Formation of youth leisure culture. Forms and methods of work with youth Traditional forms of work with youth

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The topic under consideration has so far often been raised at numerous youth conferences, round tables, seminars, and congresses of Orthodox youth. However, there are still no generalizing works on this topic, there is no methodological base, it is difficult to find published programs and methodological developments youth projects. This problem is one of the most urgent for the modern youth movement of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Forms and methods of work with youth may vary depending on the audience in which they are applied. Speaking about the most appropriate method of working with specific groups, we do not deny the possibility of using other methods. In our case, there can be several such groups:

Unchurched youth, in general, have a positive attitude towards Orthodoxy. The most appropriate method of working with this group of young people seems to involve young people in various forms of leisure or creative activity compatible with Orthodox spirituality.
Unchurched youth, indifferent to Orthodoxy or to religious life in general. For successful work with this group, it is necessary, first of all, to destroy the wrong stereotypes of the perception of the Church and spiritual life, as well as the formation of new ideas that create motivation for spiritual development.
Neophytes who have recently come to the Orthodox faith, on the one hand, still have little knowledge of church life and the foundations of Orthodoxy and overestimate their competence in various matters of church life. Here, catechesis based on the traditions of church education and the involvement of this group in the practical activities of the community under the guidance of experienced people seem to be the most appropriate methods of work.
Church youth, differing in the degree of social activity and the level of awareness of their place in the Church. For this group, it is necessary to develop various forms of participation in church and public service, as well as to remove barriers in the church consciousness (the distance between the clergy and the laity, fear of initiative and responsibility) that prevent such participation. It is necessary to promote the emergence and implementation of youth initiatives, as well as encourage church youth to be personally active.
Young people who have chosen other Christian denominations or other traditional religions, but who have maintained a respectful attitude towards Orthodoxy and do not deny the possibility of dialogue with the Orthodox. Most effective method Interaction with representatives of this group is the development and implementation of educational and cultural programs with an educational focus (for example, seminars on environmental issues or combating drug addiction).
Young people who are negatively disposed towards the Orthodox Church. When working with such people, it is necessary to conduct a dialogue in the spirit of love and hope in God's help, for God “desires that all people be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth” (1 Tim. 2:4) and, in addition, testify of their faith by personal example .

Methods and forms of work depend on which of the named groups this or that organizer of youth work is working with. Group No. 2 seems to be the most numerous and therefore the most important today. Depending on how successful the work of the Church is with this particular group, one can speak of positive or negative results of the mission among the youth.

When working with unchurched youth who are indifferent to spiritual life and to religion in general, one can speak mainly of the method of mediated mission. The essence of this method can be expressed in the well-known words of the Apostle Peter: “Serve one another, each with the gift that you have received, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God” (1 Pet. 4:10). The fundamental principles in organizing work with such youth are sincerity, openness and patience: we testify to the inner beauty and depth of Orthodoxy, without trying to show our own excessive external churchness. For young man what we offer should become interesting and important. Acquaintance with Orthodoxy should be gradual and unobtrusive, at the same time it is necessary to create all the conditions for real churching.

Forms of work with group No. 2 can be different (from a sightseeing trip to a hang gliding section), as stated in the resolutions of the Council of Bishops in 2004: “in the non-liturgical sphere, cultural styles and forms familiar to modern youth can be used if they are filled with Christian content ". Only those forms of work that are contrary to the Orthodox faith and morality cannot be applied (for example, the organization of a yoga section, in which, as you know, it is necessary to accept the philosophy and principles of the religious tradition of Hinduism).

To work with groups No. 1 and No. 3, you can use those forms of work that have been used for a long time, with varying degrees of success, in the Russian Orthodox Church (catechetical courses, classes in the study of Holy Scripture, Sunday schools for adults, etc.). The method of this work can be described as a direct mission.

When working with group No. 4, it seems necessary to consider the issue of attitudes towards leadership among Orthodox Christians. Misunderstood, leadership or superiority is undoubtedly dangerous for a person. In the Gospel, primacy is described as an antinomy of the concepts “first” and “last”: “ And he called the twelve and said to them: Whoever wants to be the first, be the last of all and the servant of all”(Mark 9:35). For an Orthodox person, leadership should be a service of love, in which any "selfishness" is excluded. Thus, leadership is not only accepted by Orthodoxy, but is the most striking expression of church service. It is the church youth that should become an asset to the youth movement of the Church, and it is these young people who will have to organize work with all the listed audiences.

One of the problems is the lack of special knowledge and skills in the organization of youth ministry, which could be formed in the course of various seminars for the training of organizers of youth ministry. It must be admitted that the Church today, more than ever, needs qualified personnel in all areas of church life and, above all, in the field of organizing youth work. The lack of a methodological base, specific developments, programs leads to the fact that each parish, diocese, Orthodox youth organization has to “reinvent the wheel”, re-invent forms of youth work that have already been tested by other people in other regions. Thus, only having created a methodological basis and trained qualified personnel, we can talk about the beginning of serious work, otherwise we can remain at the level of people who are aware of the problem (this is said at almost every youth conference), but do nothing more to to solve it.

