Khakassia. Geographical description of Eastern Siberia

Authors: G. S. Samoilova (Nature), T. K. (Nature: geological structure and minerals), M. D. Goryachko (Population), I. L. Kyzlasov (Historical essay: archeology, history until the 14th century). ), K. M. Torbostaev (Historical sketch: history from the 14th century), M. D. Goryachko (Economy), A. N. Prokinova (Health), I. L. Kyzlasov (Architecture and fine arts: until the 17th century .), P. S. Pavlinov (Architecture and fine arts^18–20 centuries)Authors: G. S. Samoilova (Nature), T. K. (Nature: geological structure and minerals), M. D. Goryachko (Population), I. L. Kyzlasov (Historical essay: archeology; >>

KHAKASIA (Republic of Khakassia), a subject of Ros. Federation. Located in the southwest. parts of the East. Siberia. Part of the Siberian Federal District. Pl. 61.6 thousand km 2. Us. 536.8 thousand people (2016; 411.0 thousand people in 1959; 568.6 thousand people in 1989). The capital is Abakan. Adm.-terr. division: 8 districts, 5 cities, 7 towns in the mountains. type.

Government departments

The system of state bodies. The authorities of the republic are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia 1995. The highest representative and the only legislator. body of state the authorities of the republic - the Armed Forces of the Republic of Khakassia, is permanent. The structure of the Supreme Council includes the chairman, his deputies, the presidium, committees (commissions). It consists of 50 deputies elected by the citizens of the Russian Federation, permanently or predominantly. living in the territory of Kh., on the basis of universal, equal and direct election. rights by secret ballot for a period of 5 years. Performed power is exercised by the republican government, headed by the highest official Kh. - Head of the Republic of Khakassia - Chairman of the Government. Will execute in the system. state bodies. The authorities of the republic include ministries, state. committees, committees and other bodies will execute. power. The head of the Republic is elected for a five-year term by citizens of the Russian Federation who live in Kharkiv and have an active electorate. right, on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage. rights by secret ballot. The procedure for elections and requirements for candidates are established by federal law (2012). The Head of the Republic determines the main direction of the government, organizes its work and manages its meeting, forms the government and decides on its resignation, determines the structure of the executive. state bodies. authorities, as well as exercise other powers in accordance with federal legislation, the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Khakassia.

Nature

Relief

Kh. is located in the south of Siberia. Mountains occupy 80% of the territory (41% altitude from 1000 to 2000 m, 32% - up to 1000 m, 7% - above 2000 m); basins account for 20%. In the west is the south. part of the east macroslope of the Kuznetsk Alatau (height up to 2178 m, Mount Verkhny Zub), which continues to the south Abakan Ridge; in the south - deeply dissected ridges of the extreme north-west of the West. Sayan (altitude up to 2930 m, Mount Karatosh - the highest point of Kh.), to the north of them - the middle mountains of the Dzhebash (Dzhabash), Khansyn, Joy ranges. Among the intermountain basins, the largest area is occupied by the Minusinsk (South-Minusinsk) basin (height 250–400 m), it is characterized by small cuest ridges and remnants, the flat parts are called steppes: Koibalskaya, Uibatskaya, Abakanskaya. To the north of the Batenevsky Ridge is the Chulym-Yenisei Basin.

Geological structure and minerals

Kh.'s territory is localized to the center. parts of the Altai-Sayan folded region Ural-Okhotsk mobile belt. In the west, a fragment of the south. parts of the Salair folded system of the Kuznetsk Alatau, composed of Upper Proterozoic and Cambrian volcanic-sedimentary rocks, ophiolites and Early Middle Paleozoic granitoids. The structures of the Batenev uplift to the center also have Salair age. parts of the republic. In the south part of Kh. from the east enters the West Sayan Late Caledonian folded zone (former interarc basin), formed by a sequence of terrigenous flyschoid deposits of the Middle Cambrian - Lower Silurian, which are intruded by Silurian and Devonian granitoids. Horst synclinorium Zap. From the north, the Sayan is bounded by the Dzhebash marginal uplift (Salair suture zone), composed of Vendian-Middle Cambrian island-arc siliceous-volcanogenic rocks and Upper Riphean-Vendian ophiolites. In the north, east and southeast. In parts of Kh., a number of foothill and intermountain depressions (including the large Minusinsk depression) are observed, filled with volcanic-terrigenous, partly coal-bearing, Devonian-Permian series.

The republic ranks third in the Russian Federation in terms of molybdenum reserves after the Trans-Baikal Territory and Buryatia (269.3 thousand tons, approx. 13% of the growth in reserves; beginning of 2013); main deposits - stockwork Agaskyr (7.4% of growth. reserves) and Sorskoe (5.5%), the ores of which also contain copper, silver, rhenium. There are large reserves of coal (5.5 billion tons), concluded in the Minusinsk coal basin (the main deposits are Beyskoye and Chernogorskoye), barite (large deposits are Tolcheinskoye and Kuten-Bulukskoye). There are deposits of iron ores (Teyskoye, Abakanskoye), gold (primary - Kommunarovskoye, Oktyabrskoye with small reserves, but a high content of Au in the ore; several dozen placers), marble (large Kibik-Kordonskoye), jadeite (Borusskoye), phosphorites (Obladzhanskoye ), diff. natural builds. materials, underground fresh and mineral (Khankul) waters.

Climate

In Kh., the climate is sharply continental with cold winters and hot summers in the basins. Wed the temperature of January in the basins is from -19 to -21 °С, in the foothills from -16 to -18 °С. In the basins, winter is dry, high. snow cover 15–25 cm, more snow falls in the mountains, St. 120 cm, avalanches are frequent. Summers are hot, with plenty of sunny weather (more than in Sochi). Wed the July temperature in the basins is 18–19 °С, in the mountains 12 °С. The average annual precipitation ranges from 250 mm in the Uibat and Shirinskaya steppes to 600–700 mm in the mountains (the maximum is typical for the Kuznetsk Alatau, 1700 mm or more). During the warm period, 70% of precipitation falls, of which 55% in August in the form of rains and showers. Vegetac. period 155–165 days.

Modern glaciation in the mountains is represented by cirque, small hanging and slope glaciers, the area and number of which is decreasing (in Kuznetsk Alatau there are less than 90, the area is less than 7 km 2 ). There are cave glaciers that are not characteristic of neighboring mountains.

Inland waters

In Kh. - 6556 large and small rivers. Ch. river - Yenisei, 72% of the rivers belong to its basin, main. left tributary - r. Abakan with tributaries of the Ona, Tashtyp, Askiz, etc. 28% of the rivers belong to the Ob basin: Tom, Chulym with tributaries of the White Iyus and Black Iyus, and others. rivers are used for irrigation (irrigation systems: Uybatskaya, Uyskaya, Koybalskaya, Abakanskaya, Znamenskaya). Lakes are numerous (more than 500, of which about 100 have varying degrees of mineralization). In the Chulym-Yenisei basin - preim. fresh lakes: Black, Fyrkal, Itkol, etc. Of the salt lakes, the largest are Shira, Bele (the largest mineral reservoir of Kh.), Gorkoye, Tus (called the "dead sea" for the highest salinity - 155–248 g / l ), etc. In the mountains, moraine-dammed and car lakes are common. The swamps cover approx. 1% of the territory is confined to river valleys (the most swampy are the basins of the Matur and Uybat rivers) and plateau-like mountain peaks. In H. partly located sowing. part Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir and south. part Krasnoyarsk reservoir .

Soils, flora and fauna

In the basins and partly in the foothills and low mountains of Kharkiv, steppes are common on ordinary, sometimes leached, chernozems (26.4% of the territory). Dry steppes with southern chernozems, in places with dark chestnut soils with solonetzes and solonchaks are characteristic of the Koibalskaya and, in part, the Shirinskaya steppe. In the foothills and low mountains there are exposition forest-steppes, in which larch-birch, birch-pine forests are widespread on gray forest soils - predominately. on shady slopes - and meadow, often shrub steppes - on solar slopes. In the middle mountains, cedar-fir taiga dominates with an admixture of larch on mountain-taiga brown, soddy-podzolic soils; cedar accounts for 29.7%, fir - 18.2%, larch - 14%, a significant share of birch - 25.8%. On the sowing slopes of the West. Sayan - larch-dark coniferous forests on taiga long-term seasonally frozen, mountain-taiga peaty soils, in the south - larch grassy forests on mountain-forest chernozem-like soils. In the subalpine zone there are larch-cedar light forests on podburs with the participation of subalpine and alpine meadows on mountain-meadow soils, which are replaced higher along the slopes by mountain tundra and stony placers. There are 1,526 plant species in Kharkiv, of which 24 are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and 300 species are medicinal.

The animal world is diverse. There are 75 species of mammals, 337 species of birds, of which 28 are rare in Europe and Asia, a lot of invertebrates, especially insects. The steppes are inhabited by the Mongolian vole, long-tailed ground squirrel, Dzungarian hamster, jumping jerboa; among the birds - the lark, the steppe pipit, the Daurian partridge, the bustard, the number of which has sharply decreased. In the forests - bear, maral, musk deer, sable, wolf, fox, Siberian weasel, wolverine, white hare, etc.; from birds - capercaillie, hazel grouse, nutcracker, bearded partridge, etc. Mink is acclimatized. There are 34 species of fish in the reservoirs: Siberian sturgeon, sterlet, taimen, pike perch, nelma, etc.; acclimatized rainbow trout, vendace, Baikal omul.

State and environmental protection

Kh. is a region with a high level of anthropogenic pressure, especially in the basins. Main atmospheric air pollutants: fuel and energy enterprises, metallurgical enterprises. and mining industry; transport, s. x-in.

The total volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is 126 thousand tons, including from stationary sources 83.7 thousand tons, from road transport 42.3 thousand tons. Water intake from natural water sources 86.2 million m 3 , wastewater discharge into surface water bodies 79.9 million m 3, of which 30.2 million m 3 are polluted (2014). In 2014, there were 139 polluting enterprises [benzopyrene, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, etc.]. Very high level of pollution in Chernogorsk, high - in Abakan, increased - in Sayanogorsk. The greatest wastewater pollution is in the Abakano-Chernogorsk industrial complex. node. In 2014, 170 million tons of waste of various hazard classes were generated, mainly. due to the mining industry.

Negative natural processes are active. Mn. Kh. regions are zones of increased atmospheric air pollution due to the frequent recurrence of calms, surface temperature inversions (hollow effect) and strong spring winds, leading to the destruction of snow cover, severe drying of soils, dust storms, and activation of deflation. Desertification is subject to 3.3 million hectares, wind erosion - 2.6 million hectares, deflation - 60.8% of arable land. Soil salinization is increasing, especially in the Koibal and Shirin steppes. Water erosion manifests itself on 252.4 thousand hectares, wind erosion - on 437 thousand hectares. 14 thousand hectares are irrigated. Many irrigate. systems are restored. Fires and deforestation, poaching contributed to the reduction in the number of roe deer, mountain goat, wild boar, ermine, sable. In the steppes, the number of cranes and bustards is declining.

Protected natural areas occupy 13.8% of the area. republics. Created Khakass Nature Reserve, 4 state. natural reserves (Iyussky, Bogradsky, etc.), natural monuments - pine forests (Abazinsky, Bondarevsky, etc.). Organized natural park "Khakassia" and numerous. regional reserves, ethnographic. and natural monuments.

Population

Russians make up 81.7% of us. Kh., Khakasses - 12.1%. There are also Germans (1.1%), Shors (0.3%) and others (2010, census).

