Neutral-detergent and acid-detergent fiber of feed, principles of its rationing in diets for cattle. Kochergin's sabotage knife: photos and reviews What is ndk

Used for over 100 years as a measure of crude fiber content negative characteristic feed quality has lost its significance. The negative side of the crude fiber index is that with an increase in its level in the diet, there is a decrease in digestibility, and hence the energy value of the feed. However, ruminants are able to digest large amounts of hemicelluloses and feed cellulose. And their ability to digest crude fiber is limited by the volume of the gastrointestinal tract and the content of lignin in the diet. Thus, crude fiber gives only a rough idea of ​​the differences in the degree of digestibility of feeds.

The second serious problem is that in the process of chemical analysis of feed under the action of acids and alkalis, part of the hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin is dissolved and filtered and is taken into account in the calculation of the BEV. Thus, the true picture of carbohydrate content is distorted.

The studies of the VIZH Physiology Laboratory found that the crude fiber of various feeds, feces and duodenal chyme includes from 83 to 96% cellulose, from 6 to 25% hemicelluloses and up to 33% lignin. During the determination of fiber, it was found that from 4 to 17% of cellulose, from 77 to 94% of hemicelluloses and from 68 to 100% of lignin of the dry matter of the sample pass into BEV.

Studies have shown that the content of hemicelluloses and cellulose in the feed is 46-60% in total, which significantly exceeds the amount determined by crude fiber (28-35%).

Shortcomings in the method of determination were the reason for the development of new systems of analysis, which was proposed in 1965 by Peter Van Soest. The method is based on the division of feed into two fractions: soluble in neutral detergent and representing the most digestible part of the feed, consisting of proteins, fats, carbohydrates; and insoluble in neutral detergent and representing a poorly digestible part of the feed of cell walls, consisting of hemicelluloses of cellulose and lignin, lignified nitrogen and insoluble ash. Subsequent exposure of the feed sample to an acidic detergent (based on a solution of acetyltrimethylammonium bromide) makes it possible to achieve the dissolution of 82 - 84% of hemicelluloses, and the addition of sulfuric acid removes cellulose from the residue.

Fractionation of carbohydrates according to the Van Soest method is schematically presented in table 1

Table 1

Fractions of vegetable carbohydrates and their characteristics

Thus, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the sum of structural carbohydrates of the cell wall, consisting of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) is cellulose + lignin.

It should be noted that NDK is not part of crude fiber, just as crude fiber is not part of NDK. Determination of crude fiber according to Genniberg and Shtoman and neutral detergent according to Van Soest are completely independent methods for determining fiber.

NDK is an indicator that best differentiates structural carbohydrates from non-structural carbohydrates in vegetable feed. NDK includes the largest number of chemical compounds compared to crude fiber.

Depending on the type of feed, the amount of NDK can vary significantly. Thus, the in situ analysis of feeds showed that the content of NDK in them ranges from 6% (corn gluten) to 92% (corn cobs) and the degree of digestion within 24 hours - from 14% (peanut husk) to 77 and 78% (beer grains and soybean meal). A high content of NDK was noted in roughage - straw up to 84%; lower in juicy - fodder beet - 17%: concentrates - barley (grain) - 19%, and legumes - from 53 to 77%. At the same time, the content of NDK in the leaf plate of the plant is higher than in the leaf sheath.

The amount of FFA in the feed is lower than the amount of FFA, since the first contains no hemicelluloses. Thus, in lawn grass, the level of CDC was 32%, wheat straw - 56%, fodder beet - 10%, meadow hay - 30%.

So for corn silage, this equation looks like this:

KDK % = - 1.15+ 0.62 NDK

for herbal forage:

CDC% = 6.89 + 0.50 CDC (

for bean forage:

KDK% \u003d - 0.73 +0.82 NDK

The degree of cleavage of NDK is regulated by similar factors that affect the cleavage of crude fiber. In different feeds, this indicator varies significantly. Using the in situ method, it was found that the degree of digestion (24 hours) of the NDK of peanut hulls is 13.5%, and that of brewer's grains and soybean meal - 76.6 and 78%, respectively.

The study of legumes (the main varieties of vetch) for degradation and rumen of NDK revealed a correlation between the degradability of NDK and its content in feed (r = -0.829), as well as between the degradability of NDK and the content of FFA (r = -0.826).

The US National Research Committee (NRC) recommends formulating ruminant diets in such a way that they contain 75% of the NDK of bulky feeds. total fiber. The remaining 25% can be replenished with NIR for feeds such as soy hulls, whole cottonseed, flaked corn, etc.

It should be noted that diets with a total NDK content are lower than 25% and lower than 16% NDK in bulky feed reduces the amount of milk fat. In addition, cows fed corn, which is 16-21% NIR, had a higher percentage of milk fat than cows fed 1:1 corn and wheat, or corn and whole cottonseed.

At the same time, there is evidence that feeding cows with soy husks as a source of NDK of non-bulky feed and only 16% of NDK of bulky feed did not lead to health disorders, dry matter intake and milk production.

There is also evidence that there is no difference in productivity and milkfat percentage between crowns when fed corn silage with 25% or 29% NDK of diet dry matter. According to some authors, the level of NDK in the diet of cows from 10 to 26 weeks of lactation should be in the range of 25-31% of the dry matter of the feed.

As for the CDC, in experiments on calves fed alfalfa, the minimum and maximum limits of this indicator in the diet were set at 224 and 470 g/kg of dry matter, respectively. And if the amount of NDK correlates with the consumption of dry matter of the feed, then the KDK - with its digestibility (r = -0.75). At the same time, this relationship is influenced by the vegetation phase of the plant, its type and composition of the diet.

Using the in situ method, it has been established that the rate of splitting of hay in the KDK rumen is lower in cows when they are given, as concentrates, grains of milky barley or fodder beans than when fed with lupine grain.

Researches of the laboratory of physiology of digestion of agricultural animals established the following levels of NDK and FFA in feed and biological media (Table 2)

Koi no takinobori ryu tanto jutsu are full-contact duels with wooden tanto and using the entire arsenal of the specified martial karate style. Fights take place in kimano, without protection and with only two restrictions:
- you can not prick Tanto in the head
- you can not do penetrating pain techniques on the eyes and neck.
In connection with this circumstance, the fight in this type of competition is the most realistic duel with training weapons. The doctor does not have the right to remove a fighter without the decision of the referee on the tatami.
Estimates are given without stopping the fight, for powerful, technically competent injections, cuts in determined by the rules, lethal zones or for strikes and submissions that led to a knockout, knockdown or submission of the opponent.
If a knife is lost or one of the opponents does not want to use it, the fight (by an unarmed opponent) is carried out by any means accepted in Hokutoki (a variant of fights without rules), but taking into account the prohibition on penetrating painful techniques.
The style of knife fighting, Tanto Jutsu Koi no takinobori ryu, is the first for Russia official style conducting sports fights with a knife, held in our country according to approved international rules since 1997.

In addition to Tanto Jutsu sports fights, on the basis of this style, a domestic system for using a combat knife has been developed, - NDK 17. This applied system of combat training differs from sports duels in its tactical orientation, which avoids the very possibility of symmetrical contacts with a knife and professes technical conciseness. The scientific team of the CPI has developed and is implementing domestic methods for training special units in terms of fire training, applied missile defense, tactics and group interaction. Joint scientific work with VIFK is the combat knife NDK 17, recognized by leading domestic and foreign experts as one of the most notable modern developments in the field of edged weapons.