Participation of public, parish and diocesan youth organizations in church-wide youth programs and events is necessary. Unity in the sphere of public service will make it possible to effectively implement the existing forms and methods.

To accomplish these tasks, the following five main areas of activity are proposed:

1) Introduction to liturgical life and churching of young people who have recently come to the Church. This task is solved by holding missionary services, extra-liturgical youth gatherings, circles for the study of the Holy Scriptures, as well as by creating conditions for a long conversation on spiritual topics (preparation for confession, communion) with a priest experienced in youth problems.

2) Educational activities aimed at forming a correct idea of the hierarchy of Christian values. Such activity can be built as follows:

a) familiarization of listeners with the basics of the Orthodox worldview (it is advisable to pay special attention to the false ideas about the Church accepted in society);

b) detailed acquaintance of listeners with Holy Scripture and Tradition of the Church;

c) involvement of listeners in educational, social and youth work of the Church.

To do this, all young people who wish must be given the opportunity at a convenient time for them to get acquainted with the basics of the Orthodox worldview.

It is desirable to provide an opportunity for the most active young people to take part in a purposeful Christian ministry as a catechist or organizer of youth work with an educational focus. It is also necessary to create employment and employment services in the dioceses, especially for graduates of theological schools, theological universities, theological faculties, and graduates of catechism courses. It is important to note that currently existing qualified personnel remain unclaimed or the proposed vacancies do not have proper financial support.

3) Introducing youth to Christian service. It is necessary to acquaint and introduce the young people who have come to the Church to various types of Christian service in as much detail as possible, to show the social, labor and educational work that this or that parish does (for example, labor assistance to churches and monasteries, work in children's camps, help to veterans, the infirm people, correspondence with prisoners, etc.).

4) Creation of an open Christian socio-cultural youth environment. It is necessary to create an open Orthodox youth environment in which there would be an opportunity to get acquainted and communicate, to celebrate holidays and birthdays together, to share with each other the experience of life and service in the Church, to meet with clergymen, as well as with people of interest to young people. Camps, pilgrimage trips, military sports competitions, local history work, activities in creative studios, etc. contribute to the unity of youth.

5) Specialized assistance to young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation or various types of addictions. It is important to help the younger generation get answers to their questions about faith and church life, as well as help them resolve family, psychological and other problems. This task can be facilitated, for example, by a telephone helpline, private conversations or an Internet forum with the opportunity to ask a question to a catechist or a priest, consultations of an Orthodox psychologist, programs for the rehabilitation of victims of alcohol, drug addiction or involvement in totalitarian-destructive sects, etc. .

A similar experience of integrated work among young people has been accumulated in the Center for the Spiritual Development of Children and Youth at the Danilov Monastery, established at the Patriarchal Center for the Spiritual Development of Children and Youth, together with the Department for Youth Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church Youth Ministry School, which carries out work with young people in the areas presented above.

Application

The rich and unique experience accumulated by the School of Youth Ministry in working with youth can be effectively transferred to the Internet, where it would be possible to create an Internet project "School of Youth Ministry", which can join not only diocesan centers, but also any parish interested in youth work. The implementation of such a remote Internet School will make it possible to establish a much more effective exchange of experience, increase the productivity of newly created similar local Schools, and also serve as a help to those dioceses and cities where their creation will encounter objective obstacles.

It is proposed to put the principle of interactive learning into the basis of the Internet-SMS. It is also assumed that here it will be possible to generalize and adapt the specific experience of youth work for other regions (dioceses). Creation of such a general church Distance School youth ministry would provide an opportunity for the most experienced people from different dioceses and even corners of the world to participate in catechesis, and for students living in regions where catechesis is not conducted, to acquire full knowledge, managing their time and not missing classes. Circles for the study of the Bible, church history, worship, the Church Slavonic language, the heritage of Sts. fathers, religious security would become available to thousands of users. In such a School, interactive training in the specialties of a missionary, a catechist, a teacher of the Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture, etc., would also be possible.

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Youth is a key audience of any mass action or holiday. Therefore, the organizers need to take into account the opinion of this audience. So, what do young people think about youth holidays? I asked several representatives of the younger generation to answer the following questions:

1 - What holidays do you consider youthful?
2 - What is the fundamental difference between a youth holiday and a non-youth holiday?
3 - What is needed for a successful party for a young audience?
4 - Examples of successful, in your opinion, youth events that you attended?

