Processing of waste into secondary raw materials. Waste recycling

There is a business that is considered not only profitable, but also a noble occupation. It's garbage recycling. The essence of the activity is the collection, processing and sale of secondary raw materials. Let's analyze the topic in more detail.

It is beneficial to deal with a complex of different wastes or one direction:

sorting, processing of paper, cardboard;
plastic containers;
glass;
broken cars will allow the sale of metal or waste oils, working spare parts to workshops;
technology - in its composition copper, aluminum, gold, silver. Large industrialists buy non-ferrous metals at affordable prices;
food waste. Of these, with the help of enzymes and bacteria, compost is created for horticultural farms that produce soil mixtures of companies.

The types of expenses and incomes for different types of raw materials are similar, the amounts and profits change. The latter is made up of the influence of many factors - procurement policy, bonuses to employees, use of resources, correct implementation tactics. Develop a competent business plan, and you will be successful.

Features of registering a case

In addition to the package of documents for the registrar and the tax office, you need permission to conduct activities:

obtain a license from the Ministry of Ecology. After the documentation for the equipment is selected, the entrepreneur goes for permits to the water, sanitary, fire, veterinary, and public utilities;
processing business plastic bottles easier to open - registration required legal entity. An enterprise for processing paper and cardboard is also being opened.

Recycling as a business

The first stage is the search for sources of raw materials. These are landfills. Try to negotiate with the administration so that garbage-collecting machines bring it to you, and not to a landfill.

Waste sorting shop

Choose a room not far from the landfill so that you do not have to spend money on transport for the long-distance transportation of raw materials. An abandoned warehouse, hangar will do.

Regional or municipal authorities help with indefinite rent or provide free of charge unnecessary premises. It is more profitable for the municipality to help such an enterprise than to maintain an ever-growing landfill.

Equipment

The businessmen who raised such a case argue that it is not advisable to purchase foreign equipment.

Russian units, which cost less, are easier to repair. The universal will need about 300 million dollars, the processing line separate species waste will cost 50,000.

Standard equipment: feed belt, shredder, crusher, hopper, magnet, pressing unit.

Recycling staff

We found a place, bought equipment, it's up to a strong team. This is the difficulty of the business - few people can withstand the hard work at the conveyor belt when there are unpleasant smells around.

Motivation, flexible system bonuses will make work at the enterprise profitable. Carefully approach this, otherwise you will not avoid staff turnover.

Sales of recyclables

This question is important. But the need for recyclables is growing. And there are buyers, since secondary raw materials are cheaper than the original ones, but they are not inferior in quality.

Recycling of plastic and glass

Plastic recycling is a highly liquid business. It is easy to make bottles and cups from it, but they are difficult and take a long time to decompose. Therefore, such workshops are supported by municipalities. Investments from environmental and environmental organizations are possible.

Channels for the purchase of raw materials are not only landfills, but also points for the collection of plastic containers. Sign contracts with stores and retail chains. Install trash cans in the city, get permission from the administration for this.

Sales are also simple - flakes are bought up by bottle manufacturers. It is cheaper than the original product, so enterprises are willing to take raw materials. Due to the ease of collection and marketing, recycling of plastic bottles as a business - promising direction. Easy to organize, requires small initial costs, participates in support programs from the state, international funds.

Recycled glass

Glass is easy to clean from any contaminants, and no foreign impurities get into its structure.

It goes through more than one stage of cleaning and sorting to get to the smelter. Glass processing equipment is expensive, but a full-fledged conveyor line is serviced by a minimum of personnel due to high labor automation.

As with any other recycling business, glass containers are sorted and cleaned. The process is manual and automated. The finished product is divided according to color and quality characteristics, enters the crusher, where it is crushed to the state of sand. It then goes through an automatic cleaning process. And it is melted down or sent to glass factories in the form of sorted sand.

The methods of sourcing raw materials in this business do not differ from those described in the previous section. The services of waste sorting companies will help, place your own glass container collection points or negotiate with the owners of HoReCa establishments.

The maximum income is obtained in the presence of a workshop for remelting and manufacturing products. The reason is that every glass factory has processing equipment.