A. Kochergin
IUKKK Technical Director, Shihan 5 dan.
Scientific director of the "Center for Applied Research" St. Petersburg.

This product was designed with a well-defined target installation - a knife was needed that would meet all the requirements for weapons in the applied hand-to-hand combat system developed by the "Center for Applied Research" of St. Petersburg.
In this regard, the developers were looking for constructive ways to improve the cutting qualities of the knife and maximize the stopping effect during the production of an injection, since these requirements lay in the context of the already existing and proven tactical and technical solutions for the weapon use system created by the CRC.
A little preliminary analysis.

The point is that the creation modern knives to a greater extent is already technological, rather than constructive in nature. A vicious practice has developed when the shape of the blade may not be so much functional or practical, but should attract with the novelty of the lines and the catchiness of the feed. For a combat knife, such strange target settings are generally not acceptable. As a result, the knives that are in service in various armies are either modified copies of the knives of a scout from the Second World War, or, without further ado, variations on the theme of daggers. The HP and HPC currently available in our army are, let’s say, just strong blades, and in the second case also shooting ones, it’s not clear, however, why. Provided that the reconnaissance units have more suitable means of firing and silent firing devices for these purposes.
What exactly were the requirements for the developers when designing the product NDK 17?

1. Blade balancing should have a center of gravity at the junction of the blade and handle, this is an absolutely necessary condition that ensures the maneuverability of the blade during cuts and pricks. So if the center of gravity is placed on the blade, the knife acquires advantages that are not characteristic of this type of weapon when chopping, losing the ability to quickly respond to brush movements and significantly loses pressure when cut. This is due to the appearance of a significant shoulder in the lever, if we consider the upper edge of the handle as the point of application of forces. So the number 17, present in the designation of the product, means the primary length of the blade, approved in the name of the project, but reduced, in the process of testing, to 150 mm, due to noticeably better maneuverability and balance.
2. The blade must have sufficient strength and high cutting qualities of the blade. This compromise is extremely difficult, since steels with high hardness and, as a result, high cutting properties, are often prone to chipping without having sufficient wear resistance during use. Steel grade, selected ...
3. The handle must meet difficult operating conditions, allowing tight grip and blade positioning without visual control, relying only on kinesthetic hold analysis. For this reason, a rectangular handle made of type-setting leather, an excellent hygroscopic material, was chosen. The final check during the testing of the handle was the cuts of a pig carcass in conditions when the handle was doused with a fresh egg, an analogue of sweat and blood. The handle, due to the specified shape, was clearly positioned in the grip, even with a sharp removal without further inspection, and did not slip out during injections and cuts, despite significant losses in friction during egg processing. The guard on the handle is practically absent and is more of a technological nature associated with the attachment of the handle. This is due to the latest research by the CPI, which convincingly proves that by complicating the maneuver of the knife and not allowing you to fully use the entire length of the cuts cutting edge, the guard does not help the hand in the grip and does not save the hand from cuts during symmetrical combat using a knife, that is, it is rather decorative, and therefore far-fetched.
4. The scabbard was, perhaps, one of the most difficult and lengthy, in terms of execution, tasks facing the developers. Judge for yourself - the knife should fit snugly on any kind of equipment, not make sounds when running and jumping, and at the same time easily and quickly removed. The presented version of the scabbard is a convincing result, more than three years research.
5. It is not necessary to specify that the coating of this type of knife must have masking properties and protect the blade from corrosion. In the process of performing this part of the research, all available methods were tested and studied, both bluing and coating the blade and handle with protective compounds. The simplest and most practical solution was epoxy blackening, which is widely used in weapons practice both in our country and by leading foreign manufacturers such as Cold Steel and Ka Bar.
6. Cutting edge. This is the most important part of the blade, its main work zone. It is the design of the blade that allows you to determine the purpose and practical value of any knife. In this case, a chisel is chosen - one-sided sharpening, and that's why. It is this method of sharpening that makes it possible to achieve a small sharpening angle with a sufficiently powerful blade, in our case the blade has a thickness of 4 mm. cutting tool like a shoe knife. At the same time, the one-sided sharpening makes it easy to dress and sharpen the knife, even in the field and with the "military qualification" of the user. Sharpening is done on one side - exactly two times less likely to overwhelm the entire RK. Editing is carried out both from the side of the descent and from the unsharpened side.
   What are the components of a cut? From the force of pressure at the contact of the blade and the target, and the force of friction when the blade moves along the surface being cut. It was the task of increasing the friction force that prompted the developers to apply technical diamond (from the unsharpened part of the blade) of repeating notches, which make it possible to significantly increase the cutting properties of the blade, without affecting, no matter how noticeable, the speed and ease of movement of the blade along the cut surface. The effectiveness of this solution has been experimentally proven for various cut materials, including textiles.
7. The shape of the product NDK 17 always causes confusion among third-party experts, why is the blade tilted relative to the handle, why is this angle at the top, what justifies the use of a guillotine-type blade? This is what comes to the mind of any traditional specialist. And we would fully share their doubts if we first made, as often happens, an abstruse knife, and therefore we would be tormented in confusion about what to do with it spectacular. NDK 17 was developed under the completed and today one of the most concise and effective knife application systems in the world, which eventually received the name of this knife itself - the "NDK 17 combat knife application system". The developers were looking not for defiant forms, but for weapons that would maximally implement the very concept of the specified system:

• The predominance of cutting techniques over injections.
• The tactical task is for the stopping effect of the application, and not for the effect of a guaranteed and far from instant kill, as in the case of using stiletto types of weapons.

It is deep cuts that best meet the tactical conditions of modern combat operations, when an injection is extremely difficult due to the widespread use of bulletproof vests and unloadings, leaving only the face, neck and arms open.
Moreover, the injection is difficult to predict from the point of view of the results achieved, due to the lack of visual damage analysis. The cut of the neck, as the main tactical task of using a knife, is very simple for analyzing and predicting the further combat capability of the enemy. The guillotine type of the blade replaced a narrow stab wound, from dagger-type knives, with a wide frontal cut with abundant blood loss, which, in fact, is comparable to the replacement of army pistols of small calibers and supersonic ammunition with pistols using 9 and sometimes 11 mm calibers., having a pronounced stopping effect. The inclination of the blade relative to the handle is due to the constructive way of increasing pressure when the blade is pulled towards itself (during a cut). At the same time, the grip in the NDK 17 system is supported by the pommel of the handle in the palm. If you draw a line between the tip of the blade, the center of gravity and the stop, you get a straight line that fully meets the conditions for maintaining the straightness of the force vector during the injection, no matter how surprising it may seem with this form. Moreover, when testing a knife on a carcass, a frontal injection cut 2 ribs on both sides of the target's chest. This dissection is extremely difficult with other forms of a knife; moreover, getting stuck in the sternum and uncut bones is one of the problems of using a combat knife, requiring subsequent extraction manipulations and special skills.

Work NDK-17 on lamb carcass.