1) Youth Day, Valentine's Day, April Fool's Day.
2) Age category, there are mostly people from 18 to 25. More active competitive program. The texts in the event are more modern.
3) It is good to interest the youth. Play more interesting prizes, and more often activate the audience.
4) Beauty Contest 2010
20 years. Nina.
1) Youth Day, City Day, Laughter Day, Student Day.
2) There are people up to 30 years old, Modern content of the action. Interesting active competitions, modern musical accompaniment, hot topics for us youth.
3) It is necessary to properly organize, so that it would be interesting for everyone, campaigning, advertising in advance, posting information on the Internet. Activate during presentation. Topics interesting to raise. Actors and artists that would be professional.
4) April Fool's Day

Vika, 20 years old.

1) New Year, City Day, Russia Day, Ivan Kupala Day, Tatyana's Day and Valentine's Day.
2) Active competitions, modern vocabulary, a disco is a must.
3) It is important that there are good presenters at the event who will not read information from tablets. What would be well conveyed the theme of the holiday, traditions, etc. And it is also very important that the dynamics of the presentation is respected.
4) Festival of gifted children.

Anna, 18 years old.

Summing up the results of the survey, we can conclude that the most attractive holidays for young people are St. Valentine's Day, Youth Day, April Fool's Day, and the most important thing in holding it is the impeccable organization and idea of the event itself - how close it is to young people and is able to unite participants.

The main difficulty in organizing youth holidays is that the tastes of modern young people are extremely diverse. This is expressed in everything from music and literature to clothing style. Each representative of the youth is individual and wants to prove himself against the background of his peers. Our task is to make it happen, but at the same time it is important not to offend anyone else, to almost everyone to do brief analysis and individual approach and, of course, arouse full interest in the content of the holiday. And then it will become the key to a successful event and high appreciation of the actions of the organizers by all those present. It is important to know how and what to "dress" the holiday, what idea and artistic thought to put into it so that it is interesting and eventful. I propose to make a short excursion into interesting forms of celebrations, many of them have historical beginning and entered the culture as traditional, but are still used today. And there are new forms that have come to us in the 21st century, quite recently.

It is no secret that the rapid development of computer technology and the availability of the Internet allow young people to get the necessary information there, and not within the walls of the library. The focus on quickly obtaining specific information, a decrease in interest in reading, causes a crisis in the reader's culture, which does not contribute to the formation of active civic behavior of young people, harmonious adaptation in adult life. But still, it is the library that is an important means of socialization of the individual, assisting in the formation of views and beliefs. The young reader of the 21st century is significantly different from the readers of the 90s of the 20th century - not only in a more modern worldview, but also in the possibilities of choosing to receive the necessary information, ways to spend their leisure time. In order not to lose the youth audience, the modern library. Work with this category of readers should be aimed at finding new forms and methods of library services for young people.

In order to improve the level of library services, exchange work experience among the libraries of the Novgorod region, introduce innovative interactive forms of serving youth, increase the creative level in the work of libraries, on the basis of the central regional library of the Municipal Budgetary Cultural Institution "Inter-settlement Library System of the Malovishersky District" took place on October 31 a joint seminar for employees of the library systems of Malovishersky and Krestetsky districts, dedicated to the topic “New forms of work with youth”.

The seminar began with a welcoming speech by the Chairman of the Committee of Culture of the Administration of the Malovishersky Municipal District Efimova Natalya Vasilievna. In her speech, she introduced us to the structure of the cultural institutions of the region, their work, the economic condition of the region, and the employment of the population.

Director of the MBUK "Malovisherskaya inter-settlement library system" Tatyana Nikolaevna Yakovleva spoke about state of the art and topical issues of the development of their institution, the distribution of responsibilities among employees in their creative work. Svetlana Borisovna Andreeva, director of the MBUK "Krestets inter-settlement library" acquainted the participants of the seminar with the activities and further prospects for the development of the activities of the libraries of the Krestetsky district.

Chief Marketing Librarian and mass work of the Central Library named after A.S. Pushkin MBUK "Malovisherskaya MTsBS" Elena Valerievna Kondratyeva spoke about social network sites and other media that are library assistants in working with youth, introduced the site of the Malovisherskaya MTsBS, spoke about creative workshops that the central library conducts. The head of the department of innovation activity of the central district library of the Malovisherskaya MCBS spoke about the development of libraries through project activities. She shared her experience in implementing projects within the framework of the regional competition "Novgorodika" and within the framework of the "Active Generation" charity program, about her best projects that received support in their implementation, about her publishing materials.