The right decision would be to open collection points for glass products, organize the sorting and removal of such garbage. This method of doing business will require less investment.

Paper and cardboard recycling

Since the days of the Soviet Union, the memory is fresh when everyone collected waste paper. Today it is in decline, but is gradually starting up again.

Two production lines are distinguished according to the type of product obtained - writing paper or cardboard. Recycling the second is more profitable.

The main difficulty is in the collection of raw materials. But it can also be purchased at landfills, at collection points.

Business Advantages and Disadvantages

The business of recycling garbage and other raw materials has positive and negative sides.

Advantages of the processing industry:

profitability. Since the main goal is profit, start with this virtue;
respect from the authorities local residents. The environment is getting cleaner, and landfills are getting smaller.

But there are nuances that largely determine the small number of enterprises for sorting and processing recyclables:

paperwork takes about six months, it is necessary to obtain permits from dozens of structures;
manual labor. Difficult to form Friendly team, it is important to consider competent system motivation of workers;
establishing a constant supply of raw materials, the sale of the finished product.

With all the apparent difficulties, the business is worthy of attention, since it benefits the entrepreneur himself, the city, the country, the world.

Secondary raw materials

materials and products that, after the initial full use (wear and tear), can be reused in production as raw materials. The most important types of V. with. are scrap; waste of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals; used lubricating oils; defective parts; obsolete products made of polyethylene, etc.; worn tires; worked out sulphuric acid; waste paper, etc. To V. with. also include machines and equipment that are out of order due to wear and tear and their parts; metal parts obtained during the dismantling of buildings and old ships; ferrous and non-ferrous metals contained in unusable consumer and household items, final production waste, which for this enterprise are irretrievable losses(for example, ash from power plants, etc.). Most importance for National economy both in terms of the size of the resources and in their value, they have a variety of secondary metals, which are formed in the form of depreciation scrap and industrial waste. The depreciation scrap resources are determined by a number of factors: the size of the country's metal fund, its age, material structure, etc. In connection with the increase in the car park, the regeneration of old rubber is becoming increasingly important for saving rubber. An essential role is also played by the regeneration of lubricants (especially in mechanical engineering), the recovery of volatile solvents, the recovery and reuse spent sulfuric acid, catalysts containing precious and rare metals, etc. The value of V. with increases. in food and other industries.

V.'s use with. in various branches of industry is of great importance for the further development of the national economy of the USSR as a source of additional material resources, as a factor in reducing production costs and unit capital expenditures, and also in accelerating the rate of production growth. Specialized organizations have been set up in the USSR that are engaged in the collection (buying points), procurement, sorting, butchering, and primary processing of grain. These organizations either carry out its further processing and processing themselves, or send for this purpose the collected V. s. companies that use these raw materials. Collection and use of V. with. planned in the USSR.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Recycled materials" is in other dictionaries:

secondary raw materials extracted from waste- (eg from wastewater) [A.S. Goldberg. English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Energy topics in general EN salvageable commodities …

raw material- I/; Wed, collected. see also raw material Mined or produced material intended for further industrial processing and manufacturing of a finished product. Raw materials for industry. strategic resource. Agricultural raw materials. Sources ... ... Dictionary of many expressions

Raw material, the object of labor, for the extraction or production of which labor was expended ( iron ore at the metallurgical z de, cotton on text. fke, grain on a flour mill, etc.). By origin distinguish prom. and s. X. S. Prom. S. is subdivided ... ...

secondary energy feedstock from biomass- (for example, waste from the woodworking industry, agricultural waste, etc.) [A.S. Goldberg. English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN secondary biomass … Technical Translator's Handbook

RAW, I, Wed, collected. Raw materials destined for further processing. Strategic s. Agricultural with. Secondary s. | adj. raw, oh, oh. Raw material base. Dictionary Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

I; cf. collected Mined or produced material intended for further industrial processing and manufacturing of the finished product. C. for industry. Strategic s. Agricultural with. Sources of raw materials. Secondary s. ◁ Raw,… … encyclopedic Dictionary