Well, the most witty part of the whole project is the angle at the top of the blade.
We have already briefly touched on the inclination of the blade relative to the centerline of the handle by 20 degrees. This solution makes it possible to create an inclined cutting edge even with a rectilinear stroke of the knife towards itself, which again has a guillotine nature of the cut.
But the angle at the top is a completely different solution, which allows you to increase the pressure force during a cut by an order of magnitude.
Well, a little background on the appearance of this decision.
- Karambits are knives that have maximum cutting pressure due to the sickle-shaped blade. But they have at least two drawbacks.

• Crescent shape virtually eliminates stabbing
• The very form of karambit is difficult to manufacture and even more so to maintain.

For all knives, when cutting, the upper third of the blade is most effectively used, this is primarily due to tactical reasons, the creators "straightened the sickle" and got a completely technologically advanced blade with an angle. When cut, pressure is created that is not commensurate with the pressure of the straight blades of traditional combat knives. So when testing NDK 17, the cut was cut 620 mm. chest carcass, and the "trauma" was of a total nature with a through dissection of the ribs and soft tissues. For example, one of the best fighting knives in the world, Tai Pen, cut with a cut of about 150mm and then left not a deep superficial wound, and a powerful Chinook could not make a cut of more than 200mm, and all blades except NDK 17 received damage to the cutting edge. A video recording of testing is available both on television and in the archives of the developers' site.

We are extremely pleased that more than 7 years of work on the creation and testing of the NDK 17 product has ended with such significant results.
But we want to make a reservation right away, this knife is far from universal and was created specifically for the "NDK 17" knife application system, which implies, first of all, the study of this system. Otherwise, our knife will not reveal its full potential to you.

Sincerely A. Kochergin- Scientific Director of the Center for Applied Research of St. Petersburg.

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NDK

surface mining complex

oil

NDK

capital adequacy ratio

fin.

NDK

Novodevichy cemetery

Moscow

NDK

acid dosing pump

in labeling

NDK

sabotage knife Kochergin

in labeling

Source: http://www.koicombat.org/art16.html

NDK

non-pathogenic dietary ketosis

Source: forum.myjane.ru/viewtopic.php?t=9946

NDK

lower dicarboxylic acids

Source: www.chemmarket.ru/base_sng/pred.php4?fID=449

NDK

unsaturated digalacturonic acid

Source: www.bio.bsu.by/micro/publ/myamin.pdf

NDK

neutral detergent fiber

Source: www.delaval.ru/Dairy_Knowledge/EfficientFeeding/Nutrition.htm?Print=true

NDK

naphthalene dicarboxylic acid

Source: www.teh-expert.ru/catalog/detail.php?ID=52579

NDK

undocumented command

Source: http://it2b-pro.ru/it2b2.view4.page11.html

Usage example

NDK as a part of Cisco IOS OS

NDK

accumulative discount card

Source: http://old.versiasovsek.ru/2002/46/between/3795.html

NDK

"New Dniester Courier"

online version of the newspaper "Dniester Courier"

edition

Source: http://www.regnum.ru/news/555021.html

NDK

People's Movement of Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan

Source: http://www.newsinfo.ru/cgi-bin/nig.cgi?id=1228294

Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations. Academician. 2015 .

See what "NDK" is in other dictionaries:

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Ghana- Republic of Ghana, state in 3. Africa. Formerly an English colony of the Gold Coast. After independence was proclaimed in 1957, the name of the state wa Ghana was adopted, which existed from the 4th to the 13th centuries. One of the titles of its ruler was Ghana warlord; on… … Geographic Encyclopedia

tulip revolution- The political crisis in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, a coup d'état from a series of "color revolutions" that took place in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005, which led to the overthrow of the President of the Republic Askar Akaev and the arrival of Kurmanbek Bakiyev to his post. ... ... Wikipedia

Crisis of power in Kyrgyzstan

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I bring to your attention the descriptions of two new combat knives, which, perhaps, have not yet entered history as unique masterpieces of their time, but, undoubtedly, will enter it in the near future. it knife "NDK-17" Andrey Kochergin, President of the International Union of Combat Karate "Koi no Takinobori Ryu" (IUKKK) and knife "Kondrat-2", developed by the founder of the Zarechensk school of combat fencing Vadim Kondratyev.

In the factory version, the handle of the knife is made in a square section for a secure grip and is covered with type-setting leather ... an excellent hygroscopic material. The final check during the testing of the handle was the cuts of a pig carcass in conditions when the handle was doused with a fresh egg, an analogue of sweat and blood. Due to this shape, the handle was clearly positioned in the grip, held well even when pulled out sharply, and did not slip out during injections and cuts, despite significant losses in friction, specially caused by egg treatment. The guard is practically absent and is more of a technological nature associated with the attachment of the handle ...

cutting edge- the most important part of the blade, its main working area. It is the design of the blade that allows you to determine the purpose and practical value of any knife. In this case, a chisel, that is, one-sided, sharpening was chosen, and here's why. It is this method that makes it possible to achieve a small sharpening angle with a sufficiently powerful blade.

In our case, the blade has a thickness of 4 mm, a small angle is achieved by direct descent of the blade 10 mm wide, which is quite comparable with such a serious cutting tool as a shoe knife. At the same time, the one-sided sharpening makes it easy to edit and sharpen the knife even in the field and with the "military qualification" of the user. Sharpening is done on one side, which gives exactly two times less chances to fill up the entire working edge. Editing is carried out both from the side of the descent and from the non-sharpened side ...

Cutting techniques are much more effective than injections. The tactical task should be to achieve the stopping effect of using a knife, and not to guarantee and far from instantaneous killing of the enemy, as in the case of using stiletto types of weapons.

It is deep cuts that best meet the tactical conditions of modern hostilities, when the injection is extremely difficult due to the widespread use of bulletproof vests and unloadings, leaving only the face, neck and arms open.

Moreover, the results of the injection are difficult to predict and evaluate, because they are often simply not visible. But the cut of the neck as the main tactical task of using a knife is very simple for analyzing and predicting the further combat capability of the enemy.

Tests of both NDK-17 and "Kondrat" really continue and each time they reveal the advantages of these knives, which have no analogues abroad. I think it will be interesting for readers to read the interview that I took from a well-known specialist in hand-to-hand and knife fighting, the creator of the S.P.A.S. carcasses wrapped in a wide variety of clothes in order to find out the effectiveness of these knives:

“First, I want to dwell on why such tests are needed at all.

Knowledge of the functional features of the knife opens up a completely different side of understanding the issue of their application. Such tests force us to accept the harsh truth of life - a knife is dangerous, and knowledge of knife fighting is not for everyone! And at the same time, not all myths about the knife have a practical basis - a lot of far-fetched ones. Therefore, the test is a real opportunity to see with your own eyes what the knife that you hold in your hand is capable of.

The tests were carried out in conditions as close as possible to real ones, that is, in nature, under your feet - earth, sand, grass after rain, in your hand - a knife, in front of you - a freshly slaughtered carcass of an animal, “dressed” in a T-shirt, sweater, jacket or whatever immediately, as it happens mainly in Russia. The first test is NDK-17.