Alevtina Vasilievna Izosova, the leading librarian of the reading room of the central district library of the MBUK “Krestets inter-settlement library”, shared her experience of working with young people in a video presentation. The topic of her speech was: “Library and youth. Search for the ideal model. She spoke about working with the youth club "Molodezh.RU" at the branch of the state educational institution Novgorod Trade and Technological College for Patriotic Education and about various forms the work of the library with young people in the ecological, local history direction, to promote reading, a healthy lifestyle. Olga Vladimirovna, the leading bibliographer of the central district library of the MBUK "Krestets inter-settlement library", showed a video presentation and spoke about working with young people at the Center for Legal Information on Career Guidance, on activities within the framework of election campaigns, on pension literacy of the younger generation.

The presentations at the seminar were very interesting and informative, and ended with a tour of the central and children's libraries of the MBUK "Inter-settlement library system of the Malovishersky district."

All participants left with new ideas and good impressions of the well-coordinated and fruitful work of the library system of the Malovishersky district. Got good lessons on publishing and design activities, on the organization of master classes and much more.

V.V.Sudnik

graduate work

1.2 Principles and methods of social work with youth

social leisure youth

Today, social services for youth carry out their activities in more than 30 areas. Only psychological and pedagogical counseling for adolescents and youth is carried out by 206 centers; 10% of services provide emergency psychological assistance by phone; about 6% of the centers are engaged in social rehabilitation; 19.5% provide sociocultural services; 13.5% are engaged in career guidance and employment of young people; about 1% provide legal and almost 5% - informational assistance to young people.

The main areas of work of the youth social service bodies are:

Educational and preventive;

rehabilitation;

Wellness;

Leisure:

Information and advisory;

Employment promotion;

Social support for the younger generation.

In the educational and preventive direction, the content is built in the logic of promoting the self-realization of children and youth, which means helping them in the conscious expedient disclosure and use of their positive opportunities aimed at the free choice of new growth opportunities.

To implement this direction, the following tasks should be solved:

1. Acquisition and updating by adolescents of important socio-psychological knowledge.

2. Disclosure and implementation by adolescents of subjective qualities in various activities.

3. Development of a reflective position and feedback skills in adolescents.

The rehabilitation area includes issues of drug prevention, the consequences of vagrancy, unauthorized departures of residents of boarding schools (ICI) who have been treated for drug addiction and alcoholism and are in remission, etc.

The following methods are used in the work: conversation, observation, interviewing, individual counseling, individual psycho-correction, group psycho-correction, skills training.

The purpose of the direction is the activation of non-specific adaptive reactions of the body and the achievement of emotional balance and deep mental relaxation.

The health direction includes the improvement of the nation, the formation of a healthy, physically strong generation, clearly identified in the Development Concept physical culture and sports Russian Federation, the task of maintaining and strengthening health in the conditions of a mass general education school is paramount in educational process. This task is multifaceted. One of the reasons for the decline in the health of students is their overwork in an educational institution, low physical activity outside of school hours.

The basic principle of working with young people is the rational organization of their leisure time outside of school hours. Implemented here:

1. Educational activity (aimed at obtaining the initial skills of the profession or artistic skill) - classes in circles, electives, pre-profile training courses.

2. Gaming leisure activities (active recreation in the form of a game, aimed at expanding the horizons of young people and organizing free time) - competitions, quizzes, game programs, matinees, collective creative activities, discos. This also includes many forms that are actively implemented in cultural and leisure institutions.

It - public events(KVN, educational competitions, - musical, historical, literary, concerts), evenings of communication (disputes, press conferences, briefings, talk shows, conference-disputes), meetings with interesting people (professional-oriented, valeological, creative, meetings with veterans), festive musical and dance or theatrical events (balls, carnivals, evenings, matinees for children).

3. Recreational leisure (aimed at switching the attention of young people from school (institute), communication, familiarization with nature and cultural values) - hiking, excursions, trips out of town, visiting museums, concerts, social clubs of interest.

The whole variety of forms of communication among young people in the context of leisure activities can be classified according to the following main features:

By time (short-term, periodic, systematic);

By nature (passive, active);

According to the direction of contacts (direct and indirect).

There are two main forms of youth leisure: organized and unorganized. The sphere of organized leisure includes teenage and youth organizations, houses of culture, social centers, art and sports clubs, clubs, sections, etc. Formally formed organizations involved in the leisure of youth contribute to the inclusion of boys and girls in new social relations, their self-realization, the socialization of the individual, assist the family in educating the younger generation, and help prevent neglect and deviant behavior among minors.

Unorganized leisure is a spontaneous formation of youth groups united on some basis, for example, these may be similar interests. Belonging to an informal group provides a young person with a certain social status and satisfies the needs for social protection due to a high degree of intra-group solidarity. Often this leads to self-identification with the company of peers, the rejection of individuality, complete submission to the norms, values and interests of the group. In such informal groups, the unifying core is the way of life, one's own morality, spiritual values, paraphernalia, slang, that is, a kind of subculture that is different from the generally accepted culture of adults, which applies only to members of the group, regardless of the rest of those around them. To declare itself, the society should be surprised, amazed. This is embodied in clothes, manners, jargon, specific hobbies. Quite often, everything is limited only by eccentric behavior, violation of moral standards, interests around music, parties, destructive manifestations. The difference between a spontaneous group as an agent of socialization lies in the fact that it is not regulated by any legislation, is unpredictable and often poses a danger to both boys and girls, and to others.