RAW MATERIALS, materials subject to further processing in the production process. There are primary (mined ore, coal, raw cotton, etc.) and secondary (scrap metal, waste paper, etc.) raw materials ... Modern Encyclopedia

Garbage container with compartments for different types of glass containers Recycling glass containers is the use of glass containers for any purpose after its primary contents have already been drunk or eaten ... Wikipedia

Raw materials, an object of labor that has already undergone a known change under the influence of labor and is subject to further processing. S. in the production process forms a material basis, the “main substance” of the finished product or ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Materials and products, to rye after a complete initial. use (wear) can be reused in production as raw materials. V. s. are scrap, waste of black, non-ferrous and precious. metals, used lubricating oils, defective parts,… … Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary

Instruction

recyclables
- statement;
- passport and TIN;
- constituent documents of IP;

recyclables;

Sources:

Items reception payments began to bring their owners a lot of income, when it became possible, in addition to cellular communications, to pay with their help also the Internet, cable TV, utilities and even fines imposed by the traffic police. At the same time, the organization of the point reception payments, as before, is not at all as expensive as one might imagine at first glance, even a novice entrepreneur can afford to open it.

You will need

1. Registration of an individual entrepreneur or legal entity
2. Agreement with the payment system
3. Renting a small space
4. Office equipment and mobile communications
5. Two cashier-operators of the reception point
6. One or more automatic payment terminals

Instruction

Choose item format reception payments - there are two main ways, although they may well be combined at one point. The first is an automatic payment located on the street or in any visited by people - retail or business cinema. The second way is to accept payments using, sending funds through a computer or mobile phone connected to a WAP site.

Conclude an agreement with a payment system that is a dealer - a variety of payments for which you will accept. There are several such systems, the standard conditions for cooperation with each of them are different, as well as technical means used by each of them in the work. Before choosing, carefully study the offers of each system, based on the search for the most profitable option from the options that you have.

Rent a small room in a busy place if you decide to equip the point anyway reception payments with an operator sending information using a computer or telephone. Buy office equipment and software that meets the requirements of the payment system you have chosen. It costs two shift cashiers to hire for this job.

Buy a payment terminal that will be located autonomously, or inside your point where the operator works. In the second case, the terminal will significantly speed up the service process, in addition, nothing interferes, having its own stationary point reception, place in different places and several terminals. When choosing, pay attention to its resistance to temperature, as well as various external influences (“anti-vandal” equipment), the number of available functions.

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Useful advice

If you see that the terminal brings a little profit, try moving it to another location, which may turn out to be more successful - in this case, you will not lose anything.

Remember that when choosing a terminal with a large number of the provided services that can be provided with it, you choose a terminal that will freeze more often and require more maintenance than a simple one.

Sources:

Article dedicated to business on payment terminals

Even as schoolchildren, many of us collected waste paper and scrap metal. Now this is not a pioneering impulse of enthusiasm, but quite an adult business. And one of the most profitable: something, but there is enough garbage and waste on our planet. So to open paragraph reception recyclables, no special investment required. True, if you want to legally receive recyclables from the population, you will have to issue a special package of documents.

Instruction

The term for registering a PBOYuL or LLC usually takes no more than 5 days. If you plan to hire more than 15 people, then the extract from the Unified State Register of Enterprises / Unified State Register of Legal Entities must indicate OKVED codes, in accordance with the information about the main types of work. Registration of OKVED will take you from 2 to 4 days. Order prints for your company.

Find and rent (or buy) a room (or several) where you can store and receive recyclables. Get positive conclusions about the satisfactory condition of the premises from the environmental expert commission, sanitary and epidemiological supervision and the fire service.

Due to the fact that many types recyclables to the IV class of waste hazard, obtain a license at the local branch of Rostekhnadzor for the provision of its acceptance. Submit the following documents:
- statement;
- passport and TIN;
- constituent documents of IP;
- a list of waste (of all hazard classes - from I to IV), which you plan to receive;
- a copy of the conclusion of the ecological expertise;
- copies of lease or purchase agreements where collection will be made recyclables;
- a copy of the conclusion from the sanitary and epidemiological supervision on the proper condition of the premises.

