of all, a patient who has taken a course to reduce cholesterol containing low and very low density lipoproteins should radically change their lifestyle, food and give up bad habits.

If physical activity is limited due to another disease, you need to visit a doctor and develop individual plan vigorous physical exercise. But do not forget: movement is life!

In the absence of contraindications, especially lazy people who are not used to leaving a cozy apartment can organize physical education at home for 30-40 minutes every other day. Well, the "fast on the rise" on weekends can go for walks, ride a bike, play tennis, swim in the pool. It is both useful and pleasant, and there is always time if you wish.

As for, it is not at all necessary to join the ranks of vegetarians. Being by nature a "predator", a person needs animal products that contain amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body. It’s just desirable to give preference to lean meats and fish, and heat treatment produce by steam method or boil (do not fry!). It is good to add various teas to the diet that lower cholesterol levels ( green tea, infusions and decoctions of medicinal herbs).

And finally: if a person wants to get an adequate result of his lipid spectrum and CA, then he should come to the blood test not only on an empty stomach, but fast for 12-16 hours the day before - then there will be no unnecessary worries, and the study will not need to be repeated.

At first glance, such an incomprehensible phrase is a complex and obscure medical term. In fact, everything is quite simple.

Atherogenicity is nothing more than the ratio of "bad" and "good" lipid components in the human body.

A special coefficient helps to better understand and evaluate the health of each person, no matter if he is 20 or 50 years old. In the future, experts use this indicator in order to identify possible risks for the development of a number of diseases of the cardiovascular system. These diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Sedentary image life has led us to the fact that the number of cases of heart attacks or strokes has increased significantly, but it is in the power of each person to learn a little more about their health, which will help them prevent or timely identify ailments that, without contacting specialists, can turn into disastrous results.

Why is this indicator so important?

Previously, therapeutic and cardiological doctors sent their patients to take general analysis blood, where it was detected general level lipids. Later, when the positive effect of high-density cholesterol was revealed, it became possible to evaluate the ratio of lipids at a more qualitative level. The coefficient of atherogenicity gives a clearer idea of ​​what exactly a person eats, what type of fat prevails in his food, and also at what level his metabolism is.

This coefficient is measured in mmol / l of blood. The formula for finding is very simple. It is necessary to divide low density lipoproteins into. In a blood test, only such indicators as the content of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein can be indicated. In this case, subtract from total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and then divide the resulting difference by the already known high-density lipoprotein indicator. The formula can be represented as follows:

It turns out that this indicator indicates how healthy and correct the set of fats in the human body. The norm is the coefficient of atherogenicity, which is within the framework of 2.2 - 3.5, and many laboratories have recently lowered the upper limit to 3.0. Thus, for most cardiologist patients, a decrease in the atherogenic index is exactly the goal they should strive for, as opposed to a general decrease in blood lipid components. By the way, this indicator alone, when it is increased, does not indicate that the patient has atherosclerosis, and a good specialist will conduct additional studies to clarify the clinical picture. Too low values ​​within 1.9 - 2.2 have no clinical significance.

How to take the analysis?

It is known that the rules for passing each analysis are different, and the identification of the atherogenic index is no exception. Failure to comply may result in wrong results, and as a result - incorrect appointments.

• on the eve it is necessary to give up fatty foods, and the evening dinner should be as light and simple as possible;
• immediately before passing the analysis for the coefficient of atherogenicity, as well as the day before, it is better to abandon too intense physical activity and, if possible, protect yourself from emotional upheavals;
• smoking immediately before the test can distort the result, and therefore it is better to refuse a cigarette 30 minutes before going to the treatment room;
• analysis for the coefficient of atherogenicity is given strictly on an empty stomach, that is, for the last 6-8 hours a person should not take any, even light food;
• alcohol must also be abandoned per day, otherwise the result will be incorrect;
• 5 minutes before the test, you must take a sitting position and calm down.

If possible, the analysis should be retaken again in another medical institution to eliminate errors during the analysis.

Causes of a reduced atherogenic index

Reduced atherogenic index in practice in different groups population - men, women and children - is quite rare. So, here are the main reasons why the result was below the norm:

• the patient regularly takes statins, which are by far the most popular means for lowering blood lipids;
• the patient goes in for sports, which for fat people- the main visitors to the cardiologist's office - almost impossible;
• before the patient is tested for a long time sat on a low-cholesterol diet;
• taking estrogen, antifungal drugs and erythromycin can also lead to a lower atherogenic index.