A decrease in the population was noted in 1993–2007 (by more than 40 thousand people), then its growth began. The birth rate (15.2 per 1000 inhabitants, 2014) is higher than the average for the Russian Federation, the death rate (13.1 per 1000 inhabitants) is at the level of the average Russian values; infant mortality (8.4 per 1000 live births) is high (62nd place in the Russian Federation). In the 2000s marked insignificantly. migratory the outflow, which was replaced in the otd. years of migration. growth (11 per 10 thousand inhabitants, 2014). The share of women is 54.2%. The population of Kharkiv is young (due to the high birth rate and the migration influx of young people to industrial construction sites in the second half of the 20th century): the proportion of the population younger than the working age (under 16 years old) is 20.8% (in the Russian Federation 17.6 %), older than working age 21.9% (in the Russian Federation 24.0%). Wed life expectancy is 68.8 years (66th place in the Russian Federation; men - 63.0, women - 74.7). Wed us density. 8.7 people/km2 (2016); the most populated is the Minusinsk depression (Altai district - approx. 14 people / km 2), the least - mountainous areas (Tashtypsky - less than 1 person / km 2). Share of mountains us. 68.8% (2016). The largest cities (thousand people): Abakan (179.2), Chernogorsk (74.3), Sayanogorsk (48.3).

Religion

On the territory of X. Ch. arr. Orthodoxy represented: registered (as of April 2016) 83 Orthodox religions. organizations belonging to the Abakan diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (formed in 1995 as Abakan-Kyzyl, modern name and composition since 2011). There are also: 24 Protestant organizations (Pentecostals - 9, Lutherans - 6, Baptists - 5, Evangelical Christians and Seventh Day Adventists - 2 each); 3 Islamic; 2 Buddhist; 1 organization - Roman Catholic. church and Judaic; 7 organizations of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Old Believers have been preserved. communities. Since the 1990s there is a revival of interest in shamanism, in the beginning. 21st century registered 1 local religion. Khakas organization. shamanism.

Historical outline

The oldest archaeological The monuments of the region are represented by layers of the Mousterian era in the Dvuhglazka grotto (45–50 thousand years ago; points, scrapers, cores from basalt), Upper Paleolithic. Malaya Syya (30–35 thousand years ago), Afanasiev Gora and Tarachikha (22–16 thousand years ago), Maininskaya (with the oldest ceramic human figurine on the lands of Russia – 16 thousand years ago), Afontovo culture , Kokorevskaya culture. There are 3 groups of monuments for the Mesolithic. In the Neolithic (6th - early 3rd millennium BC) - pre-ceramic. and ceramic (since the middle of the 4th millennium; open round-bottomed vessels covered with impressions of a comb stamp or receding spatula) stages; petroglyphs appear, possibly stone statues and steles.

In the era of early metal, local copper metallurgy and animal husbandry spread. Afanasiev culture , Okunev culture ,andronovskaya culture, Karasuk culture(the main focus is in the northern zone East Asian Metallurgical Province) are not genetically related, being north-east. limit of a series of migrations; through the forest-steppe in the middle. On the 2nd millennium, the “Great Jade Road” passed from the Baikal region to the East. Europe.

In the early Iron Age, on the basis of the Karasuk, a Tagar culture(corresponding to the dinlins of Chinese written sources), left by the Caucasians, who laid the foundations for irrigation and statehood in the region. OK. 201 BC e. the territory of Kh. fell under the rule of the Xiongnu, who resettled here, apparently for administration, from the Center. Asian Turkic speaking Kyrgyz Yenisei. Their mixing with the natives can be traced in Tesin culture, became the basis Tashtyk culture and the beginning of the ethnogenesis of the Khakasses.

The development of these traditions in the Middle Ages reflect chaatas culture , Tyukhtyat culture , Askiz culture associated with Dr. Khakass. state-tion 6-13 centuries. n. e. (from the end of the 7th to the 11th–12th centuries Kyrgyz Khaganate). The state was preserved in the wars with Turkic Khaganate and Uighur Khaganate; in 758 it was temporarily subjugated by the Uighurs, but in the wars of the 820-840s. destroyed their state. Having conquered the lands from the Irtysh to the Selenga, Dr. Khakass. the state spread what he perceived in the 760s. Manichaeism (cf. Erbinsky temple, Uybat settlement), the Yenisei letter (see Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions), established ties to the Far East, Cf. Asia, Eastern Europe. Subjugated in 1207 Mongol Empire; the population suffered greatly during the uprisings of 1218 and 1273–93. From the 1270s The region was ruled by the Yuan Dynasty and others.

In the 1590s - ser. 18th century the territory of modern Kh. (in Russian sources Kirghiz land, Kirghiz land) was the scene of a conflict of interests of Rus. state-va (since 1721 Russian empire), mong. state-va Altyn-khanov, Dzungar Khanate and whale. the Qing empire.

In 1703, the bulk of the Kyrgyz with a dependent population of St. 15 thousand people was moved by the Dzungars to the headquarters of the Dzungar ruler in the Mongolian Altai, which contributed to the annexation of the region to Russia. In 1707, the boyar son of Tomsk, I. T. Tsytsurin, and the boyar son of Krasnoyarsk, K. Samsonov, founded the Abakan jail; then Tsytsurin took the oath of growth. the king of 20 local uluses. This actually secured the territory of the center for Russia. and sowing X. In 1718, the Sayan prison was built. Treaty of Burin 1727 and Treaty of Kyakhta 1727 settled border disputes. empire and China. The territory of the south H., which was the object of a dispute with Dzungaria, became part of Ros. empire in 1758. On the territory of modern. Kh. yasak volosts were formed. In the 18-19 centuries. the name "Tatars" (Abakan, Kyzyl, etc.) was assigned to the local population. In the spiritual sphere, Orthodox culture gradually occupied a significant place, syncretically united with traditions. ritualism.

From the 1st quarter 18th century Russian began. colonization of the right bank Cf. Yenisei, where, as a result, a local group of old-timers, the chaldons, took shape. side of the tradition. culture of the local population. At 19 - beg. 20th century continued migration to the territory of modern. H. rus. population, as well as representatives of other ethnic groups. groups.

At 18 - beg. 20th century the territory of modern H. was a member Siberian province(until 1779), Kolyvan region (1779–1783), Kolyvan province (1783–96), Tobolsk province (1796–1804), Tomsk province (1804–22), Yenisei province(1822–1925). According to Charter on the Siberian Kirghiz 1822 Khakass. the population received a certain autonomy within the framework of the created steppe dumas: Kachinskaya, Koibalskaya, Kyzylskaya and connected heterogeneous tribes (Sagaiskaya). In the 2nd floor. 19th century steppe dumas were replaced by foreign (foreign) councils.

From the 2nd quarter 19th century the territory of modern H. was used as a place of political. links (among those who served it there are the Decembrists, participants Polish uprising 1830–31 , Polish uprising 1863–64 and etc.). In the 2nd floor. 19 - beg. 20th century began to take shape Khakas. intelligentsia (N. F. Katanov, S. D. Mainagashev, M. I. Raikov and others). Introduction of the institute of foreigners. chiefs in 1898 limited the self-government of the Khakass. In the beginning. 20th century received registration local nat. movement. In 1905, the Askizsky foreigner took place. a meeting at which a project for a new management of "foreigners" was adopted (it assumed greater autonomy and upholding the rights to the land of the local population). In 1905–07, the political org-tion "Union of Siberian aliens", who took part in the elections to the 1st and 2nd State. thoughts. In 1911, the indigenous population of Kharkiv was transferred from the category of nomadic aliens to settled ones and equated in legal status with the peasant class. Since 1912 on the territory of modern. H. introduced volost management.

Feb. the revolution of 1917 contributed to the activation of the national. movement. In April and June - June / July 1917, the 1st and 2nd congresses of the indigenous population of the Minusinsk Okrug were held. Khakas self-government was restored. At the initiative of the head of the National to-ta S. D. Mainagashev instead of names. "Tatars" as the name of the people was adopted by the name. whale. historiography - "Khakas".

Nov. 1917 - in the summer of 1918, an owl operated in the region. power. In May 1918, at the 5th Congress of the Khakass. people, the "Regulations on the Khakass steppe self-government" was adopted and the issue of the territorial unification of X was considered. From July 1918 to January. 1920 the region was under the control of white troops. To fight the Bolsheviks, the local population, including the Khakass, was mobilized. Partisan formations of A. D. Kravchenko and P. E. Shchetinkin acted against the Siberian army of A. V. Kolchak. After restoration in the region of owls. authorities there until 1930 operated approx. 20 anti-Soviet weapons. formations; I. N. Solovyov’s movement (1921–24), supported by Means. part of the local population.

As part of the national and cultural construction, by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 14, 1923, the territories inhabited by the Khakass were allocated to the Khakass district. with a center in Ust-Abakan. In 1925 Khakass reorganized into the Khakass region. Siberian region. In the 1920s–40s. Khakassian writing was created, nat. theater (1931) and the regional museum (1931), Abakan state. pedagogical in-t and Khakas. n.-i. in-t of language, literature and history (both in 1944), traffic was opened along the railway. line Achinsk - Abakan (1926). By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of October 20, 1930, the Khakass region. transformed into the Khakass Autonomous Okrug, which was part of the West Siberian (1930–34) and Krasnoyarsk (1934–90) regions. Initially included 6 districts. Abakan (1931; earlier Ust-Abakanskoe), Chernogorsk (1936), Abaza and Sorsk (1966), Sayanogorsk (1975) received the city status. In Vel. Fatherland war in Kh., the 309th Rifleman was formed. division and a number of other military formations, there were 16 evacuation hospitals. In the 1950s–80s. continued begun in con. 1920s - early. 1930s industrialization and intensification c. x-va. Open permanent traffic on the railway. lines Novokuznetsk - Abakan, Askiz - Abaza, Biskamzha - Top of Tei (all 1959), Abakan - Taishet (1965).

In con. 1980s the national movement of the Khakas, there were social-political. organizations, including the Association of Khakass. people "Tun" ("Revival"), etc. 10.8.1990 opened the 1st congress of the Khakass. people, which adopted the Declaration on the state. the sovereignty of Kh. (approved by the 1st session of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Khakassia on January 29, 1992). 12/15/1990 2nd congress of people. deputies of the RSFSR legalized the withdrawal of the Khakass Autonomous Okrug from the Krasnoyarsk Territory. By the Law of the RSFSR dated July 3, 1991, the Khakass Autonomous Okrug was transformed into the Khakass SSR. On January 29, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Khakass SSR approved the renaming of the Khakass SSR into the Republic of Khakassia (enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as amended on April 21, 1992). At the 4th, extraordinary, congress of the Khakas. people 28.3.1992 was created performer. organ of the national movement - Chon Chobi (Chon Chobi). On May 10, 1995, the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia was adopted. In the 1990s–2000s the republic experienced an economic crisis. In 2009 there was a major accident on Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station(restoration completed by Nov. 2014).

economy

Kh. is included in the East Siberian economic. district The volume of prom. production is more than 10 times higher than the volume of agricultural products. products (2014). The republic occupies a leading position in the Russian Federation in the production of aluminum alloys, foil, the extraction of molybdenum ores and the production of molybdenum (over 70% of growth in production). The share of H. accounts for 3.8% of production grew. coal (5th place in the Russian Federation), 2.6% of the production of iron ore concentrate, 2.5% of electricity. The structure of GRP by types of economic. activities (%, 2013): wholesale and retail trade, decomp. household services 13.5, manufacturing 13.2, mining 11.9, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 10.3, transport and communications 9.3, real estate transactions 8.8, state. management and support of the military. security, compulsory social security 8.5, construction 7.1, health and social services 5.9, agriculture and forestry 4.3, education 4.1, other activities 3.1. The ratio of enterprises by form of ownership (by the number of organizations, %, 2014): private 79.5, municipal 8.4, companies. and religious organizations (associations) 5.6, state. 4.6, other forms of ownership 1.9.

Economically active us. 258.0 thousand people (2014), of which approx. 89%. The structure of employment by types of economic. activities (%): wholesale and retail trade, decomp. household services 14.6, manufacturing 12.3, education 10.2, agriculture and forestry, fishing, fish farming 10.1, transport and communications 8.3, health and social services 7.7, construction 7.5, operations with real estate 6.6, mining 4.2, etc. utilities, social and personal services 3.8, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 3.7, other activities 11.0. The unemployment rate is 6.2%. Cash income per capita 18.4 thousand rubles. per month (66.2% of the average for the Russian Federation), 17.5% of us. has an income below the subsistence level.