An unorganized form of leisure, communication in the company of peers, to be a member of which a young person needs organically, is a natural process. Indeed, according to many surveys of young men and women, preferences for spending leisure time are given precisely to informal communication with friends and peers.

In modern Russian conditions the organization of youth leisure by the state is developed at an insufficient level. Free circle associations, sections, studios, usually existing at institutions of general and vocational education, institutions additional education, Palaces of Culture, or disintegrated, or unable to interest the youth. Institutions that organize free time on a commercial basis, many young people cannot pay. In addition, special attention should be paid to youth informal associations that are formed according to the “yard”, micro-district affiliation, as the subject of socialization, but such companies may have a negative impact - drinking alcohol, familiarizing with tobacco and drugs, participating in asocial manifestations.

In this connection, one of the directions for the prevention of deviant behavior of young people is, firstly, the creation of more opportunities for the implementation of various taste preferences in the field of leisure, the "legalization" of young people's hobbies, the provision of free choice of leisure activities; secondly, expanding the network of leisure institutions for young people, and strengthening control over those institutions whose activities are associated with the presence of such forms of social deviation as alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution (discotheques, night clubs, etc.); thirdly, the identification of teenage youth companies and groups in order to use the desire of a young person to belong to an informal group, to direct their activities in a socially significant direction.

The activities of a social and leisure institution and its improvement depend not only on the skillful organization of leisure, but also on the consideration of psychological and pedagogical factors. The activity of young people in the field of free time is based on voluntariness, on personal initiative, on an interest in communication and creativity. In this regard, there are questions of communication in teams, and the typology of leisure behavior. Therefore, one can speak about the content of events, about the forms and methods of work only when the psychology of the individual and the psychology of groups, the psychology of collectives and the masses are taken into account. Realizing the goal of developing creative abilities, taking into account personal initiative and voluntariness in leisure conditions, the type of activity of people, leisure organizers create such events that include programs for self-development and creativity. This is a fundamental difference between activities in the conditions of a cultural and leisure institution, from regulated conditions, where the development and enrichment of the individual are of such a voluntary nature.

Information and advisory activities include:

Enlightenment of youth in the form of " round tables”, disputes, conversations;

Propaganda healthy lifestyle life;

Prevention of asocial phenomena in the youth environment;

Improving the legal culture and literacy of young people;

Preparing youth for family life;

Consultative activity of specialists: psychologist, narcologist, obstetrician-gynecologist, lawyer;

Holding opinion polls among young people;

Organization of temporary summer employment for adolescents and youth.

Social service bodies assist in the employment of young people. Employment is carried out in the following areas:

1. Organization of public works.

2. Organization of temporary employment for unemployed citizens experiencing difficulties in finding a job.

3. Organization of temporary employment of graduates educational institutions vocational education up to the age of 25.

4. Organization of temporary employment of minors aged 14 to 18 years.

Social therapy is an industry scientific knowledge, focused on solving social and therapeutic problems through overcoming anomalies in life orientations, social values of subjects public life(including young people), their ideas about justice and injustice.

To common technologies social therapy include the following technologies:

1. Consulting - establishing contact through verbal communication, identifying client problems, assistance and interaction in finding their solution.

2. Art therapy - "art therapy" through the involvement of a young person in cultural and leisure activities, visiting various cultural and leisure institutions.

3. Music therapy - the socialization of the individual by referring to any musical culture, subculture, attending concerts, rallies, competitions, themed discos, regular listening to musical compositions.

4. Bibliotherapy - the impact on the consciousness of the individual in the process of forming meaning-life orientations through the selection of special literature.

5. Socio-pedagogical technologies - the active participation of a social worker (teacher) in the upbringing of the client and the formation of his meaningful life orientations.

6. Creative technologies - involving young people in collective creative and constructive activities, promoting the development of individual creativity.

7. Logotherapy - (from the Greek logos - word, therapeia - care, treatment) treatment with a word. Social logotherapy deals with the study of methods, means, methods of influence (mutual influence) on people's ideas about social processes, the meaning of life, and social values.

The study of the real needs of young people in social services is a key element in the formation of a system of their social services. According to research, young people need, first of all, a labor exchange, points of legal protection and legal advice, the work of "helplines", a sexological consultation, a center for helping a young family, a hostel-shelter for teenagers who find themselves in a conflict situation at home. One of the main problems of youth is employment, well-paid and interesting work. Market relations presuppose a radical transformation of the incentives and motives for the economic activity of people, the formation of the willingness and ability of the younger generation to live and work in new conditions. The study of the attitude to work of various categories of young people showed that a radical reorientation took place in their minds from the preference for non-material values to material ones. The solution of many socio-economic problems of young people is facilitated by youth entrepreneurship, the development of which is helped by a whole complex system of organizations, including regional educational and entrepreneurial centers, business incubators, business support centers, etc.