Features of a reduced atherogenic index

This blood count can change over time. So, most people who are undergoing treatment for obesity periodically take an analysis to see the dynamics of the work being done. Of course, they are pleased when the level of atherogenicity gradually decreases.

If a person leads an active lifestyle and does not overeat, then his atherogenic index will be normal. With significant loads at work or in sports, this indicator becomes lower. As a rule, to increase it and bring it back to normal, it is enough to rest well and allow yourself to eat a little more than usual.

Different indicators of blood components in women, men and children should eventually give an atherogenic index, which will fit into the general standards (2.2 - 3).

Reduced coefficient of atherogenicity in women

At healthy woman when passing this analysis on an empty stomach, the indicator should be normal. A reduced atherogenic coefficient will indicate that the patient is in the stage of exhaustion. In turn, this situation can occur for several reasons. First, a woman takes too little fat food. This happens with young girls who are on a diet for a long time. As a rule, such diets are not prescribed by a specialist, but personally, and therefore their health benefits are very doubtful.

Secondly, a reduced coefficient of atherogenicity in women can be observed in female athletes. During periods of preparation for serious competitions, the load on the body increases significantly, both physical and moral, and all this requires energy. If the coach does not pay enough attention to the condition of his mentor, but only monitors her physical form, then this can lead to such results as a reduced coefficient of atherogenicity.

Finally, if this indicator is low in a woman, you should check with her if she is taking hormonal drugs containing estrogens. Most contraceptives, including the new generation, contain small doses of this female hormone, which women take daily. In this case, the result of the analysis can be considered invalid and not of medical significance.

Reduced atherogenic coefficient in children

Today, it is recommended to take this analysis to those children who have been diagnosed with high cholesterol since birth, and also have disorders, including congenital ones, in the work of the cardiovascular system. This index, taken from a child from 2 to 10 years old, is considered informative.

If the coefficient of atherogenicity in a child is lowered, then it is necessary to ask parents about the nature of his diet. Many types of sweets, so loved by children, contain almost no lipid components (marshmallow, marshmallow). If the intake of such food is to the detriment of the main diet, then you should not be surprised that the child will find reduced level atherogenicity. Despite the fact that doctors do not usually consider a decrease in the level to be critical, in this case everything is completely different. Cholesterol is necessary for the children's body to build cells, to maintain strength, for the functioning of all body systems. Thus, a girl's reproductive system will not be ready for the monthly menstrual cycle if the level of dietary fat is low. Finally, in the hemispheres of the brain is concentrated great amount fats, and their existing lack, which is also indicated by a reduced level of atherogenicity, can cause poor performance in an educational institution.

Reduced coefficient of atherogenicity in men

AT modern world such a situation happens extremely rarely, and the countless gadgets with which the strong half of humanity spends time, as well as high-calorie food that cooks very quickly or even just warms up, are to blame.

If, at the appointment with a cardiologist, a man reveals that his level of atherogenicity is lowered, then the doctor should consult with the patient in order to identify true reason. As a rule, this analysis is taken in the morning, on an empty stomach. If a man has a habit of doing exercises or jogging, and even on the day of the test he did not change his plans, this can lead to the fact that the atherogenic coefficient will be lowered. If such a result is obtained without recent physical activity, then this may indicate that the patient's diet has been dominated by foods with a low lipid content for a long time.

If a man in given time treated for a fungus and taking the appropriate drugs, this can also lead to the fact that the coefficient of atherogenicity will be lowered. The same result will lead to taking drugs based on erythromycin. Such test results should not be taken into account. It is recommended to take a new analysis when the patient undergoes treatment and completes the medication.

What to do with low atherogenicity?

First you need to find out if the result is correct. In other words, were there any factors in the patient's life in the last days before the test that could. If there are none, then the result can be interpreted as true.

Eating food with adequate fat content

The most common problem is the intake of low-calorie, critically low-fat foods. Numerous mono-diets, which today you can read and assign yourself on the Internet, can even harm healthy person not to mention patients with diseases. It is urgent to visit a nutrition specialist so that he develops an individual schedule and diet, paints the types of products and their quantity. Wrong in this case is the decision immediately after such a "hungry" diet to consume everything in any quantity. This is fraught with a sharp increase in the level of sugar, low density lipoproteins and other blood components.