Industry

The volume of prom. products 135.0 billion rubles. (2014); 53.3% of them are in manufacturing, 23.5% in mining, 23.2% in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. Sectoral structure of manufacturing industries (%): metallurgical. production 69.7, food and flavor industry 15.8, mechanical engineering 10.1, other industries 4.4.

Coal mining (14.6 million tons, 2014, including approx. 40% for export) is carried out at the deposits of the Minusinsk coal basin by the SUEK group of companies (Chernogorsky open pit, production of 5.5 million tons per year mine "Khakasskaya", 1.6 million tons per year; "Vostochno-Beisky cut" - Beyskoye field, 3.0 million tons per year; "Razrez Izykhsky" - Izykhskoye field, 0.4 million tons per year ) and the company "Russian Coal" ("Razrez Stepnoy" - Chernogorskoye deposit, 4.0 million tons per year). Enrich. factory (since 2011; the volume of coal processing is 3.2 million tons per year).

Electricity production 22.4 billion kWh (2014). The largest growing power plant - Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. P. S. Neporozhny (Sayanogorsk, a branch of RusHydro, also includes the Mainskaya HPP; total installed capacity of over 6700 MW).

Iron ore mining at the Abakanskoye, Abagasskoye, Izykhgolskoye and Teyskoye deposits (suspended in 2015). Ore processing is carried out at enrichment. factory in the Kemerovo region. Molybdenum ores are being mined (Sorskoye deposit), in the city of Sorsk mining and enrichment operations are underway. plant and ferromolybdenum plant. The most important non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises (using imported raw materials; all of them are part of RUSAL, in Sayanogorsk): Sayanogorsk (the largest Russian producer of aluminum alloys, with a capacity of 524 thousand tons of aluminum per year) and Khakassky (297 thousand tons of aluminum per year) aluminum plants , SAYANAL (Russian leader in terms of production of foil and packaging materials based on it, over 40 thousand tons of foil per year).

Main mechanical engineering enterprises (in Abakan): Abakanvagonmash (as part of the RM Rail company, freight rolling stock for railways), experimental mechanical. plant (special equipment for the timber industry complex).

Leading enterprises of the food and flavor industry: in Abakan - the agro-industrial company "MaVR" (meat products, as well as flour, cereals), a brewery, "Zavod AlyoshinA" (bakery and confectionery products), a confectionery factory "Abakanskaya"; in Chernogorsk - confectionery concern "Chernogorsky"; in Sayanogorsk - "Sayan milk" (including cheeses).

Large prom. centers: Abakan, Sayanogorsk, Chernogorsk.

Foreign trade turnover 2258.8 million USD (2014), including export 1929.9 million USD Exported (% of the value): metals and products from them (over 75), fuel and energy products. complex (St. 20), etc. Imported (% of the cost): chemical products. industry (over 80), mechanical engineering (over 10), etc.

Agriculture

The cost of agricultural products 12.8 billion rubles. (2014), livestock accounts for St. 70%. S.-x. the grounds are St. 30% of the territory of Kh., of which arable land is approx. 25%. St. 50% of the sown area is occupied by fodder, St. 40% - cereals and leguminous crops, approx. 5% - potatoes and vegetables, approx. 1% - technical. cultures (Table 1). Animal husbandry of the meat and dairy direction, poultry farming (tables 2, 3). B. h. land area (St. 85%) refers to the lands of agricultural - x. organizations; St. 6% is occupied by farming (peasant) households, approx. 1% is in the personal use of citizens. So. share of grain (approx. 70%, 2014), St. 20% of livestock and poultry for slaughter, approx. 20% of milk is produced in the village - x. organizations; OK. 95% potatoes, St. 85% vegetables, approx. 70% milk, approx. 65% of livestock and poultry for slaughter - in households.

Table 1. Main types of crop production, thousand tons

Table 2. Livestock, thousand heads

Services sector

In addition to retail trade (turnover 65.9 billion rubles, 2014), the development of tourism (cultural, educational, health, environmental) is also important.

Transport

The length of railways is 667 km (2014). Zh.-d. highways: Abakan - Taishet, Abakan - Achinsk, Abakan - Novokuznetsk, section Tigey - Kopyevo. The length of paved roads is 5.4 thousand km. The Yenisei federal highway (Krasnoyarsk–Abakan–Kyzyl–the border with Mongolia) passes through the territory of Kharkiv. Airport in Abakan.

healthcare

In X. per 10 thousand inhabitants. accounts for doctors - 39.8, persons cf. honey. personnel - 109.4; hospital beds - 82.1 (2013). General morbidity per 1 thousand inhabitants. is 870.8 cases (2013). The incidence of tuberculosis per 100 thousand inhabitants. – 96.6 cases (2013). Main causes of death: diseases of the circulatory system; accidents, poisoning and injuries; diseases of the digestive system; respiratory diseases. Shira balneo-mud resort (on the basis of the mineral lake Shira).

Education. Scientific and cultural institutions

In the republic there are (2015): 175 preschool institutions (over 34 thousand pupils), 179 general educational institutions. educational institutions (58.8 thousand students), 9 institutions of secondary prof. education (7.4 thousand students), 2 state. university, 215 libraries, 22 state. museum. Ch. scientific institutions, universities, libraries and museums are located in Abakan. There are also the Khakass Republican Nat. museum-reserve "Kazanovka" (1996, Askizsky district), Local History Museum. the Sayanogorsk Museum (1999), the Poltakov Museum of Rock Art “Hoya Hoos” (status since 2003, Poltakov village), etc.; museum-reserves: "Sulek", "Chests" (both in the Ordzhonikidzevsky district), "Ulug Khurtuyakh-tas" (Askizsky district), open-air museums: "Ust-Sos" (2010, Beysky district ), “Maloarbatskaya pisanitsa” (2010, settlement of Small Arbats; branch of the Tashtyp Museum of Local Lore).

Mass media

Republican newspapers are published (Abakan): “Khabar” (“Izvestia”; published since 1927, current name since 2008, 2 times a week, circulation 3 thousand copies, in Khakass.); “Khakassia” (since 1930, current name since 1992, daily, 3.3 thousand copies, in Russian); the weekly newspapers Shans (since 1993), Pyatnitsa (1996), Pravda Khakasii (1998) and others have been published. , TV company "Republican Television Network" (RTS, 2010) and others. Agency "Khakassia".

Literature

Liter-ra Khakas develops preim. to Khakass. lang. with con. 1920s based on folklore traditions and under the influence of Russian. liters. The early monuments are similar in poetics to Nar. poems by A. M. Topanov, V. A. Kobyakov (“Song of the Steppe”, 1935; “Lake Baikal”, 1935), M. S. Kokov, M. A. Arshanova. The first prose the work is the story "Aido" (1934), created by Kobyakov. Kokov also gained fame as a prose writer (the story "Joyful Meeting", 1940) and a playwright (the play "Akun", 1940). Poetry 1950–80s represented by the works of N. G. Domozhakov, I. M. Kostyakov, M. R. Bainov (the poem "Thoughts on the Steppe", 1959), V. V. Ugdyzhekov, N. E. Tinikov, V. G. Mainashev, M. E. Kilchichakova, M. N. Chebodaeva and others; the prose of Domozhakov (the story "In the Distant Aal", 1959), Kostyakov, K. T. Nerbyshev (the story "The Babbling Brook", 1969), T. N. Baltyzhakova, N. V. Tyukpiekov, N. E. Tinikova ( autobiographical story "Songs of Kavris", 1975), A. A. Khallarov, Mikhtas Turan, G. G. Kazachinova (story "Wedding", 1979), V. K. Tatarova, I. P. Topoev and others; dramaturgy by V. G. Shulbaeva, Kilchichakov, A. A. Kyzlasova. In lit-re con. 20 - early. 21st century came to the fore existential and psychological. problems: poetry by G. V. Kicheev, F. S. Tokhtobin, prose by M. Ool; the Russian-language literature, represented by the names of N. M. Akhpasheva, was also widely developed (poetry collection “The Millennium is Coming Out”, 1996). Among the most famous modern writers (in Khakassian and Russian languages) - N. M. Akhpasheva, V. K. Tatarova, I. P. Topoev, A. I. Chapray, Khallarov, Sibdey Tom, A. E. Sultrekov. Tagar culture, often megalithic forms, from trees. log tombs, collective and family log crypts Tashtyk culture), in the Middle Ages - polygonal and round dwellings of the dead ( chaatas culture ; Tyukhtyat culture , Askiz culture). In the Iron Age, the complex includes menhirs and steles (from the 8th century AD with epitaphs). Household architecture (above-ground square log houses with a flat roof) BC. e. reflected in the buried tombs. Then Turk. cultures bring polygonal log and pillar dwellings, studied in settlements and burial grounds. Defend. architecture is represented by log (in the Tagar culture), then stone and earthen (see Omai-Tura) walls, in the 8th-18th centuries. - mountain fortresses-shelters with dry masonry walls and fortifications with a line of up to 25 km (Oglakhtinskaya fortress, etc.). The temple architecture at the turn of the eras (I, II Troitskoye, Znamenskoye settlements) uses circular polygonal adobe walls (6 m wide, 2.5–3 m high), tapering ditches, and facing with raw brick. Temple entrances look at the sunset on the solstice. 8th to 13th centuries in the cities they erect mud-bricks from trees. columns Manichaean temples of the planets and the world order ( Erbinsky temple , Uibat settlement).

Applied art of the Upper Paleolithic is marked by the most ancient terracotta figurine of a man in Russia (Maininskaya site, 14th millennium BC); earthenware of perfect forms and ornamentation is inherent in all cultures of the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. OK. 5th c. n. e. there are circular "Kyrgyz vases" for wine with a pattern from rolling a roller. From clay-gypsum masses in the 4th–1st centuries. BC e. portrait sculptures are molded on mummy skulls, in the Tashtyk culture and up to the 6th century. n. e. – create face masks and busts of the cremated. Numerous stone statues (up to 4 m high) distinguished the sanctuaries of the Eneolithic and the early Bronze Age, embodying the myths of the birth and death of the world as a struggle of monsters. Steles with reliefs and carvings are typical (see Fig. stone women , Okunev culture). Petroglyphs on the rocks are inherent in all eras from the Neolithic. From the turn of the eras they are plot-driven (for example, Boyar pisanitsy , Sulek inscriptions). The region is distinguished by the most ancient metal processing (from the 3rd millennium BC), artistic works are common. bronze - the forerunner of the animal style of the Tagar culture, elements (often gilded) of a rich costume, harness, equipment of the Middle Ages. In the 8th–10th centuries common Manichaean grows. ornamentation (Tyukhtyat culture). Skillful and plentiful products made of silver and gold: from 3 micron foil to cast goblets and dishes ( Kopyon chaatas). Jewelry business stood out by the turn of the era. From the 3rd c. BC e. the inlay and applique of iron products with precious metals is known. The heyday of this craft falls on the 10th-17th centuries. n. e. (Askiz culture). In the 10th-12th centuries, having reached the East. Europe, it caused imitation in the Volga and Kama regions, in the 17th century. these products were bought up on the Yenisei by Cossack governors.

With the accession of the region to Ros. empire in the 1st half. - ser. 18th century Russian settlements were built. settlers with sentry huts and Orthodox trees. churches (Apostles Peter and Paul in the village of Askiz, 1771, burned down in 1831). In the 19th century in connection with the Christianization of the Khakas, churches were built: Intercession in the village. Biyskoye (now the village of Beya; 1815, blown up in 1938), the Nativity of Christ in the village. Tashtyp (1833), Apostles Peter and Paul in the village. Ust-Erba (1842) and in the village. Askiz (1851), c. in honor of the icon of the Mother of God "Life-Giving Spring" in the village. Bateney (1880; all not preserved). Among the trees. churches: Trinity in with. Novomaryasovo (1858–63), St. Nicholas in the village Ust-Fyrkal (1860, not preserved), St. Nicholas in the village Ust-Abakan (now Abakan, 1859-64, in the 1980s the walls were laid in brick), Intercession of the Virgin in the village. Chebaki (1867, not preserved), Prmts. Evdokia in the village Ust-Es (1884, demolished in 1956), c. Holy Spirit in with. Tabat (1908, not preserved). In 1911, the Matursky Iberian women's monastery was founded. in with. Ust-Anzhul (closed in 1926). A unique monument for Kh. architecture - the house of the gold miner K.I. Ivanitsky in the village. Chebaki (late 19th - early 20th centuries). Round portable mong yurts remained the dwelling of the Khakass. type (ib). From Ser. 19th century timber-framed 6–14-coal trees spread. yurts (yurt complex "Kyug"), 4-wall log dwellings.