Sources:

how to make a recycled business
Business idea: How to open a scrap metal collection point?

Dry cleaning of a new, European type is not yet a very common enterprise in the Russian sphere of domestic services, which is why the market for dry cleaning services is still far from being saturated. Many experts, however, tend to believe that mini- dry cleaners in the near future, they will become a popular alternative to home washing for representatives of not only the most affluent segments of society, but also the middle class.

You will need

- a room in a separate building with an area of 150 square meters;
- a project coordinated with a number of licensing authorities;
- a set of equipment for mini-dry cleaning.

Instruction

Try to find a ready-made room that meets all the requirements for mini-equipment. dry cleaners, so as not to invest too much in the construction of a new building from scratch. Dry cleaning can be located only on the ground floor, only in a separate building and only at a distance of 100 meters from residential buildings. At the same time, of course, it would be wrong to take dry cleaning to the industrial zone, since the reception and issue of things will have to be carried out in the same place as their processing. The minimum floor area for mini- dry cleaners together with item reception-delivery - 150 meters.

Make a project dry cleaners(it is best to order it from a specialized company that performs this kind of work), and then coordinate it with representatives of the department of architecture and urban planning of the city administration. It is also important that the project be approved by firefighters, that is, employees of the fire inspectorate, and Rospotrebnadzor, which shows especially close attention to institutions of this type.

Research the market for mini-dry cleaning equipment, try to find suitable options for yourself and contact potential suppliers. It is worth looking for an economy option in the form of used cars only if you simply do not have enough money for new equipment, but if you have the opportunity to purchase new technology yes, it is better to do it, because with it you will get high-quality professional installation and warranty service. The minimum set of equipment for mini- dry cleaners includes two or three machines that process clothes with perchlorethylene, a cabin with a stain gun and several steam-air dummies.

The first stages after the raw materials enter the enterprises for processing in the sorting center are disinfection and sorting of waste. The most valuable of them are metal, waste paper, plastic.

Gets from general waste magnetic separator. Further, it is divided into two types black and color. In most cases, this is ferrous metal scrap, accounting for 90%. Scrap is divided into three types: cast iron, steel, iron.

At the first stage of processing, non-metallic impurities and debris are removed from scrap metal. Then pieces of the desired shape are formed and sent to the smelter. Then the metal enters the hot rolling shop where the blanks acquire the final thickness. After processing, it is used to make products for construction, mechanical engineering and everyday life.

Finished rental
Construction fittings
Pipes
Cast iron products
Technique

Aluminum recovered from recycled materials prevails in non-ferrous metals the most. This metal was discovered 200 years ago, and it immediately found applications in various industries. Unlike iron, it is not subject to corrosion, and the decomposition period of this metal is 500 years, as a result of which products from it can be melted down and used indefinitely.

In a multi-stage recycling process, aluminum products are pressed and shredded - crushed in shredders. Then they are melted in an electric or plasma melting furnace at a temperature of 750 C, formed into briquettes and sent to a factory for the manufacture of finished products. Aluminum in pure rarely used, aluminum alloys are used more often. For example, with the addition of silicon, magnesium and copper. Such alloys are used in the manufacture of:

Engine parts
Wheel disks
window frames
Aircraft materials
Power lines

in the full cycle of processing begins with sorting and pressing. Sorting is done manually, “non-paper” impurities are removed: adhesive tape, cellophane, glue. After sampling and disinfection, more valuable species paper is divided into three categories, which include the color of the paper, the length of the fibers, the time of dissolution in water.

Category BUT(high quality) White paper, paper bags, envelopes.
Category B(medium quality) Newsprint, wrapping paper, cardboard.
Category FROM(low quality) Everything that did not fall into categories A and B.

With the help of crushers, paper is crushed into pieces with a fraction of 1 to 5 cm. The most important step is the dissolution of waste paper. The paper is placed in hydropulpers (rotating tanks) where it is subjected to retting. Further bleaching occurs, under the influence of chemical reagents, the printing ink is separated from the fibers and no longer adheres to them. Under the influence of these technological processes paper becomes a liquid fibrous mass, which is passed through a sieve to free it from unnecessary particles.