Cuts with this knife had to be performed only by force, because. the heavy knife itself did not allow frivolously throwing it over the carcass. The results are impressive: the length of the power cut is -20 cm. Cutting like a machete showed that NDK-17 is very convenient to cut. Moreover, the effectiveness of this method of combat is only increasing, because. the breaking and cutting of the knife went to the full depth of the blade, the bones were cut clean, the ribs and even the neck of the calf were cut off with relatively little effort. It should be noted that during the tests, clothing was not a significant obstacle - the knife passed through it freely.

The injections also turned out to be quite deep, however, the shape of the handle requires some refinement for the owner. Due to the weight of the knife, you have to hold the blade tightly, and at the moment the NDK-17 hit the bones and the hard part of the carcass, the handle severely injured the back of the armed hand.

Also found out the applied value in the work reverse side knife. A blow with the butt of a knife on the bone cracked the ribs and broke the bone of the lamb leg.

The test turned out to be very curious - kukri (Nepalese combat knife) against NDK-17. With a blade length almost 2 times greater, this combat knife did not surpass the NDK-17 in anything, yielding to the latter in cuts without a swing and, of course, injections (because kukri is generally problematic to prick).

Summing up, we can say that NDK-17 is a completely new multifunctional type of knife that combines the properties of a knife and a machete. True, some special training is required to work with it, because. the knife is specific and quite heavy, which limits the possibility of its use by people who first took it in their hand.

Now a few words about the tests of the invention of Vadim Kondratiev - the knife "Kondrat-2", or, as it is sometimes called, simply "K-2". I will say right away - a very scary and effective thing.

Light carpal cuts cut deep enough to stop the attacker and at least make you wonder if he attacked him. Cuts without backswing, as well as cuts on the back side, were almost identical. With a two-finger grip on the handle, the knife, without any effort, entered the “carcass” by a third of the blade, without encountering any resistance.

With a power cut with an investment in the body, “K-2” cut the ribs, broke up the carcass, entering a third of the blade deep, inflicting long cuts of 15–20 cm, with a depth of 3–5 cm. When injected, obviously into the bone due to its shape or went along the bone, cutting off everything in its path, or pierced it through and through, and when only the bone part was cut, it significantly cut the bone without damage to the cutting edge.

When cut with the back of the knife, he easily cut clothes and parts of the carcass not protected by clothes, with dense autumn and winter clothes he inflicted light cuts, quite effective in knife combat and sufficient for active non-lethal self-defense. With all the manipulations, he sat very comfortably in his hand, there was not the slightest fear that the knife might fly out of the palm of his hand or that his fingers would slip onto the blade upon impact.

Summing up the tests of the Kondrat knife, we can draw the following conclusions:

- all types of injections, even with a poorly sharpened Kondrat-2 knife, are extremely effective and do not require any effort on the part of the owner;

- cuts are the hallmark of the knife, because no clothing became an obstacle to the blade. Even with cuts without backswing, without the application of force, the depth and length of the cuts were colossal. And the injections make you think about the meaning of life, because. the knife behaves like a stiletto or an awl and there is simply no sense of obstruction when the blade enters the meat;

- "Kondrat-2" cuts with any side, and the differences in the result are insignificant;

- grippy and light, this knife allows you to carry out any manipulations and makes it possible for a weak and unprepared person to work with almost one hundred percent result!

Here they are, modern combat knives, created and tested by truly Russian people. Simple, reliable and trouble-free, like a Kalashnikov assault rifle. And they are just as effective in their class if suddenly a Russian person needs to free his path or his country from an enemy who is trying to encroach on the life or safety of Russian citizens.

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Neutral-detergent and acid-detergent fiber of feed, the principles of its rationing in diets for large cattle

• Introduction
• 1. Neutral detergent fiber and methods for its determination
• 2. Acid - detergent fiber (AFC)
• 3. The influence of NDK and FFA on feed and the principles of rationing in the diet of cattle
• 4. Principles of regulation of FFA and NDF in the diet of cattle
• Conclusion

Introduction

One of critical issues the world community throughout its existence is to provide the population with food. The successful solution of this problem at the present stage of development of human civilization is hampered by demographic growth and the deterioration of the environmental situation in the world. In the context of the constant growth of the world population and unfavorable for environment The consequences of scientific and technological progress require more and more high-quality and nutritious food.

Livestock products account for almost half of the total agricultural output.

Currently, there are a number of problems in the industry related to the violation of production technology, lack of feed and inefficient use of it, untimely renewal of technological equipment, and low level of labor organization. The solution of these problems is possible only on the basis of a thorough analysis of the causes preceding this, which is possible through comprehensive research covering all aspects of the production process. In this regard, the topic of the research is of current importance. The aim of the work is to study the principles of regulation of neutral detergent and acid-detergent fiber of feed in diets for cattle.

Based on the goal of the work, the following tasks arise:

Consider the concept of neutral detergent and acid-detergent fiber in the feed;

Determine the role and influence of neutral detergent and acid-detergent fiber on the nutritional value and energy value of feed;

Consider the rationing of neutral detergent and acid-detergent fiber in the diet of cattle.

1. Neutral detergent fiber and methods for its determination

Carbohydrates and their derivatives are a large class of complex organic compounds that make up the bulk of the nutrients in plant foods. Depending on the type of plants and the stage of vegetation, their share can be from 40 to 80%, and in the diet up to 70%, while they are the main source of energy in the diets of ruminants.

In the practice of zootechnical analysis, carbohydrates are divided into two categories - crude fiber and nitrogen-free extractive substances.

Fiber is the basis of the structure of the plant cell wall and is represented by hemicelluloses, cellulose and their associated lignin. Structural carbohydrates of different feeds, and even of the same feed, can vary significantly in the ratio of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin. Roughage contains a lot of pentosans - 19 - 29%, cellulose - 21 - 39%, lignin -12 - 17%. In succulent feeds, they are significantly less than 5-6%, 7-8%, 3-6%, respectively.

Despite the fact that ruminants have a complex system adapted to the digestion of fiber, the latter is far from completely absorbed in the digestive tract. The reason for this may be the type of feed, the structure of the diet, the degree of lignification of the plant, the physiological state of the animals, the technology of feed preparation, and a number of others. In vitro experiments found that the digestibility of cellulose is significantly higher in leguminous plants than cereals. Alfalfa hemicelluloses are more digestible than cocksfoot.

One of the main factors affecting the digestibility of fiber in general and its components is lignin. A correlation was established between the content of lignin in the cell walls of hay and the digestibility of cellulose and hemicelluloses, which was -0.9 and -0.85, respectively.

The question of how digested lignin itself is still open.

Nitrogen-free extractives are a large group of compounds that take an active part in the metabolic processes of the animal body. BEV combines in its composition carbons of different quality and functional action: this includes sugars, starch, inulin, chitin, organic acids, pentosans, pectins, glucosides, tannins. The content of BEV in the diet significantly affects the productivity of animals. An increase in BEV above the level of 45-50% and below 25-30% of the dry matter of the diet reduces the productivity of cows.

It should be noted that in foreign literature a division is made between BEVs and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), while in our country it is generally accepted that NSCs are the main part of NSCs and these two concepts are identified.

According to NRC data.

BEV \u003d 100 - (% NDK +% SP +% SZH +% SZ) +% NSU.