In the owls time destroyed approx. 90% of temples; cities were built (Abakan and Chernogorsk, both active since the 1930s; Sayanogorsk, since 1965) and workers' settlements (Abaza, since 1966 a city; Dzerzhinsky, since 1966 Sorsk; Tuim). Among the buildings in the style of owls. neoclassicism: w.-d. station in Abakan (1935), House of Culture in Abaza, House of Soviets in Chernogorsk (both 1950s). Since the 1970s multi-storey buildings are being built (10-storey hotel "Druzhba" in Abakan, 1986). In con. 1980s - 2000s erected c. Nativity of the Virgin in Chernogorsk (1989–92), c. Archangel Michael in the village Shira (1991), 5-domed Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Abakan (1999–2006, architect A. V. Usov).

In the 1870s–80s. in H. painted landscapes and collected ethnographic. material for their historical canvases by V. I. Surikov. In the 1930s–40s. laid the foundation for Prof. depict. art (artists G. A. Atknin, V. G. Shoev, A. F. Kalinin, D. P. Cherepanov, I. N. Karachakova, R. K. Ruiga). In the 2nd floor. 20th century worked: landscape painters V. M. Novoselov, M. A. Burnakov, V. F. Kapelko, G. A. Serebryakov, graphic artists V. P. Butanaev, V. A. Todykov. Among the types of Nar. carving, painting and drawing on wood are common (since the 18th century, caskets-grubs and chests-abdyra with images of people, animals, hunting scenes are known; decoration of musical instruments; figurines of animals, people; smokes. Hanza pipes), artistic embroidery.

Music

The basis of music culture - the traditions of Russians, Khakasses, Germans and other peoples. Oral art is represented by folklore groups (among them is the folk Khakass ensemble "Chon kogleri"), performers of takhpakhs (Khakass and Shor songs) from Ordzhonikidzevsky, Shirinsky, Beysky, Askizsky districts, and others. music is promoted by the Center for Culture and Nar. creativity to them. S. P. Kadysheva in Abakan.

On the stage of the Khakass national Drama Theatre. A. M. Topanov (1931) in Abakan, plays were staged with music by A. A. Kenel (1898–1970), who introduced the meaning. contribution to the development of prof. He composed the first works of instrumental genres in Kh. 1000 samples of traditional. music (collections published in 1950 and 1955). In 1942 the museum was opened. school - the first in H. muses. educational institution (now children's music school No. 1 named after A. A. Kenel), in 1960 - Music. school (now the Musical College at the Institute of Arts Khakass State University named after N. F. Katanov). In 1989, the Khakassian Republican Philharmonic was founded. V. G. Chaptykova (created on the basis of the Abakan Concert and Variety Bureau of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Philharmonic). It includes: folklore ensemble "Ulger" (1989), Symphony. orchestra (2000; chief conductor - V. G. Inkizhekov). In 2010, a regional branch of the UK was created, its chairman. - composer T. F. Shalginova. The Republican festival-competition of bearers and performers of traditions is being held. music creativity "Aitys" (since 1991, annually). In 2013, the first choir festival "Bright World" took place.

Theatre

The theatrical life of H. is concentrated in Abakan, where the Khakassian nat. dramatic theatre. A. M. Topanova (1931), Rus. dramatic theatre. M. Yu. Lermontov (1939), puppet theater "Fairy Tale" (1979) and drama and ethnic theater. music "Chitigen" (1988; current name since 2011). Since 1939 in Leningrad. theatrical institute them. A. N. Ostrovsky (since 2015 Russian State Institute of Performing Arts) Khakass is periodically recruited. nat. studio. Since 2003, the Intern. eco-ethnic. festival of puppet theaters "Chir Chayaan" ("Spirit of the Earth"), since 2004 annually - the Republican Khakas Competition. dramaturgy. Topanova. So. Directors and actors such as N. D. Bainova, N. G. Bogatova, M. A. Borzunov, S. Ya. Verkhgradsky, V. B. Gordeev, and V. I. Ivandaev, E. M. Kokova, N. L. Kuchev, E. Yu. Lantsov, Yu. M. Mainagashev, I. Ya. Okolnikov, I. S. Salaidinov, I. A. Tokareva, M. G. Topoev, A. V. Tuguzhekov, S. S. Chaptykova, A. V. Shvartsman and others.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Tomsk State University

Faculty of Geology and Geography

Department of Dynamic Geology

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Checked by: Arkhipov A.L.

Completed by: Gorelova T.V.

FROMcontent

1. Physical-geographical sketch

2. Stratigraphy

3. Intrusive formations

4. Tectonics

5. History of geological development

6. Minerals

Bibliography

1. Physical-geographical sketch

The study area is located in the junction of three large geological structures - the mountains of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Batenevsky ridge and the Chebakovo-Balakhta depression of the Minusinsk intermountain trough. The absolute heights of the surface of the area above the ocean level range from 352 m (Lake Shira) to 1427.4 m (Podblachny char in the area of ​​the Kommunar mine).

The Kuznetsk Alatau is characterized by a deeply dissected surface and has the features of a typical mountainous country. In the axial, most elevated part of it, alpine relief dominates in places, successively changing to high, medium and high mountain relief, in the direction of the Minusinsk depression. At a distance from the axial part of the Kuznetsk Alatau, mudflow processes played a significant role in the transformation of the surface structure. Naturally, the design of the modern relief of the Kuznetsk Alatau took place in modern connection with the uplift of this large block of the earth's crust.

The main landforms of the Kuznetsk Alatau are valleys and watershed ranges. In the golts part there are cirques, glacial cirques, troughs, ledges of frosty weathering, equipped surfaces, moraines, and watersheds abound with sharp-crested and peak-like remnants.

In the mountain-taiga zone, the valleys are closed, less often semi-open, V-shaped, sometimes trapezoid. Closer to the intermountain basin, they are replaced by open valleys with a wide, slightly concave bottom.

Within the eastern part of the Kuznetsk Alatau and on its spurs, the layered relief is pronounced.

Intermontane basins are characterized by a lower average hypsometric level of the surface, a wide distribution of cuestas, blowout basins, young accumulative flat surfaces, and the development of small hills.

The design of the modern face of the surface of the basins, as well as the isolation of the Minusinsk depression itself, is due mainly to the activity of the wind and temporary surface waters.

The processes of selective weathering and denudation are pronounced throughout the territory, and a clear dependence of surface morphology (landforms) on geological structure.

The density of the river network is very uneven - it strongly decreases in the direction from the bald zone to the basin.

The largest watercourse in the region is the river. White Uyus, originating from the slopes of Mount Upper Tooth. Merging near the station Kopyevo from the river. Black Uyus, it gives rise to the river. Chulym.

The Bely Iyus River is characterized by a very unstable water flow. Within the Kuznetsk Alatau, it has the features of a typical mountain river, but in the Minusinsk basin it acquires the character of a flat watercourse. In the upper reaches, a large number of relatively large tributaries flow into the White Uyus (Pikhterek, Tyukhterek, Karatash, etc.)

AT steppe zone the number of rivers is insignificant and they are small in size.

In the golts zone, rivers are fed mainly due to the melting of snow and ice, in the taiga - due to rain and melt water, and in the steppe zone - due to rainwater. At the same time, in the steppe zone, atmospheric precipitation, falling in the form of showers, quickly rolls over the surface, causing mudflows and exorbitant "swelling" of rivers. The regulators of water flow in the rivers of the steppe zone are often relatively large lake basins.

Khakassia is rich in lake reservoirs and swamps of various types. Lakes abound in the goltsov and steppe zones. In the mountain-taiga zone, in its subzone adjacent to the goltsovy, there are practically no lake reservoirs. Lakes in the goltsovy and pregoltsovy zones are either exarative or moraine-dammed, the waters are ultrafresh and practically do not contain dissolved salts.

The lakes of the steppe and mountain forest-steppe formed in deflationary basins. The largest lakes (Bele, Shira, Itkul, etc.) were formed in the blowout basins that took shape on the site of synclinal structures. Many small lakes formed on young surfaces of denudation leveling, formed at the outcrops of granitoid bodies (Lake Domozhakovo and others).

The waters of many endorheic or low-flowing lakes of the steppe zone are salty and bitter-salty. The most saline are the waters of the lakes, the basins of which are worked out in the red sandstones of the Upper Devonian, in the effusive rocks of the Lower Devonian and in the Carboniferous deposits (Lake Shira, Lake Bele, Lake Matarak, Lake Shunet).

The swamps are represented by raised (elevated), lowland and intermediate types and are different in their origin.

Bogs on the equipped surfaces of the golts zone are mostly moss, and their formation is due to a large number of precipitation, the proximity of weakly and impervious bedrocks and the weak impermeability of the cover of loose deposits abounding in clay particles.

In the steppe zone, only low-lying swamps are common. Here, the beds of almost all large valleys of the rivers Karym, Son, Tuim, Tyurim, etc. are swamped. Swamps formed as a result of overgrowth of lake reservoirs (Marekulskoe and Marchengashskoe swamps) are widely spread in the steppe zone. These swamps are predominantly herbaceous, sedge and reed.

A sharply continental climate prevails over most of the territory of Northern Khakassia. Summer here is short and hot. In the steppe zone, on sunny and windless days in July, stony sandy soils heat up to +50°C on the surface, and the air temperature reaches +35 - 37°C. But summer nights in clear weather are cool, the air temperature sometimes drops to 0? C, and in the first half of June there are frosts. Winters are long and relatively cold. The annual amplitude of temperature fluctuations reaches 85°, and the daily amplitude - 30°.

Atmospheric precipitation in the steppe and forest-steppe zones falls mainly in summer, in the golts and mountain taiga zones mainly in autumn and in the first half of winter.

The total annual amount of precipitation differs greatly in the direction from the golts zone to the steppe zone.

The main factors determining the climate of Khakassia are cyclone winds that move to the Minusinsk Basin from the southwest and carry moisture with them.

Within the limits of Northern Khakassia, goltsov, mountain-taiga and steppe landscape zones are clearly distinguished, the nature of vegetation in which differs significantly. There is no sharp boundary between the zones, and a number of transitional zones can be distinguished.

The golts zone occupies a relatively small area in the axial part of the Kuznetsk Alatau. In these areas, among the stone seas, the surfaces of the blocks are covered with lichens, in places of accumulation of fine detrital material, mosses, mountain sedge, dwarf willow and birch settle; on stone rivers and rocky ledges - badan; on the slopes with deluvium - blueberries and other plant species.

Alpine meadows, thickets of dwarf willow and birch are developed in the pre-bald zone, dense thickets of alder are found on low areas and flooded slopes. In places, the plots are covered with oppressed woody vegetation (spruce, fir).

Hypsometrically lower is the alpine forest-steppe subzone. It is characterized by a combination of areas of development of forest vegetation in the form of ridges and islands of cedar, fir and mountain meadows. Along streams and in heavily swampy areas, in some places significant areas are occupied by alder thickets. Also found here White birch and rowan. The grass cover in this subzone is dense and high. In areas devoid of forest vegetation and flooded, wheatgrass and sedge grow; on drier - forbs; in forested areas, ferns form a dense grass cover. In these places there are a lot of wild garlic, blueberries, currants, honeysuckle, lingonberries, etc.; there are gold and maral roots.