Society and the state consider youth as a basic strategic resource, as a real subject of socio-economic policy. This means increasing attention to the problems of youth, a fundamental change in attitude towards them at all levels of government, as well as building a public-state system of youth work.

The main principles, directions and standards of social work with youth, state policies regarding youth should be formulated and defined at the federal level in the form of main strategic directions and priorities, which should be reflected in the regulatory framework, in decisions and documents of federal executive authorities .

Social work with youth should be based not on guardianship and paternalism, but on stimulating the activity of young people themselves, creating conditions for independent solution the problems they face. Social work with youth is not focused on creating benefits for young people. This is a targeted and systematic investment policy that provides for investing in young people through the organization and stimulation of work initiated, organized and carried out, primarily by the youth themselves. Financing of youth work should be carried out from the budgets of all levels and from extrabudgetary sources, based on the principles of investment, through the creation of effective mechanisms to ensure the effectiveness of this work.

For the emergence different types and forms of social work there are various grounds. One of these grounds are the spheres of social practice, and in this case we can talk about social work with young people in education, healthcare, leisure, etc.; others - the socio-psychological characteristics of social work clients - young people in general, social risk groups, suicidal people, etc.; the third is character and other grounds. In all cases, the goal of social work will be specified (from prevention to correction).

Thus, this concept also includes social services, the role of which in society differs in many respects from the activities of ordinary state institutions. Social services act as the institutional basis of social work, it is through them that the mechanisms for introducing social projects into practice are implemented in order to protect and support various groups of the population.

In this regard, it is important to expand the content of old and develop new methods, organizational forms of social and youth work and work on the social support of youth, attract specialists armed with new knowledge, leading the search and testing innovative technologies social work with families, street social work with adolescents, development of socio-psychological counseling methods and programs, taking into account the type of settlement.

Thus, the use of various principles and methods of social work with youth makes it possible to solve a wide range of problems covering the younger generation in a difficult period of time for them.

Methodology of social work with youth

Methods are understood as methods, a set of techniques and operations in social work; ways to achieve a goal, solve a specific problem. 1.1 Counseling as a method of social work General characteristics ...

Youth as an object of social work

Social work with youth in our country and in many other countries is part of the state youth policy. State youth policy is “the activity of the state to create socio-economic, legal ...

Youth as a socio-economic risk factor

youth social risk potential In reality, the problems of youth are not exclusively “youth”, but concern the whole society as a whole and are inextricably linked and reflect the difficulties, one way or another, of all citizens of the state...

The main directions of social work with youth

When organizing social work with youth at various levels, it is important to actively use the accumulated experience of social assistance to various groups of the population...

Modern family as an object of social work

The materialization of conceptual approaches to the organization of a reliable system of social protection of the population in society largely depends on the scientific validity, and, consequently, the effectiveness of social work...

Before 1920 in many countries, the state youth policy was not singled out as an independent sphere and was limited to the protection of minors in the labor sphere. Care for the youth was perceived as Christian help to the poor...

Technologies of social work with youth

Social therapy is a branch of scientific knowledge focused on solving social and therapeutic problems through overcoming anomalies in meaning-life orientations, social values of subjects of public life (including youth)...

Technologies of social work with youth

We can talk about two models of social work with youth - integrative and deficient. The integrative model is social work in a broad sense, which should contribute to the socialization of young people...

Economic functions and methods of social work

Part social system include people and the relationships between them. The social protection system is the most developed type of social work. It is characterized by such qualities as purpose, management, hierarchy, synergy...

In the technologies of social work with adolescents and youth, individual, group and community methods are used (the classic grouping of methods proposed by M. Richmond).

Individual social work is a direction, a type of practice used when working with individuals and families in solving their psychological, interpersonal, socio-economic problems through personal interaction with the client. The main form of the individual method of social work with adolescents and youth is the provision of assistance and counseling to young people (one-time or on an extended basis), or individual counseling in crisis situations. In the course of individual interaction with the client, assistance is also provided in establishing contacts with social departments (their representatives) and services, doctors, lawyers, police, courts and prisons, and coordinating their activities in social work with young people.