The difference between BEV and NSU is the amount of pectin and organic acids that are part of BEV, but are not included in NSU. The discrepancy between these indicators in different feeds can be quite significant.

Used for a hundred years, the indicator of crude fiber content, as a negative characteristic of feed quality, has lost its significance. The negative side of the crude fiber index is that with an increase in its level in the diet, there is a decrease in digestibility, and hence the energy value of the feed. However, ruminants are able to digest a large number of hemicellulose and cellulose feed. And their ability to digest crude fiber is limited by the volume of the gastrointestinal tract and the content of lignin in the diet. Thus, crude fiber gives only a rough idea of ​​the differences in the degree of digestibility of feeds.

The second serious problem is that in the process of chemical analysis of feed under the action of acids and alkalis, part of the hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin is dissolved and filtered and is taken into account in the calculation of the BEV. Thus, the true picture of carbohydrate content is distorted.

The studies of the VIZH Physiology Laboratory found that the crude fiber of various feeds, feces and duodenal chyme includes from 83 to 96% cellulose, from 6 to 25% hemicelluloses and up to 33% lignin. During the determination of fiber, it was found that from 4 to 17% of cellulose, from 77 to 94% of hemicelluloses and from 68 to 100% of lignin of the dry matter of the sample pass into BEV.

Studies have shown that the content of hemicelluloses and cellulose in the feed is 46-60% in total, which significantly exceeds the amount determined by crude fiber (28-35%).

Shortcomings in the method of determination were the reason for the development of new systems of analysis, which was proposed in 1965 by Peter Van Soest. The method is based on the division of feed into two fractions: soluble in neutral detergent and representing the most digestible part of the feed, consisting of proteins, fats, carbohydrates; and insoluble in neutral detergent and representing a poorly digestible part of the feed of cell walls, consisting of hemicelluloses of cellulose and lignin, lignified nitrogen and insoluble ash. Subsequent exposure of the feed sample to an acidic detergent (based on a solution of acetyltrimethylammonium bromide) makes it possible to achieve the dissolution of 82 - 84% of hemicelluloses, and the addition of sulfuric acid removes cellulose from the residue.

Fractionation of carbohydrates according to the Van Soest method is schematically presented in table. one.

Table 1 Fractions of vegetable carbohydrates and their characteristics

Thus, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the sum of structural carbohydrates of the cell wall, consisting of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin, and acid detergent fiber (ADC) is cellulose + lignin.

It should be noted that NDK is not part of crude fiber, just as crude fiber is not part of NDK. Determination of crude fiber according to Genniberg and Shtoman and neutral detergent according to Van Soest are completely independent methods for determining fiber.

NDK is an indicator that best differentiates structural carbohydrates from non-structural carbohydrates in vegetable feed. NDK includes the largest number chemical compounds compared to crude fiber.

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the residue after extracting a sample of feed with a boiling neutral solution of sodium lauryl sulfate and ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid (ED-TA). As a result of extraction with a solution, the contents of the cells (proteins, soluble sugars, starch, fats, pectins, organic acids) are removed, and the residue, called NDK, consists of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose (Fig. 1). The method is intended for roughage, but can also be used for cereals that have had their starch removed by treatment with the enzyme amylase. In terms of quantity, NDK is approximately 2 times higher than the amount of SA in feed (compare indicators 2 and 3 of tables for the same feed).

Rice. 1 Modified feed analysis scheme

NDK are classified as structural carbohydrates. They create a strong structure of cell walls.

The digestibility of this fraction depends on its chemical composition(ratios of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). Therefore, foods or diets with the same NDK content do not necessarily have the same energy value; moreover, certain foods or diets with a high concentration of NDK may have a higher energy content than foods and diets with a lower concentration of NDK.

The optimal amount of NDK is determined by the balance of the diet with energy. An excessive amount of NDK negatively affects the intake of dry matter (DM), however, NDK does not worsen the intake of DM if the diet is balanced in terms of the concentration of metabolic energy in the DM in accordance with the norms of need. For cows producing 40 kg of milk per day, DM intake did not worsen at 32% NIR. For cows with a milk yield of 20 kg/day, DM intake did not decrease until the NDF level in the diet reached 40%.

Table 2 Feed composition according to the analysis system modified by Van Soest

The optimal amount of NDK in the diet has a positive effect on the health of cows, since the level of NDK positively correlates with ruminal pH. The bulk of NDK comes from voluminous feed (hay, silage, haylage), it improves chewing gum and saliva secretion, thereby increasing the buffer capacity of rumen content.

The terms "effective NDK (eNDK)" and "physically effective NDK" (fNDF) are used to refer to the properties of NDK in ruminant nutrition (Mertens, 1997). The first is the total amount of NDK in the diet that can support the fat content of milk. The second is NDK from roughage (hay, silage, haylage, straw) with a certain particle size, which contribute to the activation of the cud and maintaining a normal pH of the rumen.

To measure feNDK, it is proposed to divide it into classes based on the stimulation of chewing gum. For full-stem grass hay - feNDK is taken as a unit - 1, coarsely chopped corn silage and haylage - from 0.9 to 0.95, finely chopped roughage from 0.7 to 0.85. A diet with 22% fNDK in DM maintains a ruminal pH of 6, with 20% fNDK - milk fat at a level of 3.4% in cows in early lactation.

Evaluation of the feed for the content of feNDK is made by sifting the feed on a three-tier sieve and distributing the ratio of particles with a size of 19mm, from 8 to 19mm and 8mm. It was found that the need for feNDK is 19% of the DM of silage held on a sieve with a mesh size of 8-19mm.

2. Acid - detergent fiber (AFC)

When evaluating feed according to Van Soest, another fraction is also used - acid-detergent fiber. This is the residue after repeated washing of a sample of NDK with an acid-detergent solution of 0.5 m H2SO4 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. In this case, hemicellulose is removed from the NDK, the rest of the FDA includes lignin, cellulose, cutin, and silicon. The determination of the CDC is very useful for roughage, since in a number of experiments a significant negative correlation was found between e? content and digestibility of food.

After treatment with FDA with 72% sulfuric acid, which dissolves cellulose, lignin + cutin is obtained in the residue. The amount of gemmicellulose is calculated: HZ = NDK - KDK; cellulose: C \u003d FDA - lignin.

The NDK and FDA fractions contain a certain amount of nitrogen, which is firmly bound to the cell walls and cannot be separated by a neutral and acidic solvent. For a more accurate determination of the indicators of NDK and KDK, the neutral-detergent insoluble crude protein (NDNSB) and acid-detergent insoluble crude protein (KDNSB) present, respectively, are subtracted from their amount, which are determined by Kjeldahl in the NDK and KDK preparations. NDNSB and KDNSB form part of the crude protein of the feed, determined by the Kjeldahl. Their total amount, for example, in corn silage is 2.2%, in corn grain - 0.9% of dry matter, in alfalfa hay 4%, sunflower meal up to 6% DM.

There is a close correlation between the content of NDK and KDK.

In this regard, regression equations are proposed for calculating the CDC based on the knowledge of the content of the CDC.

For corn silage: FA % = -1.15 + 0.62 FA %

For hay and green mass of grasses: KDK,% = 6.89 + 0.50 NDK,%

For hay, legume grass haylage: KDK,% = -0.73 + 0.82 NDK,%

Unfortunately, our laboratories, with rare exceptions, are not equipped with special instruments and reagents for the determination of NDK and KDK. Therefore, they continue to issue data from the analysis of crude fiber.