According to the processing technology to obtain raw materials of higher quality, the paper is bleached. The fibers are bleached with hydrogen peroxide. Next, the cellulose is separated from water, which is 95% of the total mass. At the end of the process, the dried raw material is pressed. At the outlet of the hot press, paper strips are obtained, which are twisted into rolls and transferred to the cutting shop.

With each paper recycling cycle, the fibers become shorter, so the raw material is added to the raw material, which is cellulose. Repeat recycling paper waste no more than 7 times.

are mandatory for recycling, since when disposed of by the method of burial, they have a decay period in the soil from 180 to 200 years, and after recycling, which takes a much shorter period, it is suitable for making a huge number of different, new things.

household utensils
Plastic container
clothing
Technique

Today in the world, the recycling of recyclable plastic is carried out by means of mechanical and heat treatment. And it is divided into four main ways.

Hydrolysis method
methanolysis
Mechanical method (recycling)
Pyrolysis

The main method of processing synthetic waste is a mechanical method.

After passing secondary raw materials stages of cleaning and disinfection, plastic products enter the sorting shop. There they are divided according to color, degree of contamination and uniformity of the material. Next, the sorted plastic and polyethylene film waste is crushed to a homogeneous consistency, melted and loaded into the extruder where the material is formed into granules. The resulting synthetic granules are the raw material for the manufacture of the final product.

Secondary raw materials are products and materials, after the primary use of which, it is possible to use them in production as raw materials. Recycled materials can be divided according to several criteria:

application (unused or used);
technologies (allowing or not allowing processing);
state of aggregation(gaseous, liquid, solid);
chemical composition(inorganic or organic);
toxicity (non-poisonous or poisonous);
place of use;
at the place of formation (production, consumption waste);
size of volumes, etc.

Types of recyclable waste

According to " Sanitary regulations for the collection, storage, transportation and primary processing of secondary raw materials, as well as based on established practice, secondary raw materials are divided into the following varieties:

liquid waste;
waste containing mercury;
accumulators;
rubber;
devices and other equipment containing precious metals;
substandard and expired products;
medical waste;
textiles and footwear;
waste paper;
glass;
animal bones;
concrete and concrete production waste;
solid polymeric materials;
radioactive waste.

Polymer materials

Recycled polymer materials are used in the manufacture a wide range products: from car parts to bottles. Production from recycled plastics allows you to meet the needs of the market, reduce pollution environment, reduce production costs.

Concrete production waste

When working with concrete mixtures, fresh concrete remains in concrete trucks, mixers, pumps, machines, containers and forms. All this equipment is cleaned with water. Waste water includes:

liquid chemical additives;
cement milk and water;
inert fillers.

radioactive waste

Radioactive waste is waste that includes isotopes chemical elements not applicable in the current state. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has formulated the basic principles of radioactive waste management:

Installation safety;
Ecosystem protection;
health protection;
Protection regardless of national borders;
Interdependence of Education radioactive waste and their handling;
Legal support at the national level;
Comprehensive production control;
Protecting future generations;
Responsibility of future generations.

Shoes and textiles

Perhaps the oldest type of waste that has been recycled is textiles. Junk carts have traveled all over the world since time immemorial. The rags were sorted to separate what could still serve the poor, and the actual waste, which was recycled. Fabrics have been used to make paper as far back as China. The recipe was brought to Europe by Marco Polo during his first visit to China. Fabrics of different composition are subjected to different processing. So, denim and other cotton waste is used in the manufacture of paper. The fabric is crushed and soaked, and further production differs little from the use of cellulose, but does not harm the Earth's biosphere.

Shoes are sorted according to a similar principle, while taking into account the type of material, taking into account which they are sent for processing.

Batteries and accumulators

Batteries and accumulators are recycled regardless of whether they can be recharged or not, the remaining battery power is also not important. There are several specialized battery recycling plants in Europe according to the following classification:

alkaline;
nickel-cadmium;
nickel-metal hydride;
lithium-ion.

The efficiency of the processing process is determined by the ratio of the material received and the resulting material. At the same time, it is taken into account that the composition of the material and its combination with other substances and materials affect the final result.