The mountain-taiga zone is characterized mainly by continuous forest cover. Closer to the axial part of the Kuznetsk Alatau, cedar, fir, cedar-fir forests are widespread; in some places, closer to the mountain forest-steppe, pine massifs are isolated. When approaching the forest-steppe zone, larch begins to predominate. Birch, mountain ash, willow and some other types of woody vegetation are constantly found. The grass cover is high, sometimes exceeding the height of a person, but in dense forests it is low and sparse.

In the forest-steppe and mountain forest-steppe, the slopes of the southern exposure are mostly devoid of forest vegetation and covered with low grasses. The northern slopes are forested (larch, birch, pine, etc.) and are characterized by a high grass cover. Mokhovka, red and black currants grow on wetlands, strawberries grow on unforested slopes, and mushrooms grow on forested slopes.

The steppe zone is practically devoid of forests, which are found here only in the form of oases. Herbaceous vegetation is low and xerophytic.

Over the past millennia, the forest has been advancing on the steppe and the size of the steppe zone is shrinking relatively quickly, which is evidence of the change from the former arid climate to semi-arid.

Animal world Northern Khakassia is rich and diverse. Bears, moose, deer, roe deer, lynx and wolverine are found in the taiga and pre-alpine zones. Their fur coats are many sable. Squirrels, hares, chipmunks. Roe deer, hares, foxes, badgers, ground squirrels, ferrets, chipmunks are found in the forest-steppe zone. Occasionally there are wolves, including the red wolf brought here. Brown hares have settled in the steppe zone. There are many foxes and gophers here; muskrat is found in lakes and swamps.

The feathered world is also diverse. In the alpine part, there are kekliks, in some places there are many capercaillie, hazel grouse (mainly in the pre-alpine and taiga zones), black grouse (mainly in the forest-steppe), partridges (in the steppe and forest-steppe) and other small birds. In spring, ducks, swamp chickens, other waterfowl and marsh game, swallows, and cranes arrive. On some lakes lives a large red duck - scoter.

In the waters of rivers and lakes there are fish - grayling, lenok, taimen (in mountain rivers), burbot, slez, smelt, pike, perch, crucian carp, tench, carp. In recent years, many other species of fish brought from other regions of the country (peled, omul, bream, pink salmon, etc.) have been launched into lake reservoirs.

In connection with the development of industry and irrational management, the local fauna and flora are in dire need of protection.

The indigenous population of Northern Khakassia is represented by the Khakass, who live mainly in small settlements: Argystar, Topanovo, Khazyl-Al, etc. They specialize in cattle breeding, raising breeding breeds of large cattle, sheep. Most of The population is represented by Russians, Ukrainians, Germans employed in agriculture and local industry. In the district center of Shira, which is an urban-type settlement, there is a large dairy plant, an elevator, a woodworking plant, a railway station, and a car depot. In the village of Kommunar there is a gold mine, in the village. Tuim is a non-ferrous metal processing plant.

The development of the region's economy is determined by its natural resources. The vast dry steppes, which are mostly not covered with snow in winter, have long oriented people towards the development of pasture cattle breeding, mainly sheep breeding. During the period of development of virgin lands, many pastures were plowed under the fields where fodder for livestock and grains are grown.

An important role in the economy of the region is played by forest riches, as well as the wealth of the earth's interior: placer and ore deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum and tungsten.

The area is intersected by the railway and asphalt highways Achinsk - Abakan. The Krasnoyarsk - Abakan motorway passes near the eastern border of the polygon. The steppe zone has a dense network of good dirt roads.

2 . FROMtratigraphy

The territory of the eastern slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Batenevsky Ridge and the Chebakovo-Balakhta Depression is characterized by the most complete and richest organic remains, a section of the Vendian Cambrian and Devonian, taken as stratotypes or parastratotypes of many of the most important biostratigraphic schemes of the Upper Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic of the Altai-Sayan region.

Stratigraphic scheme:

Vendian system

Tarzhul Formation

Paleozoic erathema

Cambrian system

lower division

Kolodzhulskaya and Tunguzhulskaya formations (combined)

Efremkinskaya suite

middle department

Nameless retinue

Koshkulak Formation

Devonian system

lower division

Lower Matarak stratum

roadside thickness

Marchengash strata

middle department

Saragash Formation

Bey suite

Upper section

Oidanovskaya suite

Cenozoic erathema

Quaternary system

middle department

Upper section

Below is a more detailed description of the stratigraphic units:

Vendian system

Tarzhul Formation first identified in 1960 by G.A. Ivankin, the areal stratotype of the formation is located in the area from the mouth of the Tarzhulya stream - the right tributary of the Bely Iyus River to the upper reaches of the Tyurim River. The retinue is widespread in the area of ​​the Kommunar mine in the basin of the Bolshaya Syya River in the castle and on the wings of the Syi syncline, in the upper reaches of the Tyurim River on the wings of the Koshkulak syncline, to the west of the village of Katyushkino, where it forms the core of the Katyushkino syncline, in the vicinity of Lake Vlasevo, in the Podtemnoye Log , in the Dry Yerba river basin.

The formation is composed of variegated dolomites (white, yellowish-gray, cream) and various textural features, calcareous dolomites. The thickness of the suite varies from 200 m (Podtemny log) to 2500 - 3000 m (the mouth of the Tarzhul - the upper reaches of the Tyurim River).

Organic remains in the rocks of the suite are represented by stromatolites and annular pipes. On the territory of the geological polygon of TSU, the deposits of this suite, represented by limestones, are located in the southwestern part of a small outcrop on the border of the Sokhochul complex of syenites and the Kolodzhul suite.

Paleozoic erathema

Cambrian system

lower division

Tunguzhul Formation: first identified by G.A. Ivankin et al. (1964). The stratotype of the suite is located on the right side of the stream. Tyurim, on the southern slopes of Maly Koshkulak within the Efremka zone. Outcrops of rocks of the suite are found in small areas along the river. White Iyus and hand. Izvestkovy in the Efremkino area and in the vicinity of the Yulin mine and Katyushkina. In the stratotype, the formation is represented by alternating horizons of light dolomites, light and light gray algal limestones, and less often, gray limestones. Its thickness in this section is 750 m. Efremkino met the remains of trilobites.

Kolodzhul Formation- also first identified by G.A. Ivankin et al. (1964) in the section of Maly Koshkulak. Outcrops of rocks of the Kolodzhulskaya suite are also known in the right bank of the river. White Luce in the area of ​​the village. Efremkino in a small tectonic wedge. In the stratotype section, the formation is divided into three members and has a thickness of 640 m. The lower of them is effusive-carbonate (basalts, clayey limestones), the middle one consists of black layered clayey limestones, and the upper one has a limestone-clayey-sandy composition. The color of the rocks is dominated by gray and black tones.

In a section along the right bank of the river. Bely Iyus, the thickness of the suite is reduced to 100 m. It becomes red-colored and is composed of basic effusives in the lower part and reddish sandy limestones in the upper part.

At all stratigraphic levels, the rocks of the suite contain remains of trilobites, less often - archaeocyaths, chiolites, algae, brachiopods, characteristic of the Atdaban and Botomian stages of the Lower Cambrian. A feature of the formation is the presence in its composition of a trilobite complex of forms characteristic of purely carbonate sections, and forms common to carbonate-argillaceous facies. Everywhere on the underlying rocks of the Tunguzhul Formation, the Kolodzhul Formation occurs in parallel, without obvious traces of a break.

Efremkinskaya suite was first identified by G.A. Ivankin and others, in 1964 in the Koshkulak section in the upper reaches of the river. Tyurim, where it, with a conglomerate at its base, rests with erosion on the Kolodzhul Formation. The Efremkinskaya Formation is composed of conglomerates of black platy layered limestones, gray argillaceous limestones, and calcareous shales. The thickness of the suite in the stratotype reaches 130 m, increasing in the vicinity of the Yuliya mine up to 1000 m, in the area of ​​Efremkino and Katyushkina (i.e., in both structural-facies zones), among the carbonate rocks of the suite, there are basic sffusives and their tuffs with lenses of archaeocyate-trilobite limestones . In the vicinity of vil. Efremkino and on the Bateneve Ridge, the formation is dominated by light massive limestones with trilobites and archaeocyaths.

middle department

Nameless retinue was first identified by G.A. Ivankin et al., in 1964, as part of a sequence of dirty greenish-gray sandstones, siltstones and gravelstones, which are exposed in the vicinity of Efremkino, its thickness in this area is about 400 m. 30m and white limestones - 160m. At many points (the city of Kolkulak, the Yuliya mine, the Sukhaya Yerba river, etc.), various trilobites of the Amga Stage of the Middle Cambrian are found in large numbers in the rocks of the suite. On the underlying Efremka Formation, the Nameless Formation overlies with a sharp facies transition without a visible break.

Koshkulak Formation also highlighted by G.A. Ivankin and others, in 1964 as a volcanic sequence, it is compared with the Berikulskaya suite of the western slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau. At other points in the region, the rocks of this suite have not been reliably identified; in terms of the material composition, the suite is represented mainly by andesites and their lava breccias, and in its lower part thin layers and lenses of conglomerates, red-colored cross-bedded sandstones and siltstones are observed. The thickness of the suite exceeds 2 km. According to the stratigraphic position, the age of the Koshkulak Formation is conventionally dated to the Upper Middle Cambrian (Mayian Stage). On the underlying nameless and Efremknskaya suites, the Koshkulakskaya one overlies with erosion and a conglomerate at the base.

Devonian system

lower division

Lower Matarak stratum widely developed in the southern side of the lake basin. Itkul, and also composes the western and eastern shores of the lake. Matarak, where it has tectonic contact with the Lower Paleozoic Precambrian deposits, the suite is composed mainly of covers and layered bodies of basalts, andesite-basalts, trachyandesites, their tuffs, trachyrhyodacites with rare interlayers of terrigenous rocks. Its apparent thickness in the stratotype does not exceed 300 m.

Noticeably typical volcanic formations are mainly numerous contiguous flows of labradorite porphyrites, separated by interlayers of mudstones and flows of basalts with an insignificant role of trachyrhyodacites and trachyandesites (plagio-porphyries). Here, from west to east, continental volcanogenic-sedimentary facies are replaced by submarine ones, while the completeness of volcanogenic sections of the Lower Devonian increases.

The total thickness of the deposits of the Lower Tarak strata is estimated at 800 - 850 m. Karysh allow dating the age of the subformation as Early Devonian.

roadside retinue, isolated in 1973 by N.A. Makarenko and is divided into three members according to lithological composition.

The Early Devonian age of the roadside lean is reliably substantiated by numerous finds of fossil propteridophyte (rhiniophyte) flora. The dominant species is Margophyton goldsmidti (Halle) Zach., which is found in almost all discovered deposits.

According to observations, in this area, the uppermost layers of the roadside strata have been exposed, which have a sublatitudinal strike with the layers falling to the north at an angle of 10-15 ° Schematic layer-by-layer section, the following (from bottom to top):

1 Thin-platy yellowish-gray sandstones interbedded with siltstones and mudstones containing imprints of well-preserved propteridophytes (rhinophytes), > 10 m

2 Gray limestones with various structural and textural features. In the eastern part, these are stromatolitic nodular formations; at the western end and in the center of the lens, traced along the strike for 500 m, they are massive, in some places slightly layered rocks with an original tubular macrotexture, 0.2-2.0 m

3 Creamy sandstones and siltstones with imprints of rhinophytes of poor preservation, 3-8 m

4 Lilac psephyto-psammite tuffs of trachytes, 7-9 m

5 Yellowish-gray platy sandstones with a lens of pinkish-gray silicified limestones similar in structure to layer 2, 25 m

Dark gray to black dolerites of the Marchengash sequence more than 30 m thick with hidden unconformity overlie the Carbonash-terrigenous deposits of the roadside sequence.

Among the corbanate rocks, two most characteristic genetic types have been identified.

Type 1 - stromatalite structures with complex internal layering, silicified. Stromatolites have the form of nodules up to 20 cm in diameter with inherited layering and correspond to the form of Collenia undosa. In the buildings, stromatoctoid textures of filling voids, areas of crushing of layered sediments and silicification are observed. In rare cases, calcareous blue-green algae of the genus Hedstroemia are present in stromatolite structures in the form of crusts, nodules (about 1 mm in diameter), or single club-shaped filaments.