3. The influence of NDK and FFA on feed and the principles of rationing in the diet of cattle

The US National Research Committee (NRC) recommends formulating ruminant diets in such a way that 75% of the total amount of fiber is accounted for by the NDK of bulky feeds. The remaining 25% can be replenished with NIR for feeds such as soy hulls, whole cottonseed, flaked corn, etc.

It should be noted that diets with a total NDK content of less than 25% and less than 16% NDK in bulk feeds reduce the amount of milk fat. In addition, cows fed corn, which is 16-21% NIR, had a higher percentage of milk fat than cows fed 1:1 corn and wheat, or corn and whole cottonseed.

At the same time, there is evidence that feeding cows with soy husks as a source of NDK of non-bulky feed and only 16% of NDK of bulky feed did not lead to health disorders, dry matter intake and milk production.

There is also evidence that there is no difference in productivity and milkfat percentage between crowns when fed corn silage with 25% or 29% NDK of diet dry matter. According to some authors, the level of NDK in the diet of cows from 10 to 26 weeks of lactation should be in the range of 25-31% of the dry matter of the feed.

As for the CDC, in experiments on calves fed alfalfa, the minimum and maximum limits of this indicator in the diet were set at 224 and 470 g/kg of dry matter, respectively. And if the amount of NDK correlates with the consumption of dry matter of feed, then the KDK - with its digestibility (r=-0.75). At the same time, this relationship is influenced by the vegetation phase of the plant, its type and composition of the diet.

Using the in situ method, it has been established that the rate of splitting of hay in the KDK rumen is lower in cows when they are given, as concentrates, grains of milky barley or fodder beans than when fed with lupine grain.

Researches of the Laboratory of Digestion Physiology of Farm Animals established the following levels of NDK and FDA content in feed and biological media (Table 3)

Table 3 NDK content in feed, feces and chyme, %

Neutral detergent fiber plays an important role in regulating the amount of feed an animal can consume. Since intake can be limited by the amount of fiber entering the rumen, even foods that contain small amounts of structural carbohydrates, such as grain, can reduce dry matter intake.

As noted above, each food has its own degree of disintegration of NDK in the rumen. The difficult-to-digest NDK remains in the rumen longer, which maintains a high level of rumen filling after feed ingestion, thus reducing overall feed intake with a simultaneous decrease in animal productivity.

However, feeds with rapidly degradable NDK in the rumen may pass through the GI tract at a faster rate, resulting in increased feed intake. For example, a 13% increase in corn silage NDK digestibility increases dry matter intake by 5.5%.

In experiments on rams fed hay, a high degree of correlation was found between the intake of dry matter in the diet and the percentage of cell walls r = -0.89, and in experiments on bulls - r = 0.76.

On this basis, the lower the level of NDK in the feed, the higher the dry matter intake. For high producing cows (40 kg/day) it is recommended to optimize rations containing no more than 32% NDK, and for cows with lower productivity (20 kg/day) - no more than 44%, so as not to minimize feed intake. At the same time, it was found that the retention of NDK in the rumen closely correlated with the time the lignin was present in it (r = 0.93). Thus, the NIR can be used to predict feed dry matter intake by ruminants.

Based on the foregoing, it can be summarized why the LIR is the most appropriate for predicting feed consumption:

- NDK takes into account all digestible and indigestible carbohydrate components of the feed.

- NDK content in roughage determines its consumption

- the NDK indicator is associated with digestibility and a decrease in digestibility when high levels feed consumption.

The indicator of acid-detergent fiber correlates to a greater extent with the digestibility of the dry matter of the feed (r = -0.75) than with its consumption (r = -0.46). However, in experiments on bull-calves - castrates, who received hay from sorghum and Sudanese, a high degree of correlation was found between the consumption of dry matter and the digestibility of organic matter and the content of FFA (r2 = 0.96).

We have developed linear regression equations for calculating the intake and digestibility of dry matter, taking into account the NDK indicator in feed.

PSV \u003d 53.71-66.3 * NDK

where

PSV - dry matter consumption per 100 kg of fat, g

NDK - the content of neutral detergent fiber in the feed,%

KpSV \u003d 116.17 + (-1.38031) * KDK

where

KpSV - coefficient of digestibility of dry matter,%

KDK - the content of acid-detergent fiber in the feed,%

In addition, based on the research and generalization of scientific data, we have developed the following regression equations for calculating the exchange energy in feed, taking into account the NDK indicator.

It is important to remember that the calculation of the BEV for the equations is carried out taking into account the NDK indicator, and not crude fiber.

Hay

OE \u003d 5.884 + 0.002 * NDK

OE=1.945+0.001*NDK+0.020*SP-0.034*SG+0.008*BEV

Corn

OE=11.691-0.004*NDK

OE=-1.153-0.002*NDK+0.021*SP+0.040*SG+0.014*BEV

haylage

OE=4.617-0.003*NDK

OE=0.539+0.002*NDK+0.018*SP+0.048*SG+0.004*BEV

Silage

OE=12.246-0.051*NDK

OE=5.361-0.183*NDK+0.534*SP-1.271*SG+0.292*BEV

where

OE - exchange energy, MJ

NDK - neutral detergent fiber, g

SP - crude protein, g

SF - crude fat, g

BEV - nitrogen-free extractive substances (calculated taking into account NDK), g

4. Principles of regulation of FFA and NDF in the diet of cattle

The transition to the energy assessment of the nutritional value of feed and the regulation of the need for exchangeable energy instead of oat feed units, as well as the specification of standards for essential amino acids, macro- and microelements, vitamins, has become a progressive stage in improving the feeding of farm animals in our country. This step was substantiated at the plenum of the livestock department of the All-Union Agricultural Academy of Agricultural Sciences (March 26-28, 1963) as a result of a discussion on "questions of the theory and practice of feeding farm animals." In pursuance of the resolution of the plenum, in 1985 a new reference manual "Norms and diets for feeding farm animals" was published, edited by a group of famous scientists in the country, headed by Academician A.P. Kalashnikov. In 1995, the 2nd edition was published, and in 2003, the 3rd supplemented and revised edition, which was written by many scientists of the country.

Until 1958, when rationing animal feeding in the USSR, they used the reference book "Feed Norms and Feed Tables" by Academician I.S. Popov. According to these norms, the calculation of the needs of cows, sows, horses was built according to the factorial principle: the daily norm of energy, protein, calcium and phosphorus was calculated by summing up their needs for maintenance (basic metabolism), milk production, pregnancy, for changes in live weight during lactation . The factorial principle of rationing was developed on the basis of classical studies on energy exchange by prominent scientists of the late 19th and early 20th century M. Rubner, 1883; G. Armsby, 1898; O. Kelner, 1904-1908; V.V. Pashutina, 1886; Bagdanova E.A., 1926, M.I. Dyakova, 1917; I.S. Popova, 1915-1963; K. Neringa, 1930 and others. Directory of I.S. Popov from 1923 to 1958. reprinted 14 times, it was the main manual on which the animal husbandry of the USSR worked.

