Positive relationships are symbiosis. Presentation on the topic "symbiosis" Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants

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Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefit from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms (Zakharov V. B. General biology: Textbook for grades 10-11 of general educational institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. - 7th ed., stereotype - M.: Drofa, 2004).

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Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary. It is well known that hermit crabs coexist with soft coral polyps- anemones. Cancer settles in an empty shell of a mollusk and carries it on itself along with a polyp.

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Cooperation Such cohabitation is mutually beneficial: moving along the bottom, the cancer increases the space used by the sea anemone for catching prey, part of which is affected by the stinging cells of the sea anemone, falls to the bottom and is eaten by the cancer.

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Some birds lead a similar lifestyle. They go into the mouth of a crocodile and clean it

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Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. One of the most famous examples such relationships are lichens, which are the cohabitation of a fungus and algae. In lichen, the hyphae of the fungus, braiding the cells and threads of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate into the cells. Through them, the fungus receives the products of photosynthesis formed by algae. The algae from the hyphae of the fungus extracts water and mineral salts. Cetraria centrifuga

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A typical mutualism is the relationship between termites and flagellar protozoa that live in the intestines. Termites feed on wood, but they do not have enzymes for digestion and cellulose. Flagellates produce these enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars.

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Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to a favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant foods have been found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and grinder beetles.

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Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants An example mutually beneficial relationship the cohabitation of the so-called nodule bacteria and legumes (peas, beans, soybeans, clover, alfalfa, vetch, white locust, peanut or peanut) serves.

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Nodules on the roots of soybeans These bacteria, able to absorb nitrogen from the air and turn it into ammonia and then into amino acids, settle in the roots of plants. The presence of bacteria causes the growth of root tissues and the formation of nodules.

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Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow on soils poor in nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. That is why legumes - clover, alfalfa, vetch - are introduced into crop rotations as predecessors for other crops.

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Mycorrhiza - the cohabitation of a fungus with the roots of higher plants On the roots of birch, pine, oak, spruce, as well as orchids, heather, lingonberry and many perennial herbs, the mycelium of the fungus forms a thick layer.

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Hyphae of the fungus Root hairs on the roots of higher plants do not develop, and water and mineral salts are absorbed by the fungus.

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Mycorrhiza is the cohabitation of a fungus with the roots of higher plants. The mycelium of the fungus even penetrates into the root, receiving carbohydrates from the partner plant and delivering water and mineral salts to it. Trees with mycorrhiza grow much better than without it. Different kinds mycorrhiza

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Symbiosis Some species of ants feed on the sugary excrement of aphids and protect them from predators, in a word - "graze".

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Freeloading Freeloading can take different forms. For example, hyenas pick up the remains of half-eaten prey by lions.

"Communities of water" - Rachki. In the ocean: 8. Natural history, grade 5. Barnacle. 5. Fish. 7. 3. Flying fish. Life in the seas and oceans. Nekton - actively swimming. Air bubble. How to stay on the surface of the water? 2. 4. Community of the water column. portuguese boat and a sailboat. Beamers. Water strider. Crab. Water surface community.

"Organism and Habitat" - Give your own examples negative impact human to living organisms. Habitat and environmental factors that affect living organisms. Sad story. Habitat - the most favorable habitat conditions. And on the other natural area? Biotic (other living organisms). Soil environment.

"Abiotic factors" - Temperature. Cold-blooded organisms (invertebrates and many vertebrates). Basic abiotic factors. Warm-blooded organisms (birds and mammals). Abiotic environmental factors. Humidity. Light. Optimal temperature regime for organisms from 15 to 30 degrees However, …. There are adaptations. Plants: drought-resistant - moisture-loving and aquatic Animals: aquatic - enough water in food.

"Organism and environmental factors" - Abiotic factors 1 mainly act on organisms regardless of population density. It has been established that the compressibility of some isopods and euphausiids is 15-40% lower than that of water. The distribution of aquatic organisms at different depths is associated not only with water pressure, but also with many other factors.

"Soil habitat" - What environment do you think insects live in, whose legs are shown here? Plant roots. Short fur (for less friction with the soil). There is also a mycelium of mushrooms, Mucus secretion (promotes movement in the soil). The crab lives in aquatic environment, and the rest in ground-air. No.

"Lesson Soil" - They looked up at the sun, And the rays warmed us all. What is the main part of the soil? - Podzolic; - black earth. Water; air; salt. Fertility; water absorption. Sand; clay; humus. Humus; sand; clay. Leaves. The top fertile layer of the earth. Examination homework. Is everyone watching closely? E.

In total there are 34 presentations in the topic

"Types of Ecological Interactions" - Features competitive relations. Conclusion. Let's repeat. Orienting students to reasonable, environmentally sound activities. Commensalism Freeloading Companionship Housing. Symbiotic connections and forms. Freeloading is the consumption of the remains of the host's food. (+ +) Mutually beneficial Symbiosis - living together, a certain degree of cohabitation.

"Biotic Connections" - One-Way Relationships and Competition 100. Among green plants capable of normal photosynthesis, there are insectivores. What type biotic relationship illustrates a cockfight? AT tropical forest. All participants in the biocenosis use energy ... For example, lichen \u003d mushroom + algae. The fungus receives organic compounds from the plant.