Type 2 - pelitomorphic dark brown limestones, slightly layered in some areas, containing numerous tubular formations. Macroscopically, the "tubes" have different configurations: straight, slightly curved, winding, dichotomously branching. The length of the "tubes" varies widely: from a few mm to 2-3 cm, the maximum diameter in the bulges reaches 0.5 cm. The central part of the "tubes" made of milky-white calcite is clearly distinguished. The outer dark brown shell is disintegrated on top, the central part of the tubes can be leached out.

Under the microscope, the limestones are fine-grained with the inclusion of dispersed impurities of clay-organic matter, iron hydroxides, siliceous and volcanogenic material. Limestones contain formations not only tubular, but also other forms (sometimes very bizarre) with a similar internal structure. The contours of the cross section of tubes in thin sections are very diverse: sinuous, broken, scalloped, less often correctly spherical.

The outer shell, impregnated with iron hydroxides, is of uneven thickness (0.05-02 mm). The inner part of the tubes is characterized by a heterogeneous, zonal-concentric structure. The growth of elongated crystals occurred from the periphery to the center, perpendicular to the growth surface, which brings these formations closer to secretions. In some pipes, finely dispersed organic matter pigments the boundaries of elongated calcite grains, creating the illusion of septa, which leads researchers to erroneous conclusions about the coral nature of the pipes.

Along the periphery of the pipes, syngenetic incrustation grains of calcite, turbid, brownish in color, were deposited due to a small amount of finely dispersed impurities dispersed in them. The thickness of such shells is about 0.2 mm. Sometimes impurities are located in separate concentrations, zonal. The central part can be filled with variously crystalline calcite, one large grain of a later generation, or siliceous material. The origin of the inlaid cavities is not entirely clear. It is possible that some of the tubes could have arisen as a result of the vital activity of silt eaters or worms. There is a certain external resemblance to the tubular formations resulting from the drilling of the bottom of the reservoir by Palaeosabella worms, and the burrows of Trypanites drilling worms.

A comparative analysis of literature data and a review of petrographic material did not reveal formations similar in microstructure and did not clarify the genesis of carbonates. This was done thanks to the discovery among the selected limestone samples containing numerous plant detritus of rhinophytes.

Rhiniophytes outwardly looked more like algae than higher plants: roots and leaves were absent, the structure was primitive. Weakly branched stems with a central core are filled with continuous cellular tissue and covered with spines on all sides. The discovery of carbonate-encrusted fragments of rhinophytes and numerous incrustations that fill various cavities in type 2 limestones suggest that the burial and preservation of detritus was facilitated by specific processes of carbonate accumulation, similar to the processes that form calcareous tuffs (travertines). The structure of modern calcareous tuffs is characterized by the presence of fine-grained calcite and concentric crusts, usually encrusting rock fragments, plant and organic remains, after the decomposition of which voids of various shapes remain, including tubular ones.

The described tubular formations are typical only for this locality; they have not yet been found outside the site in other, including stromatolitic, lenses of the Lower Devonian limestones.

There is a combination in space at the same stratigraphic level of fountain (source) and limnic (lake) carbonate deposits. The first could be formed under the influence of mineralized groundwater, closely associated with active volcanism, the second - due to the vital activity of algal-bacterial communities and subsequent fossilization processes.

The lower member is represented by intercalated variegated sedimentary and volcanogenic formations of conglomerates, gravelstones, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, siliceous tuffites, ash and gravel tuffs of trakyandeeites - trachyrhyodacites. Among them, several thin horizons of stromatolitic limestones were identified. The conglomerates contain rounded fragments of tuffs, trachyandesites, basalts, granites, and nodmarkites, which indicates the erosion of not only the pre-Devonian basement rocks, but also the deposits of the Lower Tarak sequence. Within the member, 6 localities of psilophyte flora are known, with individuals unique in terms of completeness and degree of preservation. The total thickness of the lower member is variable and does not exceed 340 m. Sokhochul is located in the central part of the practice map, and in accordance with the Lower Tarak sequence. The deposits are represented by alternation of colored conglomerates with tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones.

The middle unit - the roadside suite at the base contains discontinuous thin horizons of stromatolitic limestones, fine and fine-grained brown and cream sandstones, dirty yellow siltstones predominate above, very rarely gravelstones and calcareous varieties of the listed terrigenous rocks, often there are bedded basalt bodies, the quantitative role of which increases in southwest direction. The member contains four localities of psilophyte flora of the Early Devonian. The thickness of the middle member is variable (80 - 240 m) and naturally decreases in an easterly direction. On the territory of the polygon, the deposits of this member, represented by the alternation of tuffaceous sandstones, siltstones with covers of basalts, are located to the north of the stream. Sokhochul and conformably lie on the lower member of the roadside strata.

The upper member is represented by brown, dirty-yellow, cream-colored, rarely yellowish and greenish-gray calcareous-siliceous siltstones, mudstones, and sandstones. Marking lenticular bodies of red-colored gravel tuffs of trachyandesite composition, up to 15 m thick, are mapped in its base and top. In silicified limestones, only one locality of flora is known, represented by Early Devonian psilophytes. The thickness of the upper member is variable and does not exceed 150 m.

Marchengashskaya the stratum was first identified in 1958 in the area of ​​st. Shira B.N. Krasilnikov, where it consists mainly of basalts, andesite-basalts, with interlayers of red sandstones, gravelstones and conglomerates. These volcanics with hidden unconformity overlie the deposits of the upper member of the roadside strata. The rocks are folded into folds in the fault zones, intensely silicified, hematitized and albitized, resembling plagioporphyry in appearance. Sills of dolerites are abundant. In a lens of red sandstones in the central part of the lava field, imprints of the Lower Devonian psilophyte flora were found (Marchengashskoe locality). In the upper part of the stratum, in the area of ​​the lake. Round, in a lens of red-colored sandstones, in the immediate vicinity of the marls of the Saragash Formation, unconformably overlying volcanics, a mature layer of trachyandesite lava tuffs was found. The thickness of the Marchengash strata is estimated at 450-550m.

middle department

Saragash Formation allocated by V.S. Meleshchenko in the North-Minusinsk depression near the village. Saragash on the left bank of the Yenisei. Within the polygon, there is a transgressive occurrence of the Saragash Formation on the rocks of the Lower Devonian, which fixes the so-called "Pre-Givet hiatus". At the base of the formation, in some places, there is a basal layer of gravelstones up to 1 m thick. . At the same time, the Saragash deposits are conformably overlain by limestones of the Bey Formation.

Large yellow cuestas of the Saragash Formation, which stand out well in the relief, are well traced in the basins of the lakes Avras and Balgan, Itkul, to the south of Lake Shira , where it is represented by grayish-yellow , gray, greenish-gray siltstones, uneven-grained quartz - feldspar, quartz sandstones with carbonate and ferruginous cement, mudstones, marls, limestones. The thickness of the suite varies from 150 - 160 m to 300 m.

Bey suite allocated to N.A. Belyakov, V.S. Meleshchenko in 1953. It is represented mainly by gray-colored limestones of various shades, massive, thick-platy places silicified, pelitomorphic. Limestones are interbedded with thin-platy dolomites, greenish-gray marls, fine-medium-grained gray and yellowish-gray calcareous sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. The Bei Formation, in contrast to the Saragash Formation, is very rich in brachiopods, gastropods, ostracods, conodonts, and Upper Givetian corals. On the territory of the polygon, the Bey suite conformably overlies the Saragash suite and is represented by limestone, sandstone, and mudstone deposits.

Upper section

Oidanovskaya suite allocated for the first time by V.S., Meleshchenko in 1956 near the Oidanov ulus on the river. Thea, where it conformably rests on the Bey deposits, is also conformably overlapped by the Kohai sieta. The rocks of the suite are easily weathered, so relief depressions are usually confined to it, sometimes it is occupied by lakes (Lake Shira). The Oidanovskaya Formation is composed of red-colored continental deposits: siltstones, mudstones, sometimes gravelstones, often with oblique bedding. The contact between the Beyskaya and Oidanovskaya suites is perfectly recorded in the southern edge of the lake basin. Shira near the highway Shira - Abakan by replacing light gray limestone with red sandstones. The thickness of the Oidanovskaya suite varies from 200 to 600 m.

Cenozoic erathema

Quaternary system

Neopleistocene

The lower link is represented by valley alluvium in the mountainous part of the polygon and in the valleys of the White and Black Iyus rivers. Alluvium, at the exit of the rivers into the depression, composes vast deltas, which, merging, form gently sloping plains. Alluvium is represented by channel and floodplain facies. The channel facies is composed of well-rounded cross-bedded pebbles with lenses of sand and clays with a total thickness of up to 15 m.

The upper link unites the Chibitsky, Chibitsko-Beltirian undivided horizons, Askemsky horizon, glacial and fluvioglacial deposits, alluvium of the first floodplain terrace.

The upper link, undivided, includes eolian loess-like loams up to 3 m thick, identified in the Koltsevoy log near the village of. Small Siya. Beneath them, in buried soils, a Paleolithic site with bone remains of a brown bear, woolly rhinoceros, and deer with an age of 34,500 ± 450 years is known.

Holocene unites lake - biogenic, floodplain deposits and technogenic and undivided formations.

Lacustrine-biogenic deposits are represented by sands, loams, clays, and thin peatlands with a total thickness of up to 5 m, distributed in the vicinity of lakes on the alluvium of deltas and on the high Holocene floodplain.

Floodplain deposits are common in the valleys of all rivers, where they are represented by floodplain and channel facies with a total thickness of up to 5 m. Their formation is still ongoing.

Undivided formations are common on slopes and leveling surfaces and are represented by eluvial, deluvial-proluvial, deluvial-solifluction, solifluction, desertion, deluvial-desertion and colluvial deposits in the form of blocks, crushed stone, gruss of intrusive, effusive and sedimentary rocks, often immersed in sandy loam matrix with a total thickness of 5 to 25 m.

Deposits of lakes and swamps are confined to lake basins and river valleys. They are represented by dark, sometimes mineralized clays, silts, as well as sand, gravel and small pebbles, the source material for which host rocks served. In the basins of the lakes Fyrkal, Chernoye, there are swampy areas with peat, the thickness of which in some places exceeds 2 m. On the watersheds in the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Batenevsky Ridge, there are swamps with thin peat bogs.

The formation of floodplain, channel, lacustrine and swamp deposits is still taking place. On these deposits and other parent rocks, soils are formed that complete the stratigraphic column.

Quaternary deposits are represented by a fairly large variety of soils. Brown forest soils (not podzolized) with small contours of soddy-podzolic soils in the belt of dark coniferous forests are replaced on the slopes of the southern exposure in the forest-steppe belt (the village of Malaya Syya) by soddy forest thin soils, ordinary and southern chernozems. Along the northern border of the landfill, from the village. Chebaki and s. Sect to lakes Reingol and Chernoe (mountain forest-steppe), mountainous dark gray soils are replaced by humus-calcareous soils and leached high-humus chernozems. And along the southern border - from the village. Berenzhak to s. Mendola and pos. Tuim - dark gray and gray forest soils alternate with leached chernozems. Further east along the Batenevsky Ridge, the soil cover of the forest-steppe is supplemented by a significant proportion of ordinary chernozems. Mountain brown forest soils are formed on steep slopes covered with thin loamy-rubbly talus of bedrock. In the Kuznetsk Alatau and its spurs, as well as in the Batenevsky Ridge under the park deciduous forests highly peculiar in morphology and chemistry, high-humus soils are formed, which are distinguished as an independent type of mountain forest chernozem-like soils. A clear picture of the distribution of deposits of different ages in this area can be observed on the geological map of the area.