As for athletes and their reduced atherogenic coefficient, everything should be decided only by a sports doctor. Even the slightest deviation from the training schedule can cause failure in the near future, and it is precisely for the sake of victory that a person in this profession is trying. Perhaps you should think about nutrition and, if possible, add some foods with lipoproteins. By the way, the quality of lipids, namely their density, in the case of athletes does not play the first role, because most of fat will be converted into energy. However, it has been observed that foods with "good" lipoproteins do not cause a feeling of heaviness, which also gives them an advantage over foods with animal fats.

Is it worth it to be a vegetarian?

Finally, a separate conversation should be conducted with vegetarians. As a rule, these people refuse animal fats, however, vegetable oils consume very moderate amounts. If a labor activity of such people is saturated and intense, no matter - physical or mental, then with a high degree of expectation we can say that the atherogenic coefficient will be lowered. If the vegetarian diet is too poor, then his body will be in a state of exhaustion, and the lowered atherogenic index proves this once again. In this case, you should immediately think about your diet, namely, how to diversify it with foods containing fats, and here also the help of a specialist will not be superfluous.

This is an indicator of the likelihood of developing cardiovascular pathologies. This method diagnostics, which reveals cardiovascular diseases, was introduced by Professor A.N. Klimov in 1977. It is the ratio of bad cholesterol to good cholesterol.

Elevated levels of bad cholesterol provokes disruption of blood vessels and threatens to develop a large number various diseases. Bad cholesterol is abbreviated as ANDL.

The formation of APNP in the body occurs as follows:

1. The food that we eat, especially butter, all types of meat, dairy and sour-milk products, contain carboxylic or otherwise fatty acids.
2. Once in the human stomach, they react with the digestive enzyme and the bile component - bilirubin.
3. Further, the breakdown of fatty acids and the formation of glycerol, belonging to the group of trihydric alcohols and cholesterol of lipophilic alcohol, occur.
4. The result of all reactions is the formation in the small intestine of special fatty acids, chylominirons, it is they who are separated in the liver into bad and good cholesterol.

Normal indicator of the coefficient of atherogenicity

The normal level of cholesterol in the blood varies depending on gender, age, the presence or absence of pregnancy:

• Among women normal the coefficient of atherogenicity is considered to be 2-3.2. Over time, it can increase, for example, in women after 50, the level of KA is higher than in twenty-year-old girls, but it should never go beyond the specified limits, regardless of age.
• In men indicators may be slightly higher than in women and range from 2 to 3.5.
• In children under the age of 18, the coefficient should not exceed one.
• In pregnant women cholesterol level is elevated all nine months. Therefore, during the period of expectation of the child, the procedure for passing the analysis for the coefficient is considered meaningless and is recommended only a few months after the birth.

Causes of deviations from the norm of the coefficient of atherogenicity

An increased level of atherogenicity coefficient can mean the risk of developing or having cardiovascular and other diseases. But in some cases, a high ratio is not a cause for concern.

For example, during pregnancy, as mentioned above, while carrying a baby, the cholesterol level is much higher than expected and is considered the absolute norm.

In most cases, a high coefficient of atherogenicity means a tendency or the presence of a number of diseases.

Usually found in the following pathologies:

1. Violation of the work of cerebral vessels, such as encephalopathies, strokes and ischemic attacks.
2. Kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis and kidney failure.
3. Cardiovascular diseases.
4. genetic predispositions. Statistical data speak of the heredity of vascular pathologies. The presence of vascular diseases in relatives is a reason for preventive treatment and prevention of high cholesterol.
5. Smoking - negatively affects the work of the whole organism, but in particular affects the state of blood vessels. The more cigarettes a person smokes per day, the higher the risk of developing cardiovascular pathologies.
6. Alcohol.

Alcohol, as well as fatty foods, contributes to the formation of atherosclerosis and plaques. Too frequent use of strong drinks leads to an increase in cholesterol, and the occurrence of vascular disease.

Daily consumption of a small amount of red wine dilates blood vessels and is indicated for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

low cholesterol

Low cholesterol titers can be observed in people with high physical activity and professional athletes.

A reduced atherogenic coefficient does not pose any threat to health, but on the contrary, it indicates a low probability of vascular atherosclerosis.

What is the danger of high cholesterol?

Elevated cholesterol leads to blockage of the arteries and, therefore, circulatory disorders appear, which leads to a deterioration in well-being, dizziness, shortness of breath, and headache.

But external malaise is not the most terrible consequence of blockage of the veins, since a violation of the venous flow sooner or later leads to strokes, coronary disease heart and a number of other heart diseases such as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.