"Symbiosis" - Symbioses of animals with microbes. The simplest unicellular animals. Lichen. Symbiosis of autotrophs with heterotrophs. Practical value. Algae. Integration of the symbiotic complex. Zoochlorella. Symbiosis in the world of plants and animals. Myrmecodia. biochemical symbiosis. nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Algae cells.

"Food connections" - Consumers of the 3rd order (consumers of the 3rd order) -. bacteria; Food chains. Predatory animals. branched food chains. Ecological pyramid rule. Energy consumption by links. Food relations in biogeocenoses. Herbivorous animals. Decay chain (detrital) Begins with plant and animal remains and animal excrement.

"Food trophic links" - Necessary components of the ecosystem. Trophic relationships in nature. Fun test. trophic chains. Reducers. flower nectar. Meaning. Rule. Select consumers. Let's live in peace. Ecology lesson. Food chain. Clover. pairs of organisms. Type of biotic relationship. Table. Relationship types. detrital food chains.

Presentation on the topic "Positive relationships between organisms" in biology in powerpoint format. This presentation for 11th grade students reveals the essence of positive relationships between organisms and manifestations of biotic environmental factors. Presentation author: Mishnina Lidia Aleksandrovna, biology teacher.

Fragments from the presentation

Knowledge update

1.What is symbiosis?

(Symbiosis - cohabitation from the Greek sym - together, bios - life; a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefit from the other).

2. There are direct and indirect connections between organisms, what is their essence?

(direct connections are carried out with the direct influence of one species on another, indirect - through the influence on external environment or other types)

There are many types of pair interactions:

Trophic - associated with nutrition and energy flows: for example, trophic symbiosis.
Topical - associated with changes in living conditions
phoric: the transfer of organisms of one species by organisms of another species, etc.
Information-signal - associated with the transfer of information: for example, reciprocal altruism (mutual assistance).

Exploring a new topic

positive relationship- this is a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other.

Symbiosis

cooperation
mutualism
commensalism

Determine the type of relationship

Harnessed hermit crab:
Actinia on it.
The hermit is not annoyed that the burden is heavy,
After all, crumbs often fall to him from her table.

Hermit crab and sea anemones are often cohabitants polychaete worms. It is remarkable that the hermit crab does not touch "its" worm, although it eats others.
What is the cohabitation of a hermit crab, anemone and a polychaete worm based on?

Cooperation- coexistence, beneficial for both species, but not an indispensable condition for survival.

Mutualism- mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them.

Lichens are a close mutually beneficial cohabitation of fungi and algae.
Nodule bacteria on the roots of legumes

Prove that a typical symbiosis is the relationship between termites and flagellar protozoa.

(Termites feed on wood, but they do not have enzymes to digest cellulose. Flagellates produce such enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars. Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation.)

Commensalism - oh one organism benefits from the relationship, for the other the relationship is neutral

Freeloading. Fish - stuck attached to fish, turtles, whales. They do not feed at their expense, but use them only as transport and leave them, being in a place with suitable food. To do this, in fish, the dorsal fin is transformed into a sucker. Having sated, the fish again look for someone to attach themselves to. On the road, they use the remnants of the food of their drivers.
Companionship. It's consumption different parts or substances of one food. For example: soil bacteria and higher plants. Bacteria process organics to mineral salts, which in turn are absorbed by higher plants.
Housing. There are many epiphytes among orchids. There is a lack of light in the rainforest. By attaching to the trunk of a tree, orchids receive the necessary light, without harming or benefiting the support tree.

Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefit from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms (Zakharov V. B. General biology: Textbook for classes of general educational institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. - 7th ed., stereotype - M.: Drofa, 2004).

Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary. It is well known that hermit crabs cohabit with soft coral polyps - sea anemones. Cancer settles in an empty shell of a mollusk and carries it on itself along with a polyp.

Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. One of the most famous examples of such relationships is lichens, which are the cohabitation of a fungus and algae. In lichen, the hyphae of the fungus, braiding the cells and threads of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate into the cells. Through them, the fungus receives the products of photosynthesis formed by algae. The algae from the hyphae of the fungus extracts water and mineral salts. Cetraria centrifuga

Symbiosis Some species of ants feed on the sugary excrement of aphids and protect them from predators, in a word, "graze".

Lodging An example of the transition of freeloading into closer relations between species is the sticky fish that live in tropical and subtropical seas. Their anterior dorsal fin transforms into a sucker. The biological meaning of attaching stuck is to facilitate the movement and resettlement of these fish.

Lodging If sticky use big fish, as cabbies, often the bodies of other animal species or their habitats (buildings) serve as shelters. This form of relationship is called housing. In the body cavity of the holothurian (type Echinoderm), also called sea cucumber, find shelter for a variety of animal species.

Lodging Plants also use other species as habitats. Epiphytes are an example of this. Epiphytes can be algae, lichens, mosses, ferns, flowering plants. Woody plants serve them as a place of attachment, but not a source nutrients or mineral salts. Epiphytes feed on dying tissues, secretions of the host through photosynthesis. In our country, epiphytes are represented mainly by lichens and some mosses.

Literature Zakharov V. B. General biology: Proc. For cl. general education Institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. – 7th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2004.