3 . Andtrusive formations

The area under study is replete with magmatic formations of various compositions and ages. In accordance with the accepted scheme of intrusive magmatism (Vasiliev 1987), the following are described:

1. Kogtakh two-phase complex of monzodiorites, gabbro and pyroxenites of the Middle-Late Cambrian

2. Ulentuimsky three-phase complex of late Cambrian-Ordovician batholithic granitoids

3. Sokhochul complex of alkaline syenites-nordmarkites of the Early Devonian

4. Early Devonian dike complex of variegated composition.

Kogtakh two-phase complex monzodiorites, gabbros and pyroxenites of the middle - late Cambrian. The complex was identified by B.A. Timofesky in 1937 with a petrotype on Kogtakh and described in detail by Yu.D. Skobelev, S.L. Khalfin, V.D. Khomichev. According to A.P. Krivenko (1977), the Kogtakh complex was formed as a result of two phases of emplacement of basic magma and is a petrotype of the gabbro-monzodiorite formation. Melanobasites of the first and leucobasites of the second phases of intrusion take part in the structure of the Kogtakh lopalite.

The first phase is represented by olivine - augite and augite gabbro with variations up to pyroxenites and anorthosites. The main minerals are labrador-bythovnite and titanium augite; olivine and bronzite appear in the main varieties. Brown and green hornblende (as well as biotite) reactively replace pyroxene. The structure of the rocks is gabbro. The rocks of the phase are characterized by plan-parallel textures, which make it possible to establish the concentric-zonal structure of the lopolith.

The second phase in the petrotype is represented by two-pyroxene monzodiorites, giving transitions to gabbro and syenite-diorites. A characteristic feature of the Kogtakh rocks is the wide development of postmagmatic biotite in them, enrichment in magnetite, apatite, and sphene. Biotite composes large scales, the subparallel arrangement of which creates a plan-parallel texture of the rocks. Kogtakh gabbroids are highly magnetic. The volume of the Kogtakh complex is debatable. According to B.D. Vasiliev (1981) the complex includes three phases.

The geological age of the Kogtakh complex is determined by its intrusive contacts on the southern slope of Mt. Koshkulak with volcanic rocks of the Koshkulak Formation of the Middle Cambrian. In turn, the Kogtakh gabbroids are interrupted by granitoids of the Askiz and Ulentuim complexes. These data make it possible to subsidize the time of formation of the Kogtakh complex by the Middle - Late Cambrian.

Ulentuimsky three-phase complex batholithic granitoids of the Late Cambrian - Ordovician.

The complex was identified under the name of the Ulentuim intrusion by B.A. Timofeevsky (1937). It consists of three phases of implementation.

The first phase is represented by fine-grained gray-green hornblende diorites and quartz diorites.

The second phase is the most widespread, represented by coarse-grained porphyritic biotite-hornblende granites and granodiorites.

The third phase of the Ulentuim complex is controlled by the fissure prototectonics of the massifs of the second phase and is represented by dikes, small stocks, and deposits. calcareous igneous mountain tuff

The rocks of the third phase are represented by fine-grained granites, turning into aplites and pegmatites within one body.

The Ulentuim complex of batholithic granitoids is younger than the Kogtakh complex and older than the alkaline syenites of the Sokhochul complex, which allows subsidizing it with a Cambrian-Ordovician age. It is possible that the third phase of the complex is an independent young hypabyssal intrusion.

Sokhochul complex of alkaline syenites- Nordmarkites of the Early Devonian were identified by B.D. Vasiliev (1972) and combines the gabbro association of alkaline syenites, nordmarkites, granosyenites, and granites, confined to transverse extension zones up to the Devonian folded complex.

The Sokhochul zone of intrusive rocks, identified in the central part of the region, has a northwestern (330?) strike and a length of up to 40 km with a width of 10 - 15 km. It is transverse with respect to the strike of the pre-Devonian folded structures of the region.

Within the Sokhochul zone, intrusive masses have a predominantly northeastern or sublatitudinal trend; transverse to the strike of the zone as a whole, indicating the tension setting at the time of formation of the bodies of the gabbro-syenite association. From the south-east to the north-west in the massifs of the complex, acidity naturally increases and alkalinity decreases. The Sokhochul complex has at least a two-phase structure.

The first phase is represented by ophitic gabbro in the south and fine-grained porphyritic gabbro-diorite in the north, and the second phase is represented by nepheline syenites, two-feldspar syenites, and red granosyenites. The age of the Sokhochul complex is considered to be Early Devonian.

In the Sokhochul zone, the roadside massif of granosyenites is overlain by trachyandesite tuffs that form the Sokhochkla Formation of the Byskar Group.

The manifestation of the Sokhochul gabbro-syenite complex in three zones is accompanied by various ore mineralization.

Lower Devonian subvolcanic complex variegated composition includes three types of subvolcanic bodies.

In the Sokhochul-Shirinsky region, dolerite bodies are most common among the volcanic rocks of the Marchengash sequence. The thickness of the bodies is up to 10 - 15 m, the length is up to 1000 - 2000 m, the shape is linear, sometimes horseshoe-shaped.

The intrusive nature of dolerite bodies is proved by the presence of thin apophyses, xenoliths of sedimentary rocks, hardening and hornfelsing zones, splitting of sedimentary rocks under the "pressure" of the intruding melt. At the same time, numerous voids and tonsils up to 10 - 15 mm in size are observed in places, filled with calcite, chlorite, prehnite, mylonite.

The second type of subvolcanic rocks is represented by stocks and dikes of plagioclase basalts, which contain only labradorite-bitownite phenocrysts embedded in an intersal or pilotaxitic groundmass with abundant microlites of basic plagioclase. Plagiobasalt stocks up to 100 x 60 m, dikes of northwestern strike are mapped in the area of ​​distribution of rocks of the roadside and Marchengash strata.

The third, latest type is represented by dikes and small stocks, rarely subconformant bodies of trachyrhyodacites, which were previously described as quartz microsyenites - porphyries. A series of closely spaced northwest-trending dikes, up to 5–7 m thick, in some areas having an annular shape, was traced from starboard to portside, in the middle part of the Sokhochul ravine. These dikes cut through the dolerite forces and the host rocks of the Lower Tarak, roadside, and even Marchengash sequences. Trachyrhyodacites are brick-red in color and contain small inclusions of acid plagioclase, rarely K-feldspar, as well as segregations of secondary quartz. The main micropoikilite mass consists of allotriomorphic grains of quartz, acid plagioclase, and K-feldspar intergrown with albite laths.

The presented materials make it possible to consider subvolcanic rocks as the root formations of volcanogenic strata that make up the middle and upper parts of the stratigraphic section of the Lower Devonian Byskar Group. At the same time, it is necessary to assume the possibility of the presence of a sequence after the Marchengash felsic volcanic rocks (trachiparites, trachyrhyodacites), which were denuded in the territory under consideration during the Pre-Givet hiatus.

4 . Tectonics

The training ground is located in the junction of three large geological and tectonic structures in southern Siberia - the eastern slope of the anticlinorium of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Batenovsky ridge and the North-Minusinsk intermountain basin, in the structure of which the lower pre-Devonian folded Salairid complex and the upper riftogenic-depression complex of Hercynides take part.

Pre-Devonian complex The eastern slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Batenevsky Ridge (salairids) is represented by Rephean-Vendian-Cambrian deposits, collected in linear folds, complicated by differently oriented faults and cut through by various intrusive complexes of Rephean and Cambrian-Ordovician age.

Riftogenic depression complex the Hercynide is composed of Upper Silurian, Devonian, and Lower Carboniferous deposits, collected in simple stamp-type brachyform folds, also complicated by faults and intruded by intrusive rocks. The lower and upper complexes are separated by large regional breaks in sedimentation and represent independent structural stages.

Folded structures are widely developed on the territory of the polygon. A total of six folds of the first order were mapped.

The Shirinskaya syncline is a linear fold extending in the sublatitudinal direction from the foothill part of the Kuznetsk Alatau (left side of the Sokhochul River) to the steppe watershed zone between the Berezov and Kamyshov lakes. In the core of the syncline, rocks of the roadside sequence, the Sargash and Bai formations are exposed. The angles of incidence of the wings are 15 - 25?.

The roadside syncline is located north of the Shirinskaya syncline, characterized by a similar strike of the axis, which in the area of ​​Lake. Kamyshovoy leaves the landfill. In the core of the anticline, along its entire length, variegated rocks of the lower unit of the roadside stratum are mapped. The fold is asymmetric with a steeper southeastern limb (up to 50 - 60?) and a relatively gentle northwestern (20 - 35?).

The nameless trough is an asymmetric brachyform fold, open to the northeast, with small angles of incidence of the wings (10 - 20?). The fold axis has complex configuration with a predominant northeast strike. In the core part of the trough, volcanics of the Marchengan sequence are exposed, containing large lenses of coarse-grained sandstones, gravelstones, and conglomerates.

In the northern part of the polygon, three more large folds of the first order were identified - the Roadside anticline, completely located within the Marchengash lava field and having a northeast strike of axes in general at relatively small angles of incidence of wings (no more than 30 - 35?, on average 15 - 20 ?).

The listed folds are up to 7–8 km long (within the polygon) and 2–5 km wide.

All large plicative structures are complicated by folds of higher orders. Thus, the Roadside anticline is complicated by two conjugated folds of the second order - the Sokhochul anticline. Their axes are fan-shaped articulated by the axial line of the main structure with a length of 3.5-4.2 m.

Within the polygon, disjunctive disturbances are noticeably common, the largest of which have received their own names. Such tectonic structures include the Sokhochul and Central faults.

The Sokhochul fault has a longitudinal (sublatitudinal) character and is confined to the valley of the river. Sokhochul in its middle and lower reaches. It is completely covered by a cover of Quaternary deposits. It should be noted that this fault extends far to the east up to the southern shore of the lake. Itkul, where its vertical amplitude is determined by observing the "double" outcrops of the Sargash Formation of the Middle Devonian.

The central fault is confined to a narrow valley, well expressed in the relief, which can be traced in a diagonal (with respect to the strike of the structures) direction from the valley of the river. Sokhochul to the eastern end of the lake. Round. The valley of this discontinuity is at least 7.5 km, the vertical amplitude of block movement reaches 150-200 m. Numerous advanced cracks and zones of metasomatic alteration of volcanic rocks - albitization, hematization, and places of silicification - are also noted here.

Of considerable interest are transverse (submeredial) relatively low-amplitude disturbances. A series of such faults is recorded in the left bank of the river. Sokhochul in the central part of the landfill. The values ​​of vertical displacements range from 10-20 to 100 - 130 m. They are well identified on the ground and determining their vertical amplitudes is not particularly difficult. A more visual representation of the tectonic structure of the region can be obtained from the tectonic scheme of the territory, made on the basis of a geological map.

5 . Andhistory of geological development

The training ground for geological practice at TSU GGF includes the southwestern part of the North-Minusinsk depression and its mountainous framing (Kuztsetsky Alatau and Bazhenov Ridge), 2 structural floors can be distinguished corresponding to certain stages of tectonic and geodynamic development.

The first structural stage is composed of Vendian and Cambrian rock complexes. They are deployed in one plan, divided by faults into separate blocks. It is assumed that the Vendian sedimentation took place in epicontinental lake-sea basins and lagoons with high water salinity, which led to the formation of variegated, often phoserate-bearing and barite-bearing rocks.

In the Early Cambrian, the marine basin transgressed and shallow-water terrigenous-carbonate sequences accumulated in the Early and Middle Cambrian (Tunzhulskaya, Koloduzhulskaya, Efremkinskaya, Bezymyannaya formations). The Cambrian deposits are characterized by a variegated composition, a rapid change in facies, insignificant areas of distribution, and contain covers of basalts (Koloduzhulskaya, Efremkinskaya suites). These strata with erosion and conglomerates are overlain by Koshkul (Berikul) andesite-basalt and andesitic volcanic rocks containing thin layers and lenses of red cross-bedded sandstones and siltstones, which show signs of formation in shallow water and terrestrial conditions.

In the Late Cambrian and, possibly, Early Ordovician time, intense folded, thrust, and block dislocations appeared in the region, accompanied by the emplacement of numerous variegated intrusions. This tectono-magmatic activation can be linked to the twisting of the Siamic masses as a result of the closure of the Paleoasian Ocean.