Group social work- a method used to assist the client (development of his physical and spiritual potential, the formation of socially approved behavior, etc.) through the transfer of group experience. Controlled therapeutic discussion is used as the main technology. The method is focused on working with street youth groups of a deviant orientation in order to involve them in socially useful and socially controlled activities. The most important prerequisite for successful group work is the establishment of trusting relationships with the families of young people and various structures involved in the process of upbringing, education and socialization of "difficult" teenagers (school, internal affairs bodies, etc.). Group social work is implemented mainly in the form of club and circle activities: it involves the formation of a stable composition of young people, the presence of a certain interaction space (room, gym, etc.) and a fixed time. Game elements, sports and cultural events are included in group programs. Great importance is attached to the reasonable and humanistic use by young people of their free time.

Community social work is the integration of all methods of social work in solving the problem of a young person's awareness of the close dependence and interdependence of personal and social problems. Community-wide social work is aimed at cooperating the activities of relevant institutions to meet the needs of clients, expand and stimulate existing claims, expectations and interests of young people. Community social work with youth is designed to maximize the establishment and maintenance of social ties, the involvement of residents and institutions of a particular territory (for example, a microdistrict) in solving acute youth problems. This method implemented in the immediate living space of young people and adolescents, but the interests of the inhabitants of this territory (district) must also be taken into account.

Along with the traditional (above) methods of social work with children, adolescents and youth, new ones are being formed, which include, for example, “ mobile social work". Its principle is to establish trusting relationships and solidarity interaction with the aim of actively penetrating the world of young people prone to delinquency. The emergence of the method is associated with the need to influence and control a part of young people who are not inclined to apply either to youth centers or to social protection bodies and, at the same time, are prone to deviant behavior and aggressiveness. As a rule, representatives of various youth subcultures belong to this category.

Aggravation social problems of the younger generation in all countries of the world has led to the spread of such a form of mobile social work as social work on the street. Here, youth work is moving from various departments and institutions directly to the streets, to groups of deviant youth. Street social work occurs in a wide variety of forms: providing opportunities for alternative leisure time activities; organization of sports events that are controlled forms of aggression (preventive measures); the work of the so-called "buses of love" at the stations, where young prostitutes and drug addicts gather; as well as other forms of street social work by adolescents and youth.

It is important to note that if the general hierarchy of methods of social work with the population as a whole is a sequence of individual, group and community methods, then the peculiarity of social work with youth is, as it were, the “inversion” of the pyramid, which is based on mobile social work, which unites the entire set of methods. The primary impact (primary contact) is on the living space of young people, social work is carried out at the community level. Since young people tend to be formed according to the principle of group interests, the establishment of trusting and solidarity relations between a social worker and young people is carried out at the group level, at which the mechanism of the group method of social work is turned on. And only at the last stage there is the possibility of an individual method - counseling and the provision of specific assistance.

Features of social technologies to help young people are associated with the specifics of their social status. On the one hand, young people need support from the state, as family resources may not be enough. On the other hand, any assistance to young people should be repayable or accompanied by socially acceptable conditions, since young people are potentially the most economically active.

It is necessary to enrich the existing social practice with Western experience in the use of flexible innovative social technologies, where a wide experience has been accumulated in working with marginalized groups of young people, their gradual resocialization, including through work with difficult teenagers or street children, as well as in social enterprises.

Thus, in developed countries Today, two main strategies for the social protection of the young generation are being implemented: 1) "neo-conservative" - state assistance only to the least protected categories of young people with strict regulation of the spending of funds by recipients of assistance (USA, Canada); 2) recognition of the responsibility of the state for the successful entry into public relations of all young people and, accordingly, the implementation of long-term programs aimed at social protection and support for all representatives of the youth population (some countries of Central and Northern Europe).

The main differences between the options for the formation and implementation of social policy and social work with youth in foreign countries are defined:

1. The degree of intervention of the state, government and municipal authorities: from minimal (for example, the United States) to comprehensive "paternalistic guardianship" (Sweden).

2. The choice of approaches to the social protection of the young generation at a particular stage of national socio-economic development, as well as the evolution of views on the role of young people in this development.

3. Economic opportunities of states and municipalities to allocate financial resources for social programs for adolescents and youth, to allocate budgetary allocations.

The main attention of activities to improve social work with youth should be given to the development of legislative support for the social protection of young people, both in the field of organizing relevant services that guarantee the realization of the rights and development of a young person, and in the field of preventing the negative impact on youth of an environment characterized by harshness and violence. , the spread of alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.;

Due to the underdevelopment of civil society in Russia, priority in creating social services for young people should be given to state structures with simultaneous support for public formations and youth initiatives (at present, the activities of children's and youth associations cover a small number of young people, and the so-called civil initiatives still efforts made by loners-enthusiasts).

We can talk about two models of social work with youth - integrative and deficient. Integrative model is social work in a broad sense, which should contribute to the socialization of young people. In this aspect, social work is practically correlated with such an activity as social pedagogy.