How to normalize an indicator

An increased atherogenic coefficient is a serious deviation from the norm, but it is quite correctable.

If, according to the results of the tests, the atherogenic coefficient turned out to be increased, then the attending physician prescribes a number of medications that normalize cholesterol levels.

The most popular drug treatment is statins.

Available in three generations:

Pros of statins- have an antithrombotic effect, are used to prevent atherosclerosis, taking a statin avoids complications such as stroke and heart attack

Cons of statins- very often cause side effects from the central nervous system such as dizziness, headache, muscle pain.

A nicotinic acid- Available in the form of tablets. It is indicated for atherosclerosis and many other diseases.

Advantages of nicotinic acid:

1. It is highly effective, in a short time significantly lowers cholesterol levels, as it improves vascular function and thins the blood.
2. Regular intake of nicotinic acid reduces the risk of heart attacks three times. It also reduces the likelihood of disability and death from cardiovascular pathologies to zero.

Dietary supplements - food supplements, are not medicines, and are sold without a doctor's prescription:

1. Pros. Most of the time it's completely safe.
2. Minuses. The effectiveness of most dietary supplements has not been proven.

• Get your scores right you can do it on your own with a diet.
  Must include in your diet vitamin-rich fruits and vegetables, river fish, limit the consumption of spicy, salty, starchy foods, to enhance the taste, it is recommended to add garlic to food - the strongest antioxidant.
• Exclude or limit the use of hormonal drugs.
  Women taking oral contraceptives are advised to stop taking it if cholesterol is elevated according to the results of the analysis. To do this, you need to consult with a gynecologist-endocrinologist.
  In some cases, stop hormonal drugs is not possible, for example, with autoimmune diseases, for this you need to discuss with your doctor the possibility of reducing the dose of the drug.

Summing up, we can safely say about the high diagnostic efficiency of the analysis for the coefficient of atherogenicity. This indicator helps to identify a wide range of diseases, which means that treatment can be started on time.

It should also be remembered that high cholesterol levels are the result of an unhealthy lifestyle, bad habits and malnutrition and other diseases in severe forms, as well as the consequences of negligent attitude to their health and the lack of quality timely medical care.

Despite the fact that high cholesterol very often leads to serious diseases, this pathology is easily corrected by adjusting the diet and lifestyle changes in better side in addition, modern drugs allow without any side effects solve the problem with high cholesterol.

Therefore, if you belong to a group of people who are recommended to take an atherogenic coefficient test, then do not delay going to a doctor who will send you for a biochemical blood test and, based on the results, prescribe adequate treatment.

A biochemical or lipoprotein blood test is a typical procedure for people over the age of twenty, it is prescribed purely by doctors during the initial visit to the doctor or if problems with the vascular system are suspected. Lipoprotein analysis of biological fluid allows you to determine the amount of cholesterol compounds in the body, which can cause serious health problems.

In this article, we will talk about the coefficient of atherogenicity, which appears in the results of lipoprotein analysis, its size, the root causes of non-compliance with the norms. In particular, we will figure out what to do if the atherogenic coefficient is increased, what it is, why it can increase, what it says, and how to deal with such a pathology.

What is the coefficient of atherogenicity in a blood test?

The atherogenic coefficient is a numerical value in the results of a lipid biochemical study. Blood for spectral lipid analysis is mainly donated for preventive purposes to determine its composition, as well as if complications with the cardiovascular system of the body are suspected. With the help of biochemical analysis, it is possible to identify indicators of cholesterol in the blood.

Most people know that cholesterol can be classified into two categories, which at the household level are called "good" and "bad" types. Harmful lipoproteins, which are noted in the results as LDL, are able to accumulate on the surfaces of blood vessels and arteries, and in predominant amounts are a provocateur of atherosclerosis. Useful cholesterol, indexed in analyzes by the abbreviation HDL, is a compound that is produced by the liver, is included in the structure of all tissue membranes, and provides the possibility of metabolic processes, the synthesis of hormones and elements necessary for the life of the body. In addition to these two values, the study forms will also include total cholesterol - the ratio of the relationship between the values ​​of constructive and negative lipoproteins, as well as the atherogenic coefficient.