During the Ordovician and Silurian periods, the area existed under conditions of a continental, possibly riftogenic, regime with a predominance of block vertical movements. The occurrence of alkaline (nepheline syenites) and carbonatite magmatism in this region during the Ordovician time indirectly confirms this assumption.

From the early Devonian, a fundamentally new stage begins (the second structural stage), which is characterized by intense tectonic movements and active volcanic activity. In terrestrial conditions, powerful outpourings of the main lavas began. At the same time, there was an accumulation of red-colored molasses in the lower parts, where reservoirs were preserved.

The Siberian continent of ancient red sandstone was formed.

Khakassia is one of the few places on the globe where the remains of psilophytes (rhinophytes) - the first terrestrial plants - have been preserved.

At the same time, algae (stromatolites), phyllopods, and crustacean scorpions existed in the basins. Sections of volcanic-sedimentary rocks of the Lower Devonian, traditionally called the Byskar Series. They differ greatly from each other even at insignificant distances, which makes it difficult to distinguish suites. There were several centers of volcanic eruptions on the territory of the polygon, which were the suppliers of lava and pyroclastic material: basalts, trachyandesites and their tuffs, trachiodacites. The same strata, subsequently rewashed, served as material for the rocks of the terrigenous series that make up the Lower Tarak Formation, the roadside, and, partly, the Marchenash strata.

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Lesson topic: Relief and minerals of Khakassia.

The purpose of the lesson: To study the features of the relief of Khakassia and the distribution of minerals.

Tasks:

Educational:

Show the variety of relief forms of Khakassia.

To acquaint with the variety of minerals of Khakassia and the areas of their extraction and application.

Corrective:

To develop the cognitive activity of children, interest, the ability to observe, compare, generalize.

Correct and develop oral speech, answering the teacher's questions; develop arbitrary figurative memory by listening to the teacher's story;

Educational:

Raising respect and love for native land.

Lesson type: Studying the material

Means of education: physical map Khakassia, contour map, presentation.

During the classes

1. Organizational issue.

Greetings

Checking readiness for the lesson

2. Actualization of basic knowledge.

M. Kilchichakov's poem sounds: Khakassia, my land! Native spaces!

front poll.

- What is the name of the country in which we live?

Name the capital of Khakassia.

What peoples live on the territory of Khakassia?

Show the border of Khakassia?

What regions does it border on?

In which region of Khakassia do we live?

3. Study of new material.

Relief.

The territory of the Republic of Khakassia lies within the Minusinsk and Chulym-Yenisei basins. By the nature of the relief, mountainous (eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Abakansky ridge, northern slopes of the Western Sayan - height up to 2930 m) and flat (Minusinsk, Chulym-Yenisei basins) parts are distinguished.

Plain areas are confined to wide river valleys and are called steppes (Abakanskaya, Koibalskaya, etc.).

In the western part one can see the slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau (the height of the Upper Tooth mountain is 2178 m) and the Abakan Ridge (the highest point is 1984 m). In the southeastern part of Khakassia, the northern slopes of the Western Sayan are located (the height of Mount Karagosh reaches 2930 m). Mountain ranges occupy over 70% of the territory of Khakassia.
The landscapes are very varied. There are steppes, forest-steppes, taiga, high-mountain alpine meadows, high-mountain tundras and glaciers.

Fizminutka

Minerals.

Khakassia- Sunny Siberian region. Its subsoil is rich in minerals.

Khakassia is one of the unique regions of the Russian Federation in terms of natural resources. Only explored deposits contain 25 percent of the all-Russian reserves of molybdenum, 27 percent of barite, 13 percent of facing stones, 6.5 percent of bentonite, 3 percent of coal. Iron, gold, mineral and radon waters, barite, marble, and granite are mined. Deposits of copper, phosphorites, lead, zinc, asbestos, gypsum, jade, jadeite have been explored. There are explored reserves of oil and gas.

Coal

The method of coal mining depends on the depth of its occurrence. The development is carried out in an open way in coal mines if the depth of the coal seam does not exceed 100 meters. Open pit coal is mined in Khakassia in the Beysk and Altai regions. It is also not uncommon for cases when, with an ever-increasing deepening of a coal pit, it is further advantageous to develop a coal deposit by an underground method. Used to extract coal from great depths mines- closed method.

In Khakassia, large coal mining is carried out in the city Chernogorsk.

Iron ore.

Iron ores are special mineral formations, which include iron and its compounds. Iron ore is mined in Khakassia in the village of Vershina Tei and the city of Abaza.

Near Teisky is located Abagas field

Molybdenum.

Molybdenum reserves are concentrated in three deposits: Sorsky, Agaskyrsky, Ipchulsky. The Sorskoye molybdenum deposit, the largest in Russia, is being developed by OOO Sorsky GOK. Molybdenum concentrate, copper concentrate, silver, gold are extracted from the ore. The Agaskyr molybdenum deposit has been explored, approximately the same scale as the Sorskoye deposit.

Gold

Gold mining in the republic in recent years has been from 1.5 to 2.5 tons per year, and approximately 2/3 of the gold is mined from ore gold deposits. The available potential of explored reserves is localized in 3 fields: Kommunarovskoye, Mayskoye, Kuznetsovskoye.

Granite. Marble.

Granite and marble are one of the most dense, hard and durable rocks. Used in construction as a facing material. In addition, granite has low water absorption and high resistance to frost and pollution. That is why it is optimal for paving both indoors and outdoors. In the interior, marble and granite are also used to decorate walls, stairs, create countertops and columns. In our republic, they mine city ​​of Sayanogorsk.

Limestone

Limestone was widely used as a building material, fine-grained varieties were used to create sculptures.

Burning limestone gives quicklime lime- an ancient binder, still used in construction. limestone deposits found near Khabzas station.

4.Fixing the material.

Work with the contour map of Khakassia.

Map the main landforms.

Mark the highest point of Khakassia.

Mark mineral deposits on the map.

5. Summing up the lesson: Grading.

6. Homework: Fill in the table.

Khakassia (Republic of Khakassia)- a republic within the Russian Federation, located in the south of Central Siberia.

The administrative center is the city of Abakan.
The basic law of the country is the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia
The major rivers are the Yenisei, the Abakan, the Tom, the White Iyus, the Black Iyus (the Ob basin). On the Yenisei - Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP and Mainskaya HPP.

Geographical position

The Republic of Khakassia is located in the southwestern part of Eastern Siberia in the left-bank part of the Yenisei River basin, on the territories of the Sayano-Altai Highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin. Its geographical position is advantageous on the South-Siberian highway, connecting it with the Minusinsk right bank, the Irkutsk region, and Kuzbass. Along the Yenisei, the republic has access to the Central Krasnoyarsk region and the Yenisei North.

Minerals

On the territory of Khakassia, iron is being mined (reserves - 2 billion tons, large deposits - Teyskoye, Abakanskoye), molybdenum (Sorskoye), gold, coal (Askizskoye, Beyskoye), non-metallic minerals: barite, bentonite, facing marbles and granites, building materials . Deposits of copper, polymetals, phosphorites, asbestos, gypsum, jade, jadeite have been explored. The explored deposits of Khakassia are concentrated (as a percentage of the reserves of the Russian Federation): coal - 3%, iron ore - 1%, molybdenum - 11%, barite - 27%, bentonites - 6.5%, facing stones - 13%.

Main Industries

The main branch of specialization is non-ferrous metallurgy, which accounts for 41.7% Leading organizations of the industry: OJSC Sayanogorsk Aluminum Plant, OJSC Sayanskaya Foil - provides 60% of foil Russian market, Sorsky GOK LLC, JSC Tuim Non-Ferrous Metals Plant. These enterprises produce primary aluminum, rolled copper, molybdenum and copper concentrate. Engineering and Construction Company LLC is implementing a large-scale project of RUSAL, according to which the Khakass Aluminum Plant has already been built, with a capacity of 278.8 thousand tons of primary aluminum per year. Significant development was received by the electric power industry - 22.9% and the fuel industry - 10.6%. Khakassia has a developed network of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, the potential of which is provided by powerful hydropower resources, as well as rich reserves of coal deposits. Leading organizations in the fuel industry: Coal Company Razrez Stepnoy LLC and the Chernogorsk branch of Siberian Coal Energy Company OJSC. Coal is mined at two mines (Yeniseiskaya, Khakasskaya) and five open pits (Chernogorsky) with a total annual production of more than 6 million The energy system of Khakassia includes: Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP (part of the Yenisei HPP cascade, the most powerful in Russia - 6400 MW), Mainskaya HPP (capacity 321 MW) and three power plants with a total capacity of 7016 MW. in Russia - 7.3, for coal - 5.3.

Agriculture

Khakassia is a developed agricultural region of Eastern Siberia. Vast areas occupied by pastures and hayfields are the basis for the development of animal husbandry (fine-fleeced sheep breeding, dairy farming). Horse breeding plays an important role. In crop production, the main crops are wheat, barley, oats, and millet. From industrial crops - sunflower, sugar beet. The coefficient of per capita production for animal husbandry is 1.2.

Internal differences, specialization of individual cities

Abakan junction - specialization in mechanical engineering (PA "Abakanvagonmash", which gives more than 5% of the Russian production of freight cars, experimental mechanical, steel, container plants), processing of agricultural raw materials (meat processing plant, brewery and dairy plants), production of shoes and knitwear.

The Chernogorsk junction is the center of the Minusinsk coal basin (the Khakasskaya and Yeniseiskaya mines, the Chernogorsky coal mine). The basis of the city's economy is the Chernogorsk branch of the Siberian Coal Energy Company (coal mining), there are also enterprises in the light and textile industries, a furniture factory, and a house-building plant.

Sayanogorsk hub - one of the three largest aluminum smelters in Russia, the Sayan Aluminum Plant, was built here. In Sayanogorsk, a group of construction industry enterprises has been created (Sayanmramor combines, prefabricated buildings, house-building). Above the Yenisei are the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations.

Story

The first state on the territory of southern Siberia arose in the 4th-3rd centuries BC. e. Ancient Chinese chronicles called its creators the people "Dingling" (Chinese 丁零, Dingling), and the state "Dingling-go" (丁零国).

Around 201 B.C. e. the state of Dinlin was defeated by the troops of the Huns. The Turkic-speaking tribe of the Kyrgyz moved to the Khakas-Minusinsk basin. The Chinese described the subsequent situation as follows: "their (Kyrgyz) tribes mixed with the Dinlins." The Kyrgyz became the military-aristocratic elite of the new ethno-political community.

In a difficult and severe struggle with aggressive neighbors (Turkic and Uyghur Khaganates), the Kyrgyz state defended its independence until the 13th century AD.

The 13th century was a turning point in the independent development of the Sayano-Altai. The Great Mongol Ulus, led by Genghis Khan and his descendants, crushed the independence and originality of the culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. The population was subjected to physical extermination and forced deportations by Yuan China. Until the 17th century, very little information about Khakassia was preserved.

In the 17th century, Russian settlers in Siberia found Khakassia fragmented into 4 principalities.

The first contacts between the Kyrgyz and Russians began with the construction in 1604 of the Tomsk prison on the land of the Eushta Tatars - tributaries of the Kyrgyz beks. Then, for more than a hundred years, there was a very complex and painful process of Khakassia entering under the jurisdiction of the Russian state.

The date of the official assignment of Khakassia to Russia can be considered August 20, 1727, when a border treaty was concluded between Russia and China. All the lands located on the northern side of the Sayans went to Russia, on the southern side - to the Chinese Empire.

The actual consolidation of the territory of Khakassia occurred later. In 1758, Chinese troops invaded Altai and defeated Dzungaria. There was a threat of violation of the officially recognized borders of Russia. On this site of theirs, the tsarist government hastily placed Cossack garrisons. From the time when the Cossacks began to carry out the border service, there was an actual consolidation of Khakassia for Russia.

The Khakass Autonomous Region was formed on October 20, 1930; in 1992 it was renamed the Republic of Khakassia.