In 1959, instead of the reference book by I.S. Popov, a new reference book "Feed norms and tables" was published, edited by corresponding member of VASKhNIL M.F. Tomme, in which daily allowance in feed units, digestible protein, etc. began to express "in total, i.e. without division into the maintenance of animal life, into production and reproduction." These norms are called "single". In the benefits of 1985-2003, the norms are also built on the principle of uniform.

The rejection of factorial and the transition to uniform norms occurred as a result of criticism of bourgeois biological science at the 35th plenum of the animal husbandry section of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1951. The discussion at this plenum took place in the light of the instructions from the resolution of the August 1948 session of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences "On the situation in biological science." At this session, representatives of classical genetics and other biological sciences, including physiology of nutrition and feeding of farm animals, were sharply criticized.

The main criticism was that the factorial method contains not a physiological, but a mechanistic understanding of individual processes, as separate, not related to others. Allegedly, this method does not take into account the regulatory role of the central nervous system in the body, its unity with the environment. The non-physiological nature of the factorial method has been constantly emphasized in our scientific literature. Moreover, he was excluded from curricula course "feeding farm animals" at the zootechnical faculties of technical schools and universities, which, of course, did not contribute to the development of concepts about feeding animals among future specialists.

Meanwhile, the factorial method for calculating the need for energy and protein throughout recent years was tested, supplemented, improved and successfully applied in the USA, England and most countries of Western Europe with highly developed animal husbandry.

FAO recommendations and World Organization health (WHO) on the need for energy, protein, amino acids of people of all sex and age groups, pregnant and lactating mothers are also built on a factorial principle. The basis of the standards is the value of the basal metabolism (BMO), which is the same as in animal husbandry - maintenance costs. Activity costs, specifics professional activity, pregnancy, etc. are added to the SBI to establish the overall requirement. fiber detergent feed livestock

Unfortunately, these developments were not used in compiling the reference book "Norms and rations for feeding farm animals", one must think that they contradict the principle of uniform norms.

However, the combination of indicators obtained in different time, on different breeds and on different diets, under different conditions, it is difficult to bring into a reliable system, since the very idea of ​​​​uniform norms implies the unity of all processes occurring in the body during the interaction of all nutritional factors in time and the environment. It is difficult, for example, to imagine how technically it is possible to determine in a complex, in a single experiment, the optimal norms not for 29, but for at least 4 nutrients: energy concentration, protein, calcium, phosphorus levels. In the experiment with the scheme - control ± 10% for each indicator, for cows of the same breed, one live weight, it would be required to have 81 groups of analogue cows, which is technically impossible.

The development of uniform norms is associated with the conduct of long-term feeding experiments to obtain averaged data that cannot reflect a possible reality other than the one in which they were obtained. In other words, the system of uniform norms cannot be applied in any possible circumstances other than those in which they were obtained.

The factorial method is not perfect in every way. However, unlike the principle of uniform norms, it is based on knowledge of the costs of certain physiological functions of the animal organism, their changes under the influence of many factors, which makes it universal when calculating the need in any conditions.

In addition, it forms among specialists a deeper understanding of the construction of norms for the need of animals for nutrients, allows creatively solving the issues of feeding animals in practical conditions.

The productivity of animals is directly dependent on the quantity and quality of feed consumed, or rather the quantity and quality of its dry matter. The dry matter of feed is represented by protein, carbohydrates, fats and minerals, and, precisely, it is a source of substrates from which milk, meat, eggs, wool, newborns, etc. are formed.

Livestock and poultry workers are most concerned about how feed is eaten. They eat well - there will be production; they eat badly - there is no expected production. Science and practice have methods for predicting dry matter intake, but these methods need further improvement.

The feeding behavior of animals, which refers to appetite, is controlled by the CNS at the pre-absorptive and post-absorptive levels. Pre-absorption regulation of feed intake is determined by the volume of the gastrointestinal tract and the peculiarities of digestion in different animal species. It has been established that ruminants on average can consume from 2.5 to 3.5 kg of dry matter per 100 kg of live weight. Cows with a record productivity of 10-12 thousand kg of milk per lactation - up to 4 kg. Dry matter intake by young pigs is 3.5-5.5%, by sows 3-4.2%, by broilers 6-8% of live weight.

Appetite at the post-absorption level is determined by the concentration in the blood plasma, extracellular fluid and cytoplasm of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) released as a result of digestion and absorption. It has been established that their concentration in body fluids is a factor of homeostasis. A shift in the homeostatic level of each element or the ratio between them as a result of unbalanced feeding causes a decrease in appetite. It has been proven that the decrease in blood glucose below the homeostatic level causes a feeling of hunger. Of particular interest were the facts of a significant effect on the appetite of the concentration of free amino acids. Thus, a lack or significant imbalance of amino acids in the blood plasma, caused by an imbalance in the feed, is accompanied by a sharp decrease in appetite in pigs, broilers, and chickens. Apparently, this pattern is typical for all animal species, including ruminants. The taste of the food affects its intake, but is not a long-term determinant of appetite.

Eating behavior is regulated by the nerve centers of the brain - the hypothalamus, the anterior part of the piriform cortex. It is here that the receptive analysis of the concentration of metabolites in the blood takes place and is organized eating behavior animals. Poor appetite, refusal to feed is a physiologically substantiated protective reaction of animals from the consumption of a diet unbalanced in amino acids and other nutrients, the consumption of which can lead to serious violations of the vital functions of the body.

A diet that provides homeostasis of animals at a physiologically determined level is eaten with appetite and ensures high productivity. Appetite, the intake of digestion products into the body and the productivity of animals depend on the concentrations and ratios of nutrients in the feed, or rather in its dry matter.

Basic requirements for the preparation of diets:

-the presence of modern norms for the need for nutrients - energy, protein, minerals and many others that control the balance of animal nutrition;

- availability of the necessary feed products and data on their chemical composition;

- the presence of vitamin and mineral premixes, if necessary, preparations of amino acids, enzymes, probiotics, flavoring and aromatic additives, antioxidants and others.

The nutritional norms and composition of individual feeds and diets for ruminants are calculated on absolutely dry matter (100% dry matter), for animals with a simple stomach (pigs, poultry, etc.) on air-dry matter, usually these are compound feeds from natural grain, protein supplements with a standard moisture content of 10-13%. Requirements for lactating cows are presented in table. four.

Table 4 Calculation of the composition of the diet for lactating cows Zh.M. 600 kg, daily milk yield 30 kg, fat content in milk 3.8%, protein 3.3%, lactation stage 22-120 days after calving

If the cows in terms of live weight, productivity, milk composition, for which the diet needs to be compiled, do not fit into the parameters of these norms, then the user himself must use the factorial method to calculate the need for dry matter, energy and crude protein for a particular cow, group or herd of cows . The most important requirement is a balanced diet in terms of nutrient concentrations per kg of DM.

The order of drawing up diets is as follows.

Determine the need for total dry matter and energy on the basis of existing norms or by calculating the factorial method. This cow requires 19.8 kg DM and 213.8 MJ OE.