A person who has a superficial knowledge of cholesterol and its effects on the body, in most cases tries to interpret the results of microanalysis in terms of good, harmful and final cholesterol, however, this is not entirely correct, and sometimes leads to disastrous results. By themselves, these metrics are of little value. Having thoroughly studied the topic of cholesterol, one can understand that useful cholesterol is a kind of cleaner of vascular highways from harmful lipoproteins. They are cleaned by capturing harmful fatty ingredients with good lipoprotein compounds, transporting them to the liver with further processing and disposal from the body. Thus, it turns out that the main indicator in the results of the analysis is the quantitative proportionality of the components of useful, total and harmful cholesterol. The greater the mass of good lipoproteins in relation to low-density ones, the better the cleaning of blood vessels will be.

It is the coefficient of atherogenicity, abbreviated as KA, that is an absolute parameter, which is calculated by elementary mathematical calculations using formulas, which indicates the correlation ratio of blood lipid composition data. Based on this result, one can judge the probability of progression or the fact of atherosclerosis, its scale of evolution.

Most often, there is no need to calculate the atherogenic coefficient on your own: it is automatically prescribed in the analysis form by laboratory workers. If such a figure does not appear, the attending physician will be able to calculate the value when interpreting the results, or you can make the calculations yourself using simple mathematical equations.

Several variants of formulas are used to calculate KA. The most common of them is the following: KA = (TC-HDL) / HDL, where TC is total cholesterol, HDL is high-density lipoproteins.

The atherogenic index can be calculated as the proportionality of negative cholesterol compounds to beneficial lipoproteins, which is explained by the natural mechanism of their interaction. For this, the following calculation formula is used: CA \u003d (LDL + VLDL) / HDL, where LDL, VLDL, HDL are indicators of low, very low and high density cholesterol, respectively. It is worth noting that this formula is used less frequently, since a single number of very low density lipoprotein compounds rarely appears in the analysis form.

An analogue of the same formula is such a calculation option, where very low density lipoproteins are calculated through triglycerides, which appear in the test results. The formula looks like this: CA = (LDL + TG / 2.2) / HDL, where HDL and LDL are high-density and low-density cholesterol, and TG is the number of triglycerides.

You can determine the atherogenic index using any of the formulas, the calculation results will be identical to hundredths of units, and the result depends on the concentration of low and high density lipids. Depending on these indicators, the KA will vary, the standards of which fluctuate depending on the gender and age of the person.

Atherogenic index norms for men and women

The main interpretive number in lipid analysis is the atherogenic index, which indicates the composition of the blood in relation to cholesterol. The value of KA is compared with the table of norms of this coefficient according to the age and gender of a person. The average value is considered to be the number 3, up to which the criteria for atherogenicity are considered normal and indicate the absence of problems with blood vessels due to increased cholesterol. Higher rates signal the presence of pathology: the higher the coefficient, the higher the likelihood of atherosclerosis, ischemia of the heart and brain tissues. However, when interpreting the results, it is not worth focusing only on the number 3, since under some circumstances, as well as in solid and old age, higher CA criteria may not be considered a pathology.

Minor variations in the index are possible depending on whether a woman or a man is being tested, and age criteria are taken into account when interpreting the results.

The coefficient should be slightly lower than in men, due to the natural protective hormonal background. At the age of 20 to 30 years, the norm of KA is considered to be values ​​up to 2.5 for men and up to 2.2 for the representatives of the stronger sex.

The amplitude of the index variation is wider for people from 30 to 40 years old. In men of this age, the norm can range from 2.07 to 4.92, while for women, indicators from 1.88 to 4.4 are considered natural.

The atherogenic index for men from forty to sixty years old is considered appropriate if it is in the range from three to three and a half units, while the norm for women of the same age should not exceed 3.2 units. It is worth noting that these figures may increase if the person under study has health problems. If there are signs of ischemia, overweight or other pathological or chronic diseases, these factors are taken into account by the doctor, the index can increase up to four units, while such an increase is not considered abnormal and does not require special treatment.

And also the following factors can influence the index upwards:

1. Long-term use of drugs of certain groups.
2. Prolonged malnutrition or an unbalanced diet that causes a micronutrient or oxygen deficiency in the body.
3. Pregnancy and the postpartum period for the fair sex.
4. Excessive addictions, in particular, smoking.

The following indicators can reduce the actual significance of the coefficient:

1. The use of anticholesterol drugs.
2. with a low content of fatty components before testing.
3. heavy loads physical plane.

In general, the results of the analyzes are interpreted not as a separate unit, but in combination with all sorts of factors that can cause index variations. However, if the deviations from the norm are significant in the direction of a decrease or increase, then it is worth eliminating the causes provocateurs of such a state.