The implementation of this model is possible only through the state-public cost mechanism, which involves the allocation of significant financial, as well as human and material resources. However, due to the excessive amount of funds that must be allocated for the full implementation of this type of social work, most countries with market economies elect scarce model development of social work, focused primarily on socially vulnerable segments of the population, risk groups, the disabled and lonely, as well as children and adolescents.

According to the materials of the "Collection normative documents on the tariffication of labor of employees of the system of bodies for youth affairs "there is the following structure of social services:

Center for Social and Psychological Assistance to Youth- providing medical, psychological and pedagogical assistance to young people in crisis, in conflict situations in micro- and macroenvironments, prevention and prevention of deviant, delinquent and suicidal behavior in this category of the population. It is assumed that the center consists of two departments:

1) department of social and legal assistance (shelter, hotel, school of sociotherapy, career guidance office, production complex, cultural and sports complex, labor exchange, decision bureau, legal consultation);

2) department of psychological, medical and pedagogical assistance (diagnostic and psychological point, advisory point for parents, advisory point for students, anonymous reception room, crisis hospital, lecture hall and leisure center).

Information Center for Youth - provision of information and methodological services to executive authorities for youth affairs, organizations and institutions working with youth, various groups of young people. To solve legal, communicative, personal, professional, leisure, educational, housing and other problems of youth, the center analyzes information about the processes taking place in the youth environment and about the information needs of the youth themselves.

Center for resocialization of minors and young people who returned from places of detention - advisory, social and legal, career guidance and psychological assistance to young people who find themselves in a maladjusted state.

Advice center for adolescents and youth – provision of qualified, emergency, anonymous, free psychological assistance by telephone. The main tasks of the center:

– ensuring the availability and timeliness of qualified socio-psychological assistance to adolescents and young people, regardless of their social status and places of residence;

– assistance to subscribers who are experiencing actual conflicts and are in other psycho-traumatic situations, updating their creative, intellectual, personal, spiritual and physical resources to get out of a crisis state;

- conducting psychological telephone counseling of children, adolescents, youth, parents and educators on the psychological problems of socialization and personality development of a young person;

– information counseling of subscribers in order to establish their connection with other social services and specialists (psychotherapists, psychologists, teachers, sexologists, lawyers, social workers, etc.);

- identification of moods, conflict situations and "pain points" in the youth environment, current trends.

Shelter for teenagers - providing temporary (domestic, psychological, emotional) conditions for the life of a minor who is alienated for objective or subjective reasons from favorable conditions for the development of a personality in a family, educational institution, society.

Youth problems, for all their specifics, cannot be solved in isolation from the system of family support, education and health care, public order, cultural development, sports and tourism.

A comparative analysis of the organization of the activities of social services for youth with foreign analogues allows us to conclude that the main attention in social work with youth should be given to:

– the development of legislative support for the social protection of young people, both in the field of organizing relevant services that guarantee the realization of the rights and development of a young person, and in the field of preventing the negative impact on young people of an environment characterized by harshness, violence, the spread of alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.;

- due to the underdevelopment of civil society in Russia, priority in creating social services for young people should be given to state structures with simultaneous support for public formations and youth initiatives (at present, the activities of children's and youth associations cover a small number of young people, and the so-called civil initiatives are still efforts made by lone enthusiasts).

In social work with youth, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of male socialization associated with the manifestation of aggression. In this aspect, noteworthy is the experience of organizing activities for the "sublimation" of aggressiveness in the youth environment, that is, its transformation into an expedient and controlled adaptive form. The most unexpected solutions are possible here - from organizing sections for "difficult" teenagers to studying the techniques of martial arts, organizing American football or rugby teams.

Another important area of social work with youth is the support of girls and young women who find themselves in crisis situations. This activity is carried out mainly through shelters, whose employees are called upon to intervene in a crisis situation in a timely manner and create new forms of social work. Not only women victims of violence, but also their children can stay in such shelters. The admission of men is absolutely excluded. The activities of such women's shelters are carried out in conditions of anonymity and self-government.

Currently, the most common forms of social work with youth in Russia are social rehabilitation and counseling centers for adolescents and young people, as well as psychological emergency telephones. Their list and subordination are spelled out in sufficient detail in federal law of the Russian Federation “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency” (No. 120 FZ of June 24, 1999) and relevant by-laws.

Telephones of emergency psychological and social assistance(“helplines”) are organized on the basis of specialized state or municipal institutions. The Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation has approved methodological recommendations and a model regulation on such centers, which summarizes the experience of working "helplines" in various cities of our country and abroad. The specifics of the problems that young people address through the helpline have led to the creation of specialized psychological emergency services for adolescents and young people (“hot lines” for HIV / AIDS, drugs, etc.). Phone numbers are usually easy to remember, information about them is available anywhere, because. this information is placed not only in all educational institutions, clubs, stadiums, but also in transport, on the streets.

Social work with youth is carried out within the framework of an integrated approach.