It is necessary to determine how much dry matter and energy of the diet should fall on voluminous feed (SVOK) (silage, haylage, hay, and beet pulp) and how much on the share of concentrates (grain, cake, meal, sugar beet molasses). According to the norms, this ratio should be SVOK:SVK=50:50

From the total amount of dry matter, it is necessary to exclude the proportion of minerals (phosphorus-calcium, table salt) and premix, the amount of which is most often 2.5-3% of dry matter, in our example it is 2.6%, in absolute quantity: (19 .8X2.6) / 100 \u003d 0.516 KG ~ 0.52 kg. For the rest of the feed remains: 19.8 - 0.52 \u003d 19.28 kg. Consequently, the number of SVOK and SVK is 9.64 kg each (19.28/2=9.64).

To determine how much of each bulky feed should be included in the diet, most often they proceed from their stocks on the farm or from the optimal ratio of these feeds worked out by science and practice in providing cows with fiber, carotene, and protein.

Now cows are fed with a complete mixture, consisting of coarse, juicy, concentrated feed, mineral and vitamin supplements. In fact, this is compound feed and its composition can be calculated by the amount of each ingredient, expressed in dry matter.

In this regard, we enter the amount of dry matter of each feed into the table for calculating the composition of the diet, calculate their content as a percentage of the total amount of dry matter, i.e. just as the ingredients are expressed in compound feed for birds and pigs. Therefore, the amount of each feed is expressed per kg DM of a complete feed mixture. Using the feed composition tables, we calculate the nutrient content in the dry matter of each feed. Then these indicators are summed up on the line "Total" and the results obtained are compared with the requirements for 1 kg of DM (Table 4).

Trace elements, vitamins A, D, E are not calculated in feed. Their required amount is introduced into the diet as part of the premix. It is important to determine the amount of P-carotene by laboratory analysis. In feed, total carotene is rapidly destroyed, and if hay and haylage are disturbed, very little of it remains. Therefore, it is not necessary to rely on carotene as the only source of vitamin A.

The calculation of the daily ration in natural feeds is based on the dry matter content of each feed. For example, silage accounts for 4.58 kg of dry matter. The dry matter content of the silage is 35% or 0.35 kg/kg silage. Therefore, the amount of natural silage is 4.58:0.35=13.1 kg. Similar calculations are made for each feed. The final diet for use on the farm should look like that shown in Table. 5.

Table 5 Diet for lactating cows, J.M. 600 kg, daily milk yield 30 kg, fat content in milk 3.8%, protein 3.3%, lactation period 9 weeks after calving

Date: Compiler (full name)

Contained in the diet:

Conclusion on the compiled diet: the content of nutrients in kg of dry matter corresponds to the norms. Some discrepancies (in the form of excess) for minerals: Ca, P, Cl are acceptable.

The moisture content of natural food was 47.4%, which also meets the standards.

Conclusion

Under laboratory conditions, the content of NDK in the feed is measured by the amount of residue after treatment with neutral solvents. This residue is basically a combination of three types of carbohydrates: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

The most difficult to digest fraction of NDK is lignin (wood). A higher content of lignin corresponds to a lower quality (digestibility) of fiber. Lignin is a sign of plant maturity. With maturation, the lignin content in plant cells increases, the digestibility and nutritional value of the feed decreases.

In general, NDK is an indicator of the quality (digestibility and nutritional value) of plant foods. The ratio between the components of the NDK determines the digestibility, and hence the nutritional quality of plant food. In addition, due to the fact that fiber is the most voluminous fraction of the feed, the content of NDK is also used to evaluate the potential intake of the diet (rumen filling) by animals, taking into account the capacity of the rumen. It is recommended to ensure the content of NDK in the diet is not less than 28%. The optimal value of NDK, at which the best digestibility of fiber in the rumen is observed, is 37% of dry matter.

A very important point needs to be made here, related to the presence of a certain amount of nitrogenous compounds remaining after treatment with a neutral solvent, determined as part of the crude protein of the entire feed. This fact is a consequence technological features production laboratory tests and is a side effect.

NDK is the most voluminous feed fraction, we have made a simplification in the sense that fiber is included not only in bulk, but also in concentrated feeds of plant origin. Therefore, the fullness of the rumen should be assessed only for that part of the NDK, which is formed by bulk plant foods.

In practice, the NDK of bulk feed is singled out as a separate parameter. Within this article, we will denote it by the abbreviation ONDK. ONDC is one of the most important parameters in balancing the diet, which determines the quality and speed of the fermentation process in the rumen, the ratio of bacterial species, the activity of the chewing process, etc.

Since the suppliers of ONDC in the diet are bulk feeds (hay, haylage, silage, etc.), characterized by the presence large sizes stems of plants, it makes sense to evaluate the need to grind them before feeding the ration.

The initial assumption is based on the peculiarities of cows eating bulk feed. If the plant particles are large, then the cow sorts them when eating, i.e. selects smaller fractions, which is why the largest part of the feed is not eaten by the cow. And this means that the previously calculated balanced diet has not been implemented and the expected results will not be achieved. Therefore, bulk feed must be crushed.

Acid detergent fiber is defined as the residue of fiber after treatment in acidic solvents. The composition of the FDC includes mainly cellulose and lignin, i.e. indigestible carbohydrates. Thus, FDC differs from NDF by its very low content of hemicellulose. In practical calculations, it is considered that hemicellulose is absent.

Quantitatively, FFA correlates quite well with the energy content of the feed, so this parameter is sometimes used in regression formulas to calculate digestible energy. In addition to the FTC, for balancing the diet, a parameter is used that determines the quantitative content of lignin in the feed as an indicator of the digestibility of fiber, which makes it possible to assess the digestibility of the entire diet as a whole.

List of used literature

1. Winfried Drochner. Digestibility of fiber in the rumen of lactating cows. Livestock in Russia, September 2014

2. Vladimirov N.I. Feeding farm animals: textbook / N.I. Vladimirov, L.N. Cheremnyakova, V.G. Lunitsyn A.P. Kosarev, A.S. Popelyaev. Barnaul: Publishing house of AGAU, 2014. 211 p.

3. Durst L. Feeding the main types of farm animals / L. Durst, M. Wittman; per. with him. Vinnitsa: New book, 2013. 384 p.

4. Zelepukin V.S. Cattle. Handbook for cattle breeder. M. Aquarium-Print, 2012.

5. Makartsev N.G. Feeding farm animals / N.G. Makartsev. 2nd ed., revised. and additional Kaluga: Oblizdat, 2014. 608 p.

6. Norms and diets for feeding farm animals: a reference guide / ed. A.P. Kalashnikov, V.F. Fisina, V.V. Shcheglova, N.I. Kleymenov. 3rd ed., revised. and additional M., 2003. 422 p.

7. Pestis, M.V. The efficiency of growing and fattening cattle in the Grodno region: monograph / M.V. Pestis, T.I. Eremeevich, P.V. pestis. - Grodno: GSAU, 2011. - 163 p.

8. Petrov E.B., Taratorkin V.M. Basic technological parameters of the modern technology of milk production in livestock breeding complexes (farms). Moscow 2014.

9. Ryadchikov V.G. Fundamentals of nutrition and feeding of farm animals: educational and practical guide / V.G. Ryadchikov - Krasnodar: KubGAU, 2012. - 328 p.

10. Khokhrin S.N. Feeding farm animals / S.N. Khokhrin. Moscow: Kolos, 2014. 692 p.

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