What to do with an increased index?

Let's try to figure out what to do if the atherogenic index is elevated and what it means. Most often, excess CA, depending on the increase criteria, indicates the onset or intensive progression of pathological disorders in the vascular system, namely, failures of fat metabolic processes. If the coefficient under discussion exceeds the allowed parameters, this means that the number of useful lipoproteins is not enough to block and utilize low-density cholesterol from the body. It simply signals that high-density cholesterol is lowered. As a result of this phenomenon, negative cholesterol is deposited on the inner membranes of blood vessels, forming plaques, which over time can form blood clots that interfere with blood circulation.

A coefficient ranging up to four units indicates the beginning. Since they are present to one degree or another in every person who has survived the forty-year age barrier, such a condition does not require special drug treatment, provides for a change in lifestyle in order to prevent the progression of pathology.

More dangerous is the atherogenic index, which exceeds five units. This indicates an intensive progression of atherosclerosis, which primarily affects the lower extremities, which over time can impair not only a person’s activity, but also cause lameness or disability. Even more dangerous is atherosclerosis, which progresses in. The consequences can result in a stroke or heart attack, which is often the cause of death.

This condition requires mandatory comprehensive treatment, which includes drug therapy and lifestyle correction. Without treatment or with incorrect therapy, pathological processes will gain strength, which is dangerous with consequences.

Integral therapy often has the following vector directions:

1. Taking medications. Often, doctors prescribe drugs from the statin group, which actively fight low-density lipoprotein ingredients, thereby raising the criteria for good cholesterol. Can be prescribed drugs from the category of fibrates, extracts of nicotinic and bile acid sequestrants, inhibitors of cholesterol induction. All anti-cholesterol drugs have side effects, therefore their selection and dosage determination is the task of doctors only. In addition, when taking medications, regular monitoring by physicians is required, as well as systematic testing to determine the dynamics.
2. Nutrition correction is no less important vector of treatment than taking medications. It is practically impossible to lower CA without nutrition correction, since the “wrong” food is the main supplier of harmful lipoproteins. The specificity of the patient's diet is focused on minimizing the consumption of fat-containing food of animal origin, the rejection of pickles, smoking and preservation. Despite the limitations, the patient's nutrition should be as balanced as possible, it is important to fill the diet with valuable vegetables and fruits for the body with a high fiber content, ingredients with phytosterol, vegetable and polyunsaturated fats.
3. Rejection of bad habits. A strong provocateur and a decrease in the elasticity of blood vessels is nicotine, so an absolute rejection of cigarettes is important. Alcohol in the form of wine good quality in small amounts it is useful for CA above the norm, contribute to an increase in HDL. As for other drinks containing alcohol, their use is strictly prohibited.
4. Sports activities have a positive effect on treatment, contribute to the reduction of CA. The specifics of physical activity for the patient is selected individually by the attending doctor, depending on the state of health, blood vessels and the age of the person.

Complex therapeutic measures with responsible implementation of the doctor's recommendations can reduce the index, and, consequently, the concentration of bad cholesterol with a parallel increase in good cholesterol. It is important for the patient to understand that the treatment of high CA rates is a long-term procedure, since the disease is classified as a pathology that is distinguished by inhibited development, and, accordingly, only long-term therapy will help achieve effective results.

Actions with a reduced coefficient of atherogenicity

As you can see, the situation with a high CA is very bad, the conclusion that you should not worry about your health if the atherogenic coefficient is lowered suggests itself. Indeed, in most cases, if the atherogenic index deviates beyond the lower limits, this only indicates that the human vascular system is in excellent physiological condition, and the likelihood of the evolution of atherosclerosis or ischemia is reduced to zero. In parallel, the patient may be offered to be examined additionally by highly specialized specialists in order to exclude pathologies that can affect the coefficient.

Often precedents when the index is below the norm do not require any treatment. A person is recommended to take repeated tests in two months in order to exclude the influence of physical loads or other factors on the results.

Summing up

Atherogenicity is a quantitative value that indicates the correlation between bad and valuable cholesterol. The interpretation of the resulting coefficient is the doctor's mission. He not only compares the data with tables of norms, but also takes into account the factors of human life, the clinical picture, and on their basis makes a verdict on the state of the cardiovascular system of the subject.

Self-interpretation of the results, and even worse - the appointment of self-treatment, can cause irreparable consequences. Trust doctors: their experience and qualifications guarantee the possibility of curing pathology, if it exists in the body.